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p
it
e
t
h
e
s
e
b
e
n
e
f
its
,
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
'
in
te
r
m
itt
en
t
a
n
d
u
n
p
r
e
d
ic
ta
b
l
e
n
at
u
r
e
p
o
s
es
c
h
a
lle
n
g
e
s
r
el
at
ed
to
r
e
lia
b
i
lit
y
,
s
ta
b
i
lit
y
,
a
n
d
p
o
we
r
q
u
ali
ty
[
2
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
e
le
m
e
n
ts
o
f
f
er
a
v
i
a
b
le
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
t
o
t
h
es
e
c
h
a
lle
n
g
es
b
y
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
s
t
a
b
le
a
n
d
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
ele
ctr
ici
ty
s
u
p
p
ly
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
V
ar
i
o
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
i
n
th
e
lit
er
at
u
r
e
t
o
a
d
d
r
ess
t
h
es
e
co
n
c
er
n
s
[
5
]
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
n
o
s
i
n
g
le
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
t
em
c
an
f
u
ll
y
m
ee
t
al
l
o
p
er
ati
o
n
al
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
ts
d
u
e
t
o
lim
i
tat
io
n
s
i
n
p
o
we
r
d
e
n
s
it
y
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
it
y
,
co
s
t,
li
f
es
p
an
,
d
y
n
a
m
ic
r
es
p
o
n
s
e,
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
f
ac
to
r
s
[
6
]
.
A
h
y
b
r
id
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
(
HE
SS
)
,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es t
wo
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
e
m
er
g
es a
s
a
v
iab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
e
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
to
r
ag
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
b
att
er
y
-
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
air
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
,
with
th
e
b
atter
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
av
er
ag
e
e
n
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
an
d
th
e
u
l
tr
ac
ap
ac
ito
r
h
an
d
lin
g
f
l
u
ctu
ati
n
g
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
d
iv
er
s
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
lo
ad
s
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
cr
ea
s
es
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
t
e
m
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
p
r
esen
ts
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
p
o
wer
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
i
s
in
v
o
lv
es
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
wh
ile
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
i
n
g
all
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
s
to
r
ag
e
d
e
v
ices,
wh
ich
n
ee
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
to
p
r
ev
en
t
p
r
em
atu
r
e
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
an
d
ex
ten
d
t
h
eir
life
s
p
a
n
[
1
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
DC
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
to
t
h
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
in
tr
o
d
u
c
es
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
g
r
id
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izatio
n
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
A
d
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
en
h
an
ci
n
g
o
v
er
all
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
to
tack
le
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
p
o
ten
tial so
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
A
co
o
r
d
in
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
-
b
ased
e
n
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
m
eth
o
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
a
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
t
em
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
SC
)
s
to
r
ag
e,
o
p
e
r
atin
g
in
b
o
th
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
an
d
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
m
o
d
es
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
em
p
lo
y
s
a
d
u
al
-
ca
s
ca
d
ed
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
(
PI
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ch
em
e.
T
h
is
m
ain
t
ain
s
a
co
n
s
tan
t
DC
lin
k
v
o
lta
g
e,
en
s
u
r
es
g
r
i
d
s
tab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es,
an
d
ac
h
iev
es
a
g
r
id
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices'
ch
ar
g
e
s
tates,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
r
esu
lt in
ea
r
ly
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
An
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
a
m
o
b
ile
h
o
s
p
ital
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
r
e
g
u
late
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
an
d
m
ain
tain
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
te
d
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
elem
en
ts
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
m
ain
tain
s
a
co
n
s
tan
t D
C
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices'
s
tates
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
So
C
s
)
o
p
er
ate
with
in
s
af
e
lim
its
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
a
d
s
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
So
C
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
atien
ts
an
d
s
taf
f
.
