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Ana
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and impl
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pea
k arm
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ture
curre
nt
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x
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o
f
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fed
DC
-
D
C mo
tor d
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M
o
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m
a
d Na
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a
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S
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ticle
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y:
R
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ed
Feb
1
6
,
2
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4
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
4
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Oct
2
3
,
2
0
2
4
At
lo
w
fre
q
u
e
n
c
ies
o
f
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
a
c
h
o
p
p
e
r
-
fe
d
d
irec
t
c
u
rre
n
t
(
DC
)
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
,
th
e
a
rm
a
tu
re
c
u
rre
n
t
m
a
y
b
e
c
o
m
e
d
isc
o
n
ti
n
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o
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s
t
h
u
s
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
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e
ra
tes
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isc
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
(DCM).
S
i
n
c
e
th
e
m
in
imu
m
a
rm
a
tu
re
c
u
rre
n
t
is
z
e
ro
in
DCM,
t
h
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
p
e
a
k
a
rm
a
tu
re
c
u
rre
n
t
(Im
a
x
)
is
to
i
n
v
e
sti
g
a
te
th
e
ri
p
p
le
c
o
n
te
n
t
i
n
a
rm
a
tu
re
c
u
rre
n
t
a
t
d
iffere
n
t
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
wh
ic
h
will
h
e
lp
in
d
e
c
r
e
a
sin
g
th
e
p
e
a
k
y
c
u
rre
n
t
o
f
DC
m
o
to
r
d
u
r
in
g
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
sim
u
lati
o
n
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
u
si
n
g
M
AT
LAB
-
S
imu
li
n
k
so
ftwa
re
a
n
d
th
e
la
b
o
ra
t
o
ry
se
tu
p
wa
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
Atm
e
g
a
3
2
8
m
icro
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
b
o
a
rd
.
In
th
is p
a
p
e
r,
th
e
th
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
a
n
a
ly
sis o
f
p
e
a
k
a
rm
a
tu
re
c
u
rre
n
t
we
re
p
e
rfo
rm
e
d
a
t
fix
lo
w
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
in
DCM
a
n
d
v
a
riab
le
d
u
ty
c
y
c
les
to
p
ro
v
id
e
f
u
ll
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
DC
m
o
t
o
r
sp
e
e
d
.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
sh
o
w
t
h
a
t
th
e
p
e
a
k
a
rm
a
tu
re
c
u
rre
n
t
c
h
a
n
g
e
s with
th
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
o
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
les
a
n
d
it
s m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
is
d
e
c
re
a
se
d
a
lmo
st 5
0
%
a
t
h
i
g
h
e
r
d
u
ty
c
y
c
le v
a
lu
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
Atm
eg
a
3
2
8
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
B
u
ck
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
DC
m
o
to
r
Dis
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t m
o
d
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Haf
ee
z
Mo
h
am
e
d
Har
ir
i
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical
a
n
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti Sain
s
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
USM)
Nib
o
n
g
T
e
b
al,
1
4
3
0
0
,
Pen
an
g
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
m
u
h
am
m
a
d
h
af
ee
z@
u
s
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Dir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
m
o
to
r
d
r
i
v
es
ca
n
b
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
in
to
tw
o
m
ain
to
p
o
lo
g
ies d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
in
p
u
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
ar
e
p
h
ase
co
n
tr
o
lled
DC
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
iv
e
an
d
ch
o
p
p
e
r
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
p
h
ase
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
ed
eith
er
AC
m
o
to
r
o
r
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es,
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
ly
i
s
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
s
in
g
le
o
r
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
a
b
r
i
d
g
e
th
y
r
is
to
r
-
b
ased
r
ec
tifie
r
A
C
to
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ich
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
AC
in
p
u
t
in
to
a
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
v
a
r
iab
le
o
u
tp
u
t
DC
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
n
t
r
o
l
lin
g
th
e
f
ir
in
g
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
t
h
y
r
is
to
r
th
at
v
ar
ies
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
ec
tifie
d
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
is
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
is
it
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
ig
h
r
ip
p
le
in
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
p
u
ls
atin
g
ar
m
at
u
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
lead
to
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
DC
m
o
to
r
[
3
]
.
An
o
th
er
p
o
in
t
is
p
o
o
r
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
o
n
th
e
AC
s
id
e
in
p
h
ase
co
n
tr
o
l n
ee
d
to
b
e
ta
k
en
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
at
io
n
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
ch
o
p
p
er
-
f
e
d
DC
-
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
,
th
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
is
o
n
ly
wo
r
k
in
g
i
n
DC
wh
en
th
e
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
ly
is
DC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
is
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
tr
i
g
g
er
e
d
to
th
e
g
at
e
o
f
th
e
s
witch
at
ce
r
tain
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
th
e
v
a
r
iab
l
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
o
b
tain
ed
[
3
]
-
[
5
]
.
