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[
5
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Hig
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[
9
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T
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ch
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[
1
0
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E
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u
ctio
n
waste
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
is
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
th
an
r
ec
y
clin
g
waste
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t is
less
[
1
2
]
.
W
aste
g
en
er
atio
n
is
esti
m
ated
at
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
b
illi
o
n
to
n
s
p
er
y
ea
r
o
r
a
r
o
u
n
d
4
.
5
tr
illi
o
n
p
o
u
n
d
s
p
er
y
ea
r
,
an
d
it is
esti
m
ated
th
at
th
is
f
ig
u
r
e
will c
o
n
tin
u
e
to
in
cr
e
ase.
Glo
b
al
waste
i
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
ea
ch
3
.
4
b
illi
o
n
to
n
n
es
b
y
2
0
5
0
.
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
Fo
r
estry
(
KL
HK)
r
elea
s
ed
d
ata
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
waste
g
en
er
ated
,
wh
er
e
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
ar
o
u
n
d
3
7
.
3
%
o
f
waste
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
th
er
e
is
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
8
%
e
v
er
y
y
ea
r
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
(
in
co
m
e,
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
s
tatu
s
)
in
f
lu
en
ce
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
w
aste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
[
1
3
]
.
Ma
n
y
d
is
ea
s
es
ar
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
ese
b
io
lo
g
ical
v
ec
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
ia
r
r
h
ea
,
d
y
s
en
ter
y
,
d
ig
esti
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
wo
r
m
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
f
o
o
d
p
o
is
o
n
in
g
,
d
en
g
u
e
f
ev
e
r
,
ch
o
ler
a,
le
p
to
s
p
ir
o
s
is
an
d
b
ac
t
er
ial
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
;
ir
r
itatio
n
o
f
s
k
in
,
n
o
s
e
a
n
d
e
y
es;
as
well
as
r
e
s
p
ir
ato
r
y
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
waste
g
en
er
atio
n
s
p
r
ea
d
ac
r
o
s
s
2
9
6
d
is
tr
icts
/citie
s
is
est
im
ate
d
at
ar
o
u
n
d
3
4
.
5
m
illi
o
n
to
n
n
es/y
ea
r
,
wi
th
m
an
a
g
ed
waste
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
5
6
.
4
4
%
o
r
1
9
.
5
m
illi
o
n
to
n
n
es/y
ea
r
a
n
d
u
n
m
an
a
g
ed
waste
o
r
1
5
.
1
m
il
lio
n
to
n
n
es/d
ay
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
waste,
it
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
3
9
.
9
%
f
o
o
d
waste,
1
7
.
1
% p
last
ic,
1
3
.
8
% wo
o
d
/b
r
an
/leav
es,
1
2
.
2
% p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
d
is
p
o
s
in
g
o
f
waste
th
at
is
n
o
t d
is
p
o
s
ed
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
ly
a
n
d
with
o
u
t
a
p
r
i
o
r
s
o
r
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
it
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
to
in
s
til
l
waste
d
i
s
p
o
s
al
b
eh
av
io
r
in
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
i
n
th
e
waste
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
in
C
h
in
a
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
an
illu
s
tr
atio
n
th
at
p
eo
p
le'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
in
d
is
p
o
s
in
g
o
f
waste
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
1
6
]
.
B
eh
av
io
r
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
t
h
e
r
e
ar
e
5
ty
p
es
o
f
h
o
u
s
eh
o
l
d
waste,
n
am
ely
c
o
m
p
o
s
tin
g
,
an
ae
r
o
b
i
c
d
ig
esti
o
n
,
b
u
r
n
in
g
,
as p
et
f
o
o
d
,
an
d
ca
n
also
b
e
th
r
o
wn
in
t
o
t
h
e
tr
ash
[
1
7
]
.
A
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
r
elate
d
to
w
aste
d
is
p
o
s
al
b
eh
av
io
r
th
at
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia
in
v
o
lv
in
g
3
00
r
esear
ch
s
am
p
les
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
o
n
ly
1
4
3
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
4
7
.
7
%)
d
is
p
o
s
ed
o
f
waste
in
th
e
r
ig
h
t
p
lace
an
d
s
o
r
ted
it
f
ir
s
t,
wh
ile
1
5
7
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
5
2
.
3
%)
d
id
n
o
t
s
o
r
t
it).
Peo
p
le
wh
o
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
awa
r
en
ess
ar
e
7
4
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
7
4
%).
Peo
p
le
wh
o
(
r
ec
y
cle)
1
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
5
%)
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
th
e
r
ec
y
clin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
r
ec
y
cle
)
2
8
5
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
9
5
%).
