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f
ec
t,
a
n
d
co
s
t
[
2
]
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
PV
i
n
te
g
r
ati
o
n
u
s
es
t
h
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
za
t
i
o
n
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
t
h
e
p
ass
i
v
es
f
i
lte
r
s
li
k
e
R
L
a
n
d
L
C
L
f
ilt
e
r
ar
e
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
f
o
r
s
tea
d
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
g
u
lat
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
(
PC
C
)
.
T
h
e
a
d
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
L
C
L
f
i
lte
r
o
v
e
r
R
L
f
i
lte
r
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
d
etai
l
f
o
r
b
ett
e
r
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
i
n
g
r
id
c
o
n
n
e
cte
d
s
y
s
tem
s
[
3
]
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
r
es
o
n
a
n
c
e
is
s
u
es
i
n
L
C
L
f
il
t
er
s
n
ec
ess
it
at
e
ef
f
i
cie
n
t
ac
t
iv
e
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
;
a
t
wo
-
DOF
P
I
D
co
n
t
r
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
[
4
]
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
r
o
u
n
d
9
8
%
d
am
p
i
n
g
.
M
o
d
el
p
r
e
d
i
cti
v
e
co
n
t
r
o
ll
er
(
MPC
)
is
u
s
e
d
as
t
h
e
in
v
e
r
t
er
c
o
n
t
r
o
lli
n
g
f
o
r
v
o
l
ta
g
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
g
u
lat
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
[
5
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
I
E
E
E
1
5
4
7
.
1
a
n
d
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
t
h
r
ee
-
l
ev
el
HC
C
is
ad
v
is
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
SF
v
ar
iat
io
n
is
s
u
es
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
co
n
t
r
o
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
6
]
.
A
d
d
it
io
n
al
ly
,
VSC
-
b
ase
d
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ti
o
n
s
tat
ic
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
at
o
r
(
DST
AT
C
OM
)
s
y
s
te
m
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
e
d
to
d
ec
r
e
ase
g
r
i
d
d
is
t
o
r
t
io
n
,
im
b
ala
n
c
e,
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
,
a
n
d
v
o
lt
ag
e
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
i
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
ch
em
es
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
r
te
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
ies
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
h
o
w
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lta
ic
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
ch
an
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
o
w
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
th
ey
a
r
e
t
o
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
.
R
es
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
s
u
c
c
es
s
f
u
l
l
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
(
P
V
)
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
w
i
t
h
a
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
n
AC
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
at
i
o
n
in
a
r
e
c
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
[
7
]
.
B
i
d
i
r
ec
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
it
y
f
l
o
w
wa
s
m
a
d
e
p
o
s
s
i
b
l
e
b
y
t
h
is
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
s
t
at
i
o
n
,
a
ll
o
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
e
x
p
o
r
t
o
f
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
it
y
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
[
8
]
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
o
n
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
n
o
v
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l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
es
d
es
i
g
n
e
d
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
s
o
l
a
r
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
f
as
t
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
at
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
at
e
d
w
a
y
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
u
l
t
i
-
p
o
r
t
c
h
a
r
g
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n
g
s
t
a
ti
o
n
s
.
A
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
a
t
w
as
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
i
n
[
9
]
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
a
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
h
a
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
f
u
l
l
y
b
r
o
k
e
u
p
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
im
e
i
n
t
o
i
n
te
r
v
a
l
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
e
ct
i
v
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
w
as
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
x
p
e
n
s
es
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
a
k
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
e
l
ec
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
le
(
E
V
)
f
l
ee
t
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
a
y
.