T
h
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ad
v
an
tag
es
lik
e
lo
w
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
r
ip
p
le,
lo
w
p
u
ls
atin
g
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
g
r
ea
t
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
a
r
m
a
tu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
cir
cu
it
p
r
esen
te
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
ased
o
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
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e
(
C
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u
o
u
s
co
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d
u
ctio
n
m
o
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e
(
DC
M)
m
o
d
es [
7
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
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al
f
ac
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s
wh
ich
m
ay
lead
th
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in
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C
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o
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D
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M.
T
h
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v
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ter
in
a
ch
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p
p
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-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
is
in
C
C
M
o
r
DC
M
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
m
o
to
r
r
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tan
ce
R
a
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m
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in
d
u
ctan
ce
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a
,
d
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ty
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le
k
an
d
ch
o
p
p
e
r
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s
s
witch
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g
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r
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s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J Po
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&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f p
ea
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a
r
ma
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r
r
en
t (
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ma
x)
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f
a
c
h
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p
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Mo
h
a
m
a
d
N
a
z
ir
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
97
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
AC
-
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
: (
a)
p
h
ase
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
a
n
d
(
b
)
c
h
o
p
p
e
r
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
I
n
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
C
C
M
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
W
h
en
d
esig
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a
co
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v
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ter
with
a
p
r
i
o
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ity
g
i
v
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to
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ce
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
r
i
p
p
le
v
o
ltag
e,
C
C
M
is
u
s
ed
.
I
n
C
C
M,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
th
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n
v
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ter
is
alwa
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p
o
s
itiv
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an
d
v
a
r
ies
b
etwe
en
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
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m
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Un
lik
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in
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C
M,
th
e
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e
o
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th
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ch
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in
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M
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o
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tim
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atin
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ter
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q
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ay
in
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s
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l
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s
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e
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n
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ter
.
T
h
is
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
d
r
awb
ac
k
to
c
h
o
p
p
er
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
of
lig
h
t
lo
a
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
DC
M
is
g
en
er
ally
ap
p
lied
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
th
e
m
ain
is
s
u
e
s
in
ce
it
b
ec
o
m
es
lar
g
e
in
DC
M
m
o
d
e.
I
f
we
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
ch
o
p
p
er
is
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
t
h
e
ar
m
at
u
r
e
in
d
u
ctan
ce
o
f
th
e
DC
m
o
t
o
r
,
L
a
is
to
o
s
m
all,
th
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t w
ill b
e
o
p
er
a
tin
g
in
DC
M
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
DC
M
m
o
d
e
u
s
u
ally
o
cc
u
r
s
in
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
t o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
q
u
a
d
r
an
t
s
witch
with
a
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
d
io
d
e
an
d
m
ay
also
o
cc
u
r
in
co
n
v
er
ter
s
with
two
-
q
u
ad
r
an
t
s
witch
es.
I
n
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
q
u
a
d
r
an
t
s
witch
with
an
o
th
er
s
witch
to
r
ep
lace
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
d
i
o
d
e
lik
e
in
a
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ec
tifie
r
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
e
f
f
icien
cy
m
ay
b
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
an
d
DC
M
m
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
av
o
id
e
d
.
Ma
n
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
i
cien
cy
an
d
s
m
aller
s
ize
o
r
v
o
lu
m
e
,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
s
w
itch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
ies ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
LLC
-
L
C
r
eso
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
ed
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
a
g
n
et
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
r
PMDC
m
o
to
r
wh
ich
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
1
]
was
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
with
a
s
m
aller
g
ap
s
wi
tch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
l
o
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
a
p
ap
e
r
in
[
1
2
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
er
ies
-
p
ar
allel
r
es
o
n
an
t
co
n
v
er
ter
-
f
ed
DC
-
d
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
th
at
h
as
ze
r
o
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
at
h
ig
h
er
s
wit
ch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
d
o
n
e
b
y
[
1
3
]
u
s
es
f
o
u
r
-
q
u
ad
r
an
t
ze
r
o
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
(
Z
C
T
)
co
n
v
er
ter
-
f
e
d
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
u
ls
io
n
wh
ich
h
as
ad
v
an
tag
es
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
witch
in
g
s
tr
ess
at
ze
r
o
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
witch
in
g
.
Mo
d
elin
g
a
n
d
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
AC
-
DC
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
e
d
DC
m
o
to
r
with
u
n
if
o
r
m
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
[
1
4
]
to
s
u
it
as
a
f
r
o
n
t
-
en
d
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
v
ar
ia
b
le
s
p
ee
d
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Ma
n
y
p
a
p
er
s
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
h
av
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
in
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M.
