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with
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g
y
s
to
r
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s
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s
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s
(
E
SS
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[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Ph
o
to
v
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ltaic
(
PV)
,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
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an
d
b
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am
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g
y
[
3
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,
[
4
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.
PV
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s
[
5
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,
[
6
]
.
T
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f
r
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t
-
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d
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lls
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wh
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h
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[
7
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,
[
8
]
.
T
h
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DC
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eq
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r
ter
to
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ate
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r
t
h
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g
r
id
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
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m
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id
(
MG
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is
estab
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h
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to
c
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b
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E
SS
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d
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s
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s
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in
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co
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a
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d
s
af
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way
[
1
1
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,
[
1
2
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.
T
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b
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E
S
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B
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is
a
p
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im
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E
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S
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s
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le
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y
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
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.
Mo
v
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p
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t
tr
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k
in
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(
MPPT)
is
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x
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with
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I
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8
6
9
4
A
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h
w
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eq
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en
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p
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r
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r
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o
r
r
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[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Hy
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d
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f
o
s
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il
f
u
els
[
1
7
]
.
Als
o
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er
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ce
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s
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ce
n
t
r
al
g
r
id
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
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.
Nev
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les
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tiv
el
y
b
alan
ce
d
y
n
am
ic
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
le
n
atu
r
e
o
f
R
E
S
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
in
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
ab
u
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
m
u
lti
-
o
b
jectiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
a
n
E
MS.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
was
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
an
MG
n
etwo
r
k
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
s
m
o
o
th
p
o
we
r
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
tili
ze
d
lo
n
g
-
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
em
o
r
y
(
L
STM
)
to
p
r
ed
ict
PV
an
d
win
d
g
en
er
atio
n
v
al
u
es wh
ich
h
elp
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
a
n
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
e
f
o
r
g
r
id
p
o
wer
a
n
d
b
atter
y
u
s
ag
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
tr
ap
p
ed
in
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
ep
e
n
d
ed
o
n
ev
o
lv
in
g
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
elec
tio
n
,
m
u
tatio
n
,
an
d
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
wh
ich
d
id
n
o
t a
d
e
q
u
ate
ly
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
en
tire
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e.
Ma
s
’
u
d
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
lev
y
f
lig
h
t
q
u
asi
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
al
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
s
m
ell
ag
en
t
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
(
L
FQOB
L
-
SAO)
f
o
r
PV,
b
att
er
y
,
an
d
win
d
s
y
s
tem
s
.
An
in
itial
s
o
lu
tio
n
was
g
en
er
ated
r
an
d
o
m
ly
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
tem
s
d
ec
is
io
n
v
ar
iab
les
wh
ich
allo
ca
ted
an
in
itial
v
elo
cit
y
to
ev
er
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
itn
es
s
o
f
th
is
m
o
d
e
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
an
d
th
e
m
o
lecu
le
s
with
o
p
tim
al
n
o
m
in
ee
s
o
l
u
tio
n
wer
e
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
ag
en
t.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
L
FQOB
L
-
SA
O
b
ased
o
n
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
an
d
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
f
lig
h
t
p
atter
n
s
lim
ited
its
ab
ilit
y
to
q
u
ick
l
y
ad
ju
s
t
to
th
e
n
ew
o
r
f
lu
ct
u
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
ich
m
in
im
ized
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
d
y
n
am
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
B
o
u
alem
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
im
p
lem
en
ted
an
E
lm
an
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
(
E
NN)
f
o
r
a
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
PV
-
win
d
b
atter
y
s
y
s
t
em
.
T
h
e
s
tate
f
lo
w
(
SF
)
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
E
MS
to
ex
tr
ac
t
th
e
test
in
g
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
d
a
ta
f
o
r
th
e
E
NN
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
r
u
le
-
b
ased
SF
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
r
u
les'
co
m
p
lex
ity
in
in
tr
icate
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
with
f
ewe
r
ex
ec
u
tio
n
tim
es
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
ass
u
r
ed
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
s
m
ar
t
s
witch
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
es.
No
n
eth
eles
s
,
th
e
SF
s
tr
u
g
g
led
with
lim
ited
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
wh
en
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
test
in
g
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
f
o
r
E
NN
b
ec
au
s
e
it
was
b
ased
o
n
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
s
tate
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
an
d
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
r
u
les.
Aza
r
o
u
al
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
d
a
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
ed
ict
iv
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
MPC
)
f
o
r
E
MS
i
n
PV
,
wi
n
d
,
an
d
b
a
tte
r
y
.