A
n
o
v
el
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
y
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
5
]
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
g
en
e
r
atio
n
-
d
em
an
d
im
b
alan
ce
an
d
r
eg
u
late
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
im
p
lem
en
ts
a
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
b
et
wee
n
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
,
m
in
im
izes
b
atter
y
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
e
x
ten
d
s
t
h
e
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
,
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
id
n
o
t
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
en
th
e
s
tates
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
s
to
r
a
g
e
d
ev
ices
r
ea
ch
ed
th
eir
s
af
e
o
p
er
ati
n
g
li
m
its
.
A
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
f
o
r
m
i
l
i
t
a
r
y
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
i
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
l
o
n
g
e
v
i
t
y
,
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
es
t
h
e
s
u
p
e
r
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
(
S
C
)
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
s
SC
o
v
e
r
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
u
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
p
e
r
a
ti
o
n
e
v
e
n
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
SC
h
it
s
i
ts
lo
w
e
r
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
.
T
h
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
al
s
o
c
o
n
n
e
c
ts
H
E
SS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hyb
r
id
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
fo
r
d
yn
a
mic
p
o
w
er
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
…
(
Ya
ya
K
a
ma
g
a
té
)
487
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
b
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g
a
s
e
n
s
it
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
y
e
a
r
l
y
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
SC
'
s
t
r
a
n
s
it
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
is
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
s
is
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
i
n
f
lu
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
g
ai
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
i
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
e
g
u
l
a
ti
o
n
.
An
So
C
-
b
ased
lin
ea
r
tim
e
-
v
ar
y
in
g
f
ilter
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
7
]
to
s
m
o
o
th
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e/HE
SS
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
p
o
wer
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
ab
ili
ty
o
f
t
h
e
HE
SS
b
y
m
o
d
if
y
in
g
th
e
f
ilter
’
s
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
ts
b
ased
o
n
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
s
m
o
o
th
in
g
an
d
is
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
p
o
wer
b
ala
n
cin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
A
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
e
wab
le
s
y
s
tem
f
ea
tu
r
in
g
a
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ef
f
icien
t
ly
b
alan
ce
s
p
o
wer
,
en
h
an
ce
s
d
y
n
am
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
s
tab
ilizes
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
lo
a
d
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
u
n
d
e
r
lo
ad
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
v
ar
y
in
g
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
m
a
n
ag
e
So
C
s
,
wh
ich
c
o
u
ld
r
esu
lt
in
ea
r
ly
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
elem
e
n
ts
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
h
o
r
tag
es f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
A
n
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
,
wh
ic
h
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
p
o
wer
ex
c
h
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
i
to
r
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
t
r
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
en
s
u
r
es
a
b
alan
ce
d
p
o
wer
f
l
o
w
an
d
m
in
im
izes
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
with
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
'
s
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e,
wh
ich
m
ay
lead
to
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
i
n
g
s
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es.
F
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
r
elies
h
ea
v
ily
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata,
m
o
d
el
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
in
v
o
lv
es
co
m
p
lex
m
ath
em
atica
l
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
c
o
m
p
u
t
atio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
d
e
p
lo
y
in
g
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
r
esen
ts
s
u
b
s
tan
tial d
if
f
icu
lties
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
tack
les
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
v
e
r
s
atile
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
f
iltra
tio
n
,
a
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
MPM
S)
to
d
y
n
am
ically
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
m
an
ag
e
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
m
icr
o
g
r
id
p
o
wer
.
Her
e
ar
e
th
e
f
e
atu
r
es
o
f
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
:
i)
E
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
am
o
n
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
lo
a
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
b
etwe
en
m
o
d
es
;
ii)
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilizatio
n
r
eg
ar
d
le
s
s
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
;
iii)
S
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
d
e
v
ices
;
an
d
i
v
)
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
g
r
id
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
p
r
o
ce
e
d
s
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Se
ctio
n
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
Sectio
n
3
elab
o
r
ates
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Sectio
n
4
s
h
o
wca
s
es
an
d
ex
am
in
es th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
d
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
th
e
f
in
al
s
ec
tio
n
.
