I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
s
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
3
~
2
5
0
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
1
6
.i
1
.
p
p
2
4
3
-
250
243
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Interne
t
o
f
thin
g
s
(
Io
T)
ba
sed mo
ni
toring
sy
stem f
o
r
hy
brid
po
w
ered E
-
b
ike
c
ha
rg
ing
statio
n
M
o
ha
m
m
a
d No
o
r
H
ida
y
a
t
,
Aj
i N
ug
ro
ho
,
Abdu
lla
h F
a
iq
M
un
ir
,
Ra
t
na
I
k
a
P
utr
i
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
S
t
a
t
e
P
o
l
y
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
o
f
M
a
l
a
n
g
,
M
a
l
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
1
7
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
2
4
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
2
8
,
2
0
2
4
Th
e
in
tern
e
t
o
f
th
in
g
s
(Io
T)
h
a
s
b
e
c
o
m
e
a
n
imp
o
rtan
t
f
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
i
n
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
we
b
-
b
a
se
d
a
n
d
re
m
o
te
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
I
n
th
e
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
in
h
y
b
rid
E
-
b
i
k
e
sy
ste
m
s,
Io
T
-
b
a
se
d
m
o
n
i
to
ri
n
g
sy
ste
m
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
h
a
s
m
a
d
e
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
io
n
to
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
late
st
in
n
o
v
a
t
io
n
s
in
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
I
o
T
i
n
E
-
b
ik
e
s
y
st
e
m
s
is
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
p
re
d
icti
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
u
lo
m
b
c
o
u
n
ti
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
e
stim
a
te
th
e
c
h
a
rg
in
g
ti
m
e
fo
r
a
b
a
tt
e
ry
w
it
h
a
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
2
0
0
AH
,
so
t
h
a
t
u
se
rs
c
a
n
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
ti
m
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
to
c
h
a
rg
e
th
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
e
fficie
n
tl
y
.
T
h
e
Io
T
E
-
b
i
k
e
sy
ste
m
is
d
e
sig
n
e
d
with
u
se
r
d
a
ta
d
isp
la
y
a
n
d
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
fe
a
tu
re
s
v
ia
t
h
e
we
b
site,
su
c
h
a
s
d
a
ta
o
n
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
c
u
rre
n
t,
li
g
h
t
i
n
ten
sit
y
,
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
e
rc
e
n
tag
e
,
p
o
we
r
p
re
d
ictio
n
,
a
n
d
p
re
d
icti
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
su
lt
in
g
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
ti
m
e
.
Ex
p
e
rime
n
tal
re
su
lt
s
we
re
o
b
t
a
in
e
d
d
u
ri
n
g
th
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
in
g
p
e
ri
o
d
,
in
c
re
a
sin
g
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
p
e
rc
e
n
ta
g
e
fr
o
m
5
0
.
4
3
%
(
1
0
v
o
lt
s)
to
7
1
.
7
6
9
%
(1
1
.
3
v
o
lt
s)
i
n
4
.
5
h
o
u
rs wit
h
a
b
a
tt
e
r
y
c
h
a
rg
in
g
c
h
a
rg
e
o
f
1
5
3
,
8
6
6
.
4
C
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
h
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
C
o
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
E
-
b
ik
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
I
n
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
Po
wer
p
r
ed
ictio
n
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mo
h
am
m
ad
N
o
o
r
Hid
a
y
at
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
State
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
o
f
Ma
lan
g
Stre
et
o
f
So
ek
ar
n
o
-
Hatta
0
9
Ma
lan
g
6
5
1
4
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: m
o
h
.
n
o
o
r
@
p
o
lin
em
a
.
a
c.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
in
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
ec
to
r
,
E
-
b
ik
es
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
v
ital,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
s
o
lu
tio
n
[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
p
lan
n
i
n
g
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
ca
m
p
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
as
th
e
b
a
s
is
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
n
a
h
y
b
r
id
co
n
tin
u
ity
s
y
s
tem
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
a
n
d
g
r
id
/PLN
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
f
o
r
E
-
b
ik
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
u
tili
ze
s
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
a
y
an
d
au
t
o
m
atica
lly
s
witch
es
to
PLN'
s
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
wh
en
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
r
u
n
s
o
u
t.
B
y
u
s
in
g
au
to
m
atic
tr
an
s
f
e
r
s
witch
es,
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
o
u
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
a
n
d
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
[
4
]
-
[
6
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
c
h
in
to
t
h
e
latest
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
s
th
at
allo
w
u
s
er
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ia
th
e
web
s
ite
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
E
-
b
ik
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
On
lin
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
en
er
g
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
to
m
an
ag
e
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ize
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
o
n
th
e
E
-
b
ik
e.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
t
o
o
l
b
u
t
also
as
an
ac
tiv
e
s
tep
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
e
o
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
b
y
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
with
an
au
to
m
atic
tr
an
s
f
er
s
witch
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
b
ac
k
u
p
is
also
a
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
s
y
s
tem
co
n
tin
u
ity
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
s
in
g
an
Ar
d
u
in
o
Un
o
as
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
an
E
t
h
er
n
et
Sh
ield
Un
o
as
an
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
243
-
250
244
co
s
t
an
d
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
e
n
co
u
r
ag
e
th
e
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
E
SP
8
2
6
6
t
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
er
ial
m
o
n
ito
r
s
to
th
e
web
s
ite
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
E
SP
8
2
6
6
was
co
m
b
in
e
d
with
t
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a2
5
6
0
.
