I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
o
wer
E
lect
ro
nics
a
nd
Driv
e
S
y
s
t
em
s
(
I
J
P
E
DS)
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
~
3
4
3
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
ed
s
.
v
1
6
.i
1
.
p
p
3
3
5
-
343
335
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
p
e
d
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
O
ptimi
za
tion o
f
r
eso
na
nt
ca
pa
citan
ce va
lues for hig
h
-
eff
i
ciency
uninterr
uptibl
e w
ireless
power
t
ra
n
sfer sys
tem
using
CST so
ft
wa
re
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d Sha
wwa
l Mo
ha
m
a
d Ra
wi,
Ra
him
i Ba
ha
ro
m
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
i
T
e
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
A
R
A
(
U
i
T
M
)
,
S
h
a
h
A
l
a
m,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l 2
9
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
No
v
2
9
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Dec
9
,
2
0
2
4
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
in
tro
d
u
c
e
s
a
n
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
o
p
t
imiz
in
g
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
v
a
lu
e
s
(Cp
a
n
d
Cs)
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
u
n
i
n
t
e
rru
p
ti
b
le
wire
les
s
p
o
we
r
tran
sfe
r
(UW
P
T)
sy
ste
m
s,
u
ti
li
z
i
n
g
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sim
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(C
S
T)
so
f
t
wa
re
.
P
re
c
ise
tu
n
in
g
o
f
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
is
c
rit
ica
l
fo
r
a
c
h
iev
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
a
l
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
m
a
tch
in
g
,
w
h
ich
d
irec
tl
y
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
s
sy
ste
m
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Th
e
st
u
d
y
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
t
h
re
e
c
o
il
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
trate
g
ies
:
sta
n
d
a
rd
c
o
i
l
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
,
c
o
il
in
teg
ra
te
d
wi
th
fe
rrit
e
,
a
n
d
c
o
il
e
n
c
lo
se
d
with
in
a
c
a
sin
g
a
n
d
fe
rrit
e
.
T
h
e
se
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
we
re
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
d
t
o
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
v
a
lu
e
s,
re
su
lt
in
g
i
n
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
e
fficie
n
c
y
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts.
Th
ro
u
g
h
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
CS
T
si
m
u
latio
n
s,
th
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
Cp
1
,
Cp
2
,
a
n
d
Cs
we
re
o
p
t
imiz
e
d
to
1
4
0
.
8
n
F
,
1
0
5
.
6
n
F
,
a
n
d
1
4
5
.
5
n
F
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
a
c
h
iev
in
g
a
re
m
a
rk
a
b
le
p
o
we
r
tra
n
sfe
r
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
9
9
.
6
1
%
i
n
t
h
e
c
a
sin
g
a
n
d
fe
rrit
e
c
o
n
fig
u
ra
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
p
ro
p
o
s
e
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
n
siste
n
tl
y
a
c
h
iev
e
d
e
fficie
n
c
ies
e
x
c
e
e
d
in
g
9
0
%
b
e
t
we
e
n
t
h
e
tran
sm
it
ter
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
r
c
o
il
s.
Be
y
o
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
re
su
lt
s,
t
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
fo
r
re
a
l
-
wo
rld
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
th
e
imp
o
rta
n
c
e
o
f
p
re
c
ise
p
a
ra
m
e
ter
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
i
n
a
d
v
a
n
c
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
-
e
fficie
n
c
y
wire
les
s
p
o
we
r
tran
sfe
r
sy
s
tem
s.
F
u
tu
re
stu
d
ies
will
a
im
t
o
v
a
li
d
a
te
th
e
fi
n
d
i
n
g
s
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tall
y
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
b
ro
a
d
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
sy
ste
m
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
E
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
Hig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
e
r
R
eso
n
an
t c
ap
ac
itan
ce
Un
in
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
wir
eless
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
ah
im
i Bah
ar
o
m
Po
wer
E
lectr
o
n
ics R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
(
PERG),
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A
4
0
4
5
0
Sh
ah
Alam
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
r
ah
im
i6
5
7
9
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ir
eles
s
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
W
P
T
)
is
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
f
u
ll
au
to
m
atio
n
.
B
y
en
a
b
lin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
with
o
u
t
p
h
y
s
ical
co
n
n
ec
to
r
s
,
W
PT
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
f
o
ca
l
p
o
in
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
with
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
p
an
n
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
er
s
,
m
o
b
ile
d
e
v
ices,
L
E
D
T
Vs,
an
d
lig
h
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
-
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
an
s
f
er
p
o
wer
wir
eless
ly
ad
d
r
ess
es
cr
itical
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
allen
g
es
wh
ile
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
in
iatu
r
izatio
n
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
wid
esp
r
ea
d
a
d
o
p
tio
n
[
5
]
-
[
8
]
.
W
PT
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
im
p
l
em
en
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
laser
s
,
r
ad
i
o
wav
es,
p
h
o
to
elec
tr
ic
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
m
icr
o
wav
es,
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
,
an
d
in
d
u
ctiv
e
c
o
u
p
lin
g
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
f
o
r
d
eli
v
er
in
g
p
o
wer
with
h
ig
h
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
v
er
s
h
o
r
t
d
is
tan
ce
s
[
9
]
.
R
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
in
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
,
h
as
g
ain
ed
tr
ac
tio
n
d
u
e
t
o
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
lo
w
m
ain
ten
an
ce
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
0
]
.
A
n
o
tab
le
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
th
is
f
ield
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
2
0
0
7
,
wh
e
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
335
-
343
336
Ku
r
s
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
co
u
p
led
m
ag
n
etic
r
eso
n
an
c
e,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
we
r
tr
a
n
s
f
er
v
ia
m
ag
n
etic
co
u
p
lin
g
r
eso
n
an
ce
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
ex
ten
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
e
v
alu
ates
th
eir
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
b
en
ef
its
,
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
Fo
r
in
d
u
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
(
I
PT)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
ad
ia
ted
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
e
r
e
n
ce
(
E
MI
)
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
c
r
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
ef
f
icien
c
y
lo
s
s
es
an
d
m
e
ch
an
is
m
s
d
r
iv
i
n
g
E
MI
g
en
er
atio
n
[
1
2
]
.