2.
M
I
CRO
G
R
I
D
ARCH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
s
ee
in
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
ill
u
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
im
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
in
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
PV
g
en
er
ato
r
,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
.
T
h
e
PV
s
o
u
r
ce
is
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
DC
lin
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
.
B
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
co
n
n
ec
t th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
UC
to
th
e
DC
lin
k
,
en
ab
lin
g
two
-
way
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
g
r
i
d
in
v
e
r
ter
lin
k
s
th
e
u
tili
ty
g
r
id
to
th
e
DC
lin
k
.
T
h
e
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
cta
n
ce
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
8
]
m
a
x
im
izes
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
PV
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
.
T
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
r
elativ
ely
s
im
p
le,
r
ely
in
g
o
n
ly
o
n
th
e
PV
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
s
etu
p
,
th
e
b
atter
y
m
e
ets
av
er
ag
e
en
e
r
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
th
e
UC
h
an
d
les
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
p
o
wer
n
ee
d
s
,
w
h
ile
th
e
g
r
id
'
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
ted
to
m
atc
h
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
n
ee
d
s
.
T
ata
p
o
wer
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
T
P3
0
0
L
B
Z
PV
m
o
d
u
le
,
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
,
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ar
e
all
co
n
f
ig
u
r
e
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
lib
r
ar
y
.
3.
P
O
WE
R
M
ANAG
E
M
E
NT
ST
RA
T
E
G
Y
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
s
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
A
t
r
i
p
l
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
a
l
-
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
l
(
P
I
)
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
o
o
p
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
i
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
.
I
t
c
o
m
p
r
i
s
e
s
o
n
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
o
o
p
a
n
d
t
w
o
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
o
o
p
s
.
T
h
e
l
o
w
-
p
a
s
s
f
i
l
t
e
r
(
L
P
F
)
s
p
l
i
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
t
o
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
(
l
o
w
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
(
h
i
g
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
)
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
α
)
.
T
h
e
M
P
M
S
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
s
r
u
l
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
s
i
g
n
a
l
s
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
p
u
l
s
e
s
f
o
r
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
.
3
.
1
.
Co
ntr
o
l o
f
DC
lin
k
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
nd
g
ener
a
t
io
n o
f
pu
ls
e
s
ig
na
l
s
Po
wer
b
alan
ce
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
ai
n
tain
ed
in
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
co
n
s
tan
t
DC
lin
k
v
o
l
tag
e
.
T
h
is
p
r
in
cip
le
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
)
.
P
d
i
f
(
t
)
=
P
pv
(
t
)
−
(
P
acl
(
t
)
+
P
d
cl
(
t
)
)
=
P
bt
(
t
)
+
P
uc
(
t
)
+
P
gr
(
t
)
=
P
av
g
(
t
)
+
P
t
r
an
(
t
)
,
(
1
)
P
pv
(
t)
,
P
gr
(
t)
,
P
bt
(
t)
,
P
uc
(
t)
,
P
acl
(
t)
,
P
avg
(
t)
,
P
dcl
(
t)
,
P
tran
(
t)
,
P
dif
(
t)
ar
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
PV
p
o
wer
,
g
r
id
p
o
wer
,
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
,
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
p
o
wer
,
AC
lo
ad
p
o
wer
,
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
,
DC
lo
ad
p
o
wer
,
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
,
an
d
p
o
we
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
; A
C
an
d
DC
lo
ad
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
to
tal
lo
ad
(
P
tl
= P
acl
+ P
dcl
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
485
-
495
488
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
tr
o
l str
ateg
y
Fro
m
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
t
r
o
l lo
o
p
,
th
e
to
tal
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
rtot
)
is
as
in
(
2
)
.
