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p
o
wer
o
u
ta
g
es.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
W
E
SS
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ajo
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
n
am
ely
en
e
r
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
elem
en
ts
,
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
Su
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
(
SC
)
an
d
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
b
atter
ies
ar
e
two
p
o
p
u
lar
ch
o
ices
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
u
s
ed
i
n
W
E
SS
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
ese
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
o
f
f
er
r
a
p
id
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
to
s
to
r
e
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
e
g
en
er
ativ
e
p
o
wer
in
s
h
o
r
t d
u
r
atio
n
.
S
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
-
b
as
e
d
W
E
S
S
wa
s
f
i
r
s
t
b
e
e
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
s
v
o
l
t
ag
e
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
t
o
r
d
u
e
t
o
a
t
y
p
i
c
al
5
0
%
DC
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
r
o
p
i
s
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
a
t
f
i
n
a
l
t
r
a
i
n
s
t
a
ti
o
n
.
A
h
i
g
h
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
l
u
m
e
S
C
b
a
n
k
i
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
u
s
i
n
g
a
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
[
9
]
.
S
C
c
ap
a
c
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
i
za
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
t
w
o
m
a
j
o
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
r
e
as
f
o
r
S
C
-
b
as
e
d
W
E
S
S
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
W
E
S
S
h
as
b
ee
n
w
i
d
e
l
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
a
s
w
el
l
.
B
a
t
te
r
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
u
c
h
a
s
SC
iB
[
4
]
a
n
d
L
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
[
1
2
]
a
r
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
i
n
s
o
m
e
p
i
l
o
t
p
r
o
j
e
c
ts
a
t
T
PS
.
B
i
d
i
r
e
ct
i
o
n
a
l
DC
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
s
t
h
e
k
e
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
c
h
a
r
g
e
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
t
h
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
b
a
n
k
.
I
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
w
i
d
el
y
u
s
e
d
i
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
W
E
SS
.
S
o
m
e
r
e
c
e
n
t
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
d
a
l
s
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
z
e
r
o
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
w
i
tc
h
i
n
g
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
al
D
C
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
[
1
5
]
,
a
n
d
s
e
r
i
e
s
c
o
m
p
e
n
s
a
ti
o
n
w
i
t
h
f
o
u
r
-
q
u
a
d
r
a
n
t
c
h
o
p
p
e
r
i
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
W
E
S
S
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
[
4
]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
al
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
er
t
e
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
u
s
e
d
in
S
C
-
b
as
e
d
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
W
E
SS
.
Sin
ce
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
d
u
r
a
b
ilit
y
with
f
aster
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
wh
ile
b
atter
y
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
an
d
p
o
we
r
d
en
s
ities
,
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
th
ese
two
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
es
in
a
W
E
SS
m
ay
b
e
an
o
th
er
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
T
PS
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
h
ad
b
ee
n
wid
ely
a
d
o
p
ted
in
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
m
u
lti
-
in
p
u
t b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
6
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
an
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
a
m
o
d
u
lar
m
u
ltip
le
-
in
p
u
t
b
id
ir
e
ctio
n
al
DC
-
DC
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
[
1
7
]
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
T
PS
.
T
h
e
c
ir
cu
it
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
al
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
will b
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
eg
en
e
r
ativ
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
en
er
g
y
f
lo
ws b
ac
k
to
o
n
b
o
a
r
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
OE
S
S)
an
d
way
s
id
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
(
W
E
SS
)
at
a
tr
ac
tio
n
p
o
wer
s
u
b
s
tatio
n
(
T
PS
)
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
cir
c
u
it p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
W
E
SS
:
(
a)
SC
-
b
ased
[
9
]
an
d
(
b
)
b
atter
y
-
b
ased
[
1
3
]
2.