Desp
ite
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
s
till
f
ac
e
c
h
allen
g
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
h
ig
h
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
as lo
s
s
es d
u
e
to
wir
eless
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
es r
em
ai
n
a
co
n
ce
r
n
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs),
W
PT
is
s
ee
n
as
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
alter
n
ativ
e
to
f
o
s
s
il
-
f
u
el
-
p
o
wer
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
r
an
g
e
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
esear
ch
h
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
tu
n
in
g
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
eso
n
an
t
co
ils
to
alig
n
t
r
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
o
p
er
at
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
etam
ater
ials
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
-
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
d
esig
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
W
PT
ef
f
icien
cy
d
y
n
am
ically
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
d
is
t
an
ce
s
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
esis
tan
ce
m
atch
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
itig
ate
ef
f
icien
cy
lo
s
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
wid
e
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
c
ep
t
o
f
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
(
UW
PT)
h
as
e
m
er
g
ed
as
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
u
n
i
n
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
wir
eless
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
(
UW
PS
)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
t
wir
eless
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
.
E
ar
lier
r
esear
ch
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
co
u
ld
ac
h
iev
e
ef
f
icie
n
cies e
x
ce
ed
in
g
9
0
%,
b
u
t th
ese
s
tu
d
ies we
r
e
lim
ited
to
s
im
u
latio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
with
o
u
t e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
[
1
8
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
h
as
p
lay
ed
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
o
p
tim
i
zin
g
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
o
m
p
u
ter
s
im
u
latio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
C
ST)
s
o
f
twar
e,
r
en
o
w
n
ed
f
o
r
its
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
im
u
latio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
in
m
o
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
an
aly
zin
g
co
m
p
le
x
W
PT
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
C
ST
em
p
lo
y
s
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
n
u
m
er
ical
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
f
in
ite
ele
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
(
FEM
)
an
d
th
e
f
in
ite
in
teg
r
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
FIT
)
,
to
s
o
lv
e
Ma
x
well's
eq
u
atio
n
s
with
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
elec
t
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
d
e
v
ices a
cr
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies [
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
r
es
o
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
allel
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
p
)
an
d
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
s
)
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
(
T
x
)
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
(
R
x
)
co
il
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Usi
n
g
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
v
ar
ies
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies
an
d
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es
to
id
en
tify
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
th
at
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
i
cien
cy
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
ca
r
ef
u
l
tu
n
in
g
o
f
C
p
an
d
C
s
v
alu
es
en
ab
les
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cies
ex
ce
ed
in
g
9
0
%,
w
ith
ce
r
tain
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
9
9
%.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
ec
is
e
p
ar
am
eter
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
W
PT
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
icien
t U
W
PT
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
2.
CO
M
P
UT
E
R
S
I
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
M
O
DE
L
O
F
UWP
T
S
YS
T
E
M
US
I
NG
CS
T
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UW
PS
s
y
s
te
m
in
teg
r
ates
b
o
th
u
n
in
ter
r
u
p
tib
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
(
UPS)
a
n
d
UW
PT
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
i
g
h
-
ef
f
i
cien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
f
iv
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
lo
c
k
s
:
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
cir
c
u
it,
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ci
r
cu
it
,
m
ag
n
etic
co
il,
an
d
l
o
ad
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
a
4
8
V
DC
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
wh
ich
is
c
o
n
v
er
ted
i
n
to
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
AC
v
ia
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
te
r
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
AC
v
o
lta
g
e
is
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
,
wh
er
e
it
in
d
u
ce
s
an
alter
n
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
e
r
co
il
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
co
u
p
lin
g
.
T
h
e
in
d
u
c
ed
AC
p
o
wer
is
th
en
r
ec
tifie
d
in
to
DC
u
s
in
g
a
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
d
io
d
e
r
ec
tifie
r
an
d
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
lo
ad
o
r
d
ev
ices.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
n
in
te
r
r
u
p
tib
le
wir
eless
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
(
UW
PS
)
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
H
I
G
H
F
R
E
Q
U
E
NC
Y
F
U
L
L
B
R
ID
G
E
INV
E
R
T
E
R
H
I
G
H
F
R
E
Q
U
E
NC
Y
F
U
L
L
B
R
ID
G
E
R
E
C
T
IF
IE
R
L
OA
D
U
W
P
T
T
r
a
n
s
mi
t
t
e
r
C
o
i
l
(T
x
)
Re
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
o
i
l
(Rx
)
S
P
M
C
B
a
tt
er
y
R
ec
ti
f
i
er
I
n
v
er
ter
U
P
S
V
ac
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f res
o
n
a
n
t c
a
p
a
cita
n
ce
va
lu
es fo
r
h
ig
h
-
efficien
cy
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
S
h
a
w
w
a
l Mo
h
a
ma
d
R
a
w
i
)
337
T
h
e
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
,
as
s
im
u
lated
in
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
is
d
iag
r
am
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
a
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
cir
cu
it,
w
h
ich
em
p
lo
y
s
a
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
r
eso
n
an
t
cir
cu
it,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
b
y
tu
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
its
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e
is
lev
er
ag
ed
to
m
o
d
e
l
an
d
s
im
u
late
th
e
cir
cu
it's
b
eh
av
io
r
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
,
S
-
p
a
r
am
eter
s
,
Q
-
f
a
cto
r
,
an
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
v
al
u
es.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
e
liab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
,
th
e
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
C
ST
Stu
d
io
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
clu
d
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
ils
tu
r
n
s
(
2
2
)
,
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
(
4
4
k
Hz)
,
in
d
u
cta
n
c
e
(
2
4
μ
H)
,
co
il
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
s
p
ac
in
g
.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
c
o
ils
is
s
et
at
2
0
m
m
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
esig
n
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
also
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
W
PT
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
e.
g
.