I
n
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
i
n
f
r
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
ts
,
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
al
t
w
o
-
l
e
v
e
l
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
r
e
c
o
g
n
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z
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d
f
o
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r
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s
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n
d
h
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e
f
f
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ci
e
n
c
y
h
a
v
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b
e
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e
x
t
e
n
s
i
v
el
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
,
i
n
p
a
r
ti
c
u
l
a
r
,
u
s
e
b
u
c
k
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
B
u
t
t
h
es
e
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
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r
s
c
a
n
'
t
h
a
n
d
l
e
t
h
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e
d
i
u
m
a
n
d
h
i
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n
d
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n
f
a
s
t
-
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
ti
o
n
s
;
t
h
is
p
u
ts
a
d
d
i
ti
o
n
a
l
s
t
r
a
i
n
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n
t
h
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s
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t
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h
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n
g
c
o
m
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d
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s
s
it
a
t
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t
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s
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o
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m
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e
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p
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n
s
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p
a
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t
s
.
A
s
a
d
u
r
a
b
l
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a
l
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
v
e
,
m
u
lt
i
-
l
e
v
e
l
(
M
L
)
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
h
a
v
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g
a
i
n
e
d
f
a
v
o
r
i
n
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
,
p
r
o
v
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d
i
n
g
b
e
n
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f
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t
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
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c
r
e
a
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d
s
wi
t
c
h
i
n
g
l
o
s
s
e
s
,
l
o
w
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o
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t
p
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t
v
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g
e
d
is
t
o
r
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
l
e
s
s
e
n
e
d
d
e
v
i
ce
s
t
r
a
i
n
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
e
a
t
u
r
es
o
f
f
e
r
M
L
c
o
n
v
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t
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s
a
s
a
f
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a
s
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l
e
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d
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d
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-
v
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a
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h
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r
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c
t
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a
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it
a
t
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m
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-
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f
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v
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n
d
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f
i
c
i
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
s
.
P
o
w
er
q
u
a
l
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t
y
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
i
n
s
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l
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p
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d
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p
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t
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l
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s
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a
ct
i
v
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p
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r
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q
u
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r
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m
e
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t
s
,
h
a
v
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b
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t
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u
b
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e
c
t
o
f
n
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m
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n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
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o
n
s
a
n
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
[
1
5
]
.
P
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
6
]
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
es
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
i
cs
o
f
p
l
u
g
-
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
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s
(
P
E
Vs
)
w
i
t
h
i
n
r
es
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
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n
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f
f
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t
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d
d
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m
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la
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a
n
d
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.
T
h
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e
p
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o
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m
s
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d
d
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a
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m
,
p
a
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d
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w
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P
V
p
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.
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t
o
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y
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P
V
p
o
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a
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a
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a
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y
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d
d
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a
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r
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p
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k
d
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.
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n
t
h
i
s
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e
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a
r
d
,
t
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et
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.
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n
a
b
l
i
n
g
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
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to
-
g
r
i
d
(
V
2
G)
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
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t
i
o
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P
V
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ct
r
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V
s
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s
s
is
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a
n
ce
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
e
r
e
m
p
h
a
s
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z
es
p
o
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es
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h
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ac
k
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l
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n
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w
a
b
l
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g
y
s
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c
es
(
R
E
S
)
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n
d
d
y
n
a
m
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c
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l
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c
t
r
ic
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
[
1
8
]
.
P
-
V
c
u
r
v
e
s
,
E
V
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h
a
r
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s
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E
V
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a
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c
l
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to
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g
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n
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y
(
V
2
G
)
a
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s
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d
t
o
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v
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l
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a
t
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t
h
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g
r
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d
i
m
p
a
c
t
d
u
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n
g
PV
a
n
d
E
V
p
e
n
et
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
is
is
f
o
ll
o
w
e
d
b
y
a
t
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g
h
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
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t
y
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
[
1
8
]
.
A
d
e
m
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
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n
s
e
(
D
R
)
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
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e
n
ts
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l
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c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
(
L
E
C
)
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
h
a
t
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
es
t
h
e
s
e
l
e
ct
i
o
n
o
f
V
2
G
p
a
r
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p
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n
ts
w
i
t
h
DR
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
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f
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r
e
n
c
e
m
o
d
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l
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a
l
g
o
r
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t
h
m
[
1
9
]
.