M
UL
T
I
-
I
NP
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CO
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CIR
CUI
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AND
ANAL
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h
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h
y
b
r
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g
y
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to
r
ag
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s
y
s
tem
(
HE
SS
)
p
r
o
p
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s
ed
f
o
r
T
P
S
co
n
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is
ts
o
f
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
A
b
id
ir
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co
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371
ex
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s
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iv
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r
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en
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ativ
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p
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ed
i
n
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C
o
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eq
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tly
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th
is
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
b
ac
k
to
th
e
DC
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lin
k
wh
en
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ailway
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Fig
u
r
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3
p
r
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th
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c
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it
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d
u
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m
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MM
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h
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ee
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o
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b
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ig
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r
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s
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co
n
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te
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p
o
wer
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witch
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S
ui
(
u
p
p
e
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s
witch
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an
d
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li
(
lo
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r
s
witch
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.
T
h
e
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atter
y
,
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
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d
t
h
e
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lin
k
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etw
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k
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m
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r
e
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r
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ch
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r
id
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le.
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n
d
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L
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s
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Fig
u
r
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3
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f
o
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f
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t
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y
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a
n
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.
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h
e
p
o
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ca
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b
e
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
b
et
wee
n
th
e
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lin
k
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d
th
e
H
E
SS
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y
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n
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o
llin
g
t
h
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co
n
d
u
ctio
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o
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ap
p
r
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witch
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T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
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e
m
ain
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e
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m
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o
f
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with
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d
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ea
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I
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atin
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A
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ativ
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ile
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etails o
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u
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3
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lar
m
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t c
o
n
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er
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(
MM
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C
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cir
cu
it
T
ab
le
1
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D
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D
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.
1
.
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er
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m
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nerg
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ra
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o
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h
a
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a
t
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n
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p
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c
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t
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g
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o
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t
s
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h
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l
s
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g
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5
il
l
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s
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w
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f
i
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c
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1
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n
d
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2
a
li
g
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d
w
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t
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h
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r
a
l
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p
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t
i
n
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m
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d
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s
.
B
y
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e
f
e
r
r
i
n
g
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o
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
(
a
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,
i
t
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s
h
i
g
h
l
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g
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A
a
s
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d
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n
T
a
b
le
1
.
Un
d
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s
tead
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s
tate
o
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,
all
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er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
elem
e
n
ts
(
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
b
atter
y
,
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d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
)
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e
r
ec
eiv
in
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ch
ar
g
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f
r
o
m
th
e
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k
n
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r
k
d
u
r
in
g
T
1
in
ter
v
al.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
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en
ts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
lo
p
e
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
s
c
u
r
r
en
t,
i
L1
,
an
d
i
L2
b
ein
g
d
e
p
icted
.
Po
wer
s
witch
S
u1
is
tr
ig
g
e
r
ed
o
f
f
d
u
r
i
n
g
T
2
i
n
ter
v
al,
as
a
r
esu
lt
in
d
u
cto
r
s
L
1
an
d
L
2
s
tar
t
to
r
elea
s
e
th
eir
s
to
r
ag
e
en
er
g
ie
s
to
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
L
astl
y
b
y
tu
r
n
in
g
o
f
f
p
o
wer
s
witch
S
u2
d
u
r
in
g
T
3
in
ter
v
al,
th
e
b
atter
y
is
s
to
p
ch
ar
g
in
g
with
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
i
L1
r
em
ain
s
at
its
m
in
im
u
m
cu
r
r
e
n
t
lev
el
u
n
til
n
ex
t
s
witch
in
g
cy
cle
is
in
itiated
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
u
p
er
c
ap
ac
ito
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
ch
ar
g
ed
f
r
o
m
L
2
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
T
3
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ter
v
al.
T
o
s
im
p
lify
th
e
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
r
ip
p
le
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
o
f
L
1
an
d
L
2
is
d
er
iv
ed
i
n
ter
m
o
f
its
p
o
s
itiv
e,
∆
1
+
,
∆
2
+
,
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
s
lo
p
s
∆
1
−
,
∆
2
−
,
as
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
.