,
in
d
u
ctiv
e
o
r
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
)
,
tar
g
ete
d
p
o
wer
lev
e
l,
d
esire
d
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
s
af
ety
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
es
ea
r
c
h
is
o
n
o
p
ti
m
iz
in
g
th
e
r
es
o
n
a
n
t
c
ap
ac
i
ta
n
c
e
v
al
u
es
,
s
p
e
ci
f
ic
all
y
th
e
p
ar
all
el
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
(
C
p
)
a
n
d
s
er
i
es
ca
p
ac
it
o
r
(
C
s
)
,
t
o
ac
h
i
ev
e
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
p
er
ati
o
n
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
iz
e
p
o
w
er
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
ef
f
ic
ie
n
c
y
.
Usi
n
g
C
S
T
s
o
f
twa
r
e,
a
d
e
tai
le
d
p
a
r
a
m
e
tr
ic
s
tu
d
y
was
c
o
n
d
u
ct
ed
b
y
s
y
s
te
m
at
ica
lly
v
ar
y
in
g
C
p
a
n
d
C
s
v
al
u
es
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
all
o
wed
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
d
e
n
t
if
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
o
p
ti
m
a
l
ca
p
a
cit
an
ce
s
e
tti
n
g
s
th
a
t
a
li
g
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
'
s
r
es
o
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
wi
th
its
o
p
er
ati
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
m
i
n
im
i
zi
n
g
p
o
we
r
lo
s
s
e
s
an
d
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
e
f
f
ici
en
c
y
.
T
h
e
C
ST
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
ac
ilit
ates
p
r
ec
is
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
elec
t
r
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
ils
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
d
esig
n
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
T
h
is
lev
el
o
f
d
etail
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es
its
tar
g
eted
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
wh
ile
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
ca
lab
le
d
esig
n
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
B
y
en
ab
lin
g
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
s
p
ac
e,
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e
s
er
v
es a
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t to
o
l f
o
r
ad
v
an
cin
g
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
UW
PT
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
o
f
UW
PT
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
V
a
l
u
e
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
t
u
r
n
2
2
t
u
r
n
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
4
4
K
h
z
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
2
4
μF
W
i
r
e
d
i
a
me
t
e
r
0
.
1
5
mm
,
1
.
5
mm
W
i
r
e
r
a
d
i
u
s
0
.
3
5
mm
S
i
z
e
i
n
n
e
r
r
a
d
i
u
s
1
.
4
2
c
m
S
i
z
e
o
u
t
e
r
r
a
d
i
u
s
5
.
1
5
c
m
C
a
si
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
p
o
l
y
c
a
r
b
o
n
a
t
e
D
i
st
a
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
b
o
t
h
c
o
i
l
2
0
mm
H
-
f
e
r
r
i
t
e
10
F
e
r
r
i
t
e
50
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
M
O
D
E
L
O
F
UWP
T
SY
ST
E
M
U
SI
NG
C
O
I
L
CO
NF
I
G
UR
AT
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
(
T
x
)
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
(
R
x
)
in
th
e
W
P
T
s
y
s
tem
is
m
o
d
eled
an
d
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
T
x
a
n
d
R
x
co
ils
o
p
er
ate
at
a
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
4
4
k
Hz
with
o
u
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
f
er
r
ite
o
r
ca
s
in
g
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
aselin
e
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
d
e
p
icts
two
p
ar
allel
p
lan
ar
co
ils
,
with
th
e
r
e
ce
iv
er
co
il
(
R
x
)
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
co
il
(
T
x
)
.
T
h
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
as
b
lu
e
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
ic
p
atter
n
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
co
ils
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
f
ield
i
n
ten
s
ity
.
T
h
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
alo
n
g
a
co
m
m
o
n
ax
is
an
d
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
ils
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
335
-
343
338
cr
itical
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
e
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
T
x
co
il
g
en
er
ates
an
alter
n
atin
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
wh
en
p
o
wer
ed
,
in
d
u
cin
g
an
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
R
x
co
il
v
ia
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
o
p
tim
ized
to
en
h
an
ce
r
eso
n
an
ce
an
d
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
c
lear
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
co
ils
an
d
la
y
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
co
il c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
T
x
an
d
R
x
in
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
C
ST
3
.
1
.
M
a
g
net
ic
f
ield dis
t
ributio
n
in T
x
,
Rx
,
a
nd
co
m
bin
ed
co
nfig
ura
t
io
ns
Fig
u
r
es
4
-
6
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
etailed
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
T
x
,
R
x
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
co
il c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
as si
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es a
r
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
i
n
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
c
o
u
p
li
n
g
an
d
id
en
tify
i
n
g
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
o
ten
tial le
ak
ag
e.
3
.
1
.
1
.
M
a
g
net
ic
f
ield dis
t
ribu
t
io
n a
t
t
he
t
r
a
ns
m
it
t
er
co
il
(
T
x
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
at
th
e
T
x
co
il.
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
v
iew
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
f
ield
in
ten
s
ity
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
T
x
.
T
h
e
c
o
lo
r
s
ca
le
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
v
ar
y
in
g
lev
els
o
f
i
n
ten
s
ity
,
with
r
ed
in
d
icatin
g
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
b
lu
e
r
e
p
r
es
en
tin
g
lo
wer
in
te
n
s
ities
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
f
ield
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
in
th
e
im
m
ed
iat
e
v
icin
ity
o
f
th
e
T
x
c
o
il,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
r
ed
ar
ea
,
wh
ic
h
d
im
in
is
h
es
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
,
tr
an
s
itio
n
i
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
g
r
ee
n
,
y
ello
w,
an
d
b
lu
e
h
u
es.