I
n
[
1
5
]
,
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
f
o
u
r
-
qu
ad
r
an
t
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
lim
it
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
A
n
ew
m
o
d
elin
g
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
ca
lcu
lu
s
an
d
l
in
ea
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
f
o
r
B
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
in
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
6
]
wh
ile
th
e
p
ap
er
in
[
1
7
]
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
an
d
v
alid
ated
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
ef
f
icien
cies
o
f
ju
n
ctio
n
f
ield
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
J
FET
)
an
d
in
s
u
lated
-
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
tr
an
s
is
to
r
I
GB
T
f
o
r
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
a
ted
u
n
d
e
r
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M.
A
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ac
tiv
e
clam
p
f
o
r
war
d
co
n
v
er
ter
in
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
8
]
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
lig
h
t
lo
ad
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
p
ap
er
s
h
av
e
p
r
esen
ted
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
.
A
s
ep
ar
ate
DC
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
b
ased
o
n
f
o
u
r
-
q
u
ad
r
an
t
c
h
o
p
p
er
s
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
a
f
o
u
r
-
q
u
ad
r
a
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
a
DC
m
o
to
r
with
a
d
ig
ital
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
wh
ich
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
0
]
w
h
ile
th
e
p
a
p
er
in
[
2
1
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
f
o
u
r
-
q
u
ad
r
a
n
t
ch
o
p
p
er
s
.
A
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
n
DC
ch
o
p
p
er
s
an
d
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
was p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
[
2
2
]
to
s
tu
d
y
th
eir
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
also
ex
am
in
es
th
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
a
ch
o
p
p
er
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
in
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M
m
o
d
es.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
q
u
a
d
r
an
t
DC
ch
o
p
p
er
d
esig
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
d
th
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
n
t
h
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M
is
also
p
r
esen
ted
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ea
k
a
r
m
atu
r
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
in
DC
M
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
an
d
v
er
if
ied
r
esu
lts
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
5
.
2.
CH
O
P
P
E
R
-
F
E
D
DC
M
O
T
O
R
DRIVE
A
DC
ch
o
p
p
er
o
r
co
m
m
o
n
ly
k
n
o
wn
as
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
te
r
is
a
d
r
iv
er
t
h
at
ch
an
g
es
f
ix
DC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
ce
r
tain
v
alu
e
o
f
D
C
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
A
ch
o
p
p
er
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
u
s
es
a
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
witch
,
ty
p
ically
a
t
h
y
r
is
to
r
o
r
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
to
r
e
g
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
lied
to
a
DC
m
o
to
r
b
y
r
ap
id
l
y
tu
r
n
in
g
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
o
n
an
d
o
f
f
.
DC
m
o
to
r
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
ad
ju
s
tab
le
s
p
ee
d
d
r
i
v
e
an
d
p
o
s
itio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
r
ap
id
tr
an
s
it
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
o
b
o
tic
d
r
iv
es,
p
ed
al
-
ass
is
ted
b
icy
cles
,
tr
o
lley
ca
r
s
,
an
d
t
r
ac
tio
n
m
o
to
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l [
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
96
-
1
0
5
98
2
.
1
.
B
uck
DC
cho
pp
er
de
s
ig
n
A
f
ir
s
t
q
u
ad
r
an
t
ch
o
p
p
e
r
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
b
ased
o
n
a
bu
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
r
awn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
n
th
is
cir
cu
it,
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
to
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
an
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
R
a
,
an
in
ter
n
al
in
d
u
ctan
ce
L
a
in
s
er
ies
with
b
ac
k
E
MF
v
o
ltag
e
E
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
a
f
ast
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
d
io
d
e
D
1
an
d
an
ac
tiv
e
s
witch
S
W1
in
s
er
ies with
a
DC
in
p
u
t su
p
p
ly
V
D
.
T
h
e
D
C
i
n
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
w
it
c
h
i
s
O
N
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
al
wi
n
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
DC
m
o
t
o
r
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
q
u
a
d
r
a
n
t
D
C
c
h
o
p
p
e
r
,
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
(
a
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
a
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
m
o
t
o
r
i
s
i
n
o
n
e
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
h
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p
o
l
a
r
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
l
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
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l
t
a
g
e
o
r
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
m
o
t
o
r
(
a
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
)
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
V
a
c
a
n
n
o
t
b
e
r
e
v
e
r
s
e
d
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
c
h
o
p
p
e
r
is
OF
F
,
t
h
e
D
C
i
n
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
is
d
is
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
DC
m
o
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
s
t
o
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
n
a
l
i
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
b
a
c
k
E
M
F
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
es
t
h
e
i
n
t
er
n
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
f
a
s
t
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
y
d
i
o
d
e
.