∆
1
+
=
(
−
)
1
1
;
∆
1
−
=
(
−
)
1
(
2
−
1
)
(
1
)
∆
2
+
=
(
−
)
2
1
;
∆
2
−
=
(
−
)
2
(
1
−
1
)
(
2
)
B
y
ass
u
m
in
g
th
e
n
et
ch
a
n
g
e
in
ea
ch
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
o
v
er
o
n
e
p
er
io
d
is
ze
r
o
,
i.e
.
(
3
)
a
n
d
(
4
)
.
V
Bt
C
dc
S
u2
S
l2
V
dc
+
_
S
u1
S
l1
S
u3
S
l3
L
2
L
1
B
at
t
e
r
y
Sup
e
r
c
apa
c
i
t
or
A
B
C
P
1
P
2
P
3
V
sc
+
_
M
M
I
C
DC
-
l
i
nk
N
e
t
w
or
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J
Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
25
:
369
-
379
372
∆
1
+
+
∆
1
−
=
0
(
3
)
∆
2
+
+
∆
2
−
=
0
(
4
)
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
V
dc
,
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e,
V
Bt
,
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e,
V
SC
,
ca
n
b
e
g
en
er
ally
f
o
r
m
u
la
r
ized
as
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
=
(
1
2
)
(
5
)
=
1
(
6
)
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es A
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t switch
in
g
in
ter
v
al
:
(
a)
T
1
,
(
b
)
T
2
,
an
d
(
c)
T
3
2
.
2
.
P
o
wer
t
ra
ns
f
er
f
r
o
m
bo
t
h e
nerg
y
s
t
o
ra
g
e
elem
ent
s
t
o
DC
-
lin
k
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
a
tr
ain
f
r
o
m
a
p
ass
en
g
er
s
tatio
n
,
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
n
ee
d
s
to
s
u
p
p
ly
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
p
o
wer
to
th
e
T
PS
.
I
f
a
T
PS
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
HE
SS
,
b
o
th
th
e
b
att
er
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
en
er
g
i
es
ca
n
b
e
in
jecte
d
to
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
n
etwo
r
k
(
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
B
)
.
T
h
e
s
witch
in
g
s
tates
o
f
th
is
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
e
is
il
lu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
with
its
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
o
th
i
n
d
u
cto
r
s
L
1
an
d
L
2
ar
e
b
ein
g
c
h
ar
g
ed
b
y
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
T
1
in
ter
v
al
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a)
.
I
n
d
u
ct
o
r
cu
r
r
en
ts
ar
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
g
r
ad
u
ally
.
As
p
o
wer
s
witch
S
u2
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
o
f
f
in
T
2
in
ter
v
al
(
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
b
)
)
,
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
1
h
o
ld
s
its
cu
r
r
en
t
at
its
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
el.
W
h
er
ea
s
,
in
d
u
ct
o
r
L
2
is
b
ein
g
ch
ar
g
ed
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
T
2
in
ter
v
al.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
s
to
p
p
ed
f
r
o
m
d
eliv
e
r
in
g
its
en
er
g
y
wh
e
n
S
u3
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
o
f
f
in
T
3
in
ter
v
al
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
c
)
.
B
o
th
in
d
u
cto
r
s
will
r
elea
s
e
th
ei
r
p
r
e
-
s
to
r
ag
e
ch
a
r
g
es
to
th
e
DC
-
lin
k
ter
m
in
al
d
u
r
i
n
g
T
3
i
n
ter
v
al.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
DC
-
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e,
V
dc
,
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e,
V
Bt
,
an
d
s
u
p
e
r
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
v
o
ltag
e,
V
SC
,
ca
n
b
e
g
en
e
r
a
lly
f
o
r
m
u
lar
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
es
en
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
2
.
1
(
th
e
n
et
ch
an
g
e
in
ea
ch
in
d
u
ct
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
v
er
o
n
e
p
er
io
d
is
ze
r
o
)
.
=
(
2
1
−
1
)
(
7
)
=
(
1
1
−
1
)
(
8
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Mo
d
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