T
h
e
web
s
ite
in
ter
f
ac
e
h
as th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
d
is
p
lay
in
g
d
ata
a
b
o
u
t u
s
ag
e
lev
els,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
p
o
wer
u
s
ed
,
with
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
d
ata
o
n
th
e
web
s
ite
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Allo
ws
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
d
ata
h
is
to
r
y
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
esen
ts
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
t
atio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
Ar
d
u
in
o
M
eg
a2
5
6
0
with
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
E
SP
8
2
6
6
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
to
t
h
e
web
s
ite
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
alo
n
g
wi
th
th
e
p
r
e
d
icted
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
ts
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
test
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
cl
u
d
e
test
in
g
th
e
d
elay
in
s
en
d
in
g
d
ata
to
th
e
web
,
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
,
p
r
ed
ictin
g
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tim
es
at
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictin
g
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
at
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
lu
m
n
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
[
2
1
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
I
o
T
-
b
ased
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
m
an
ag
i
n
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
t
h
e
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
o
f
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
W
ith
an
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
a
web
s
er
v
er
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
,
v
o
ltag
e
,
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
tim
e,
an
d
p
o
wer
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e,
m
ak
in
g
it
ea
s
y
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
to
m
an
ag
e
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
elec
tr
ic
b
ik
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
All
th
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
a
web
s
er
v
er
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
th
e
in
ter
n
et,
wh
ich
ca
n
e
x
p
o
r
t
d
ata
lo
g
g
er
f
iles
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
we
b
s
ite.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
a
n
o
th
e
r
ad
v
an
tag
e
is
th
at
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
f
in
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
w
h
en
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
is
u
s
ed
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
d
ata
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
u
s
e
r
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
a
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
th
at
is
in
teg
r
ated
b
etwe
en
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
-
p
o
we
r
ed
E
-
b
ik
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
an
d
th
e
web
s
ite.
T
h
e
latest
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
ad
d
in
g
a
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
an
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
a
ted
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
to
c
h
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
at
a
h
y
b
r
id
-
p
o
wer
ed
E
-
b
ik
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
in
to
an
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
-
b
ased
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
th
e
m
eth
o
d
ch
ap
ter
,
th
e
d
esig
n
f
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
I
o
T
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
co
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
co
u
l
o
m
b
c
o
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
co
n
tain
s
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
b
asic
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
is
f
ed
in
to
t
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
2
.
1
.
Desig
n
o
f
t
he
I
o
T
m
o
nit
o
ring
s
y
s
t
em
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
b
lo
ck
d
ia
g
r
am
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
i
n
p
u
t,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
o
r
th
e
I
o
T
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
at
an
elec
tr
i
c
b
icy
cle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
er
e
is
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ec
tio
n
h
y
b
r
id
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
(
s
o
lar
p
an
els)
an
d
PLN
g
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
er
e
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lar
p
a
n
els
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
o
lar
c
h
ar
g
e
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
b
atter
ies,
in
v
er
ter
s
,
an
d
s
witch
es
b
etwe
en
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
PLN
g
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
.
PLN
g
r
i
d
s
ou
r
ce
th
e
in
p
u
t
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
ar
e
i
n
d
icate
d
b
y
ar
r
o
ws.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
at
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
-
p
o
we
r
ed
E
-
b
ik
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
wh
ich
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
m
o
r
e
d
etail
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ar
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
ter
co
n
n
e
cted
to
s
ev
er
al
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
co
ll
ec
t
d
ata.
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
s
en
s
o
r
s
in
clu
d
e
a
B
H1
7
5
0
lu
x
s
en
s
o
r
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lig
h
t
in
te
n
s
ity
,
an
AC
S7
1
2
DC
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T)
b
a
s
ed
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
fo
r
h
yb
r
id
p
o
w
ered
E
-
b
ike
…
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
N
o
o
r
Hid
a
ya
t
)
245
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
a
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
ir
ec
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
an
d
two
PZE
M
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
alter
n
atin
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
AC
)
.
Af
ter
th
e
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
Me
g
a
co
llects
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
th
e
d
ata
is
th
en
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
s
en
t
to
t
h
e
No
d
eM
cu
E
SP
8
2
6
6
d
e
v
ice.
Ne
x
t,
th
e
d
ata
is
s
en
t
v
ia
a
r
o
u
ter
n
e
two
r
k
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
in
ter
n
et
an
d
s
to
r
ed
i
n
th
e
web
s
er
v
er
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
b
y
th
is
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
n
d
is
p
lay
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
o
n
a
web
s
ite.