T
h
e
5
3
.
3
%
o
f
p
eo
p
le
r
ec
y
cle
b
ased
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
awa
r
en
ess
.
T
h
er
e
wer
e
2
7
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
9
%)
wh
o
co
m
p
o
s
te
d
,
wh
ile
2
7
3
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
(
9
1
%)
d
id
n
o
t
co
m
p
o
s
t.
Facto
r
s
in
clu
d
e
cu
ltu
r
e,
lack
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
o
r
h
a
b
its
.
Fo
r
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
ar
t,
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
h
ig
h
b
u
t
n
il
in
p
r
ac
tice
[
1
8
]
.
Sev
e
r
al
r
e
ce
n
t
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
g
am
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
with
th
e
b
lack
b
o
x
m
eth
o
d
o
n
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
with
th
e
An
d
r
o
i
d
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
o
o
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
ch
ild
r
e
n
(
E
ar
ly
C
h
ild
h
o
o
d
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
)
[
1
9
]
.
W
aste
s
o
r
tin
g
g
am
es
ar
e
v
er
y
u
s
er
f
r
ien
d
l
y
to
u
s
e
o
n
c
h
ild
r
en
an
d
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
an
an
d
r
o
in
d
p
latf
o
r
m
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
m
e
d
ia
[
2
0
]
.
Ga
m
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
g
am
if
icatio
n
in
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
1
]
.
Oth
er
g
am
es
s
u
ch
as T
r
ash
Her
o
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l c
h
ild
r
e
n
,
esp
ec
ially
r
e
lated
to
h
o
w
to
s
o
r
t
waste,
h
o
w
to
r
ec
y
cle
w
aste
an
d
h
o
w
to
m
a
n
ag
e
ty
p
e
s
o
f
waste
[
2
2
]
.
Oth
er
r
ec
en
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
(
STE
AM
)
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
ar
t
s
,
m
ath
e
m
atics
ca
n
b
e
an
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
waste
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t liter
ac
y
in
s
ch
o
o
l c
h
ild
r
e
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
waste
p
r
o
b
lem
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
b
ase
d
o
n
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
r
esear
ch
r
e
s
u
lts
.
On
e
th
eo
r
y
th
at
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
i
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
waste
s
ep
ar
atio
n
b
eh
av
io
r
is
th
eo
r
y
o
f
p
lan
n
ed
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
el,
attitu
d
es,
s
u
b
jectiv
e
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les,
wh
ile
in
ten
tio
n
s
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
r
e
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
was
th
en
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
ad
d
in
g
th
e
f
ac
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ar
iab
le
as
an
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esea
r
ch
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
t
h
is
th
eo
r
etic
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
ad
eq
u
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
ac
ilit
ies
will
h
av
e
a
n
eg
ativ
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
p
e
o
p
le'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
in
m
an
ag
in
g
waste
an
d
in
s
till
in
g
g
o
o
d
waste
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
in
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e.
Fro
m
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e
ch
ild
r
en
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
a
g
o
o
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
h
ea
lth
,
s
o
th
at
th
is
is
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
in
th
is
ca
s
e
p
ar
en
ts
-
teac
h
er
s
-
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
wid
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
ch
ild
r
en
,
to
h
elp
d
ev
elo
p
p
o
s
it
iv
e
ch
ild
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
2
5
]
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
a
n
d
p
r
esch
o
o
l c
h
il
d
r
en
c
an
b
e
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
lay
ac
tiv
itie
s
.
On
e
m
ed
ia
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
in
c
r
ea
s
e
g
o
o
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
h
ea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
ch
ild
r
en
is
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es.
B
y
p
lay
in
g
u
s
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
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Gam
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p
r
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'
s
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o
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d
s
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co
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id
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Play
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ly
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s
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in
th
e
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ch
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m
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b
u
t
ca
n
also
b
e
s
tar
ted
in
th
e
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
2
6
]
.
Ap
ar
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f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
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g
am
es,
ch
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r
en
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8
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6
I
n
s
till
in
g
tr
a
s
h
th
r
o
w
in
g
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eh
a
vio
r
th
r
o
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p
l
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ly
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:
a
r
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(
A
b
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jid
HR
La
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991
d
ev
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p
m
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ca
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also
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
p
la
y
in
g
v
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es.
Gam
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s
v
id
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a
m
es
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m
ed
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An
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m
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ain
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m
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e
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ess
o
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ly
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h
ild
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o
o
d
.