T
h
is
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
i
s
v
al
i
d
f
o
r
C
C
M
o
n
l
y
.
B
o
t
h
t
h
e
i
n
te
r
n
a
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
w
i
ll
b
e
a
l
w
a
y
s
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
.
T
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
h
o
w
e
v
e
r
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
f
r
o
m
z
e
r
o
t
o
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
r
a
t
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
b
y
a
l
t
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
o
f
t
h
e
s
w
i
t
c
h
.
T
h
is
m
a
k
es
a
DC
m
o
t
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
a
b
l
e
o
v
e
r
a
wi
d
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
p
e
e
d
s
.
2
.
2
.
M
o
dellin
g
o
f
DC
cho
pp
er
Gen
er
ally
,
a
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
DC
ch
o
p
p
e
r
ca
n
b
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
es
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
o
p
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
v
er
a
f
u
ll
s
witch
in
g
cy
cle
an
d
th
ese
m
o
d
es
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
(
a)
-
3
(
c
)
.
T
h
e
s
tate
v
a
r
iab
les
will
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
a
c
h
o
p
p
er
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
o
f
S
W1
an
d
th
e
d
io
d
e
D1
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
will
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
es
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
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ter
i
n
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M.
T
h
e
g
ate
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witch
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g
v
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ltag
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V
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V
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m
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r
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t
I
a
wav
e
f
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r
m
s
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f
ch
o
p
p
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-
f
ed
DC
m
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r
i
n
C
C
M
an
d
DC
M
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
4
(
a)
an
d
4
(
b
)
,
wh
e
r
e
I
max
an
d
I
min
a
r
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
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es
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d
m
in
im
u
m
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e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
cu
r
r
en
t r
es
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
u
ck
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
with
f
ir
s
t q
u
ad
r
a
n
t o
p
er
atio
n
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Op
e
r
atin
g
m
o
d
es o
f
ch
o
p
p
e
r
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
: (
a)
M
o
d
e
1
: SW
1
ON,
D1
OFF
,
(
b
)
M
o
d
e
2
: SW
1
OFF,
D1
ON
,
an
d
(
c)
M
o
d
e
3
: SW
1
OFF,
D1
OFF
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Switch
in
g
s
tate,
ar
m
atu
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
,
an
d
a
r
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
:
(
a)
C
C
M
an
d
(
b
)
DC
M
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
6
9
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f p
ea
k
a
r
ma
tu
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cu
r
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I
ma
x)
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c
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p
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(
Mo
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)
99
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
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N
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F
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AK
DCM AR
M
AT
URE C
URR
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NT
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
p
o
we
r
f
u
l
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
l
s
o
f
twar
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
is
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e
.
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
was
ch
o
s
en
b
ec
au
s
e
it h
as p
o
wer
f
u
l a
n
d
m
o
d
er
n
f
ea
tu
r
es.
3
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
Simu
lin
k
,
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
ca
n
b
e
cr
ea
te
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
ca
n
b
e
v
iewe
d
clea
r
ly
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
f
e
r
ed
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
in
p
u
ts
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
ts
in
an
ac
t
u
al
h
ar
d
war
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
cir
cu
it m
o
d
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
ch
o
p
p
e
r
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
in
p
u
t
s
u
p
p
ly
V
D
,
bu
ck
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
DC
m
o
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
g
atin
g
s
ig
n
al
V
g
is
th
e
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
d
an
d
th
e
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
b
lo
ck
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
at
f
ix
ed
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
ix
e
d
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
.
I
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
cir
cu
it
was
ass
u
m
e
d
to
o
p
er
ate
in
id
ea
l
cir
cu
it
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
was
also
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
n
o
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
with
o
u
t
an
y
lo
ad
attac
h
e
d
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
(
T
L
=
0
)
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
s
in
ce
th
e
ch
o
p
p
er
-
f
e
d
DC
m
o
to
r
was
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
q
u
ad
r
a
n
t,
an
d
its
s
p
ee
d
was d
eter
m
in
ed
d
ir
ec
tl
y
b
y
t
h
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Simu
latio
n
cir
cu
it m
o
d
el
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
was
s
et
to
2
4
V
an
d
th
e
PW
M
g
atin
g
s
ig
n
al
wer
e
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
m
in
i
m
u
m
0
to
m
ax
im
u
m
1
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lts
f
o
r
n
o
-
lo
ad
co
n
d
itio
n
a
r
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
ig
u
r
es.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
was
f
ix
e
d
at
1
k
Hz.
T
h
e
m
o
to
r
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
cir
cu
it a
r
e
d
is
p
lay
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
at
k
=
0
.
