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d
m
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[
1
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.
Sex
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m
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s
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m
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ex
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[
3
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4
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[
5
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an
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[
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T
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aly
zin
g
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ten
d
e
n
cies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
"
p
er
s
o
n
ality
"
f
ac
to
r
,
th
e
"
p
o
wer
"
f
ac
to
r
is
an
o
th
er
ca
u
s
e
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
th
at
is
o
f
ten
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
m
o
s
tly
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
th
an
th
eir
v
ictim
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
wh
en
th
e
m
ale
g
en
d
er
in
a
ce
r
tain
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
th
an
wo
m
en
,
th
is
ca
u
s
e
s
m
en
to
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
ten
d
e
n
cy
to
s
ex
is
m
th
an
wo
m
e
n
[
1
1
]
,
wh
ich
is
s
h
o
wn
b
y
s
ex
u
al
jo
k
es
(
g
en
d
er
h
ar
as
s
m
en
t)
,
an
d
h
a
r
ass
in
g
co
m
m
e
n
ts
(
u
n
wan
te
d
s
ex
u
al
atten
tio
n
)
.
E
v
en
s
o
,
wo
m
en
also
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
co
m
m
it
s
ex
u
al
v
io
len
ce
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
u
c
h
r
esea
r
ch
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
o
wer
as
a
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
f
o
r
s
ex
u
al
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t
in
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
g
e
n
d
er
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
[
1
3
]
.
Va
r
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
o
wer
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
a
p
er
s
o
n
h
as
a
m
ajo
r
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
o
f
p
eo
p
le
with
less
p
o
wer
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
m
en
wh
o
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
er
in
v
ar
io
u
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
wo
m
en
r
en
d
er
s
wo
m
e
n
p
o
wer
less
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
em
to
b
ec
o
m
e
o
b
jects
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t;
in
ce
r
tain
cu
ltu
r
es,
th
e
f
u
ll
p
o
wer
o
f
m
e
n
ca
n
m
ak
e
wo
m
en
as
v
ictim
s
th
e
o
n
es
wh
o
ar
e
b
lam
e
d
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
p
o
wer
is
th
e
d
r
iv
in
g
f
ac
to
r
th
a
t
u
n
d
er
lies
s
ex
u
al
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
lace
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
at
t
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
[
1
6
]
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
ain
p
o
i
n
ts
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
is
th
at
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
[
1
7
]
.
C
an
m
ak
e
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
ea
s
ier
an
d
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
h
ap
p
en
.
B
an
d
u
r
a
[
1
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
m
ak
es
p
eo
p
le
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
ag
g
r
ess
iv
e
an
d
b
r
e
ak
th
e
law.
T
h
is
is
a
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
ex
p
er
ts
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
o
f
th
e
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
d
ef
in
ed
th
eo
r
etica
lly
.
T
h
e
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
th
at
o
p
er
ates
as
a
s
elf
-
s
er
v
in
g
co
g
n
itio
n
ca
n
m
ak
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
co
m
m
it
h
ar
as
s
m
en
t
th
at
is
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
th
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
'
s
m
o
r
al
b
elief
s
an
d
s
elf
-
co
n
ce
p
t
as
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
wh
o
is
u
s
u
ally
g
o
o
d
a
n
d
o
b
ed
ien
t
t
o
ap
p
lica
b
le
r
u
les.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
b
u
t
litt
le
is
k
n
o
w
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
r
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
ac
t
o
r
s
[
1
9
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
lik
e
Pry
o
r
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
s
ay
th
at
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
a
p
ar
t
o
f
a
lar
g
er
,
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
h
o
s
tili
ty
to
war
d
wo
m
en
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
b
ased
o
n
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
,
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
er
(
g
e
n
d
er
)
lik
e
attitu
d
es
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
s
u
ch
as
B
r
ewe
r
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
d
an
Har
d
ies
[
2
2
]
,
as
well
as
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
a
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
d
ee
p
en
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
e
n
t
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
way
s
in
wh
ich
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
p
o
wer
,
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
ac
tio
n
s
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
[
2
2
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
s
ch
o
lar
s
,
we
ca
n
n
o
t
f
u
lly
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
s
ex
u
al
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t
u
n
less
we
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
co
n
tex
t in
wh
ich
it o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
[
2
3
]
.