I
r
t
o
t
(
s
)
=
(
K
P
+
K
I
s
)
(
V
r
d
c
−
V
dc
)
,
(
2
)
K
P
an
d
K
I
ar
e
th
e
PI
co
n
tr
o
l
ler
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
an
d
i
n
teg
r
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
V
rdc
an
d
V
dc
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
a
n
d
ac
tu
al
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
e
to
tal
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
p
o
wer
(P
rtot
)
is
g
iv
en
in
(
3
)
[
2
9
]
.
P
r
t
o
t
=
(
I
r
t
o
t
+
I
o
)
∗
V
dc
,
(
3
)
I
o
is
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
t
o
tal
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
(
P
rtot
)
is
s
ep
ar
ated
in
t
o
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
ien
t
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
in
g
th
e
L
PF
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
p
o
wer
is
ass
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
UC
,
wh
ile
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
g
r
id
s
h
ar
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
(
4
)
-
(
7
)
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
P
av
g
(
s
)
=
1
1
+
s
.
τ
P
r
t
o
t
(
s
)
,
(
4
)
P
b
t
r
(
s
)
=
α
.
P
av
g
(
s
)
,
(
5
)
P
grr
(
s
)
=
(
1
−
α
)
.
P
av
g
(
s
)
,
(
6
)
P
ucr
(
s
)
=
(
1
−
1
1
+
s
τ
)
.
P
r
t
o
t
(
s
)
+
V
bt
V
uc
∗
P
bt
_
er
,
(
7
)
τ
is
th
e
L
PF
tim
e
co
n
s
tan
t.
P
btr
,
P
ucr
,
an
d
P
grr
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
p
o
wer
s
o
f
th
e
b
atte
r
y
,
UC
,
a
n
d
g
r
id
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
y
s
er
v
e
as in
p
u
ts
f
o
r
th
e
MPM
S.
V
bt
is
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
lta
g
e,
V
uc
is
th
e
UC
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
P
bt_er
is
th
e
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
er
r
o
r
.
An
ad
d
itio
n
al
ter
m
in
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
UC
p
o
wer
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
s
lo
w
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tio
n
f
ac
t
o
r
(
α
)
,
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
as
in
(
8
)
.
α
=
s
ubp
l
us
(
0
.
0125
∗
(
SoC
bt
)
−
0
.
25
)
,
(
8
)
So
C
bt
is
th
e
b
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e,
an
d
0
≤
α
≤
1
.
MPM
S
u
s
es
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
g
e
n
er
ate
b
atter
y
(
P
rbt
)
,
u
ltra
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
P
ruc
)
,
a
n
d
g
r
id
(
P
rgr
)
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
wer
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
v
er
ted
to
t
h
eir
e
q
u
iv
alen
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
i
rbt
,
i
ruc,
an
d
i
rgr
)
.
Pu
ls
e
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ac
t
u
al
(
i
bt
an
d
i
uc
)
an
d
o
b
tain
e
d
r
ef
e
r
en
c
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
i
rbt
an
d
i
ruc
)
o
f
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ec
tio
n
will
d
is
cu
s
s
p
u
ls
e
g
en
er
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
g
r
id
i
n
v
er
ter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hyb
r
id
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
fo
r
d
yn
a
mic
p
o
w
er
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
…
(
Ya
ya
K
a
ma
g
a
té
)
489
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
p
o
wer
allo
ca
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
3
.
2
.
G
rid inv
er
t
er
co
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
y
u
tili
ze
s
a
v
ec
to
r
c
o
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
3
0
]
to
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
p
o
wer
in
ter
c
h
an
g
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
DC
an
d
AC
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
r
en
t
s
(I
abc
)
r
eg
u
late
b
o
th
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
e
x
ch
an
g
es
.
d
q
cu
r
r
en
t
co
o
r
d
in
ates
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
o
r
d
in
ates (
I
abc
)
u
s
in
g
Par
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
(i
d
an
d
i
q
)
ar
e
th
e
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
w
ith
th
eir
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
(i
rd
an
d
i
rq
)
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
er
r
o
r
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
d
q
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
o
ltag
es
(
V
rd
an
d
V
rq
)
.