A
s
tu
d
y
with
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
a
m
e
id
ea
s
in
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
g
am
e
v
eh
icle
“
ju
n
k
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x
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er
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f
ec
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e
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lea
r
n
in
g
ab
o
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t
waste
r
ec
y
clin
g
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d
waste
s
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r
tin
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[
2
7
]
.
Oth
er
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esear
ch
s
h
o
ws th
at
g
am
es c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
as a
m
ea
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s
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f
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ca
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t h
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lth
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tin
g
p
atter
n
s
an
d
g
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i
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elin
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f
o
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a
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8
-
1
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y
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r
s
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Ga
m
e
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ac
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ca
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b
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a
s
tr
ate
g
y
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
lear
n
i
n
g
[
2
8
]
.
Gam
es
h
av
e
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
ex
p
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s
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h
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m
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m
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ch
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r
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itab
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f
o
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ch
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d
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d
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im
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n
tr
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ce
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m
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t
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litt
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in
g
b
eh
av
i
o
r
in
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
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en
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
i
n
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
co
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itiv
e
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m
o
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as
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d
f
am
ily
en
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ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
I
n
ad
d
iti
o
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
elp
s
id
en
tify
m
eth
o
d
s
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
cu
ltiv
atin
g
litt
er
in
g
b
eh
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io
r
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ea
r
ly
ch
ild
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o
o
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h
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s
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esig
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ta
r
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eted
p
r
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g
r
am
s
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ter
v
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tio
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s
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h
u
s
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liter
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r
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r
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a
n
im
p
o
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t
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n
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a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
litt
er
in
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
ea
r
ly
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
.
T
h
is
is
a
cr
u
cial
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
t
h
e
ef
f
o
r
t
to
s
h
ap
e
f
u
tu
r
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
wh
o
ca
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
n
th
is
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
waste
will
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
its
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
g
am
es
.
T
h
is
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
aim
s
to
i
d
en
tify
m
eth
o
d
s
o
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
th
at
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
en
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teac
h
in
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
is
p
o
s
in
g
o
f
tr
ash
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
an
d
h
o
w
p
lay
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
in
s
h
ap
in
g
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
as
well
as
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
c
h
ild
r
en
lear
n
an
d
b
eh
a
v
e
wh
i
ch
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
ac
tiv
ities
s
u
ch
as
p
lay
.
I
n
th
is
litar
u
r
e
s
tu
d
y
,
v
a
r
io
u
s
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
p
a
r
ts
o
f
th
e
wo
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l
d
will
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
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ltiv
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b
e
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w
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d
an
d
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o
r
r
ec
t litter
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I
n
ad
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itio
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a
r
ev
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will
b
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ca
r
r
ied
o
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t
o
n
p
r
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s
f
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d
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eg
ar
d
in
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ty
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o
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g
am
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th
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av
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v
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d
im
p
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o
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ly
c
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h
o
o
d
,
esp
ec
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in
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
as
p
ec
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
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D
T
h
e
m
eth
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d
u
s
ed
is
s
y
s
tem
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r
ev
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d
m
eta
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aly
s
is
(
PR
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.
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d
ata
s
o
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u
s
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ar
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ac
cr
ed
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u
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n
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as
well
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Sco
p
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s
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d
ex
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jo
u
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T
h
e
d
ata
b
ased
u
s
ed
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
Pu
b
Me
d
/NC
B
I
,
Up
T
o
Date
,
Sp
r
in
g
er
,
W
iley
o
n
L
i
b
r
ar
y
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
Me
d
R
x
iv
,
DOAJ,
MD
PI
,
an
d
J
AM
A
Netwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
in
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ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
lis
t o
f
jo
u
r
n
als in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
r
ev
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co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
s
h
o
ws in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
C
r
i
t
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r
i
a
I
n
c
l
u
s
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o
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Ex
c
l
u
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P
r
o
b
l
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m
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t
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d
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[3
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Q
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[3
8
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M
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[
39
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R
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p
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[4
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[4
1
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R
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8
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ed
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h
o
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n
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[4
2
]
.
Pre
v
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s
r
esear
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h
o
w
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v
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m
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[4
3
]
.
Stu
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eh
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s
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ab
le
waste
in
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
[4
4
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
ter
m
s
o
f
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
waste
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
e
-
s
ch
o
o
l,
r
elig
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ex
tr
in
s
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
o
t
h
er
in
t
r
in
s
ic
n
ee
d
s
d
o
n
e
to
in
s
till
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
co
n
ce
r
n
an
d
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
[4
5
]
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
a
f
ter
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
.
L
ec
tu
r
es
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
g
am
es
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t w
aste m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
[4
6
]
.