T
h
is
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
f
ield
p
r
o
p
a
g
atio
n
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
e
n
er
g
y
r
ad
iates f
r
o
m
th
e
T
x
co
i
l.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
co
il c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
T
x
an
d
R
x
in
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
C
ST
3
.
1
.
2
.
M
a
g
net
ic
f
ield
dis
t
ribu
t
io
n a
t
t
he
re
ce
iv
er
c
o
il (
Rx
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
a
g
n
eti
c
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
at
th
e
R
x
co
il.
Similar
to
th
e
T
x
v
is
u
ali
za
tio
n
,
th
e
co
lo
r
-
co
d
ed
i
n
ten
s
ity
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
m
a
g
n
e
tic
f
ield
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
th
e
R
x
co
il.
Po
s
itio
n
ed
with
in
th
e
T
x
’
s
f
ield
in
f
l
u
en
ce
,
th
e
R
x
co
il e
x
h
ib
its
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
u
p
lin
g
wh
er
e
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
in
ten
s
ity
is
h
ig
h
.
T
h
is
in
ter
ac
tio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
ef
f
i
cien
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
o
f
co
lo
r
s
f
r
o
m
r
e
d
(
h
ig
h
in
ten
s
ity
)
to
b
l
u
e
(
lo
w
in
ten
s
ity
)
in
d
icate
s
a
g
r
ad
u
al
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
f
ield
s
tr
en
g
th
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
x
co
il.
An
aly
zin
g
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
an
d
id
en
tif
y
in
g
r
eg
io
n
s
wh
e
r
e
co
u
p
lin
g
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
Co
m
bin
ed
m
a
g
net
ic
f
i
eld dis
t
ri
bu
t
io
n o
f
T
x
a
nd
Rx
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
T
x
an
d
R
x
co
ils
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
v
iew
o
f
th
e
m
a
g
n
etic
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
with
in
t
h
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
ar
ea
s
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
u
p
lin
g
(
d
ep
icted
b
y
r
e
d
r
e
g
io
n
s
)
a
n
d
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
lea
k
ag
e
(
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
r
ed
to
b
lu
e
at
th
e
e
d
g
es
o
f
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
er
C
o
i
l
(
T
x
)
R
e
c
ei
v
er
C
o
i
l
(
R
x
)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
C
o
i
l
(
T
x
)
hi
gh
e
r f
i
e
l
d
i
nt
e
ns
i
t
y
R
e
c
ei
v
er
C
o
i
l
(
R
x
)
l
ow
fi
e
l
d
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f res
o
n
a
n
t c
a
p
a
cita
n
ce
va
lu
es fo
r
h
ig
h
-
efficien
cy
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
S
h
a
w
w
a
l Mo
h
a
ma
d
R
a
w
i
)
339
th
e
co
ils
)
.
T
h
e
s
p
atial
v
is
u
aliz
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ield
in
ten
s
ity
b
et
wee
n
th
e
T
x
an
d
R
x
co
ils
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
o
p
tim
al
co
u
p
lin
g
an
d
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
f
ield
lea
k
ag
e
c
o
u
ld
lead
to
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es.
B
y
id
en
t
if
y
in
g
th
ese
lea
k
ag
e
r
eg
io
n
s
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ca
n
b
e
r
e
f
in
ed
to
m
i
n
im
ize
in
ef
f
icien
cies a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ma
g
n
etic
f
ield
at
r
ec
eiv
er
co
il
(
R
x
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
m
a
g
n
et
ic
f
ield
at
p
air
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
(
T
x
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
(
R
x
)
at
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
co
il
with
o
u
t f
er
r
ite
o
r
ca
s
in
g
3
.
2
.
Co
up
lin
g
s
t
re
ng
t
h a
nd
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n o
f
ma
g
net
ic
f
iel
ds
T
h
e
co
u
p
lin
g
s
tr
en
g
t
h
b
etwe
en
th
e
T
x
a
n
d
R
x
c
o
ils
is
a
cr
itical
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
in
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
.
Ma
g
n
etic
f
ield
leak
a
g
e,
wh
ic
h
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
th
e
f
ield
ex
ten
d
s
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
in
ten
d
ed
co
u
p
lin
g
r
eg
io
n
,
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
r
e
d
u
ce
s
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
es 4
-
6
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
ese
leak
ag
e
ar
ea
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
co
u
p
lin
g
s
tr
en
g
th
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
C
ST
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
id
en
tifie
s
o
p
tim
al
r
es
o
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
ar
allel
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
p
)
an
d
s
er
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
s
)
.
B
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
v
ar
y
in
g
th
ese
v
alu
es,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
m
in
im
ize
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
leak
a
g
e
wh
ile
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
iter
ativ
e
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tu
d
y
en
ab
les
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
ettin
g
s
th
at
alig
n
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
with
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
co
u
p
lin
g
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
g
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
s
an
d
p
ar
am
etr
ic
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
estab
lis
h
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ield
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
in
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e
to
o
p
tim
iz
e
th
e
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
tu
n
in
g
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
al
u
es
(
C
p
an
d
C
s
)
.
Fig
u
r
es
7
-
10
an
d
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
S
-
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
,
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
t
u
n
in
g
.
4
.
1
.
S
-
pa
r
a
m
et
er
a
na
ly
s
is
Fig
u
r
e
7
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
S
-
p
a
r
a
m
eter
r
esu
lts
b
ef
o
r
e
tu
n
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
T
x
an
d
R
x
co
il
p
air
with
o
u
t
f
er
r
ite
o
r
ca
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
S2
1
p
ar
am
eter
(
b
l
u
e
cu
r
v
e)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
o
r
wa
r
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
T
x
to
t
h
e
R
x
co
il,
wh
ile
th
e
S2
2
p
a
r
a
m
eter
(
r
ed
c
u
r
v
e
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
p
u
t
r
ef
lectio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
r
ef
lecte
d
b
ac
k
to
th
e
T
x
c
o
il.