On
th
is
web
s
ite,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
d
ata
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
co
llect
ed
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
d
etail.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
em
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
ec
eiv
in
g
an
d
s
en
d
in
g
d
ata
o
n
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
at
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
-
p
o
we
r
ed
E
-
b
ik
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Sen
s
o
r
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
D
a
t
a
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
P
o
w
e
r
LU
X
S
t
a
t
u
s
K
W
h
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
S
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
√
√
√
S
o
l
a
r
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
√
√
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
-
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
√
√
G
r
i
d
P
LN
√
√
√
√
√
√
I
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
√
√
√
√
√
√
T
h
e
d
ata
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
th
is
s
y
s
tem
in
clu
d
es
v
ar
i
o
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
i
n
s
talled
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as r
ea
d
in
g
s
o
n
s
o
lar
p
an
el
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
er
s
,
b
att
er
ies,
PLN
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
in
v
er
ter
s
.
T
ab
le
1
is
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
Me
g
a
d
e
v
ice,
s
en
t
v
ia
th
e
No
d
e
MCU
d
ev
ice,
an
d
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
we
b
s
ite.
I
n
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
v
o
ltag
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
in
s
talled
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
u
n
,
an
AC
S
7
1
2
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
p
p
lie
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
to
th
e
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
a
n
d
a
B
H1
7
5
0
s
en
s
o
r
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
o
lar
in
t
en
s
ity
(
lu
x
)
,
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
wer
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
I
n
th
e
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ec
tio
n
,
in
s
tall
th
e
AC
S7
1
2
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
h
ar
g
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
b
at
ter
y
.
At
t
h
e
b
atter
y
o
u
tp
u
t
to
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
ter
,
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
in
s
talle
d
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
to
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
PLN
g
r
i
d
an
d
in
v
er
ter
s
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
ea
ch
e
q
u
ip
p
ed
with
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
p
o
wer
,
k
wh
,
s
y
s
tem
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
ac
tiv
atio
n
s
tatu
s
,
wh
eth
er
th
ey
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
o
r
n
o
t.
Ap
ar
t f
r
o
m
th
at,
t
h
ey
ar
e
also
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
co
n
n
ec
ted
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
d
ata
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
e
d
o
n
w
eb
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
n
am
ely
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
b
icy
c
le
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
243
-
250
246
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
W
eb
s
ite
d
is
p
lay
o
f
E
-
b
ik
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
2
.
2
.
Co
ulo
m
b
co
un
t
ing
T
h
e
c
o
u
lo
m
b
co
u
n
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
is
a
m
eth
o
d
th
at
allo
ws
co
n
tain
in
g
a
s
et
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
c
o
u
lo
m
b
)
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
b
y
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
s
tate
o
f
t
h
e
ch
a
r
g
er
(
S
OC
)
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
is
in
a
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
s
tate
an
d
in
a
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tate.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
esti
m
atio
n
m
a
k
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
f
el
ec
tr
ic
b
icy
cle
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
r
esear
ch
o
n
p
o
wer
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
in
in
ter
n
et
o
f
t
h
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
-
b
ased
E
-
b
ik
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
i
s
n
ew
in
r
esear
ch
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
SOC
(
t0
)
is
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
er
in
(
1
)
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
is
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
e
;
SOC
(
0
)
is
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
d
u
r
in
g
in
itial c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
is
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
is
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
I
lo
s
s
is
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
=
(
0
)
+
1
∫
(
−
)
0
+
0
(
1
)
I
n
(
2
)
is
eq
u
ilib
r
ated
OC
V,
is
Vo
ltag
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t,
is
co
n
s
tan
t f
r
o
m
th
e
-
.
=
±
(
2
)
I
n
(
3
)
is
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
th
at
in
c
r
ea
s
es wh
en
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
∆
is
th
e
ch
an
g
e
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t o
n
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
T
is
th
e
tim
e
in
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
=
∆
×
(
3
)
I
n
(
4
)
an
d
(
2
)
is
th
e
n
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
r
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
e.
f
u
ll
i
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
is
th
e
to
tal
ch
ar
g
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
=
(
×
100%
)
(
4
)
Fro
m
(
4
)
t
o
o
b
tain
t
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e,
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
is
a
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
is
th
e
to
tal
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
,
d
a
n
is
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
th
at
en
ter
s
th
e
b
atter
y
o
r
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
ti
m
e
th
at
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
(
5
)
.
=
(
)
(
5
)
T
o
f
in
d
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
d
u
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
(
6
).
ℎ
=
ℎ
−
ℎ
ℎ
(
6
)
T
o
f
in
d
th
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
y
o
u
ca
n
u
s
e
(
7
).
=
×
0
.
0086
×
(
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T)
b
a
s
ed
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
fo
r
h
yb
r
id
p
o
w
ered
E
-
b
ike
…
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
N
o
o
r
Hid
a
ya
t
)
247
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
a
n
ex
p
er
im
en
t
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
lo
ad
in
g
2
ele
ctr
ic
b
icy
cles
with
a
lo
ad
o
f
7
.