Oth
er
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
f
o
o
d
b
o
t
f
ac
to
r
y
h
as t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial to
b
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
l
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ch
ild
r
e
n
in
lear
n
in
g
[
2
9
]
,
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
aisi
n
g
its
p
u
r
e
in
ten
tio
n
s
,
h
av
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
in
s
ti
ll st
er
eo
ty
p
es in
ch
ild
r
en
if
th
e
y
ar
e
ac
ce
p
ted
in
th
eir
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[4
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
lev
el
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
'
s
waste
clas
s
if
icatio
n
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
af
ter
p
lay
in
g
with
t
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
y
s
f
o
r
two
wee
k
s
[4
8
]
.
Gam
e
n
am
e
d
web
-
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
tr
ash
wa
r
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
f
o
r
c
h
ild
r
en
'
s
lear
n
in
g
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
waste
r
ec
y
clin
g
an
d
o
th
er
waste
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
i
n
th
is
g
am
e
is
to
t
h
r
o
w
r
u
b
b
is
h
in
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
p
lace
(
4
r
u
b
b
is
h
b
i
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
)
wh
ich
will
ap
p
ea
r
o
n
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
s
cr
ee
n
.
T
h
en
,
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
9
0
s
,
c
o
r
r
ec
t
a
n
d
in
co
r
r
ec
t
ch
o
ices
will
b
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
alo
n
g
with
th
e
F
ig
ure
1
J
o
urna
l Li
t
er
a
t
ure
Sea
rc
h P
ro
ce
s
s
I
n
s
t
illi
ng
T
ra
s
h T
hro
wing
B
eha
v
io
r
T
hro
ug
h G
a
m
es in Ea
rly
Ch
ild
ho
o
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
9
8
9
-
9
9
6
994
s
co
r
e/v
alu
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
ith
o
th
er
p
lay
e
r
s
d
is
p
lay
ed
o
n
th
e
u
s
er
'
s
s
cr
ee
n
.
T
r
ash
war
i
t
is
h
o
p
ed
th
at
it will
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
m
ain
tain
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
l
y
b
eh
a
v
io
r
as
ea
s
y
as
r
ec
y
cl
in
g
r
u
b
b
is
h
an
d
th
r
o
win
g
r
u
b
b
is
h
in
its
p
lace
.
Gam
es
i
n
lear
n
in
g
ar
e
v
er
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
awa
r
en
ess
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
waste,
r
ec
y
clin
g
,
an
d
t
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
r
ec
y
clin
g
[
49
]
.
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
ca
n
cr
ea
te
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
ch
ild
r
en
th
at
ca
n
ch
a
n
g
e
th
ei
r
b
eh
av
i
o
r
[5
0
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
f
u
r
th
er
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
an
g
es
r
elate
d
to
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
ch
ild
r
en
[5
1
]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
em
is
a
r
o
le
m
o
d
el
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
teac
h
er
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
teac
h
er
's
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
ick
in
g
u
p
r
u
b
b
is
h
[5
2
]
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
at,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
p
ee
r
s
also
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
tr
ash
th
r
o
wi
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
[5
3
]
.
Oth
er
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
o
f
t
r
ash
ca
n
s
b
o
th
at
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
in
th
e
h
o
m
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ca
n
in
f
l
u
en
ce
c
h
ild
r
en
'
s
tr
ash
th
r
o
win
g
b
eh
av
io
r
[5
4
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
W
aste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies,
esp
ec
ially
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
is
n
o
t
y
et
r
u
n
n
in
g
well.
I
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
llu
tio
n
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
a
b
r
ee
d
in
g
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
d
is
ea
s
e
-
ca
u
s
in
g
v
ec
to
r
s
.
W
aste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
a
co
u
n
tr
y
.
W
aste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
u
s
t in
v
o
lv
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
esp
ec
ially
at
th
e
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
le
v
el.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t is g
r
ea
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
its
elf
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
in
s
till
b
eh
av
io
r
f
r
o
m
a
n
ea
r
ly
a
g
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
th
e
g
o
ld
en
a
g
e
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
atter
n
s
.
I
n
s
till
in
g
waste
m
an
ag
em
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
in
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
p
lay
in
g
g
am
e
o
n
lin
e,
tellin
g
(
n
a
r
r
a
tin
g
)
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
a
n
ag
i
n
g
waste
well,
also
g
iv
in
g
d
ir
ec
t e
x
am
p
les.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
D
’
A
mat
o
,
S
.