2
a
n
d
k
=
0
.
4
r
esp
e
ctiv
ely
.
I
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
two
p
lo
ts
,
th
e
m
o
to
r
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
ch
o
p
p
er
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
o
p
er
ates
in
DC
M.
At
th
e
b
e
g
i
n
n
in
g
o
f
SW
1
ON,
th
e
a
r
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
is
es
u
p
s
lo
wly
f
r
o
m
ze
r
o
t
o
p
ea
k
v
alu
e
u
n
til
it
is
OFF.
T
h
e
ar
m
at
u
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
n
tin
u
es
t
o
f
lo
w
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e
b
u
t
ab
r
u
p
tly
d
r
o
p
s
t
o
ze
r
o
d
u
e
to
s
m
all
v
alu
e
o
f
a
r
m
atu
r
e
in
d
u
cta
n
ce
e
x
is
ted
in
DC
m
o
to
r
.
At
th
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
tim
e,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
witch
is
tu
r
n
ed
OFF,
it
r
etu
r
n
s
to
ze
r
o
in
d
icati
n
g
th
at
th
e
c
o
n
v
er
te
r
is
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
in
DC
M.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
s
6
(a
)
an
d
6
(
b
)
,
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ea
k
f
i
n
d
er
f
ea
tu
r
e
in
MA
T
L
A
B
/Si
m
u
lin
k
,
th
e
p
ea
k
a
r
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
we
r
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
7
.
6
0
A
wh
en
k
=
0
.
2
an
d
at
6
.
4
0
A
w
h
en
k
=
0
.
4
.
T
h
e
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
i
n
ter
v
als b
etwe
en
1
1
.
4
7
6
5
s
to
1
1
.
7
2
9
5
s
as th
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
wer
e
in
a
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
er
io
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
96
-
1
0
5
100
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
W
av
ef
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
ch
o
p
p
er
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
in
DC
M
m
o
d
e.
Fro
m
to
p
to
b
o
tto
m
:
V
g
,
V
a
,
I
in
an
d
I
a
:
(
a)
k
=
0
.
2
an
d
(
b
)
k
=
0
.
4
4.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
VAL
I
D
AT
I
O
N
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
in
v
o
l
v
es
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
h
ar
d
war
e
cir
c
u
itry
test
s
to
v
er
if
y
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
b
ased
o
n
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
a
r
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
r
esu
lts
to
v
alid
ate
its
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
p
r
ac
tice,
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
witch
i
s
r
ea
lized
by
u
s
in
g
a
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
at
a
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
s
ev
er
al
am
p
er
es
.
4
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l set
up
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
5
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
s
in
g
le
q
u
ad
r
a
n
t
s
witch
.
T
h
e
s
witch
o
n
ly
allo
ws
th
e
p
o
we
r
to
f
lo
w
in
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
ch
o
p
p
e
r
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
wo
r
k
wa
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
w
o
r
k
b
e
n
ch
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f p
ea
k
a
r
ma
tu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
ma
x)
o
f
a
c
h
o
p
p
er
-
…
(
Mo
h
a
m
a
d
N
a
z
ir
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
101
T
h
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
o
f
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
a
r
e
th
e
s
am
e
as
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
ch
o
p
p
er
p
o
wer
s
tag
e
cir
cu
i
t,
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it,
DC
m
o
to
r
,
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
s
ig
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
T
wo
r
e
g
u
lated
D
C
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
wer
e
u
s
e
d
,
o
n
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
g
t
h
e
ch
o
p
p
er
cir
cu
it
an
d
a
n
o
th
er
o
n
e
f
o
r
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
o
u
tp
u
t
was
s
et
at
1
2
V
f
o
r
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
o
u
tp
u
t a
t
2
4
V
to
th
e
ch
o
p
p
er
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
ch
o
p
p
er
cir
c
u
it wa
s
b
u
ilt b
ased
o
n
a
h
ig
h
p
o
wer
an
d
h
i
g
h
s
p
ee
d
MO
SF
E
T
I
R
FZ4
4
N
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
h
ig
h
s
p
ee
d
Sch
o
ttk
y
d
io
d
e
MU
R
8
6
0
.
T
h
e
ch
o
p
p
er
s
etu
p
was
th
en
f
ed
with
a
DC
m
o
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
was
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Ag
ilen
t
N2
7
9
1
A
d
i
f
f
er
en
tial
p
r
o
b
e
wh
ile
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
th
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
T
ek
tr
o
n
ix
A6
2
2
AC
/DC
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
b
e.