C
o
n
s
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d
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r
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g
d
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f
f
e
r
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n
t
V
2
G
p
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t
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g
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d
c
a
p
a
b
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es
,
t
h
e
p
a
p
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r
a
ls
o
d
is
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s
s
es
t
h
e
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v
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al
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g
r
i
d
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l
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v
el
e
f
f
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ts
o
f
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n
d
i
v
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d
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al
v
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h
i
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l
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f
r
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q
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e
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c
y
r
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l
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t
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o
n
[
2
0
]
,
o
f
f
e
r
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n
g
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
i
n
t
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t
V
2
G
i
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
g
r
i
d
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
DE
R
-
g
e
n
er
ated
en
er
g
y
,
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
SS
)
,
an
d
E
VC
S
to
tr
an
s
f
er
lo
ad
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ain
g
r
id
t
h
r
o
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g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
n
en
e
r
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
m
icr
o
g
r
id
m
o
d
els
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
at
b
i
g
DC
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
m
ig
h
t
ca
u
s
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
lik
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
c
o
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atu
r
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n
an
d
win
d
i
n
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h
ea
tin
g
,
wh
ich
is
wh
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
-
l
ess
in
v
er
ter
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
b
ein
g
in
v
esti
g
ated
as
a
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
R
ein
f
o
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ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
-
b
ased
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f
icien
t
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
em
p
h
asized
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
d
an
d
s
elf
-
s
u
f
f
icien
t
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
VC
S).
Par
ticle
s
war
m
o
p
tim
izati
o
n
(
PSO
)
an
d
o
th
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
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s
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in
a
s
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to
m
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im
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p
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lo
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d
v
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alan
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in
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ip
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DC
d
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s
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with
p
r
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b
a
b
ilis
tic
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
lo
ad
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
is
ex
am
in
ed
,
with
a
f
o
c
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s
o
n
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
f
o
r
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d
n
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r
k
s
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f
b
id
ir
ec
tio
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al
p
o
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t
r
an
s
m
is
s
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n
(
ca
r
-
to
-
g
r
id
)
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
m
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h
an
is
m
s
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f
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ch
ar
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p
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latio
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th
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f
f
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tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
m
ay
b
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
[
2
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
ef
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
g
iv
en
[
2
5
]
to
o
p
tim
ize
m
icr
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g
r
i
d
o
p
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s
in
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s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
6
9
4
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l
-
in
te
g
r
a
l c
o
n
tr
o
l fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
g
r
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s
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ch
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iz
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
V
.
G
.
Ma
h
a
la
ksh
mi
)
27
en
er
g
y
f
ailu
r
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
in
im
ize
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
,
lo
ad
s
h
e
d
d
in
g
,
an
d
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
(
E
V/
E
E
S)
in
wo
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
a
two
-
lev
el
m
o
d
el
with
m
ix
e
d
-
in
teg
er
q
u
a
d
r
atic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
(
MI
QP)
is
u
tili
ze
d
.
I
t
is
k
n
o
wn
th
at
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
g
r
id
d
ec
en
tr
aliza
t
io
n
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
a
n
d
th
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
E
MS)
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
ar
ticl
e
cites
s
ev
er
al
ar
ticle
s
[
2
7
]
-
[
3
6
]
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
with
th
e
g
r
id
.
C
i
tin
g
s
o
lar
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
in
g
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
,
it a
ck
n
o
wled
g
es th
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
PV p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
an
d
th
e
b
en
ef
its
th
at
g
o
alo
n
g
with
th
em
.
T
h
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
t
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
b
o
th
t
h
e
b
id
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r
ec
tio
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al
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
V
an
d
PV
to
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e
g
r
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ee
d
s
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e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
attem
p
ts
th
e
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
th
u
s
in
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o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
p
u
ls
e
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m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
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o
f
t
h
e
VSC
th
at
in
ter
f
ac
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
PV
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
.
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h
e
g
r
id
s
id
e
cu
r
r
en
t
h
as
to
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e
k
ep
t
with
g
o
o
d
s
h
ap
e
s
in
ce
th
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
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g
r
id
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r
r
en
t
wo
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ld
d
is
tu
r
b
all
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e
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n
n
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t
at
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h
e
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in
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
PC
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)
.