3
am
p
er
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
elec
tr
ic
b
i
k
e.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
o
b
tain
ed
to
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
to
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
0
v
o
lts
is
ab
o
u
t
2
4
,
4
4
2
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
T
o
ca
lcu
late
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
ch
ar
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
att
er
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
,
th
e
g
en
er
ated
ch
a
r
g
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
.
t
h
e
r
em
ain
d
er
o
f
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
is
ab
o
u
t
3
5
6
,
8
5
0
C
.
=
14
.
6
×
24
,
442
=
356
,
850
T
h
en
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
ch
ar
g
e,
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
b
atter
y
ca
p
a
city
is
lef
t,
u
s
in
g
(
4
)
.
=
(
×
100%
)
=
(
356
,
8
5
0
720
,
0
0
0
×
100%
)
=
50
.
4%
W
h
er
e
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
5
0
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
1
0
0
%
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
2
0
0
AH,
th
en
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
r
ed
icted
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
wh
at
is
n
ee
d
ed
is
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
ch
a
r
g
e
d
i
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t r
ec
ei
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
to
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ch
a
r
g
er
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ich
is
9
.
5
A
wh
e
n
co
n
v
er
ted
to
9
.
5
C
.
=
(
356
,
8
5
0
9
.
5
)
=
626
.
05
≈
626
So
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
Pr
f
o
r
m
u
la,
th
e
to
tal
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
is
6
2
6
m
i
n
u
tes.
E
ac
h
lo
n
g
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
t
im
e
will
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
tim
e.
Fo
r
m
o
r
e
d
etails
o
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
t
o
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
,
s
ee
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
1
.
3
.
1
.
P
o
wer
predict
io
n
v
s
re
a
l po
wer
I
n
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
test
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
u
s
in
g
an
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
lu
x
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
wh
ich
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
watts/
m
2
f
o
r
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t w
as c
a
r
r
ied
o
u
t a
t
1
0
.
0
0
AM
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
test
r
esu
l
ts
an
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
ca
lcu
lated
ev
er
y
3
0
m
i
n
u
tes
to
s
ee
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ict
io
n
p
o
wer
a
g
ain
s
t
th
e
test
p
o
wer
.
At
1
0
.
3
0
AM
,
t
h
e
test
p
o
wer
was
2
5
3
.
9
8
W
h
an
d
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
o
wer
was
3
4
3
W
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
H1
7
5
0
s
en
s
o
r
h
a
d
an
er
r
o
r
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
u
p
to
2
5
%
an
d
at
p
ea
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
at
1
2
.
0
0
PM
th
e
er
r
o
r
r
a
tio
r
ea
ch
ed
5
0
.
8
2
%.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
with
a
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
et
h
o
d
b
ased
o
n
s
o
lar
in
te
n
s
ity
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
H1
7
5
0
lu
x
s
en
s
o
r
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
c
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
wer
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
ir
ec
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
an
d
th
e
p
r
ed
icte
d
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
p
o
wer
ten
d
s
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
o
wer
at
ea
ch
test
tim
e
in
ter
v
al.
T
h
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
th
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
clu
d
e,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
th
in
g
s
,
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
o
d
el
wh
ich
is
n
o
t y
et
o
p
tim
al,
f
l
u
ctu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t r
ec
eiv
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
an
d
er
r
o
r
s
in
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
r
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
3
.
2
.
P
o
wer
ma
na
g
e
m
ent
o
f
ba
t
t
er
y
ca
pa
cit
y
T
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lied
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
t
h
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
b
atter
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
to
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Fro
m
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
test
s
tar
ted
at
1
0
.
0
0
AM
with
a
b
atter
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
5
0
.
4
3
8
%.
On
test
r
u
n
s
ev
e
r
y
h
alf
h
o
u
r
,
t
h
e
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
b
a
tter
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
alo
n
g
with
th
e
p
o
we
r
s
u
p
p
lied
to
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
2
×1
0
0
watt
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
ch
a
r
g
e
o
f
3
4
0
,
2
9
5
.
2
C
f
r
o
m
1
0
.
0
0
-
1
0
.
3
0
AM
.
T
h
e
to
tal
ch
ar
g
e
g
en
e
r
ated
f
r
o
m
1
0
.
0
0
AM
-
1
4
.
3
0
P
M
is
1
5
3
,
8
6
6
.
4
C
o
r
th
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
o
f
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
b
atter
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
2
1
.
3
3
%
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
e
r
io
d
an
d
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
ch
a
r
g
in
g
is
ar
o
u
n
d
2
,
1
7
3
.
7
4
W
atts
.
3
.