T
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
w
as
a
cl
o
s
e
d
-
lo
o
p
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
to
v
a
r
i
at
io
n
s
o
f
R
E
S
a
n
d
p
r
e
v
en
te
d
b
a
tte
r
y
s
y
s
t
em
s
f
r
o
m
p
ass
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
d
e
e
p
d
is
c
h
a
r
g
e
.
T
h
e
MPC
en
h
an
ce
d
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
b
y
m
in
im
i
zi
n
g
t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
w
h
ic
h
a
v
o
i
d
ed
t
h
e
d
ee
p
b
at
te
r
y
d
r
a
in
.
Ne
v
e
r
t
h
el
ess
,
MPC
f
ac
e
d
s
t
r
u
g
g
les
wit
h
th
e
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
o
n
an
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ati
o
n
o
f
m
u
l
ti
p
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
ic
u
l
ty
i
n
p
r
e
d
ic
ti
n
g
an
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
d
y
n
am
ic
in
t
er
ac
t
io
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
w
h
ic
h
l
ed
t
o
m
is
m
atc
h
es
b
e
twe
en
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
U
lla
h
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
a
h
y
b
r
id
o
f
f
o
u
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
b
ase
d
o
n
f
u
z
zy
l
o
g
i
c,
a
r
ti
f
i
cia
l
n
eu
r
al
n
etw
o
r
k
(
ANN
)
,
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
al
i
n
te
g
r
al
d
e
r
i
v
at
iv
e,
a
n
d
s
li
d
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
le
r
(
S
MC)
f
o
r
E
MS
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
ar
p
o
we
r
m
ax
im
i
za
ti
o
n
is
s
u
e
w
as
s
o
lv
e
d
b
y
u
tili
zi
n
g
MPPT
i
n
a
n
ANN
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
N
o
n
et
h
e
less
,
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
ac
ed
c
h
all
en
g
es
in
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
s
ea
m
l
ess
i
n
t
e
g
r
ati
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
ati
o
n
b
e
twe
e
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
t
r
a
te
g
ie
s
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
i
n
ea
ch
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
te
g
y
w
h
ic
h
r
es
u
lt
ed
i
n
in
ef
f
i
cie
n
cies
.
I
n
th
e
o
v
e
r
a
ll
a
n
a
ly
s
is
,
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
r
e
s
ee
n
t
o
h
a
v
e
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
in
g
l
im
i
tat
io
n
s
:
g
etti
n
g
s
t
u
c
k
i
n
t
h
e
l
o
c
al
o
p
ti
m
a
,
s
tr
u
g
g
li
n
g
t
o
a
d
a
p
t
to
n
ew
o
r
f
l
u
c
tu
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
i
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
y
i
n
p
r
ed
icti
n
g
a
n
d
m
o
d
eli
n
g
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
i
n
te
r
ac
ti
o
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
s
o
l
v
e
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
t
h
e
ADBO
-
APO
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
r
e
e
s
o
u
r
c
es
w
h
i
ch
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
b
at
ter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
PV,
a
n
d
wi
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
f
o
r
E
M
S
w
h
ic
h
f
ac
i
lit
ate
d
a
n
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
v
er
all
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
t
ab
ili
ty
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
as f
o
l
lo
ws:
-
I
n
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
DB
O,
a
T
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
ad
d
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tles
f
o
r
ag
in
g
s
tag
e.
ADBO
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
b
alan
ce
s
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
a
d
ju
s
tin
g
t
o
th
e
ch
a
n
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
ich
e
n
s
u
r
es
o
p
ti
m
al
s
witch
in
g
b
etwe
en
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
.
-
T
h
e
APO
en
h
an
ce
s
E
MS
b
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
lev
els
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
o
wer
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
w
h
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
iab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
-
I
n
E
MS,
a
b
i
d
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
e
n
ab
le
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
e
r
g
y
f
lo
w
in
b
o
t
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
allo
ws s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
r
etr
iev
al
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
s
t
o
r
ag
e
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
p
o
r
tio
n
is
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
ed
as:
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ile
s
ec
tio
n
3
illu
s
tr
ates
an
ad
ap
tiv
e
T
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tle
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
i
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
,
a
n
d
f
i
n
ally
,
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
is
g
iv
en
in
s
ec
tio
n
5.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
ADBO
-
APO
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
E
MS
wh
ich
c
o
n
tain
s
two
R
E
S o
f
PV a
n
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
an
d
1
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
b
atter
y
.
A
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
u
s
ed
to
allo
w
f
o
r
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
in
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
An
ad
a
p
tiv
e
t
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
b
alan
ce
ex
p
l
o
itatio
n
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
ati
o
n
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
25
:
546
-
554
548
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
2
.
1
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
An
MG
is
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
lo
a
d
s
th
at
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
a
s
in
g
le
en
tity
ass
o
ciate
d
with
a
g
r
id
.