B
ef
o
r
e
t
u
n
in
g
,
th
e
S2
1
v
al
u
e
is
r
elativ
ely
lo
w,
in
d
icatin
g
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
t
r
an
s
f
er
,
an
d
th
e
S2
2
v
alu
e
is
h
ig
h
,
s
ig
n
if
y
i
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t r
ef
l
ec
tio
n
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
in
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
u
e
to
p
o
o
r
r
eso
n
an
ce
an
d
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
m
is
m
atch
.
l
ow
f
i
e
l
d
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
hi
ghe
r
fi
e
l
d
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
er
C
o
i
l
(
T
x
)
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
C
o
i
l
(
R
x
)
m
a
gn
e
t
i
c
fi
e
l
ds
l
e
a
ka
ge
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
335
-
343
340
Fig
u
r
e
8
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
S
-
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
r
esu
lts
af
ter
tu
n
in
g
,
ag
ai
n
with
o
u
t
f
er
r
ite
o
r
ca
s
in
g
.
Af
ter
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
al
u
es,
th
e
S2
1
v
alu
e
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
in
g
0
d
B
,
wh
ic
h
r
ef
le
cts
ex
ce
llen
t
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
th
e
S2
2
v
al
u
e
d
ec
r
e
ases
m
ar
k
ed
ly
,
in
d
icatin
g
en
h
an
ce
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
r
e
f
lectio
n
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
tu
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ad
ju
s
ts
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
to
3
8
.
1
k
Hz,
alig
n
i
n
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
e
n
h
an
cin
g
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
S
-
p
a
r
am
eter
r
esu
lts
b
ef
o
r
e
t
u
n
e
with
o
u
t
f
er
r
ite
o
r
ca
s
in
g
f
o
r
p
air
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
(
T
x
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
(
R
x
)
at
W
PT
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
S
-
p
a
r
am
eter
r
esu
lts
af
ter
tu
n
e
with
o
u
t f
er
r
ite
o
r
ca
s
in
g
f
o
r
p
air
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itter
s
(
T
x
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
(
R
x
)
at
W
PT
4
.
2
.
M
a
g
net
ic
f
ield e
nerg
y
t
ra
ns
f
er
ef
f
iciency
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws th
e
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
T
x
to
th
e
R
x
co
il b
e
f
o
r
e
tu
n
in
g
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
cy
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
7
0
.
1
0
%
at
ar
o
u
n
d
4
4
k
Hz.
T
h
is
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
d
icate
s
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
wer
lo
s
s
es
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
itial
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
v
alu
es
an
d
p
o
o
r
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atc
h
in
g
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
r
esu
lts
af
ter
tu
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es
r
ea
lig
n
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
to
3
8
.
1
k
Hz,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
d
r
am
atic
ef
f
icien
cy
in
c
r
ea
s
e
to
9
9
.
0
9
%.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
tu
n
i
n
g
i
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
b
etter
r
eso
n
an
ce
a
n
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
h
ar
p
co
n
tr
ast
b
etwe
en
Fi
g
u
r
es
9
an
d
1
0
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
ec
is
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
m
in
im
izin
g
e
n
er
g
y
lo
s
s
es a
n
d
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
E
f
f
icien
cy
r
esu
lt o
f
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
(
T
x
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
(
R
x
)
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
u
n
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f res
o
n
a
n
t c
a
p
a
cita
n
ce
va
lu
es fo
r
h
ig
h
-
efficien
cy
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
S
h
a
w
w
a
l Mo
h
a
ma
d
R
a
w
i
)
341
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
E
f
f
icien
c
y
r
esu
lts
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
(
T
x
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
(
R
x
)
af
ter
tu
n
e
4
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
s
y
s
t
em
pa
ra
m
et
er
s
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
d
etailed
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
k
ey
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es
(
C
s
1
,
C
p
1
,
C
p
2
)
,
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
(
η
)
,
b
o
th
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
tu
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
tu
n
in
g
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ex
h
ib
ited
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
with
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es
o
f
C
s
1
=
1
6
8
n
F,
C
p
1
=
1
4
5
n
F,
an
d
C
p
2
=
2
2
4
n
F.
T
h
ese
i
n
itial setti
n
g
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
a
r
eso
n
an
t f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
4
4
k
Hz,
y
ield
in
g
a
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
7
0
.
1
0
%.
T
h
is
in
ef
f
icien
cy
was
p
r
im
ar
il
y
attr
ib
u
ted
to
p
o
o
r
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
m
atch
in
g
an
d
in
ad
eq
u
ate
r
eso
n
an
ce
alig
n
m
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itter
(
T
x
)
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
(
R
x
)
c
o
ils
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
er
g
y
l
o
s
s
es.
Af
ter
tu
n
in
g
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
v
alu
es
wer
e
f
in
e
-
t
u
n
ed
to
C
s
1
=
2
2
0
n
F,
C
p
1
=
1
6
2
.
8
n
F,
an
d
C
p
2
=
2
0
0
n
F.
T
h
ese
ad
ju
s
tm
e
n
ts
s
h
if
ted
th
e
r
eso
n
a
n
t
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
to
3
8
.
1
k
Hz,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
d
r
a
m
atic
ef
f
icien
c
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
to
9
9
.
0
9
%.