Fin
ally
,
we
s
p
ec
if
ically
co
n
s
i
d
er
ac
ts
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
a
g
en
d
er
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
m
en
ar
e
lar
g
ely
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
in
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
lace
,
it
is
a
f
ac
t
th
at
w
o
m
en
also
co
m
m
it
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
g
en
d
er
,
a
p
er
s
o
n
s
till
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
ec
o
m
e
a
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
e
n
t
v
ictim
,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
,
b
ased
o
n
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
,
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
m
o
s
tly
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
m
e
n
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
p
h
er
e
,
s
u
ch
as
in
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
.
R
ef
er
r
in
g
to
liter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
b
u
t
s
tu
d
ies
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
h
o
w
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
in
a
co
ll
ab
o
r
ativ
e
m
an
n
e
r
ar
e
s
till
lim
ited
.
T
o
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
o
n
ly
B
r
ewe
r
et
a
l
.
[
2
1
]
,
an
d
Har
d
ies
[
2
2
]
h
av
e
lin
k
e
d
p
er
s
o
n
ality
with
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
an
d
s
ex
u
al
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t
was
ex
am
in
ed
b
y
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Nav
as
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t.
W
e
h
av
e
y
et
to
co
m
e
ac
r
o
s
s
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
r
o
les
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
p
o
wer
,
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
c
o
m
b
in
e
all
th
ese
v
ar
ia
b
les
in
a
s
tu
d
y
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
g
en
d
e
r
,
p
o
wer
,
a
n
d
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
o
n
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
in
ter
tiar
y
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
ea
ch
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
t
o
r
th
at
af
f
ec
ts
h
o
w
p
e
o
p
le
s
ee
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
r
elat
ed
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
,
we
h
av
e
a
f
ew
h
y
p
o
th
eses
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
ar
e:
-
H1
:
p
er
s
o
n
ality
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
-
H2
:
p
er
s
o
n
ality
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
-
H3
:
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
o
wer
h
as a
p
o
s
it
iv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t
-
H4
:
s
en
s
e
o
f
p
o
wer
h
as a
p
o
s
it
iv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
-
H5
:
mor
al
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t
-
H6
:
mora
l d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t m
e
d
iates th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
-
H7
:
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t m
e
d
iates th
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[
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[
3
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[
3
3
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8
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ca
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[
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3
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[
1
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[
3
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.
Data
co
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s
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in
is
ter
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an
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tr
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f
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s
[
3
6
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T
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d
s
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d
a
r
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ized
r
o
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t
m
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s
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u
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r
e
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MR)
s
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th
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r
iter
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o
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it.
A
m
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s
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8
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d
its
SR
M
R
i
s
le
s
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th
an
0
.
0
8
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
s
tu
d
y
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th
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ter
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o
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el
(
m
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0
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5
[
3
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]
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n
ad
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itio
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o
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ts
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ap
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ar
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3
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2
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9
test
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ir
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t
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ir
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h
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ased
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3.
RE
SU
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1
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Va
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B
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b
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en
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liab
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o
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th
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u
m
en
ts
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ed
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atin
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t,
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e
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al
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ass
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o
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ir
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ato
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ten
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ed
SEM
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o
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el
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er
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o
r
m
e
d
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th
is
test
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s
in
g
Sm
ar
t
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PLS
3
.
0
.
T
h
e
in
itial
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o
d
el
o
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tp
u
t
is
d
is
p
lay
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in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
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ar
t
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aly
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o
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th
e
o
u
ter
SEM
m
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el
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icate
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o
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0
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7
[
3
7
]
.
B
ased
o
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th
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ter
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ile
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el
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u
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o
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1
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P
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2
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m
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Fig
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s
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test
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[
3
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ased
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with
a
s
i
g
n
if
ican
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e
o
f
0
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3
6
5
,
in
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icatin
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at
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e
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ir
d
h
y
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o
th
esis
is
r
ejec
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,
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u
t
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o
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as
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o
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lu
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n
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em
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3
6
5
,
in
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icat
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t
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r
t
h
e
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s
t
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
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T
esti
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g
th
e
f
if
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y
p
o
t
h
esis
r
ev
ea
led
a
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
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0
0
0
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
ese
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
f
if
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
n
am
ely
th
at
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
h
as a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
I
t is al
s
o
im
p
o
r
tan
t to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
im
p
le
m
ed
iatio
n
in
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
Mo
r
al
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
m
e
d
iate
b
etwe
en
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
an
d
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
-
v
al
u
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
ar
e
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
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0
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0
0
0
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,
i
n
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i
ca
tin
g
th
at
th
e
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ix
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th
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p
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ted
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I
n
ad
d
itio
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,
m
e
d
iatio
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is
also
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
s
ev
en
th
h
y
p
o
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esis
wh
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m
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al
d
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m
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s
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u
p
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r
t
th
e
s
ev
en
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
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4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
Sex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
a
cr
im
e
th
at
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
,
b
u
t
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
alu
ab
le
v
ar
ia
b
le
f
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
a
r
e
n
o
t
d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Sex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
a
s
tu
d
y
th
at
is
v
e
r
y
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
h
as
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
ac
ts
th
at
ar
e
v
er
y
d
an
g
e
r
o
u
s
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
h
ea
lth
.