Po
wer
co
n
v
er
te
r
s
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
MG
to
in
teg
r
ate
r
e
n
ewa
b
les
in
to
th
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
u
ch
as
a
b
atter
y
is
lin
k
ed
t
o
a
DC
b
u
s
v
ia
a
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le,
w
in
d
t
u
r
b
in
e,
an
d
b
atter
y
ar
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
1
.
P
V
m
o
du
le
A
PV
[
2
0
]
m
o
d
u
le
is
a
p
r
im
a
r
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
i
n
E
MS
t
h
at
co
n
v
er
ts
s
u
n
lig
h
t
in
to
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
o
f
PV
g
en
er
atio
n
d
if
f
er
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ete
o
r
o
lo
g
ical
v
ar
ia
b
les
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
.
A
s
o
lar
PV
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
is
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
wh
er
e
(
)
an
d
(
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
PV’
s
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
an
d
r
ated
ca
p
ac
i
ty
in
,
(
)
an
d
in
d
icate
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
at
PV
p
an
els
(
2
)
,
an
d
d
en
o
tes th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
(
)
=
∗
(
(
)
)
∗
(
)
∗
/
(
1
)
2
.
1
.
2
.
Wind
t
urbin
e
I
n
an
E
MS,
a
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
[
2
0
]
co
n
v
er
ts
k
in
etic
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
in
to
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
.
I
t a
s
s
is
ts
in
in
teg
r
atin
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
ic
h
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
a
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
am
o
u
n
t o
f
en
er
g
y
is
d
etec
ted
b
y
tu
r
b
in
e
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
win
d
w
h
ich
is
ca
lcu
lated
in
(
2
)
wh
er
e,
in
d
icate
s
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e’
s
p
o
wer
co
ef
f
icien
t,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
b
lad
es,
an
d
d
eter
m
in
es th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
(
)
=
1
2
3
2
(
2
)
2
.
1
.
3
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
I
n
an
E
MS,
a
b
atter
y
[
2
0
]
s
to
r
es
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
later
u
s
e
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
b
ac
k
u
p
p
o
wer
an
d
b
alan
ce
s
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
I
t
h
elp
s
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
ici
en
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
is
ex
h
i
b
ited
as
an
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
with
a
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
s
er
ies
b
y
an
in
te
r
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
wh
ich
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
i
n
(
3
)
.
=
−
.
(
3
)
W
h
er
e,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
in
ter
n
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
ter
m
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
(
)
,
an
d
d
eter
m
in
es
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
(
Ω
)
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
’
s
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
is
co
m
p
u
ted
in
(
4
)
.
T
h
e
(
0
)
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
itial b
atter
y
SOC
(
%)
an
d
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
n
o
m
in
al
ca
p
ac
i
ty
(
ℎ
)
.
T
ab
le
1
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
R
E
S
with
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
(
)
=
(
0
)
=
1
∫
(
)
1
0
(
4
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tle
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
a
g
ile
p
ertu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
erve
tech
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
en
erg
y
…
(
S
h
w
eta
S
e
n
g
a
r
)
549
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
R
E
S with
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
PV
N
o
mi
n
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
3
0
0
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
5
.
6
8
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
5
.
6
8
S
h
o
r
t
-
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
6
.
0
5
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
4
9
.
5
8
W
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
S
t
a
t
o
r
r
e
s
i
st
a
n
c
e
5
.
7
Ω
I
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
c
e
a
r
m
a
t
u
r
e
0
.
1
4
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
p
o
l
e
s
4
I
n
e
r
t
i
a
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
N
o
mi
n
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
2
.
4
ℎ
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
0
.
8
M
o
d
e
l
Le
a
d
a
c
i
d
N
o
mi
n
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
12
2
.
2
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
b
idi
re
ct
io
na
l D
C
-
DC
co
nv
er
t
er
I
t
is
an
E
MS
th
at
allo
ws
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w
in
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
wh
ich
en
a
b
les
th
e
s
to
r
ag
e
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
r
etr
iev
al
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ices.
T
h
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
d
y
n
a
m
ic
en
er
g
y
b
alan
cin
g
wh
ich
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
tim
izes
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
R
E
S
.