All
th
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
th
en
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
T
ek
tr
o
n
ix
MD
0
3
0
2
4
,
a
4
-
ch
an
n
el
d
i
g
ital
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
DC
m
o
to
r
was
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
r
ea
d
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
v
er
tin
g
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
u
ls
e
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
an
o
p
tical
en
co
d
er
Su
n
x
P
MT
5
3
B
wh
ich
is
m
o
u
n
te
d
o
n
th
e
s
h
af
t o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
.
4
.
2
.
P
WM
co
ntr
o
l m
et
ho
do
lo
g
y
As
we
k
n
o
w,
if
th
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
o
p
er
ates
in
DC
M,
th
e
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
f
r
o
m
ze
r
o
to
its
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e.
B
y
tak
i
n
g
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
E
,
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
v
a
r
y
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
p
e
ak
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
at
a
ce
r
tain
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
o
th
at
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
lin
ea
r
ly
ch
an
g
ed
wh
e
n
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
is
ad
ju
s
ted
.
Sin
ce
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
was
n
o
t
att
ac
h
ed
to
an
y
lo
a
d
,
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
E
will
also
ch
an
g
e
lin
ea
r
ly
.
T
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
u
s
ed
is
a
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t lo
w
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
c
o
n
tr
o
l a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
tw
o
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
is
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
Atm
eg
a
3
2
8
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
o
ar
d
to
g
en
er
ate
a
p
er
io
d
ic
PW
M
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ich
was
u
s
ed
as
a
g
atin
g
s
ig
n
al
to
d
r
iv
e
th
e
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
b
y
tu
r
n
in
g
it
ON
an
d
OFF
a
lter
n
ately
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
o
a
r
d
P
W
M
p
in
was
th
en
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
p
r
o
b
es
s
o
th
at
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
P
W
M
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l c
ir
cu
it p
er
i
o
d
was
s
et
to
1
m
s
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
e
lo
wer
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
at
1
k
Hz.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
cir
cu
it c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
i
n
teg
r
ated
ch
ip
u
s
ed
as
th
e
d
r
iv
e
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
wer
MO
SF
E
T
.
T
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
f
o
r
th
e
s
witch
wh
ich
was
g
en
er
ated
b
y
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
was
o
n
ly
at
5
V
am
p
litu
d
e.
I
t
is
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
l
ev
el
u
p
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
to
1
2
V
am
p
litu
d
e
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
in
MO
SF
E
T
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
er
ch
ip
T
C
4
4
2
7
d
i
d
th
is
jo
b
.
Sin
ce
ch
o
p
p
e
r
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
c
o
n
v
er
ter
h
as
a
MO
SF
E
T
f
lo
atin
g
in
th
e
cir
cu
it,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ch
i
p
I
R
2
1
0
1
was
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
lo
atin
g
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
MO
SF
E
T
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
On
ly
t
h
en
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
P
W
M
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
al
ca
n
b
e
f
e
d
in
to
th
e
s
witch
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
r
iv
e
r
cir
cu
its
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
c
o
n
s
tan
t lo
w
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
c
o
n
tr
o
l
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
MO
SF
E
T
d
r
iv
e
r
cir
c
u
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
96
-
1
0
5
102
4
.
3
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l r
esu
lt
s
T
ab
le
1
lis
ts
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
at
s
tead
y
s
tate
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
Ag
ilen
t
U1
2
3
2
A
d
ig
ital
m
u
ltime
ter
s
f
o
r
r
m
s
m
o
to
r
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
r
m
s
m
o
to
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
s
p
e
ed
in
r
p
m
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
t
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
en
c
o
d
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
s
ig
n
al
with
6
0
.
T
h
e
b
ac
k
E
MF
v
o
ltag
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
with
th
e
b
ac
k
E
MF
co
n
s
tan
t.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
r
o
m
p
ea
k
-
to
-
p
ea
k
wav
ef
o
r
m
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
th
e
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
B
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle,
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
m
o
t
o
r
v
o
ltag
e,
m
o
to
r
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
m
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
.
I
t
is
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
m
o
to
r
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
f
r
o
m
0
to
2
2
.
1
0
V
wh
en
d
u
ty
cy
c
le
is
v
ar
ied
b
etwe
en
k
=
0
to
k
=
1
.
0
.
T
h
e
r
m
s
m
o
to
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
0
t
o
1
.
2
0
A
an
d
th
e
ca
lc
u
lated
m
o
t
o
r
s
p
ee
d
wer
e
0
to
3
1
5
0
r
p
m
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tally
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
r
m
atu
r
e
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
to
tal
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
u
ty
cy
c
les
o
p
er
atin
g
i
n
DC
M
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
I
n
DC
M,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
v
alu
e
o
f
k
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
a
r
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
ze
r
o
.