I
n
v
er
s
e
Par
k
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
th
en
a
p
p
lied
to
o
b
tain
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
t
h
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
es
(V
ra
,
V
rb
,
a
n
d
V
rc
)
f
o
r
g
en
er
atin
g
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
’
s
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
-
lo
ck
e
d
lo
o
p
(
PLL
)
tech
n
i
q
u
e
is
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
p
h
ase
an
g
le
(
ω
t)
f
o
r
Par
k
an
d
in
v
e
r
s
e
Par
k
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ateg
y
aim
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
g
r
i
d
u
n
ity
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
.
Hen
ce
,
o
n
ly
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
is
s
en
t
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
b
y
s
ettin
g
th
e
q
-
ax
is
(
co
n
tr
o
ls
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
)
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
e
n
t
to
ze
r
o
(i
rq
=
0
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
d
-
ax
is
(
co
n
tr
o
ls
ac
tiv
e
p
o
wer
)
is
s
et
eq
u
al
to
th
e
in
co
m
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t (
i
rd
=
i
rgr
)
,
th
er
eb
y
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
n
v
er
te
r
co
n
tr
o
l b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
3
.
3
.
M
icro
g
rid po
wer
m
a
na
g
em
e
nt
s
y
s
t
em
(
M
P
M
S)
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
is
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
at
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
M
P
MS
i
s
c
r
u
c
ia
l
f
o
r
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
in
g
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
ti
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
a
l
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
s
a
f
et
y
.
I
t
g
a
t
h
e
r
s
d
a
ta
f
r
o
m
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
s
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
d
e
c
is
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
t
w
o
m
o
d
e
s
e
n
v
i
s
a
g
e
d
a
r
e
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
d
e
f
i
c
i
t
p
o
w
e
r
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
e
n
e
r
at
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
es
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
at
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
,
a
n
d
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
'
S
o
C
s
d
e
f
i
n
e
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
.
I
n
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
p
o
w
e
r
,
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
e
x
c
e
e
d
s
t
o
t
a
l
l
o
a
d
p
o
w
e
r
(
i
.
e
.
,
P
dif
>
0
)
,
w
h
i
l
e
i
n
d
e
f
i
c
i
t
p
o
w
e
r
,
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
i
s
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
ci
en
t
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
l
o
a
d
p
o
w
er
(
i
.
e
.
,
P
d
if
<
0
)
.
T
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
s
a
r
e
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
b
e
l
o
w
.
P
b
tn
(
b
a
t
te
r
y
)
a
n
d
P
ucn
(
UC
)
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
'
r
a
t
e
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
S
o
C
uc
is
t
h
e
U
C
s
t
at
e
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
485
-
495
490
a.
Su
r
p
lu
s
p
o
wer
:
P
pv
>P
tl
-
C
ase
1
:
So
C
bt
<
9
0
%
an
d
So
C
uc
<
9
5
%,
P
rbt
=
-
P
btn;
P
ruc
=
-
P
ucn
+
P
ucr;
P
rgr
=
P
rtot
.
E
x
tr
a
PV
p
o
wer
ch
ar
g
es st
o
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices,
an
d
a
n
y
lef
to
v
e
r
p
o
wer
is
f
ed
in
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
p
r
o
v
i
d
es e
x
tr
a
p
o
wer
to
co
v
er
av
e
r
ag
e
d
em
an
d
s
if
n
ee
d
ed
,
wh
ile
th
e
UC
h
an
d
les
d
e
m
an
d
s
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t p
o
wer
.
-
C
ase
2
:
So
C
bt
>
9
0
%
an
d
So
C
uc
<
9
5
%,
P
rbt
=
0
;
P
ruc
=
-
P
ucn
+
P
ucr
;
P
rgr
=
P
rtot
.