3
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
increa
s
ing
SO
C
perc
ent
a
g
e
o
n ba
t
t
er
y
ca
p
a
cit
y
(
AH
)
B
atter
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
(
%)
an
d
b
a
tter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
(
AH)
h
av
e
a
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
,
wh
i
ch
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
es
6
an
d
7
,
wh
er
e
th
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
g
e
r
in
cr
ea
s
es
with
th
e
in
co
m
in
g
ch
ar
g
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
g
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
7
2
0
,
0
0
0
m
in
u
s
th
e
o
u
tg
o
in
g
ch
ar
g
e
,
th
en
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
t
im
e.
I
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
af
ter
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
a
n
in
itial
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
5
0
.
4
3
%
an
d
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
0
0
.
8
7
AH.
W
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ch
ar
g
e
with
o
u
t
lo
ad
in
g
af
te
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
will
b
e
at
a
m
ax
im
u
m
in
th
e
b
atter
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
g
r
ap
h
,
a
n
d
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
in
AH
will
b
e
lin
ea
r
a
n
d
te
n
d
t
o
in
cr
e
ase.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
til
1
4
.
3
0
PM,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
b
atter
y
in
cr
e
ase
o
f
7
1
.
7
6
9
%,
wh
er
e
th
e
b
at
ter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
i
n
AH
r
ea
ch
ed
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
4
3
.
5
4
AH.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
243
-
250
248
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
r
ea
l
p
o
wer
v
s
p
r
ed
icted
p
o
wer
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
p
o
wer
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
n
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
f
f
ec
t o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
SOC
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
n
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
(
AH)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
E
lectr
ical
c
h
ar
g
er
s
a
r
e
g
en
er
ate
d
b
ased
o
n
tim
e
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
o
wer
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
t
en
s
ity
u
s
in
g
th
e
B
H1
7
5
0
l
u
x
s
en
s
o
r
at
1
0
.
0
0
–
1
0
.
3
0
am
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
p
o
wer
p
r
ed
ictio
n
v
alu
e
o
f
3
4
3
W
h
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
o
wer
ca
lcu
latio
n
r
esu
lt
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
lu
x
v
alu
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
lu
x
m
eter
was
2
5
3
.
9
8
W
h
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
c
o
u
lo
m
b
ca
lcu
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
u
s
ed
in
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
as
an
ap
p
licatio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
m
a
k
e
a
tim
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
I
t
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ap
p
lied
to
t
h
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
b
y
d
is
p
lay
in
g
test
d
ata
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
an
in
itial
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
5
0
.
4
%
to
1
0
0
%
an
d
a
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tim
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
6
2
6
m
in
u
tes.
So
th
at
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
test
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
with
a
to
ta
l
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
2
0
0
AH
o
r
7
2
0
,
0
0
0
C
,
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
s
o
lar
p
an
els wa
s
ab
le
to
g
en
er
ate
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
er
io
d
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
itial
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
5
0
.
4
3
%
(
1
0
v
o
lts
)
to
7
1
.
7
6
9
%
(
1
1
.
3
v
o
lts
)
with
i
n
4
.
5
h
o
u
r
s
with
a
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
e
o
f
1
5
3
,
8
6
6
.
4
C
.
T
h
e
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ity
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
e
f
f
icien
tly
,
ev
en
if
th
er
e
ar
e
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
in
th
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
also
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
tim
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
r
esu
lt,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
s
o
l
ar
p
an
el,
t
h
e
f
aster
t
h
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
tim
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
a
n
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a;
i
f
t
h
e
p
o
wer
g
e
n
er
ated
is
s
m
aller
,
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
tim
e
will b
e
lo
n
g
e
r
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
State
Po
ly
tech
n
ic
o
f
Ma
lan
g
an
d
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
Dir
ec
to
r
ate
Gen
er
al
o
f
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
C
u
ltu
r
e,
R
esear
ch
a
n
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
R
esear
c
h
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
ice
Fu
n
d
s
f
o
r
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
C
o
lleg
es,
y
ea
r
o
f
2
0
2
4
.
W
e
th
an
k
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T)
b
a
s
ed
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
fo
r
h
yb
r
id
p
o
w
ered
E
-
b
ike
…
(
Mo
h
a
mma
d
N
o
o
r
Hid
a
ya
t
)
249
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
A
.
D
o
m
í
n
g
u
e
z
-
N
a
v
a
r
r
o
,
R
.
D
u
f
o
-
L
ó
p
e
z
,
J.
M
.
Y
u
s
t
a
-
L
o
y
o
,
J
.
S
.
A
r
t
a
l
-
S
e
v
i
l
,
a
n
d
J
.
L.
B
e
r
n
a
l
-
A
g
u
st
í
n
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
a
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
f
a
s
t
-
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
st
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
e
ms
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
Po
w
e
r
& En
e
r
g
y
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
5
,
p
p
.
4
6
–
5
8
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
e
p
e
s.
2
0
1
8
.
0
8
.
0
0
1
.
[
2
]
M
.
d
e
H
a
a
s,
M
.
K
r
o
e
se
n
,
C
.
C
h
o
r
u
s,
S
.