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
with
PV
-
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
E
V
lo
ad
th
at
ca
n
b
o
t
h
g
et
an
d
d
eliv
e
r
p
o
wer
to
th
e
g
r
id
is
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
an
d
th
e
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ap
p
lied
to
m
ain
tain
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
in
b
o
th
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
at
th
e
g
r
id
.
A
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
p
ap
er
,
alo
n
g
w
ith
d
ata
tab
u
latio
n
s
f
o
r
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
E
V
o
p
er
atio
n
s
with
lin
ea
r
a
n
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
.
2.
P
O
WE
R
Q
UAL
I
T
Y
I
M
P
R
O
VE
M
E
N
T
USI
NG
DQ
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
ar
e
p
en
et
r
atin
g
in
cr
em
en
tally
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
it
is
b
o
u
n
d
to
g
r
o
w
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
f
u
tu
r
e.
Scen
ar
io
s
wh
er
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
i
s
ev
o
lv
in
g
with
th
e
awa
r
en
ess
o
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
an
d
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
ar
e
b
o
th
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Sin
ce
E
Vs
h
av
e
b
atter
y
b
ased
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
in
r
u
s
h
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
to
b
atter
ies
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
is
s
u
es
in
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
W
h
ile
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
d
u
e
to
its
in
t
er
m
itten
t
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
u
n
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ized
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
n
ee
d
to
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
with
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
d
e
v
elo
p
s
th
e
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
m
a
n
a
g
es
b
o
th
th
e
E
V
a
n
d
PV
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs
with
t
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
lo
ad
sc
en
ar
io
s
.
Dec
o
u
p
le
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
all
t
h
e
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
u
s
in
g
th
e
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Scen
ar
io
s
o
f
v
eh
icle
to
g
r
id
(
V2
G)
a
n
d
g
r
i
d
to
v
eh
icle
(
G2
V)
is
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
in
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
in
teg
r
at
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
Po
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
d
u
e
to
E
V
an
d
P
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
g
e
n
er
atio
n
in
clu
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
im
b
alan
ce
,
t
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
p
o
wer
f
a
cto
r
ar
e
elim
in
ated
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
tak
es
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ad
d
r
ess
p
o
wer
q
u
al
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
g
r
id
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
E
Vs)
an
d
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
in
s
tallatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
n
ec
ess
itates
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
b
id
i
r
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
A
d
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
a
g
r
i
d
-
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
m
ain
tain
s
g
r
id
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ls
t
h
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
a
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
'
s
SV
PW
M
m
eth
o
d
en
s
u
r
es
g
r
id
c
o
d
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
T
h
e
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(P
&
O)
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
es a
n
ef
f
icien
t p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
in
v
er
ter
wh
ile
m
an
a
g
in
g
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
lo
a
d
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
h
an
d
le
p
o
s
s
ib
le
v
o
ltag
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
at
th
e
PC
C
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
a
r
is
e
in
E
Vs,
m
itig
atio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
cl
u
d
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
f
lex
ib
le
AC
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
(
FAC
T
S)
d
ev
ices,
ac
tiv
e
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
f
ilter
s
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
A
r
o
b
u
s
t
PV
-
EV
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
th
at
ca
n
ac
cu
r
ately
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
ts
to
h
an
d
le
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
an
d
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
E
Vs
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
is
cr
ea
ted
b
y
t
h
is
in
teg
r
at
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
with
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
er
v
in
g
as th
e
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
2
.
1
.
E
lect
ric
v
ehicles a
nd
s
o
la
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
is
th
e
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
g
en
er
ato
r
,
wh
ich
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
s
o
la
r
ce
lls
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
m
ater
ials
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
s
o
lar
ce
lls
h
as
g
r
o
wn
f
r
o
m
s
ilico
n
t
o
in
clu
d
e
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
icien
t
o
r
g
an
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
.
As
E
Vs
an
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
ev
alen
t
,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
d
ev
ices
with
h
ig
h
er
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
Gr
id
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
ese
d
ev
ices,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
g
r
id
-
s
i
d
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
PV
in
te
g
r
atio
n
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
f
o
r
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
2
.