T
h
e
u
ltra
f
ast
d
io
d
e
h
as
p
r
ev
e
n
ted
th
e
a
r
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
g
o
in
g
to
n
eg
ativ
e
v
al
u
e.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
p
ea
k
o
r
m
a
x
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
at
t=t
on
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
d
e
1
.
T
h
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
ze
r
o
ag
ai
n
at
t=t
x
d
u
r
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
2
.
At
t
h
is
p
o
in
t
th
e
a
r
m
atu
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
e
q
u
a
ls
t
o
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
b
ac
k
E
MF
v
o
ltag
e
as c
an
b
e
s
ee
n
as
f
lat
lin
e
at
lo
wer
d
u
ty
c
y
cles.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
m
s
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
a,
rms
d
o
es n
o
t
s
h
o
w
an
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
wh
en
k
is
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
,
we
c
an
s
ee
th
at
th
e
p
ea
k
a
r
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
I
max,
DCM
is
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
at
lo
w
d
u
ty
cy
cles.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
is
alm
o
s
t
6
to
7
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
r
m
s
ar
m
atu
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
e
ak
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
s
h
o
w
s
o
m
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
p
atter
n
wh
en
k
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
u
t
t
h
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
es
ar
e
s
till
alm
o
s
t
4
t
o
5
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
.
As
k
in
cr
ea
s
ed
,
th
e
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
ten
d
s
to
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
4
.
0
A
wh
ile
its
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
is
at
7
.
8
0
A.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ctio
n
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
a
r
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
b
eh
av
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
an
d
r
eg
u
lated
wh
ile
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
in
DC
M.
T
ab
le
1
.
Peak
m
o
to
r
a
r
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
in
DC
M
k
V
a
,
(
V
)
I
a
,
rm
s
,
(
A
)
n
,
(
r
p
m)
E,
(
V
)
I
m
a
x,
D
CM
,
(
A
)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
1
6
.
0
0
0
.
7
4
5
7
3
4
.
0
0
7
.
8
0
0
.
2
1
1
.
9
5
0
.
9
6
1
5
9
6
1
1
.
1
5
7
.
7
9
0
.
4
1
7
.
9
0
1
.
1
0
2
4
8
4
1
7
.
.
3
5
6
.
2
0
0
.
6
2
0
.
2
0
1
.
1
6
2
8
6
2
1
9
.
9
9
5
.
2
2
0
.
8
2
1
.
3
4
1
.
1
7
3
0
2
1
2
1
.
1
0
4
.
5
9
0
.
9
8
2
1
.
7
0
1
.
1
9
3
0
7
8
2
1
.
5
0
4
.
4
9
1
2
2
.
1
0
1
.
2
0
3
1
5
0
2
2
.
0
0
4
.
0
0
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
o
f
ar
m
atu
r
e
v
o
ltag
es
an
d
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
as
d
ep
icted
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
f
ig
u
r
e
h
as
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ated
i
n
th
r
ee
m
o
d
es
as
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
2
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
e
in
ter
v
al
tim
e
o
f
m
o
d
e
2
is
v
e
r
y
s
h
o
r
t
an
d
it
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
k
.
At
k
=
1
,
th
e
i
n
ter
v
al
was
2
0
0
u
s
wh
ile
at
k
=
0
.
9
8
th
e
i
n
ter
v
al
was
4
0
u
s
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
e
tim
e
tak
en
f
o
r
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
t
o
b
ec
o
m
e
ze
r
o
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
wi
th
Fig
u
r
e
s
10
(
a)
a
n
d
1
0
(
b
)
,
it
co
m
es
to
co
n
clu
s
io
n
t
h
at
th
e
p
ea
k
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
an
d
th
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lts
ar
e
v
er
y
clo
s
e
to
e
ac
h
o
th
er
f
o
r
d
u
ty
cy
cle
ab
o
v
e
0
.
2
.
At
k
=
0
.
1
,
th
er
e
is
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
e
n
t b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
b
ac
k
E
MF
v
o
lta
g
e
d
if
f
er
s
a
r
o
u
n
d
2
V
b
etwe
en
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
o
v
er
all
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
r
es
u
lts
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
t,
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
p
a
p
er
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
esu
lts
o
f
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
b
y
th
e
cu
r
v
es
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
I
f
we
d
o
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
two
cu
r
v
es,
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
p
atter
n
o
f
th
e
p
e
ak
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
im
en
t
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
ar
e
alm
o
s
t
th
e
s
am
e
ea
ch
o
th
e
r
.
T
h
e
p
att
er
n
s
h
o
ws
a
n
alm
o
s
t
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
f
o
r
th
ese
two
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
s
.