A
tr
ial
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
o
wer
test
s
o
u
r
ce
co
n
tain
s
3
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
s
:
R
E
S
(
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
a
n
d
PV)
,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
b
atter
y
an
d
s
u
p
er
-
ca
p
ac
ito
r
-
b
a
s
ed
E
SS
(
SC
-
E
S
S),
lo
ad
,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
we
r
el
ec
tr
o
n
ics
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
A
s
witch
o
v
er
th
e
SC
,
PV,
an
d
b
atter
y
ar
e
1
,
2
,
1
,
1
,
an
d
2
u
s
ed
to
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
witch
es
tu
r
n
ON
an
d
OFF
ar
e
u
s
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
lo
ad
an
d
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
o
ac
tiv
ate
th
e
u
n
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w,
th
e
1
,
2
,
1
,
2
,
an
d
1
ar
e
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices a
s
s
o
ciate
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
witch
es.
2
.
2
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
DC
-
DC
bid
irec
t
io
na
l c
o
nv
er
t
er
A
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
is
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
et
-
u
p
to
in
ter
f
ac
e
with
t
h
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
SC
to
MG
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
is
a
lo
n
g
-
tim
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
,
a
h
ig
h
-
en
e
r
g
y
m
o
d
el
b
y
h
i
g
h
d
en
s
ity
an
d
s
lo
w
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
SC
is
a
h
i
g
h
-
p
o
wer
d
ev
ice
with
r
a
p
id
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
h
ig
h
-
en
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
a
b
ilit
ies.
I
n
a
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
y
s
tem
,
a
b
u
c
k
/b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
is
u
s
ed
.
B
o
th
b
atter
y
an
d
SC
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
lo
w
co
n
v
er
ter
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
at
1
,
2
,
1
,
an
d
2
ar
e
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cles
o
f
1
,
2
,
1
,
an
d
2
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ac
ts
as
a
b
u
ck
co
n
v
e
r
ter
an
d
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
p
ass
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
b
u
s
to
s
to
r
ag
e
u
n
its
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
DC
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
SC
an
d
b
at
ter
y
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
in
(
5
)
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
SC
o
r
b
atter
y
to
DC
b
u
s
with
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
,
as e
x
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
6
)
.
=
2
an
d
=
2
(
5
)
=
1
1
−
1
an
d
=
1
1
−
1
(
6
)
2
.
2
.
2
.
P
I
c
o
ntr
o
ller
a
nd
SO
C
E
SS
T
h
is
co
n
v
e
r
ter
o
p
er
ates
in
t
wo
m
o
d
es:
b
u
ck
an
d
b
o
o
s
t
.
I
n
th
e
b
u
c
k
m
o
d
e,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
r
elativ
e
to
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ile
in
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e,
wh
i
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
r
elativ
e
to
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
m
o
d
e
o
b
tain
s
th
e
f
in
al
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ich
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
en
d
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
am
eter
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
b
atter
y
s
tate
is
SOC
w
h
ich
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
(
7
)
.
W
h
er
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
in
d
icate
s
b
atter
y
ca
p
a
city
.
B
ased
o
n
SOC
,
d
em
an
d
a
n
d
b
atter
y
p
o
we
r
av
ailab
ilit
y
ar
e
to
b
e
c
h
ar
g
e
-
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
’
s
en
e
r
g
y
l
im
itatio
n
s
ar
e
r
eso
lu
te
b
ased
o
n
SOC
lim
its
wh
ich
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
(
8
)
.
T
h
e
an
d
in
d
icate
s
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
an
d
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
=
100
[
1
+
(
]
(
7
)
≤
≤
(
8
)
3.
ADAP
T
I
VE
T
-
DIS
T
R
I
B
U
T
I
O
N
DUNG
B
E
E
T
L
E
O
P
T
I
M
I
Z
AT
I
O
N
(
ADBO)
An
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
E
MS
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
2
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
R
E
S
an
d
1
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
a
r
e
th
e
two
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
R
E
S
an
d
a
s
to
r
ag
e
d
ev
ice
is
a
b
atter
y
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
th
e
win
d
an
d
PV
m
o
d
u
le.
DB
O
[
2
5
]
is
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
th
at
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
i
n
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
s
tealin
g
,
b
all
-
r
o
llin
g
,
f
o
r
a
g
in
g
,
d
an
cin
g
,
an
d
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tle
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
20
25
:
546
-
554
550
3
.
1
.
B
a
ll
-
ro
llin
g
du
ng
beet
le
Du
n
g
b
ee
tles
n
av
ig
ate
v
ia
ce
le
s
tial
cu
es
d
u
r
in
g
a
r
o
llin
g
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
e
t
o
m
ain
tai
n
th
e
r
o
llin
g
o
f
th
e
d
u
n
g
b
all
in
a
s
tr
aig
h
t
lin
e.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
b
all
-
r
o
llin
g
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tle
p
o
s
itio
n
is
r
eo
r
g
an
ized
w
h
ich
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
(
9
)
an
d
(
1
0
)
.