Var
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
e
x
am
in
ed
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
b
u
t
th
er
e
ar
e
s
till
lim
ited
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
d
is
cu
s
s
h
o
w
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
in
ter
ac
ts
with
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
a
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
SEM
an
aly
s
is
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
b
y
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
test
ed
to
s
ee
wh
eth
er
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
h
as
a
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
th
at
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
h
a
s
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
u
s
,
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
ex
u
al
h
a
r
ass
m
en
t.
Pry
o
r
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
co
n
te
n
d
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
h
as
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
to
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
Oth
e
r
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
lo
wer
l
ev
els o
f
o
p
e
n
n
ess
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
ig
h
er
lev
els o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t in
b
o
th
m
en
an
d
wo
m
en
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
en
an
d
wo
m
e
n
,
t
h
e
lin
k
b
etwe
en
o
p
e
n
n
ess
an
d
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
s
is
s
tr
o
n
g
e
r
if
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
f
ee
ls
th
at
t
h
eir
p
ee
r
s
ac
ce
p
t
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
m
o
r
e.
Fo
r
m
en
,
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
also
r
e
lated
to
ag
e,
m
y
th
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
an
d
lo
wer
lev
els
o
f
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
n
ess
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast
,
h
ig
h
e
r
d
e
g
r
ee
s
o
f
ex
t
r
av
er
s
io
n
an
d
n
e
u
r
o
ticis
m
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
s
am
o
n
g
wo
m
en
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
with
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
th
e
b
i
r
th
o
f
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
wh
ich
d
escr
ib
es
th
at
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
m
o
r
al
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
[
4
1
]
.
A
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
a
p
er
s
o
n
's
d
ec
is
io
n
b
u
t
a
ls
o
h
as
a
d
o
m
in
an
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
[
4
2
]
.
Mo
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
is
ty
p
ically
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
ze
d
b
y
an
ti
-
s
o
cial
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
s
u
ch
as v
io
le
n
ce
an
d
a
s
elf
-
s
er
v
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
a
lity
[
4
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
o
wer
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
a
p
er
s
o
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
r
esear
ch
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
,
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
w
th
at
p
o
wer
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
s
an
d
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
o
cc
u
r
s
n
atu
r
ally
b
ec
a
u
s
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
es
ea
r
ch
em
p
l
o
y
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
d
if
f
er
ed
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
(
s
ee
,
C
r
o
wl
ey
[
4
5
]
)
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
'
s
ea
r
ch
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
n
o
r
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ch
th
at
q
u
an
titativ
ely
ex
am
in
es
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
.
An
o
th
er
th
in
g
th
at
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
ca
u
s
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
to
b
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
is
th
at
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
"p
o
wer
is
a
m
ajo
r
p
r
o
b
lem
in
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t"
is
in
co
r
r
ec
t
an
d
v
ag
u
e,
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
ter
m
"p
o
wer
"
h
as
s
o
m
an
y
m
ea
n
in
g
s
[
4
6
]
.
Po
we
r
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
Pick
[
4
7
]
is
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
s
o
c
ial,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al,
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al,
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
al
f
a
cto
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
is
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
t
h
er
p
e
o
p
le
in
g
en
e
r
al.
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
e
v
er
y
o
n
e
h
as a
d
if
f
er
en
t in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
d
ef
in
itio
n
.
An
o
th
er
f
in
d
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
p
o
wer
h
as
an
im
p
a
ct
o
n
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
b
eh
av
io
r
,
i
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
o
w
er
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
a
p
e
r
s
o
n
'
s
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
an
d
u
r
a'
s
[
1
8
]
th
eo
r
y
o
f
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
cc
u
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
r
al
ju
s
tific
atio
n
,
eu
p
h
em
is
t
ic
lab
elin
g
,
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
,
d
eh
u
m
an
izat
io
n
,
an
d
attr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
b
lam
e
.