T
h
i
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
r
ef
l
ec
ts
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
tu
n
in
g
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
r
ef
lectio
n
lo
s
s
es,
en
ab
lin
g
n
ea
r
-
p
er
f
ec
t
en
er
g
y
t
r
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
th
e
T
x
an
d
R
x
c
o
ils
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
leap
in
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
tr
an
s
itio
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
a
m
o
d
er
ate
e
f
f
icien
cy
lev
el
to
n
ea
r
-
id
ea
l
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
e
r
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
alig
n
in
g
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
w
ith
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
to
m
it
ig
ate
in
ef
f
icien
cies,
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
co
u
p
lin
g
,
a
n
d
m
ax
im
ize
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
r
ec
is
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
t
u
n
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Op
tim
al
ef
f
icien
cy
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
r
esu
lt
u
s
in
g
C
ST
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
B
e
f
o
r
e
t
u
n
e
A
f
t
e
r
t
u
n
e
C
s1
1
6
8
n
F
2
2
0
n
F
C
p
1
1
4
5
n
F
1
6
2
.
8
n
F
C
p
2
2
2
4
n
F
2
0
0
n
F
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
4
4
K
h
z
3
8
.
1
K
h
z
η
7
0
.
1
0
%
9
9
.
0
9
%
4
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
im
p
a
ct
o
f
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
S
-
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
af
ter
tu
n
in
g
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
at
p
r
ec
is
e
p
ar
am
eter
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
ca
n
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
Ach
iev
in
g
an
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
9
9
.
0
9
%
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
r
eso
n
an
t
in
d
u
ctiv
e
co
u
p
lin
g
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
wir
eless
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
e
m
p
h
a
s
iz
e
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
y
o
f
d
e
ta
i
l
e
d
p
a
r
a
m
et
r
i
c
s
t
u
d
i
es
t
o
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
o
p
t
i
m
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
B
y
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
al
l
y
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
ci
t
a
n
c
e
v
al
u
e
s
,
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
s
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
a
l
i
g
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
'
s
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
wit
h
i
ts
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
t
o
m
in
i
m
i
z
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
o
s
s
es
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
.
F
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
u
l
d
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
v
a
l
i
d
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
to
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
n
d
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
t
o
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
l
o
a
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
co
i
l
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
r
e
s
o
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
cy
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e.
B
y
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
v
ar
y
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
p
ar
allel
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
p
)
an
d
s
e
r
ies
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
s
)
,
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
1
6
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
2
5
:
335
-
343
342
7
0
.
1
0
%
b
e
f
o
r
e
tu
n
in
g
to
a
n
i
m
p
r
ess
iv
e
9
9
.
0
9
%
af
ter
tu
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
a
lu
es
id
en
tifie
d
wer
e
C
s
1
=
2
2
0
n
F,
C
p
1
=
1
6
2
.
8
n
F,
an
d
C
p
2
=
2
0
0
n
F,
wh
ich
alig
n
ed
th
e
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
to
3
8
.
1
k
Hz,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
S
-
p
ar
am
eter
s
an
d
m
a
g
n
etic
f
ie
ld
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
p
r
o
v
id
ed
cr
itical
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
a
citan
ce
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
S2
1
p
ar
a
m
eter
(
f
o
r
war
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
ef
f
icien
t)
an
d
th
e
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
in
th
e
S2
2
p
ar
am
eter
(
in
p
u
t
r
ef
lectio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t)
af
ter
tu
n
in
g
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
im
p
ed
an
ce
m
atch
in
g
.
T
h
ese
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icien
c
y
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
C
ST
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
s
im
u
latin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
W
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
cu
r
ately
m
o
d
el
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
b
eh
av
io
r
e
n
ab
led
t
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
o
p
t
im
al
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
alu
es,
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
e
f
f
icien
cy
wh
i
le
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
to
v
e
r
if
y
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
p
r
ac
t
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
il
g
eo
m
etr
ies,
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
o
n
W
PT
ef
f
icien
cy
war
r
an
ts
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
e
s
tig
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
e
r
r
ite
m
at
er
ials
an
d
ca
s
in
g
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
o
f
f
e
r
s
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
a
v
en
u
es
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
m
ag
n
etic
f
ield
leak
a
g
e
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
ized
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
h
as
p
o
ten
tial
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
d
iv
er
s
e
d
o
m
ain
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
co
n
s
u
m
er
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
,
an
d
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices.
B
y
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
-
ef
f
icie
n
cy
wir
ele
s
s
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
i
cien
t
wir
eless
p
o
wer
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
a
d
v
an
ce
d
W
PT
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
UW
PT
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
W
PT
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
eso
n
an
t
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
p
av
e
th
e
way
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
UW
PT
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
u
ltima
tely
ad
v
an
ci
n
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wir
eless
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
e
n
er
g
y
d
eliv
er
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
g
r
atef
u
lly
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
f
ac
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
MA
R
A
(
UiT
M)
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t w
as
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
o
m
p
letio
n
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
K
ü
r
sch
n
e
r
,
C
.
R
a
t
h
g
e
,
a
n
d
U
.
J
u
m
a
r
,
“
D
e
s
i
g
n
me
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
s
y
st
e
ms
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
c
o
i
l
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
I
EEE
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
2
–
3
8
1
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TI
E.
2
0
1
1
.
2
1
8
1
1
3
4
.
[
2
]
H
.
D
a
i
,
Y
.
L
i
u
,
G
.
C
h
e
n
,
X
.
W
u
,
a
n
d
T.
H
e
,
“
S
a
f
e
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
-
I
EEE
I
N
FO
C
O
M
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
5
–
1
1
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
N
F
O
C
O
M
.
2
0
1
4
.
6
8
4
8
0
4
1
.
[
3
]
H
.
Zh
e
n
g
,
Z
.
W
a
n
g
,
Y
.
L
i
,
a
n
d
P
.
D
e
n
g
,
“
D
a
t
a
t
r
a
n
sm
i
ss
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
i
l
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
sy
s
t
e
m,”
2
0
1
7
I
EEE
PELS
W
o
rks
h
o
p
o
n
Em
e
rg
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s:
W
i
re
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r Tra
n
s
f
e
r,
W
o
W
2
0
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
W
o
W
.