T
h
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
r
esen
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
,
(
)
d
e
ter
m
in
es
p
o
s
itio
n
d
ata
o
f
ℎ
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tle
a
t
ℎ
iter
atio
n
,
d
en
o
tes
c
o
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
n
atu
r
al
co
ef
f
i
cien
t,
d
ep
icts
th
e
g
lo
b
al
wo
r
s
t
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
∆
in
d
icate
s
lig
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
.
Du
n
g
b
ee
tle’
s
b
all
-
r
o
llin
g
p
o
s
itio
n
is
r
estru
ctu
r
ed
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
(
1
1
)
.
W
h
er
e
[
0
,
]
in
d
icate
s
th
e
d
ef
lectio
n
an
g
le.
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
×
×
(
−
1
)
+
×
∆
(
1
0
)
∆
=
|
(
)
−
|
(
1
1
)
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
+
ta
n
(
)
|
(
)
−
(
−
1
)
|
(
1
2
)
3
.
2
.
B
ro
o
d ba
ll
Selectin
g
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
p
awn
in
g
s
ite
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tles
to
o
f
f
er
a
s
af
e
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
th
eir
o
f
f
s
p
r
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
b
o
u
n
d
a
r
y
s
elec
tio
n
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
in
DB
O
to
p
r
eten
d
f
em
ale
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tles
ar
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
in
(
1
3
)
.
T
h
e
∗
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
r
esen
t
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
u
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
∗
an
d
∗
d
en
o
tes
th
e
u
p
p
er
a
n
d
lo
w
er
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
p
aw
n
in
g
a
r
ea
,
=
1
−
,
in
d
icate
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
,
an
d
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
u
p
p
er
a
n
d
lo
wer
b
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
.
A
s
p
awn
i
n
g
ar
ea
’
s
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
r
a
n
g
e
is
d
y
n
a
m
ically
ch
an
g
e
d
with
v
alu
es
.
H
en
ce
,
th
e
eg
g
b
all
p
o
s
itio
n
also
ch
an
g
es
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
iter
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
wh
ich
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
(
1
4
)
.
(
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
ℎ
s
p
h
er
e
p
o
s
itio
n
at
ℎ
iter
atio
n
,
1
an
d
2
s
ig
n
if
y
two
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t r
an
d
o
m
v
ec
to
r
s
.
∗
=
ma
x
(
∗
×
(
1
−
)
,
)
∗
=
min
(
∗
×
(
1
−
)
,
)
(
1
3
)
(
+
1
)
=
∗
+
1
×
(
(
)
−
∗
)
+
2
×
(
(
)
−
∗
(
1
4
)
3
.
3
.
S
m
a
ll
du
ng
beet
le
W
h
ile
th
e
s
m
all
b
ee
tles
m
atu
r
e
with
in
t
h
e
b
r
o
o
d
b
alls
,
th
e
y
ev
e
n
tu
ally
e
m
er
g
e
to
s
ea
r
c
h
f
o
r
f
o
o
d
.
Hen
ce
,
it
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
f
o
r
ag
in
g
ar
ea
to
g
u
id
e
th
em
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
o
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
p
ac
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
s
m
all
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tle
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
s
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
ad
a
p
tiv
e
t
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
b
alan
ce
ex
p
lo
itatio
n
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
wh
ic
h
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tles
f
o
r
a
g
in
g
s
tag
e.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
eq
u
ip
s
DB
O
wi
th
an
en
h
an
ce
d
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
g
lo
b
a
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
iti
al
iter
atio
n
s
wh
ich
is
in
d
icate
d
in
(
1
5
)
an
d
(
1
6
)
.
=
+
(
)
.
(
1
5
)
=
1
/
e
xp
(
−
4
×
(
/
)
2
)
(
1
6
)
W
h
er
e,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
v
ec
to
r
,
in
d
icate
s
a
g
lo
b
al
b
e
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
iter
atio
n
s
tag
e,
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
t
-
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
ar
am
eter
,
(
)
d
en
o
tes
a
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
p
r
esen
ted
f
r
o
m
a
d
ap
tiv
e
t
-
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
t
h
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
ab
ilit
ies wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
its
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
r
ate
an
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es b
o
th
its
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
in
s
o
l
v
in
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
is
s
u
es.
3
.
4
.
T
hief
du
ng
beet
le
lo
ca
t
i
o
n upd
a
t
e
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
g
l
o
b
al
o
p
tim
u
m
ac
ts
as
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tar
g
et
f
o
r
th
ef
t,
th
e
u
p
d
ated
p
o
s
itio
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
th
ief
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tles
is
f
o
r
m
u
late
d
in
(
1
7
)
.