H
o
o
g
e
n
d
o
o
r
n
-
La
n
s
e
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
o
o
g
e
n
d
o
o
r
n
,
“
E
-
b
i
k
e
u
ser
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
n
d
su
b
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
:
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
t
r
a
v
e
l
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
h
e
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
,
”
T
ra
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
(
Am
s
t
)
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
1
5
–
8
4
0
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
1
1
6
-
0
2
1
-
1
0
1
9
5
-
3.
[
3
]
M
.
M
c
Q
u
e
e
n
,
J.
M
a
c
A
r
t
h
u
r
,
a
n
d
C
.
C
h
e
r
r
y
,
“
T
h
e
E
-
b
i
k
e
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
:
e
s
t
i
ma
t
i
n
g
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
E
-
b
i
k
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
n
g
r
e
e
n
h
o
u
se
g
a
s
e
mi
ss
i
o
n
s,
”
T
r
a
n
sp
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
Re
se
a
r
c
h
P
a
rt
D
:
T
r
a
n
sp
o
rt
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
8
7
,
p
.
1
0
2
4
8
2
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
r
d
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
2
4
8
2
.
[
4
]
C
.
M
a
,
D
.
Y
a
n
g
,
J.
Zh
o
u
,
Z.
F
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
Q
.
Y
u
a
n
,
“
R
i
s
k
r
i
d
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
o
f
u
r
b
a
n
E
-
b
i
k
e
s:
A
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
.
2
3
0
8
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
i
j
e
r
p
h
1
6
1
3
2
3
0
8
.
[
5
]
P
.
M
.
d
e
Q
u
e
v
e
d
o
,
G
.
M
u
n
o
z
-
D
e
l
g
a
d
o
,
a
n
d
J.
C
o
n
t
r
e
r
a
s,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
e
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
sy
st
e
ms c
o
n
si
d
e
r
i
n
g
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
S
m
a
rt
G
r
i
d
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
9
4
–
8
0
4
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TSG
.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
5
2
3
0
3
.
[
6
]
S
.
D
e
b
,
K
.
Ta
mm
i
,
K
.
K
a
l
i
t
a
,
a
n
d
P
.
M
a
h
a
n
t
a
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
o
n
l
o
a
d
o
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
En
e
r
g
i
e
s
(
Ba
se
l
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
7
8
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
1
0
1
0
1
7
8
.
[
7
]
X
.
Li
,
Z
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
L.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
C
o
-
e
st
i
ma
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
st
a
t
e
-
of
-
c
h
a
r
g
e
f
o
r
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
–
4
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
2
.
1
4
7
.
[
8
]
R
.
M
o
r
e
l
l
o
,
R
.
D
i
R
i
e
n
z
o
,
F
.
B
a
r
o
n
t
i
,
R
.
R
o
n
c
e
l
l
a
,
a
n
d
R
.
S
a
l
e
t
t
i
,
“
S
y
st
e
m
o
n
c
h
i
p
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
t
a
t
e
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
o
r
:
E
-
b
i
k
e
c
a
se
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
i
n
I
EC
O
N
2
0
1
6
-
4
2
n
d
A
n
n
u
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
I
EEE
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
,
I
EEE,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
2
1
2
9
–
2
1
3
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
EC
O
N
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
7
9
4
1
4
0
.
[
9
]
L.
W
a
n
g
,
Z
.
Q
i
n
,
T.
S
l
a
n
g
e
n
,
P
.
B
a
u
e
r
,
a
n
d
T
.
v
a
n
W
i
j
k
,
“
g
r
i
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
f
a
s
t
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
o
n
s:
T
r
e
n
d
s,
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
i
ssu
e
s
a
n
d
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
-
a
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
,
”
I
E
EE
O
p
e
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
6
–
7
4
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
O
JP
EL.
2
0
2
1
.
3
0
5
4
6
0
1
.
[
1
0
]
S
.
A
.
H
a
m
o
o
d
i
,
A
.
A
.
A
.
A
l
-
K
a
r
a
k
c
h
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
N
.
H
a
m
o
o
d
i
,
“
S
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
i
d
E
-
b
i
k
e
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
s
y
st
e
m,”
B
u
l
l
e
t
i
n
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
–
6
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
e
e
i
.
v
1
1
i
1
.
3
2
9
8
.
[
1
1
]
M
.
N
.
H
i
d
a
y
a
t
,
A
.
F
.
M
u
n
i
r
,
A
.
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
,
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
I
,
“
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
sw
i
t
c
h
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
o
n
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
E
-
b
i
k
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
ren
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
EI
T
)
,
I
EEE,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
2
–
1
5
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
EI
T5
9
8
5
2
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
3
3
5
5
4
9
.
[
1
2
]
B
.
V
.
S
.
P
a
d
m
a
j
a
,
V
.
R
.
K
o
l
l
u
r
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
K
o
t
a
,
“
I
o
T
b
a
se
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
s
y
st
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
M
C
U
,
”
i
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Ex
p
l
o
ri
n
g
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
4
4
6
–
4
5
0
,
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
a
p
i
.
sem
a
n
t
i
c
sc
h
o
l
a
r
.
o
r
g
/
C
o
r
p
u
sI
D
:
2
1
9
6
1
8
6
7
5
[
1
3
]
G
.