2
0
1
7
.
7
9
5
9
3
7
3
.
[
4
]
I
.
O
k
a
si
l
i
,
A
.
E
l
k
h
a
t
e
b
,
a
n
d
T.
Li
t
t
l
e
r
,
“
A
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
ms
f
o
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
a
F
o
c
u
s
o
n
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
C
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
,
”
E
l
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
(
S
w
i
t
zer
l
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
1
1
0
9
1
3
5
5
.
[
5
]
C
.
R
o
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
O
m
n
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
F
r
e
e
-
D
e
g
r
e
e
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
S
y
st
e
m
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
D
i
p
o
l
e
C
o
i
l
s
f
o
r
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
s,
”
I
E
EE
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
p
p
.
8
1
5
8
8
–
8
1
6
0
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
1
.
3
0
8
5
3
0
7
.
[
6
]
S
.
Jo
,
C
.
S
.
S
h
i
n
,
a
n
d
D
.
H
.
K
i
m
,
“
N
o
v
e
l
D
e
s
i
g
n
M
e
t
h
o
d
i
n
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
C
h
a
r
g
e
r
f
o
r
S
S
To
p
o
l
o
g
y
w
i
t
h
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
/
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
S
e
l
f
-
L
i
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
(
S
w
i
t
zer
l
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
a
p
p
1
3
0
3
1
4
8
8
.
[
7
]
S
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
D
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
A
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
S
t
a
g
e
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
W
i
t
h
H
y
b
r
i
d
C
o
m
p
e
n
sa
t
i
o
n
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
A
C
I
n
p
u
t
,
”
I
E
EE
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
V
e
h
i
c
u
l
a
r Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
8
2
6
6
–
8
2
7
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TV
T.
2
0
2
2
.
3
1
7
2
3
6
3
.
[
8
]
M
.
A
.
A
mi
n
u
d
i
n
,
R
.
B
a
h
a
r
o
m
,
a
n
d
N
.
H
a
sh
i
m,
“
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
H
i
g
h
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
D
C
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
& Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
8
–
1
8
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
9
]
A
.
S
a
g
a
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
R
e
c
e
n
t
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
ms,
”
I
EE
E
A
c
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
8
3
7
0
3
–
8
3
7
5
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
3
0
0
4
7
5
.
[
1
0
]
A
.
A
l
sh
a
r
i
f
,
T.
C
.
W
e
i
,
R
.
A
y
o
p
,
K
.
Y
.
La
u
,
a
n
d
A
.
L.
B
u
k
a
r
,
“
A
R
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
S
mart
G
r
i
d
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
C
o
n
t
a
c
t
l
e
ss
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
t
o
G
r
i
d
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
a
n
d
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
J
I
AE)
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
–
2
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
1
6
6
2
/
j
i
a
e
.
v
1
i
1
.
8
.
[
1
1
]
A
.
K
u
r
s
,
A
.
K
a
r
a
l
i
s,
R
.
M
o
f
f
a
t
t
,
J.
D
.
J
o
a
n
n
o
p
o
u
l
o
s
,
P
.
F
i
s
h
e
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
o
l
j
a
č
i
ć
,
“
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
v
i
a
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
mag
n
e
t
i
c
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
s,”
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
7
,
n
o
.
5
8
3
4
,
p
p
.
8
3
–
8
6
,
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
2
6
/
sci
e
n
c
e
.
1
1
4
3
2
5
4
.
[
1
2
]
H
.
Li
a
n
d
M
.
F
u
,
“
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
u
p
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
o
f
H
i
g
h
-
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
R
a
d
i
a
t
e
d
E
M
I
i
n
I
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
S
y
st
e
m,”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
8
9
9
8
–
9
0
0
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TP
EL.
2
0
2
4
.
3
3
8
8
5
7
3
.
[
1
3
]
S
.
Li
a
n
d
C
.
C
.
M
i
,
“
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
f
o
r
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
I
EE
E
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Em
e
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
e
l
e
c
t
e
d
T
o
p
i
c
s
i
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
–
1
7
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
J
EST
P
E.
2
0
1
4
.
2
3
1
9
4
5
3
.
[
1
4
]
D
.
A
h
n
,
“
Tr
a
n
sm
i
t
t
e
r
C
o
i
l
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
t
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
S
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
0
2
9
–
5
0
4
1
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPEL
.
2
0
1
7
.
2
7
3
0
9
2
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
Op
timiz
a
tio
n
o
f res
o
n
a
n
t c
a
p
a
cita
n
ce
va
lu
es fo
r
h
ig
h
-
efficien
cy
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
S
h
a
w
w
a
l Mo
h
a
ma
d
R
a
w
i
)
343
[
1
5
]
S
.
V
i
q
a
r
,
A
.
A
h
ma
d
,
S
.
K
i
r
m
a
n
i
,
Y
.
R
a
f
a
t
,
M
.
R
.
H
u
ss
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
A
l
a
m,
“
M
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
,
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
h
a
r
d
w
a
r
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
mi
sa
l
i
g
n
me
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
mp
e
n
s
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
,
G
r
i
d
s
a
n
d
N
e
t
w
o
rks
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
se
g
a
n
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
1
2
8
5
.
[
1
6
]
T.
C
.
B
e
h
,
T.
I
mu
r
a
,
M
.
K
a
t
o
,
a
n
d
Y
.
H
o
r
i
,
“
B
a
si
c
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
i
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
ss
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
v
i
a
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
r
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
c
o
u
p
l
i
n
g
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
i
mp
e
d
a
n
c
e
ma
t
c
h
i
n
g
,
”
I
E
EE
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
p
p
.
2
0
1
1
–
2
0
1
6
,
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
S
I
E.
2
0
1
0
.
5
6
3
7
4
8
4
.