T
h
e
(
)
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ℎ
th
ief
at
iter
atio
n
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
r
an
d
o
m
v
ec
t
o
r
th
at
f
o
llo
ws
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
d
en
o
tes
d
im
en
s
io
n
ality
is
s
u
es
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
v
alu
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
ADBO
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
E
MS
v
ia
its
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
r
o
llin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
wh
ich
m
im
ics
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
as
well
as
r
es
o
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
in
co
m
p
lex
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
lo
wch
a
r
t f
o
r
ADBO.
(
+
1
)
=
+
×
×
(
|
(
)
−
∗
|
+
|
(
)
−
|
)
(
1
7
)
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
ts
with
in
itializin
g
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
p
o
p
u
latio
n
wh
ile
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
f
itn
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
A
DB
O
u
p
d
ates th
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
u
s
h
in
g
d
u
n
g
b
ee
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ated
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ates
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
d
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ith
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
wch
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t
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ADB
O
3
.
5
.
Ada
ptiv
e
pert
urb a
nd
o
bs
er
v
e
(
AP
&O
)
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
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tili
ze
s
AP&
O
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
MPPT
in
v
ar
io
u
s
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th
er
co
n
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itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ap
p
lied
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m
a
n
ag
e
a
d
u
ty
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c
y
cle
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
tep
s
ize
wh
ich
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esu
lts
in
f
aster
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n
v
er
g
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ce
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
.
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h
y
p
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s
e
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th
o
f
e
v
er
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i
an
g
le
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m
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u
ted
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
Py
th
ag
o
r
as
th
eo
r
em
wh
ich
i
s
co
m
p
u
ted
in
(
1
8
)
.
T
h
is
th
eo
r
em
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d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
f
in
d
th
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a
d
ap
tiv
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∆
at
ℎ
p
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tu
r
b
a
tio
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is
co
m
p
u
ted
in
(
1
9
)
.
ℎ
ℎ
=
√
2
+
2
(
1
8
)
∆
(
)
=
∆
+
(
)
(
1
9
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W
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e,
∆
r
ep
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e
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alu
e
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,
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icate
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)
d
en
o
tes
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atio
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o
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g
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s
e
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o
r
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tr
ian
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)
h
y
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s
e
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g
th
o
f
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tr
ian
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le
(
)
wh
ich
is
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o
r
m
u
lated
in
(
2
0
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.
a
n
d
in
d
icate
s
PV
v
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ltag
e
a
n
d
m
ax
im
u
m
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i
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t,
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d
r
ep
r
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ts
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e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
PV
p
an
el
at
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
p
e
r
tu
r
b
atio
n
in
s
tan
t.
Usi
n
g
AP&
O
in
E
MS
en
ab
les
d
y
n
am
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
o
f
d
u
ty
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cy
cle
p
er
tu
r
b
atio
n
s
tep
s
izes
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ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
o
p
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atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
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ile
v
ar
y
in
g
lo
ad
s
an
d
en
v
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o
n
m
e
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tal
f
ac
to
r
s
.
(
)
=
=
√
2
+
2
√
2
+
2
(
2
0
)
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
r
ep
r
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ts
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e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
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o
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e
p
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o
p
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ed
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A
PO
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e
s
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lis
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th
e
E
MS
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
o
o
b
tain
th
e
r
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,
MA
T
L
AB
R
2
0
2
0
a
is
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s
ed
with
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4
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R
AM
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o
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e
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atin
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y
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tem
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I
n
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s
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r
.
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h
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
p
ar
am
et
er
s
o
f
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APO
ar
e:
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p
er
atu
r
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o
f
3
5
°
C
,
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ase
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s
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ee
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/s
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SOC
o
f
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a
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atter
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r
esp
o
n
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e
tim
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o
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s
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ir
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iatio
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o
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1
0
0
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2
)
.
4
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
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na
ly
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is
Fig
u
r
e
3
in
d
icate
s
a
p
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f
o
r
m
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aly
s
is
o
f
s
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lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
f
o
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th
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r
o
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ed
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h
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iatio
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s
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ief
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n
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e
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
16
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
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20
25
:
546
-
554
552
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u
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4
d
e
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al
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o
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ee
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eth
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d
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h
is
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
ws
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e
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ar
iatio
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s
p
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n
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ter
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e
s
p
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n
d
1
3
m
/s
wh
ich
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em
ain
s
co
n
s
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t
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.
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s
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o
n
d
s
,
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en
d
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p
s
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/s
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n
d
s
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s
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0
.
6
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Af
ter
0
.
6
s
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n
d
s
,
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
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d
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
a
p
id
ly
to
1
5
m
/s
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
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d
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
in
ter
v
al.