At
h
ig
h
er
d
u
ty
c
y
cles,
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
wav
e
f
o
r
m
s
,
th
e
b
ac
k
E
MF
v
o
ltag
e
s
e
em
s
n
o
t
s
o
s
tab
le
an
d
k
ee
p
ch
an
g
in
g
as
we
ca
n
s
ee
i
n
Fig
u
r
es
1
0
(
c
)
-
1
0
(
f
)
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
t
ak
en
f
o
r
b
ac
k
E
MF
v
o
ltag
e
is
av
er
a
g
ed
o
v
er
th
e
w
h
o
le
p
er
i
o
d
o
f
tim
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
c
h
o
p
p
er
-
f
ed
DC
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
is
r
ea
lly
ap
p
licab
le
f
o
r
lo
w
an
d
lig
h
t
l
o
ad
p
o
wer
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
lo
w
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
lies
an
d
lo
w
p
o
wer
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es.
Fo
r
s
tar
tin
g
th
e
DC
m
o
to
r
s
at
lo
wer
s
tar
tin
g
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
is
s
y
s
tem
will
d
o
its
jo
b
p
er
f
ec
tly
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
q
u
ad
r
a
n
t
ch
o
p
p
er
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wh
en
u
s
in
g
a
DC
m
o
t
o
r
i
n
an
y
elec
tr
ic
d
r
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
m
ain
th
i
n
g
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
b
y
d
esig
n
er
s
is
th
e
p
ea
k
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
wh
ic
h
ap
p
ea
r
s
to
b
e
q
u
ite
h
ig
h
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
r
m
s
v
alu
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
also
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
ip
p
le
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
ar
m
atu
r
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
to
r
ca
n
b
e
m
a
d
e
lo
wer
b
y
o
p
er
atin
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
at
h
ig
h
d
u
ty
cy
cles.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
s
im
u
lated
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
r
e
s
u
lt
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ice
lo
s
s
es
an
d
th
e
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
b
ac
k
E
MF
v
o
ltag
e.
I
n
th
e
c
alcu
latio
n
,
lo
s
s
es a
r
e
n
eg
lig
ib
le
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
in
ce
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
ass
u
m
ed
to
b
e
id
ea
l.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
imp
leme
n
ta
tio
n
o
f p
ea
k
a
r
ma
tu
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
ma
x)
o
f
a
c
h
o
p
p
er
-
…
(
Mo
h
a
m
a
d
N
a
z
ir
A
b
d
u
lla
h
)
103
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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h
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m
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g
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in
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Un
i
v
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s M
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S
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rtme
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r
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se
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rc
h
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sm
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h
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lay
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ize
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re
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c
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c
o
n
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ted
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t
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m
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il
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u
h
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m
m
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d
h
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fe
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@u
sm
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m
y
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h
d
K
h
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iru
n
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z
M
a
t
De
sa
is
a
m
e
m
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e
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of
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th
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ste
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s
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re
e
in
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l
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it
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m
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n
d
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h
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re
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m
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lay
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n
g
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lan
g
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r
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in
2
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.
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se
n
i
o
r
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tu
re
r
with
th
e
S
c
h
o
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l
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f
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tri
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l
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s
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Ni
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o
n
g
Teb
a
l,
M
a
lay
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sp
e
c
ialize
d
in
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p
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c
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g
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ti
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l,
re
n
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le
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m
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ss
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n
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ro
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r),
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n
d
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n
e
rg
y
p
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c
a
n
b
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c
o
n
tac
ted
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t
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m
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il
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h
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sm
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m
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h
d
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d
z
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M
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m
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t
re
c
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h
is
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En
g
.
in
El
e
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tri
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a
l
fro
m
U
n
iv
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in
s
M
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lay
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n
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0
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n
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c
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ste
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rin
g
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m
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h
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l
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f
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tri
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n
d
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e
c
tro
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ic
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g
in
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r
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g
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M
in
2
0
0
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.
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jo
i
n
e
d
U
n
iv
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rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
(USM
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a
s
re
se
a
rc
h
o
ffice
r
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t
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
sin
c
e
2
0
0
1
.
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r
e
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
s,
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
,
a
n
d
d
r
iv
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
e
n
a
d
z
ri@u
sm
.
m
y
.
S
u
a
r
d
i
K
a
h
a
r
u
d
d
in
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
la
y
sia
(USM
)
in
2
0
0
2
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
m
a
ste
r
o
f
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
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e
rin
g
fr
o
m
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
n
d
E
lec
tro
n
i
c
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
USM
in
2
0
0
9
.
H
e
jo
in
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
(USM
)
a
s
re
se
a
r
c
h
o
ffice
r
a
t
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
D
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
s
in
c
e
2
0
0
2
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
m
icro
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
,
a
n
d
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
sy
ste
m
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
a
rd
i@u
sm
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.