[
1
7
]
A
.
M
.
S
.
T
e
k
a
n
y
i
,
E
.
C
.
F
r
a
n
c
i
s
,
a
n
d
A
mi
n
u
M
u
h
a
mm
a
d
A
b
b
a
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
n
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
Tr
a
n
sf
e
r
a
n
d
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
S
y
st
e
m (5
0
0
M
h
z
–
9
0
0
M
h
z
)
,
”
Z
a
ri
a
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
1
8
]
M
.
K
.
H
a
mz
a
h
,
M
.
F
.
S
a
i
d
o
n
,
a
n
d
S
.
Z.
M
.
N
o
o
r
,
“
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
se
ma
t
r
i
x
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
u
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
b
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
l
y
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
u
n
i
t
y
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
,
”
i
n
2
0
0
6
1
s
t
I
EE
E
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
I
EA
.
2
0
0
6
.
2
5
7
1
8
9
.
[
1
9
]
R
.
B
a
h
a
r
o
m,
M
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
R
a
w
i
,
a
n
d
N
.
F
a
r
a
h
a
i
d
a
A
b
d
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
“
U
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
b
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
i
n
g
si
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
se
ma
t
r
i
x
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
PE
C
o
n
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
0
I
E
EE
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Po
w
e
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
,
p
p
.
1
9
–
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
P
E
C
o
n
4
8
9
4
2
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
3
1
4
5
2
8
.
[
2
0
]
M
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
ma
d
R
a
w
i
,
R
.
B
a
h
a
r
o
m
,
a
n
d
N
.
H
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
“
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
u
n
i
t
y
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
u
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
b
l
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
i
n
g
si
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
se
ma
t
r
i
x
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
PED
S
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
6
9
–
9
7
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
d
s.
v
1
3
.
i
2
.
p
p
9
6
9
-
9
6
7
.
[
2
1
]
M
.
S
.
M
.
R
a
w
i
,
R
.
B
a
h
a
r
o
m
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
M
.
R
a
d
z
i
,
“
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
U
n
i
n
t
e
r
r
u
p
t
i
b
l
e
W
i
r
e
l
e
ss
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
l
y
B
a
se
d
o
n
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
P
h
a
se
M
a
t
r
i
x
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
A
c
t
i
v
e
P
o
w
e
r
F
i
l
t
e
r
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
,
”
i
n
I
E
AC
o
n
2
0
2
3
-
2
0
2
3
I
EE
E
I
n
d
u
s
t
ri
a
l
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
7
–
1
6
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
EA
C
o
n
5
7
6
8
3
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
3
7
0
2
7
2
.
[
2
2
]
“
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r
S
i
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
C
S
T,
”
1
9
9
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
3
d
s
.
c
o
m/
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s/
s
i
mu
l
i
a
/
c
st
-
st
u
d
i
o
-
s
u
i
t
e
[
2
3
]
A
.
K
.
B
a
n
d
y
o
p
a
d
h
y
a
y
,
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
Mi
c
ro
w
a
v
e
S
t
ru
c
t
u
res
U
s
i
n
g
S
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
T
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
.
2
0
0
7
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
b
o
o
k
s.
g
o
o
g
l
e
.
c
o
.
i
d
/
b
o
o
k
s?
i
d
=
i
b
K
n
j
g
EA
C
A
A
J
[
2
4
]
M
.
S
.
A
r
a
n
i
,
R
.
S
h
a
h
i
d
i
,
a
n
d
L
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
A
S
t
a
t
e
-
of
-
t
h
e
-
A
r
t
S
u
r
v
e
y
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
D
e
s
i
g
n
:
A
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
-
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
P
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
,
”
I
EEE
O
p
e
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
n
t
e
n
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pro
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
7
–
1
0
9
4
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
O
JA
P
.
2
0
2
4
.
3
4
1
2
6
0
9
.
[
2
5
]
G
.
A
n
t
o
n
i
n
i
,
D
.
R
o
m
a
n
o
,
a
n
d
L
.
L
o
m
b
a
r
d
i
,
E
d
s.,
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c
s
f
o
r
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
.
M
D
P
I
,
2
0
2
3
.
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
b
o
o
k
s9
7
8
-
3
-
0
3
6
5
-
8
7
3
3
-
2.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Mu
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
h
a
ww
a
l
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
Ra
wi
is
a
p
o
st
g
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
e
n
t
in
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Co
l
leg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
,
M
a
la
y
sia
sin
c
e
2
0
2
0
.
He
is
a
se
n
io
r
a
ss
ist
a
n
t
d
irec
to
r
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
S
k
i
ll
s
De
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t,
M
in
istr
y
o
f
Hu
m
a
n
Re
so
u
rc
e
s.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
0
6
.
He
is
a
stu
d
e
n
t
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
a
lso
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
Bo
a
rd
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
r
s
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
m
o
t
o
r
d
riv
e
s,
in
d
u
s
tri
a
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
strial
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sw
a
h
n
o
ry
8
0
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ra
h
im
i
Ba
h
a
r
o
m
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsit
i
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
,
M
a
lay
sia
si
n
c
e
2
0
0
9
;
a
n
d
He
h
a
s b
e
e
n
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
tu
re
r
sin
c
e
2
0
1
4
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
an
M
.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
b
o
th
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
AR
A,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
2
0
0
8
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
;
a
n
d
a
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
lso
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
,
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
1
8
.
He
is
a
se
n
io
r
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
a
ls
o
a
c
o
rp
o
ra
te
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
Bo
a
rd
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rs
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
lay
sia
B
o
a
rd
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ists.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts in
c
lu
d
e
t
h
e
fiel
d
o
f
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
m
o
t
o
r
d
ri
v
e
s,
in
d
u
strial
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
strial
e
lec
tro
n
ics
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ra
h
imi6
5
7
9
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.