Fig
u
r
e
5
d
ep
icts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ex
is
t
in
g
DB
O’
s
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
,
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
b
atter
y
wit
h
o
u
t
E
MS.
T
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
s
h
o
ws
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ea
k
s
ar
o
u
n
d
m
i
d
-
d
a
y
an
d
a
f
ter
n
o
o
n
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
PV
p
o
we
r
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
p
ea
k
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
d
ay
lig
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ADBO
-
APO’
s
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
,
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
b
atter
y
with
E
MS.
T
h
e
E
MS
en
s
u
r
es
a
s
tab
le
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
h
an
d
lin
g
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wh
ich
m
ain
tain
s
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t lo
ad
with
m
in
im
al
d
ev
i
atio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
PV
p
o
wer
.
T
h
e
b
lu
e
lin
e
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
DB
O
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
ile
th
e
o
r
a
n
g
e
lin
e
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
AD
B
O
-
APO
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
ws
a
s
m
o
o
th
er
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d
h
ig
h
er
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
w
h
ich
e
n
h
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ce
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
with
b
etter
u
tili
za
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n
o
f
s
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n
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h
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th
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u
g
h
o
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t t
h
e
d
ay
.
T
ab
le
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates a
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er
f
o
r
m
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ce
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aly
s
is
o
f
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
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ic
d
is
to
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tio
n
(
T
HD)
.
W
h
en
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
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is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
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t
co
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n
y
o
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izatio
n
-
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(
AC
O
-
APO)
,
b
u
tter
f
ly
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
-
APO
(
B
OA
-
APO)
,
an
d
DB
O
-
APO,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ADBO
-
APO
ac
h
iev
es
a
b
etter
T
HD
o
f
0
.
6
5
%.
Du
e
to
t
h
is
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
in
v
a
r
y
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
o
p
tim
izes th
e
s
y
s
tem
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
o
f
win
d
s
p
ee
d
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
E
x
is
tin
g
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
,
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
b
atter
y
with
o
u
t E
MS
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
ADBO
-
APO’
s
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
,
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
b
atter
y
with
E
MS
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
PV p
o
wer
T
ab
le
2
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
aly
s
is
o
f
T
HD
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
TH
D
(
%)
A
C
O
-
A
P
O
4
.
1
2
B
O
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P
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3
.
7
6
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2
.
4
3
P
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p
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se
d
A
D
B
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-
A
P
O
0
.
6
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Po
w
E
lec
&
Dr
i Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
6
9
4
A
d
a
p
tive
d
u
n
g
b
ee
tle
o
p
timiz
a
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
a
g
ile
p
ertu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
s
erve
tech
n
iq
u
e
fo
r
en
erg
y
…
(
S
h
w
eta
S
e
n
g
a
r
)
553
4
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
ra
t
iv
e
a
na
ly
s
is
T
ab
les
3
an
d
4
in
d
icate
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
with
th
e
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
L
FQOB
L
-
SAO.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
1
8
]
an
d
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
DB
O
-
APO
ac
h
iev
es
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
[
1
9
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
at
tain
s
a
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
a
v
er
ag
e
in
d
e
x
o
f
1
.
2598
×
10
4
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
E
MS
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
tim
al
s
witch
in
g
am
o
n
g
b
atter
y
,
PV
,
an
d
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
T
ab
le
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
with
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
G
r
i
d
P
u
r
c
h
a
se
c
o
st
(
R
s)
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
t
i
o
n
c
o
st
(
R
s)
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
–
1
0
0
0
,
2
7
3
.
5
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
r
a
t
i
n
g
-
5
0
0
ℎ
,
7
0
0
W
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
–
1
5
0
0
,
5
7
5
G
e
n
e
t
i
c
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m [
1
8
]
1
.
61
×
10
7
1
.
55
×
10
12
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
A
D
B
O
-
A
P
O
1
.
27
×
10
7
1
.
04
×
10
12
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
with
L
FQOB
L
-
SAO
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
I
n
d
e
x
B
e
st
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
P
V
m
o
d
u
l
e
–
$
2
4
0
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
–
2
.
4
ℎ
W
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
i
n
e
–
$
1
2
5
0
LFQ
O
B
L
-
S
A
O
[
1
9
]
1
.
5100
×
10
4
1
.
5274
×
10
4
1
.
2862
×
10
−
11
P
r
o
p
o
se
d
A
D
B
O
-
A
P
O
1
.
2423
×
10
4
1
.
2598
×
10
4
1
.
1768
×
10
−
11
4
.
3
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ADBO
-
APO
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
t
h
e
d
is
a
d
v
a
n
t
ag
es
o
f
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ar
e
p
r
es
en
te
d
i
n
t
h
is
s
e
cti
o
n
.