E
x
tr
a
PV
p
o
wer
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
UC
,
an
d
an
y
lef
to
v
er
p
o
we
r
is
f
ed
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
s
atis
f
ies
d
em
an
d
s
f
o
r
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
,
an
d
th
e
UC
ad
d
r
ess
es d
em
an
d
s
f
o
r
tr
an
s
ien
t p
o
wer
wh
ile
th
e
b
att
er
y
r
em
ain
s
in
ac
tiv
e.
-
C
ase
3
:
So
C
bt
<
9
0
%
an
d
So
C
uc
>
9
5
%,
P
rbt
=
-
P
btn
;
P
ruc
=
0
; P
rgr
=
P
rtot
+
P
ucr
.
E
x
tr
a
PV
p
o
wer
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
b
atter
y
,
an
d
an
y
lef
to
v
e
r
p
o
wer
is
f
ed
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
g
r
i
d
h
an
d
les
d
em
an
d
s
f
o
r
f
lu
ctu
at
in
g
p
o
wer
an
d
,
if
n
ee
d
ed
,
s
u
p
p
lies
p
o
wer
to
m
ee
t a
v
er
a
g
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
wh
i
le
th
e
UC
r
em
ain
s
in
ac
tiv
e.
-
C
ase
4
:
So
C
bt
>
9
0
%
an
d
So
C
uc
>
9
5
%,
P
rbt
=
0
;
P
ruc
=
0
;
P
rgr
=
P
rtot
+
P
ucr
.
E
x
tr
a
PV
p
o
wer
is
f
ed
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
ad
d
r
ess
es tr
an
s
ien
t p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
s
wh
ile
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
UC
r
em
ain
in
a
ctiv
e.
b.
Def
icit
p
o
wer
:
P
pv
< P
tl
-
C
ase
1
:
So
C
bt
>
2
0
%
an
d
So
C
uc
>
5
0
%,
P
rbt
=
P
btr
;
P
ruc
=
P
ucr
;
P
rgr
=
P
grr
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
an
d
g
r
i
d
ad
d
r
ess
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
an
d
UC
m
ee
ts
tr
an
s
ien
t d
em
an
d
s
.
-
C
ase
2
:
So
C
bt
<
2
0
%
an
d
So
C
uc
>
5
0
%,
P
rbt
=
0
;
P
ruc
=
P
ucr
;
P
rgr
=
P
avg.
T
h
e
g
r
id
ad
d
r
ess
es
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
s
,
an
d
th
e
UC
m
ee
ts
tr
an
s
ien
t p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
s
wh
ile
th
e
b
atter
y
r
e
m
ain
s
in
ac
tiv
e.
-
C
ase
3
:
So
C
bt
>
2
0
%
a
n
d
So
C
uc
<
5
0
%,
P
rbt
=
P
btr
;
P
ruc
=
0
;
P
rgr
=
P
grr
+
P
ucr
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
g
r
id
ad
d
r
ess
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
m
ee
ts
tr
an
s
ien
t p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
s
wh
ile
th
e
UC
is
in
ac
tiv
e.
-
C
ase
4
: So
C
bt
<
2
0
% a
n
d
So
C
u
c
<
5
0
%,
P
rbt
=
0
; P
ruc
=
0
; P
rgr
= P
avg
+ P
ucr
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
m
ee
ts
av
er
ag
e
an
d
tr
an
s
ien
t p
o
wer
d
e
m
an
d
s
wh
il
e
th
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
UC
ar
e
in
ac
ti
v
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
MPM
S
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
ab
le
1
o
u
tlin
es
d
esig
n
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ev
alu
ated
b
y
ch
an
g
in
g
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ia
n
ce
wh
ile
k
ee
p
in
g
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
s
t
an
t
at
2
5
°C
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
e
p
icts
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
ile.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ass
es
s
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
u
r
p
l
u
s
p
o
wer
(
SP
)
an
d
d
ef
icit p
o
wer
(
DP)
m
o
d
es
with
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
ese
s
tates.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Hyb
r
id
en
erg
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
ystem
fo
r
d
yn
a
mic
p
o
w
er
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t in
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
…
(
Ya
ya
K
a
ma
g
a
té
)
491
T
ab
le
1
.