2
.
Co
ntr
o
l
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies f
o
r
inte
g
ra
t
ing
t
he
g
rid
A
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es.
W
h
ile
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
u
n
s
as
a
s
in
g
le
lo
o
p
to
m
an
ag
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
a
DQ
co
n
t
r
o
ller
m
an
a
g
es
a
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
DQ
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
h
ase
an
g
le
with
th
e
g
r
id
.
A
k
ey
p
a
r
t o
f
th
is
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
SVPW
M
m
eth
o
d
th
at
th
e
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
en
e
r
ates
to
d
e
liv
er
PW
M
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
witch
es in
co
m
p
lian
c
e
with
g
r
id
co
d
e
cr
iter
ia.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
25
-
34
28
2
.
3
.
H
a
nd
lin
g
po
wer
qu
a
lity
cha
lleng
es
W
ith
a
PV
g
en
er
at
o
r
lin
k
in
g
l
in
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
l
o
ad
s
to
th
e
m
ain
g
r
id
,
th
e
d
esig
n
e
d
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
h
an
d
le
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s
well.
T
h
e
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
in
v
er
ter
is
f
ed
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
tly
b
y
th
e
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wh
ich
is
also
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(P
&
O)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
p
o
te
n
tial
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
ik
es
in
th
e
PC
C
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
E
Vs
is
co
v
er
ed
.
Switch
ed
-
m
o
d
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
(
SMPS)
b
ased
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
E
V
ch
ar
g
e
r
s
,
ad
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
in
to
th
e
PC
C
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
FAC
T
S
d
ev
ices,
s
h
u
n
t
an
d
s
er
ies
ac
tiv
e
f
ilter
s
,
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
ac
tiv
e
f
ilter
s
ca
n
all
b
e
u
s
ed
to
c
u
t
d
o
w
n
o
n
th
ese
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
p
r
o
ac
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
E
Vs
in
to
t
h
e
lo
a
d
,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
u
ch
as
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
(
PQ)
m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e
(
d
-
q
)
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
etu
p
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
c
o
m
b
i
n
es
a
DC
lin
k
v
o
lta
g
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
lo
o
p
,
a
PV
-
g
r
id
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
lo
o
p
with
a
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
a
two
-
s
witch
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
/
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cle.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
PV
-
EV
-
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
in
wh
ich
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
p
lay
s
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
in
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
r
eso
lv
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
.
B
y
s
ep
ar
ati
n
g
t
h
ese
v
ar
iab
les,
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
'
s
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
o
u
t
p
u
ts
m
ay
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
co
n
tr
o
lled
,
wh
ic
h
lead
s
to
th
e
d
er
iv
atio
n
o
f
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
r
am
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
B
lack
lin
es
in
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
r
e
p
r
esen
t p
o
wer
f
lo
w,
wh
ile
b
lu
e
lin
es d
esig
n
ate
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
o
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
es
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
(
D)
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
p
er
tu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(P
&
O)
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
lcu
lates th
e
g
r
ad
ien
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
∆V
)
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
(
∆I
)
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
ew
s
lo
p
e
o
f
th
e
PV
cu
r
v
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
D
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ates
as
in
p
u
ts
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
alu
es
o
f
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vd
c)
,
g
r
i
d
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vab
c)
,
an
d
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
a
b
c)
.
T
h
e
DQ
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
en
e
r
ates
PW
M
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
in
v
er
ter
in
p
u
t
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
ize
P
V
p
o
wer
with
th
e
m
ain
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
is
in
tr
icate
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
u
ar
an
tees
a
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
an
d
in
teg
r
al
g
ain
s
ar
e
d
er
iv
ed
as in
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
.
=
∗
(
1
)
=
∫
(
)
0
(
2
)
T
h
e
Par
k
’
s
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
p
p
lied
to
co
n
v
er
t th
e
ab
c
to
d
q
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
as
d
ef
in
ed
i
n
(
3
)
.