I
n
d
iv
i
d
u
als
wh
o
co
m
m
it
m
o
r
al
v
io
latio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
wan
t
to
b
e
b
lam
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
th
er
p
e
o
p
le
also
co
m
m
it
v
io
l
atio
n
s
.
I
n
lin
e
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
Gaw
r
o
n
s
k
i
an
d
B
r
an
n
o
n
[
4
8
]
d
escr
ib
e
th
at
p
o
wer
h
as
an
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
th
at
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
m
o
r
al
an
d
im
m
o
r
al
i
n
p
eo
p
le'
s
liv
es.
Sev
er
al
o
th
er
e
x
p
er
ts
wh
o
s
tu
d
ied
m
o
r
als an
d
p
o
wer
ex
p
lain
ed
t
h
at
s
o
m
eo
n
e
wh
o
h
as m
o
r
e
p
o
wer
ten
d
s
n
o
t to
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
h
is
m
o
r
al
ac
tio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
h
e
is
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
h
is
o
wn
n
ee
d
s
[
4
9
]
.
E
v
e
n
s
o
m
eo
n
e
wh
o
h
as
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
wer
ca
n
ju
s
tify
s
h
ar
in
g
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
im
m
o
r
al
ac
ts
with
th
e
p
o
wer
t
h
ey
h
a
v
e
[
5
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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Vo
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1
4
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No
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2
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20
2
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1
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1028
T
h
e
f
if
th
h
y
p
o
th
esis
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
o
r
al
d
i
s
en
g
ag
em
en
t
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
ex
u
a
l
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Nav
as
et
a
l
.
[
2
6
]
,
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ca
u
s
e
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Pag
e
a
n
d
Pin
a
[
5
1
]
d
escr
ib
e
in
a
n
o
th
e
r
s
t
u
d
y
h
o
w
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
m
a
y
allo
w
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
to
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
late
th
eir
p
r
o
cliv
it
y
to
h
ar
ass
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
o
m
eo
n
e
wh
o
h
as
h
ig
h
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
h
as th
e
p
o
te
n
tial to
co
m
m
it sex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
Mo
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
as
a
m
ed
iatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
in
v
esti
g
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
e
d
iates
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
f
u
r
th
e
r
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
h
as
a
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tly
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
tly
.
T
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
m
o
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d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
as
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m
ed
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v
ar
ia
b
le
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
ex
u
al
v
io
len
ce
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
er
s
o
n
ality
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
s
id
er
at
io
n
in
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
tu
d
ies an
d
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
p
o
licies r
eg
ar
d
in
g
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
in
al
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
h
o
w
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
m
ed
iatio
n
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
p
o
wer
o
v
er
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
th
at
p
o
wer
d
o
esn
'
t
h
av
e
a
d
ir
e
ct
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t,
b
u
t
it
d
o
es
h
av
e
a
n
in
d
i
r
ec
t
ef
f
ec
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
a
s
a
m
ed
iato
r
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
b
u
t
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
k
in
d
s
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
o
t
h
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
s
u
ch
as
an
u
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
,
a
s
ex
is
t
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
an
d
a
la
ck
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
'
s
f
o
r
m
al
g
r
iev
an
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
[
5
2
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
o
in
t
to
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
in
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
th
at
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
,
wh
ic
h
h
as
an
in
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
u
r
th
er
em
p
h
asis
es
th
at
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
au
th
o
r
ity
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
a
n
d
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
o
f
s
ex
u
al
v
io
len
ce
.
E
v
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
ity
o
r
p
o
wer
a
p
er
s
o
n
h
as
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
im
p
ac
t,
if
th
ey
h
av
e
m
o
r
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
it
will
b
e
a
p
o
ten
tial
b
r
id
g
e
t
o
s
ex
u
al
v
io
len
ce
ag
ai
n
s
t v
ictim
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
lim
itatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
its
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
o
n
ly
lo
o
k
at
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
is
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
wo
r
k
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
it
io
n
,
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
o
n
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
wr
itten
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
in
th
is
p
ap
er
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
we
b
eliev
e
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
will
lo
o
k
m
o
r
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
at
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
s
ex
u
al
h
ar
ass
m
en
t.
R
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
th
e
p
u
b
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3
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[
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5
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[
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6
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7
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