Desig
n
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
P
a
r
a
l
l
e
l
st
r
i
n
g
S
e
r
i
e
s
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
e
r
st
r
i
n
g
s
1
11
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
UC
K
p
=
0
.
0
0
5
;
K
i
=
1
.
5
K
p
=
0
.
1
;
K
i
=
5
0
K
p
=
0
.
1
;
K
i
=
1
0
0
Li
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
7
A
h
2
4
0
V
UC
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
a
n
c
e
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
5
8
F
3
2
0
V
LC
f
i
l
t
e
r
I
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
L
f
=
1
5
0
e
-
3
H
C
f
=
1
.
9
e
-
7
F
G
r
i
d
P
h
a
se
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
2
3
0
V
5
0
H
z
D
C
b
u
s
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
7
0
0
V
C
dc
=
1
0
.
3
e
-
6
F
Lo
a
d
s
D
C
l
o
a
d
A
C
l
o
a
d
1
k
W
0
.
5
k
W
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
P
V
mo
d
u
l
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
UC
L
pv
=
2
1
.
4
e
-
3
H
C
pv
=
2
.
9
e
-
6
F
L
bt
=
1
5
.
4
e
-
3
H
L
uc
=
1
2
.
6
e
-
3
H
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
So
lar
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
p
r
o
f
ile
4
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
re
s
ults
Fig
u
r
es 7
-
1
1
s
h
o
w
ca
s
e
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
.
F
r
o
m
0
s
t
o
t
4
an
d
f
r
o
m
t
8
to
3
0
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
t
em
o
p
e
r
a
tes i
n
SP
m
o
d
e
,
wh
i
le
b
etw
ee
n
t
4
a
n
d
t
8
,
i
t
o
p
er
ates
i
n
DP
m
o
d
e
.
F
r
o
m
0
s
to
t
1
,
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
is
s
en
t
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
(
i
n
d
i
ca
t
ed
b
y
n
e
g
ati
v
e
g
r
i
d
p
o
we
r
)
w
h
il
e
t
h
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
d
e
v
i
ce
s
a
r
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7
(
c)
.
At
t
1
,
a
d
r
o
p
i
n
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
ia
n
c
e
r
e
d
u
ce
s
PV
p
o
wer
,
lea
d
i
n
g
to
a
f
lu
ct
u
at
io
n
i
n
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
l
ta
g
e
.
I
n
r
es
p
o
n
s
e,
UC
s
u
p
p
l
ies
th
e
f
l
u
ct
u
ati
n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
w
h
il
e
t
h
e
g
r
id
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
w
er
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
l
ta
g
e
r
em
ai
n
s
s
t
a
b
le
,
as
s
ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
.
Me
a
n
w
h
il
e,
b
o
t
h
t
h
e
b
at
te
r
y
a
n
d
UC
a
r
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
At
t
2
,
t
h
e
b
att
er
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
n
u
lli
f
i
ed
,
as
p
r
ese
n
t
ed
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
b
e
ca
u
s
e
S
o
C
bt
h
as
r
e
ac
h
e
d
its
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
a
f
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
l
d
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
(
a
)
.
T
h
is
ac
ti
o
n
ai
m
s
t
o
p
r
o
t
ec
t
th
e
b
att
er
y
f
r
o
m
o
v
e
r
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
g
r
id
a
d
d
r
ess
es
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
we
r
d
e
m
a
n
d
wh
ile
th
e
UC
r
e
ac
ts
b
y
a
b
s
o
r
b
in
g
t
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t
p
o
we
r
.