M
.
M
a
d
h
u
a
n
d
C
.
V
y
j
a
y
a
n
t
h
i
,
“
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
o
st
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
mar
t
h
o
me
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
w
i
t
h
a
n
d
r
o
i
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
n
o
d
e
M
C
U
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
O
T)
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
8
2
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
P
o
w
e
r,
E
n
e
rg
y
,
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
:
T
o
w
a
r
d
s
S
m
a
r
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
EPE)
,
I
EEE,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
EPETS
G
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
6
5
9
1
2
8
.
[
1
4
]
A
.
S
e
t
i
a
w
a
n
,
Y
.
S
u
p
r
a
p
t
o
,
M
.
I
.
F
a
c
h
r
u
r
r
o
z
i
,
K
.
R
.
N
.
M
a
n
a
b
,
N
.
R
.
S
a
sm
i
t
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
S
.
M
.
D
I
y
a
sa
,
“
R
e
a
l
-
t
i
me
h
o
m
e
b
e
l
l
n
o
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
n
o
d
e
-
M
C
U
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
E
-
ma
i
l
(
b
a
se
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s)
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
4
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
0
7
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
8
4
5
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
0
7
.
[
1
5
]
M
.
S
.
H
a
d
i
,
A
.
N
.
A
f
a
n
d
i
,
A
.
P
.
W
i
b
a
w
a
,
A
.
S
.
A
h
mar,
a
n
d
K
.
H
.
S
a
p
u
t
r
a
,
“
S
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
d
a
t
a
l
o
g
g
e
r
f
o
r
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
m
w
i
t
h
R
TC
a
n
d
S
D
c
a
r
d
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
0
2
8
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
6
5
.
[
1
6
]
N
.
N
.
M
a
h
z
a
n
,
A
.
M
.
O
m
a
r
,
S
.
Z.
M
.
N
o
o
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
Z
.
M
.
R
o
d
z
i
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
l
o
g
g
e
r
w
i
t
h
mu
l
t
i
p
l
e
S
D
c
a
r
d
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
3
I
E
EE
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
C
l
e
a
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
C
EAT)
,
I
EEE,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
5
–
1
8
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
C
EA
T.
2
0
1
3
.
6
7
7
5
6
2
1
.
[
1
7
]
S
.
P
.
M
a
k
h
a
n
y
a
,
E.
M
.
D
o
g
o
,
N
.
I
.
N
w
u
l
u
,
a
n
d
U
.
D
a
mi
s
a
,
“
A
sm
a
r
t
sw
i
t
c
h
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
st
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
ESP
8
2
6
6
W
i
-
F
i
m
o
d
u
l
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
a
n
A
n
d
r
o
i
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
9
I
EEE
7
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
S
m
a
rt
E
n
e
rg
y
G
ri
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
S
E
G
E)
,
I
EEE,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
–
1
2
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
EG
E.
2
0
1
9
.
8
8
5
9
9
0
4
.
[
1
8
]
A
.
B
.
H
u
d
a
a
n
d
A
.
N
.
A
f
a
n
d
i
,
“
A
u
t
o
mat
i
c
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
sw
i
t
c
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
u
t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
N
o
d
e
M
C
U
ESP
8
2
6
6
b
a
se
d
o
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
t
h
i
n
g
s
(
I
o
T)
,
”
i
n
AI
P
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
.
0
3
0
0
0
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
6
3
/
5
.
0
0
9
5
0
8
5
.
[
1
9
]
K
.
M
o
v
a
ss
a
g
h
,
A
.
R
a
i
h
a
n
,
B
.
B
a
l
a
si
n
g
a
m,
a
n
d
K
.
P
a
t
t
i
p
a
t
i
,
“
A
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
L
o
o
k
a
t
C
o
u
l
o
mb
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
st
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
e
st
i
mat
i
o
n
i
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
,
”
En
e
rg
i
e
s
(
Ba
sel
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
.
4
0
7
4
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
4
1
4
4
0
7
4
.
[
2
0
]
S
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
X
.
G
u
o
,
X
.
D
o
u
,
a
n
d
X
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
A
d
a
t
a
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
C
o
u
l
o
mb
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
st
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
a
l
i
b
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
st
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
Ass
e
ssm
e
n
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
p
.
1
0
0
7
5
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
se
t
a
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
0
7
5
2
.
[
2
1
]
A
.
G
i
sm
e
r
o
,
E
.
S
c
h
a
l
t
z
,
a
n
d
D
.
-
I
.
S
t
r
o
e
,
“
R
e
c
u
r
s
i
v
e
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
n
d
st
a
t
e
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
e
st
i
ma
t
i
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
I
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
C
o
u
l
o
m
b
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
”
E
n
e
rg
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
1
8
1
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
3
0
7
1
8
1
1
.