T
h
e
d
is
ad
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
is
n
o
t
ed
as
f
o
l
lo
ws:
T
h
e
[
1
8
]
was
tr
ap
p
ed
i
n
lo
c
al
o
p
ti
m
a
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
i
ts
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
c
e
o
n
t
h
e
ev
o
l
v
i
n
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
s
el
e
cti
o
n
,
m
u
t
ati
o
n
,
a
n
d
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
i
n
[
1
9
]
w
as
b
ase
d
o
n
h
is
to
r
i
ca
l
d
a
ta
an
d
p
r
e
d
e
f
i
n
e
d
f
li
g
h
t
p
at
te
r
n
s
a
n
d
[
2
1
]
f
a
ce
s
s
t
r
u
g
g
les
wit
h
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
ati
o
n
an
d
c
o
o
r
d
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
m
u
lti
p
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
ADBO
-
AP
O
o
v
er
c
o
m
es
t
h
ese
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
lim
ita
ti
o
n
s
.
ADBO
e
n
h
a
n
c
es
t
h
e
ef
f
i
ci
en
c
y
o
f
E
MS
b
y
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
o
p
t
im
al
s
wi
tc
h
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
b
at
te
r
y
a
n
d
wi
n
d
t
u
r
b
in
es.
T
h
e
APO
in
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
s
ta
b
il
it
y
o
f
p
o
w
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
PV
/wi
n
d
/
b
at
te
r
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
o
ad
j
u
s
t
t
h
e
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
witc
h
i
n
g
wh
ic
h
en
s
u
r
es
o
p
tim
al
p
o
we
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
ADBO
-
APO
to
estab
lis
h
an
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
E
MS
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
PV,
win
d
,
an
d
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
ADBO
-
AP
O
lev
er
ag
es
its
ad
a
p
tiv
e
an
d
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
b
ala
n
cin
g
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
i
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
AD
B
O
-
APO
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
b
u
t
also
o
p
tim
izes
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
p
o
wer
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
v
e
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ADBO
-
APO
in
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
L
FQOB
L
-
S
AO
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
u
p
er
i
o
r
av
er
a
g
e
in
d
e
x
o
f
1
.
2598
×
10
4
.
T
h
ese
o
u
tc
o
m
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
cla
im
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
wh
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
E
MS
f
i
eld
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
will
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
with
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
M
.
I
q
b
a
l
,
S
.
K
u
mar,
C
.
L
a
l
,
a
n
d
C
.
K
u
mar,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
a
s
mal
l
-
sc
a
l
e
mi
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
4
3
0
6
7
-
0
2
2
-
0
0
0
4
6
-
1.
[
2
]
G
.
A
n
u
s
h
a
,
K
.
A
r
o
r
a
,
H
.
S
h
a
r
ma
,
S
.
P
.
T
h
o
t
a
,
G
.
P
.
Jo
sh
i
,
a
n
d
W
.
C
h
o
,
“
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
o
f
1
5
-
l
e
v
e
l
mo
d
i
f
i
e
d
c
a
sca
d
e
d
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
M
LI
w
i
t
h
s
o
l
a
r
P
V
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
sy
st
e
m,”
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
2
–
2
6
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
4
.
0
6
.
0
0
3
.
[
3
]
E.
H
o
ssei
n
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
O
p
t
i
m
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
p
l
a
n
t
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
4
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
3
0
7
6
5
.
[
4
]
O
.
C
e
y
l
a
n
,
M
.
N
e
s
h
a
t
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
i
r
j
a
l
i
l
i
,
“
C
a
sca
d
e
d
H
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
g
r
e
y
w
o
l
f
o
p
t
i
mi
z
e
r
w
i
t
h
l
o
c
a
l
sea
r
c
h
,
”
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
6
5
–
1
7
7
9
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s0
0
2
0
2
-
0
2
1
-
0
1
4
4
1
-
z.
[
5
]
P
.
H
o
r
r
i
l
l
o
-
Q
u
i
n
t
e
r
o
,
P
.
G
a
r
c
í
a
-
Tr
i
v
i
ñ
o
,
R
.
S
a
r
r
i
a
s
-
M
e
n
a
,
C
.
A
.
G
a
r
c
í
a
-
V
á
z
q
u
e
z
,
a
n
d
L
.
M
.
F
e
r
n
á
n
d
e
z
-
R
a
mí
r
e
z
,
“
F
a
u
l
t
-
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
a
m
i
c
r
o
g
r
i
d
w
i
t
h
P
V
s
y
st
e
ms
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
st
o
r
a
g
e
s
y
st
e
ms
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
q
u
a
si
-
Z
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
c
a
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