[
0
]
=
2
3
[
c
os
(
)
c
os
(
−
2
3
)
c
os
(
+
2
3
)
−
(
)
−
s
in
(
−
2
3
)
−
s
in
(
+
2
3
)
1
2
1
2
1
2
]
[
]
(
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
teg
r
ated
PV
-
EV
-
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
DQ
co
n
tr
o
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
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lec
&
Dr
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s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
teg
r
a
ted
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
a
l
-
in
te
g
r
a
l c
o
n
tr
o
l fo
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
g
r
id
s
yn
ch
r
o
n
iz
a
tio
n
a
n
d
…
(
V
.
G
.
Ma
h
a
la
ksh
mi
)
29
T
h
e
(
4
)
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
in
v
er
s
e
Par
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
v
er
ts
d
q
co
o
r
d
in
ates
to
ab
c
co
o
r
d
in
ates.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
SVPW
M
co
n
v
er
ter
o
r
h
y
s
ter
esis
co
n
tr
o
l.
T
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
als in
th
e
in
v
er
ter
ar
e
g
en
e
r
ated
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t w
ith
th
e
ac
tu
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t
.
[
]
=
2
3
[
c
os
(
)
−
s
in
(
)
1
c
os
(
−
2
3
)
−
s
in
(
−
2
3
)
1
c
os
(
+
2
3
)
−
s
in
(
+
2
3
)
1
]
[
0
]
(
4
)
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
DC
lin
k
s
et
p
o
in
t
is
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
th
e
PI
r
eg
u
lato
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
o
u
t
p
u
t to
m
in
im
iz
e
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etwe
en
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
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e
an
d
t
h
e
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al
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
s
aid
DQ
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
PV
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
v
er
ter
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n
n
ec
tin
g
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
at
th
e
DC
lin
k
o
f
th
e
PV
in
v
er
ter
an
d
th
e
d
ec
o
u
p
l
ed
r
ea
l
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
PC
C
p
o
wer
is
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r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
R
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
th
u
s
g
en
e
r
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
g
i
v
en
as
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
to
g
en
e
r
ate
th
e
in
v
er
ter
PW
M.
T
h
is
P
W
M
th
u
s
g
en
er
ated
wo
u
ld
c
o
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
th
e
r
ea
l a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
is
k
ep
t i
n
tact
to
o
b
tai
n
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
g
r
id
PC
C
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
DC
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
f
o
r
an
in
teg
r
ated
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
with
PV,
E
V,
an
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
co
n
tain
s
a
co
m
p
licated
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
aim
s
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
way
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
it.
T
h
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
wh
ich
also
in
clu
d
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
PV
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
g
r
id
co
d
e,
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el
ar
r
ay
,
an
d
lin
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
a
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
a
r
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
i
n
m
o
r
e
d
etail
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
.
B
atter
ies
ar
e
ess
en
t
ial
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
s
o
lar
-
g
en
e
r
ated
en
er
g
y
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Dir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
to
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
alt
er
n
ate
cu
r
r
en
t
with
th
e
h
el
p
o
f
an
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
c
h
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
o
v
er
ch
a
r
g
in
g
d
e
p
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
(
SOC
)
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
B
y
in
clu
d
in
g
b
o
th
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
two
-
way
e
n
er
g
y
ex
c
h
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
,
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
,
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
m
o
d
u
le
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
tak
es
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
d
y
n
a
m
ic
lo
ad
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
PV
p
o
wer
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
t
o
th
e
g
r
id
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
I
t
also
lo
o
k
s
at
h
o
w
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
R
E
S)
an
d
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
lo
ad
s
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
p
o
wer
g
r
id
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
o
w
th
is
co
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
p
o
wer
th
at
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
.
Po
wer
q
u
ality
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
e
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
th
at
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
p
r
esen
t.
M
AT
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
is
s
im
u
lated
with
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
as g
iv
en
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
PV
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
p
e
r
p
a
n
e
l
6
4
.
2
V
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
e
r
p
a
n
e
l
5
.
9
6
A
V
o
l
t
a
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