[
2
2
]
D
.
S
a
j
i
,
P
.
S
.
B
a
b
u
,
a
n
d
K
.
I
l
a
n
g
o
,
“
S
o
C
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
I
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
u
si
n
g
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
c
o
u
l
o
m
b
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
u
z
z
y
l
o
g
i
c
met
h
o
d
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
9
4
t
h
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
R
e
c
e
n
t
T
re
n
d
s
o
n
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s,
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
,
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
RTEI
C
T
)
,
I
EEE,
M
a
y
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
9
4
8
–
9
5
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
R
TEI
C
T4
6
1
9
4
.
2
0
1
9
.
9
0
1
6
9
5
6
.
[
2
3
]
F
.
M
o
h
a
mm
a
d
i
,
“
L
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
st
a
t
e
-
of
-
c
h
a
r
g
e
e
st
i
ma
t
i
o
n
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
a
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
c
o
u
l
o
m
b
-
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
a
n
d
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
p
.
1
0
4
0
6
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
s
t
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
4
0
6
1
.
[
2
4
]
K
.
S
.
N
g
,
C
.
-
S
.
M
o
o
,
Y
.
-
P
.
C
h
e
n
,
a
n
d
Y
.
-
C
.
H
s
i
e
h
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
u
l
o
m
b
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
-
of
-
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
n
d
st
a
t
e
-
of
-
h
e
a
l
t
h
o
f
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
I
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s,”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
6
–
1
5
1
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
0
8
.
1
1
.
0
2
1
.
[
2
5
]
M
.
N
.
H
i
d
a
y
a
t
,
A
.
N
u
g
r
o
h
o
,
A
.
F
.
M
u
n
i
r
,
a
n
d
R
.
I
.
P
u
t
r
i
,
“
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
Ti
me
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
E
-
b
i
k
e
st
a
t
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
u
s
i
n
g
C
o
u
l
o
mb
c
o
u
n
t
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
EI
T
)
,
I
EEE,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
4
5
–
1
5
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
EI
T5
9
8
5
2
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
3
3
5
5
7
0
.
[
2
6
]
D
.
S
c
o
t
t
,
J.
L
u
,
H
.
A
b
u
r
u
b
,
A
.
S
u
n
d
a
r
a
r
a
j
a
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
I
.
S
a
r
w
a
t
,
“
A
n
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
V
R
LA
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s,”
i
n
2
0
1
7
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
sp
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
El
e
c
t
ri
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
I
T
EC
-
I
n
d
i
a
)
,
I
EEE,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
TEC
-
I
n
d
i
a
.
2
0
1
7
.
8
3
3
3
8
4
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
243
-
250
250
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Mo
h
a
m
m
a
d
N
o
o
r
H
id
a
y
a
t
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Bra
wijay
a
,
M
a
lan
g
,
in
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
g
o
t
h
is
m
a
ste
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
S
trah
c
ly
d
e
,
G
las
g
o
w,
UK
,
i
n
2
0
0
6
.
Th
e
n
,
h
e
g
o
t
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ba
t
h
i
n
2
0
1
5
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
wo
r
k
in
g
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
S
tate
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
o
f
M
a
lan
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
si
n
c
e
2
0
0
1
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
f
o
c
u
se
s
a
re
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
s
y
ste
m
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
tec
ti
o
n
,
a
lso
i
n
re
n
e
wa
b
le en
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
o
h
.
n
o
o
r
@p
o
li
n
e
m
a
.
a
c
.
id
.
Aji
Nug
r
o
h
o
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r'
s d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
fr
o
m
t
h
e
S
tate
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic o
f
M
a
lan
g
i
n
2
0
2
2
.
H
is r
e
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
s is
o
n
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
ji
n
u
g
r
o
h
o
@s
tu
d
e
n
t.
p
o
li
n
e
m
a
.
a
c
.
id
.
Abd
u
ll
a
h
Fa
iq
Mu
n
ir
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r'
s
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
S
tate
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic o
f
M
a
lan
g
i
n
2
0
2
1
.
His res
e
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
s
is o
n
e
n
e
rg
y
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
b
d
u
l
lah
f
a
iq
@s
t
u
d
e
n
t
.
p
o
li
n
e
m
a
.
a
c
.
id
.
Ra
tn
a
Ik
a
Pu
tr
i
g
ra
d
u
a
ted
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Bra
wijay
a
,
M
a
la
n
g
,
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
g
o
t
h
is
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
re
e
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bra
wijay
a
,
M
a
lan
g
,
in
2
0
0
6
.
Th
e
n
,
s
h
e
g
o
t
h
is
P
h
.
D.
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
S
e
p
u
lu
h
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
In
sti
tu
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
2
0
1
7
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
wo
rk
i
n
g
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
S
tate
P
o
ly
tec
h
n
ic
o
f
M
a
lan
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
sin
c
e
2
0
0
0
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ra
tn
a
.
ik
a
@p
o
li
n
e
m
a
.
c
o
.
i
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.