A
t
t
3
,
t
h
e
b
a
tte
r
y
r
e
m
a
in
s
i
n
ac
ti
v
e
w
h
il
e
th
e
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
th
e
UC
r
es
p
o
n
d
t
o
s
y
s
te
m
d
is
t
u
r
b
a
n
ce
s
to
ac
h
i
e
v
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
r
e
g
u
lati
o
n
.
UC
s
u
p
p
lies
f
l
u
c
tu
ati
n
g
p
o
we
r
w
h
i
le
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
g
r
id
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
o
n
e
(
g
r
i
d
p
o
w
er
is
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
)
.
At
t
4
,
SP
t
o
DP t
r
a
n
s
i
ti
o
n
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
b
att
er
y
s
ta
r
ts
d
is
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
w
h
il
e
t
h
e
UC
s
to
p
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
.
Usi
n
g
α
,
th
e
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
b
at
te
r
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
o
we
r
.
At
t
5
,
a
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
ed
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
PV
p
o
we
r
ca
u
s
es
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
f
l
u
ct
u
at
io
n
in
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lt
ag
e.
T
h
e
b
a
tte
r
y
an
d
g
r
id
s
h
a
r
e
t
h
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
i
b
il
it
y
f
o
r
co
v
er
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
p
o
w
er
d
e
m
a
n
d
,
wh
i
le
UC
m
e
ets
th
e
f
l
u
ct
u
ati
n
g
p
o
we
r
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t
.
At
t
6
,
So
C
bt
d
i
p
s
to
i
ts
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
a
f
e
t
h
r
es
h
o
l
d
,
as
d
e
p
ic
te
d
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
.
UC
ab
s
o
r
b
s
t
h
e
f
lu
ct
u
a
ti
n
g
p
o
we
r
;
th
e
g
r
i
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
s
l
o
w
e
n
er
g
y
w
h
i
le
t
h
e
b
att
er
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
b
e
co
m
es
ze
r
o
t
o
a
v
o
id
its
d
e
ep
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
.
At
t
7,
th
e
g
r
i
d
a
n
d
UC
a
b
s
o
r
b
a
v
e
r
ag
e
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
ie
n
t
p
o
w
er
,
r
es
p
e
cti
v
e
ly
,
t
o
s
ta
b
il
ize
t
h
e
D
C
b
u
s
v
o
l
ta
g
e
.
T
h
e
b
at
te
r
y
r
e
m
ai
n
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ig
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ig
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m
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m
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as
d
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p
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cte
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ig
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1
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4
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2
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ll per
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2088
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8
6
9
4
I
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lec
&
Dr
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t
,
Vo
l.
1
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1
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20
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5
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1
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d
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ally
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d
ev
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s
af
e
o
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atio
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en
tial
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en
s
u
r
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etter
p
er
f
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m
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ce
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d
lo
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s
p
an
.
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h
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p
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ed
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m
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tr
ateg
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ess
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iltra
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atter
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s
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ices
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em
ain
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h
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ap
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af
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u
a
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to
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m
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s
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th
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t
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ter
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eth
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s
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lly
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f
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d
m
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lo
s
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s
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ep
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in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
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h
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p
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f
ac
to
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th
e
AC
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ain
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th
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%.
Fin
ally
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tr
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s
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4
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.
(
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(
b
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(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Sy
s
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p
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r
f
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m
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: (
a)
DC
b
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s
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(
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PV,
b
atter
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&
UC
cu
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,
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d
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p
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
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N:
2088
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8
6
9
4
Hyb
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u
r
e
8
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atter
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u
r
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9
.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2088
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8
6
9
4
I
n
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w
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lec
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Dr
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t
,
Vo
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1
6
,
No
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1
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Ma
r
c
h
20
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5
:
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u
r
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1
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atter
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at
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atter
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at
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1
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ased
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atter
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s
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ased
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atter
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tes p
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