M
a
n
c
i
n
e
l
l
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
Zo
l
i
,
“
C
o
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
i
t
y
v
s
s
u
b
s
t
i
t
u
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
w
a
s
t
e
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s,
”
E
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
3
,
p
p
.
8
4
–
9
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
c
o
l
e
c
o
n
.
2
0
1
5
.
1
2
.
0
0
5
.
[
2
]
G
.
D
e
F
e
o
,
C
.
F
e
r
r
a
r
a
,
V
.
I
a
n
n
o
n
e
,
a
n
d
P
.
P
a
r
e
n
t
e
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
o
f
mu
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
s
o
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
a
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
e
a
s
i
l
y
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
a
b
l
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s,”
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
T
o
t
a
l
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
5
1
,
p
p
.
2
3
8
0
–
2
3
9
0
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
sc
i
t
o
t
e
n
v
.
2
0
1
8
.
1
0
.
1
6
1
.
[
3
]
D
.
G
r
a
z
h
d
a
n
i
,
“
A
ssess
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
r
a
t
e
o
f
so
l
i
d
w
a
s
t
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
:
A
n
e
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
n
P
r
e
s
p
a
P
a
r
k
,
”
W
a
s
t
e
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
p
p
.
3
–
1
3
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
w
a
s
ma
n
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
9
.
0
2
8
.
[
4
]
A
.
U
.
Za
m
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
H
.
S
w
a
p
a
n
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
b
e
n
c
h
ma
r
k
i
n
g
o
f
g
l
o
b
a
l
w
a
st
e
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
ms,
”
Re
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
C
o
n
ser
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Re
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
–
4
1
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
e
s
c
o
n
r
e
c
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
6
.
0
2
0
.
[
5
]
K
.
S
t
o
e
v
a
a
n
d
S
.
A
l
r
i
k
ss
o
n
,
“
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
r
e
c
y
c
l
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
e
s
o
n
w
a
s
t
e
se
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
,
”
Wa
s
t
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
p
p
.
7
3
2
–
7
4
1
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
w
a
sman
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
6
.
0
0
5
.
[
6
]
H
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[
7
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[
8
]
S
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D
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[
9
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o
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0
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.
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Y
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[
1
1
]
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.
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A
.
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1
2
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C
.
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n
,
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.
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.
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h
e
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,
a
n
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.
Y
u
,
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n
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[
1
3
]
N
.
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h
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k
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e
,
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a
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b
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o
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M
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Ma
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[
1
4
]
J.
G
u
t
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d
S
.
M
.
N
.
U
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o
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5
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5
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6
.
[
1
5
]
K
.
M
a
m
a
d
y
,
“
F
a
c
t
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s
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ma
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m
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G
u
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:
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c
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y
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o
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rn
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E
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v
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ro
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3
0
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7
6
8
.
[
1
6
]
Y
.
D
h
o
k
h
i
k
a
h
,
Y
.
Tr
i
h
a
d
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n
i
n
g
r
u
m,
a
n
d
S
.
S
u
n
a
r
y
o
,
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C
o
mm
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n
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t
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a
r
t
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c
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p
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t
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t
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u
r
a
b
a
y
a
,
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n
d
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n
e
si
a
,
”
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e
so
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rc
e
s,
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a
t
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y
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[
1
7
]
T.
M
a
t
su
d
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
o
n
i
t
o
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i
n
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w
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st
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p
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,
”
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a
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Ma
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–
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.
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s
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n
.
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4
.
[
1
8
]
B
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
K
.
h
u
n
g
La
i
,
B
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Z.
W
a
n
g
,
“
F
r
o
m
i
n
t
e
n
t
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o
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o
a
c
t
i
o
n
:
H
o
w
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t
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d
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f
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y
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n
d
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o
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me
n
t
st
i
m
u
l
u
s
ma
t
t
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r
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
l
d
w
a
st
e
s
o
r
t
i
n
g
?
,
”
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
a
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Ma
n
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,
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2
3
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p
p
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4
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n
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.
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8
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1
2
.
0
5
9
.
[
1
9
]
N
.
A
y
u
a
n
d
G
.
G
a
y
a
t
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3
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4
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7
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[3
8
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[
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[4
1
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[4
2
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[4
3
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[4
4
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A
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.
[
45
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lt
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in
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in
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te
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situ
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c
a
n
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lt
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lan
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n
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p
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sa
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d
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Un
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c
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in
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o
sp
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a
k
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r:
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q
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tran
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e
a
lt
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m
m
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it
y
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
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m
a
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a
m
ra
n
_
ra
z
a
k
3
4
@y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
.
i
d
.
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