I
AE
S In
t
er
na
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Ro
bo
t
ics a
nd
Aut
o
m
a
t
io
n
(
I
J
RA)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
21
~
1
28
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
jr
a
.
v
14
i
1
.
pp
1
21
-
1
28
121
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
r
a
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ana
ly
zing
t
he
effectiv
eness
of
waiti
ng
t
imes
at
t
he
ph
a
rma
cy
of
the
K
ing
H
a
ma
d
Univ
ersity
H
o
spit
a
l
Anwa
r
A
l
-
M
o
f
leh,
M
o
ha
m
ed
Als
ed
diq
i,
O
s
a
m
a
Na
j
a
m
,
B
ud
o
o
r
AlM
a
n
na
ei,
L
ee
na
Alba
lo
o
s
hi
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
D
i
r
e
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
,
K
i
n
g
H
a
m
a
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
,
B
u
sa
i
t
e
e
n
,
K
i
n
g
d
o
m
o
f
B
a
h
r
a
i
n
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
1
0
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Oct
3
0
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
1
9
,
2
0
2
4
Th
is
stu
d
y
in
v
e
stig
a
tes
th
e
e
fficie
n
c
y
o
f
wa
it
in
g
t
ime
s
a
t
th
e
p
h
a
rm
a
c
y
o
f
Kin
g
Ha
m
a
d
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Ho
sp
it
a
l,
with
a
p
rima
ry
fo
c
u
s o
n
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
p
a
t
ien
t
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s.
Eff
icie
n
t
p
h
a
rm
a
c
y
se
rv
ice
s
a
re
v
it
a
l
f
o
r
e
n
su
ri
n
g
th
e
ti
m
e
ly
p
ro
v
isio
n
o
f
m
e
d
ica
ti
o
n
s
t
o
p
a
ti
e
n
ts.
P
ro
l
o
n
g
e
d
wa
it
in
g
ti
m
e
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
ffe
c
t
p
a
ti
e
n
t
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
b
u
t
m
a
y
a
ls
o
h
a
v
e
im
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
o
v
e
ra
ll
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
o
u
tco
m
e
s.
To
a
ss
e
ss
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
wa
it
in
g
ti
m
e
s,
we
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
a
n
a
ly
sis,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
d
a
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
o
n
,
su
r
v
e
y
s,
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
s.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
re
v
e
a
l
v
a
lu
a
b
le
i
n
sig
h
ts
i
n
to
th
e
c
u
rre
n
t
sta
te
o
f
pha
rm
a
c
y
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
a
ti
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
We
e
x
p
lo
r
e
fa
c
to
rs
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
n
g
t
o
wa
it
in
g
ti
m
e
s,
su
c
h
a
s
p
re
sc
rip
ti
o
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
i
n
g
,
q
u
e
u
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
sta
ff
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
is
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
we
a
im
t
o
p
ro
v
id
e
a
c
ti
o
n
a
b
le rec
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
p
h
a
rm
a
c
y
e
fficie
n
c
y
,
re
d
u
c
e
wa
it
in
g
ti
m
e
s,
a
n
d
imp
ro
v
e
p
a
ti
e
n
t
s
a
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
.
O
u
r
st
u
d
y
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izi
n
g
p
h
a
r
m
a
c
y
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
t
o
e
n
su
re
t
h
a
t
p
a
ti
e
n
ts
re
c
e
iv
e
ti
m
e
ly
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
a
li
ty
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
se
rv
ice
s.
By
a
d
d
re
s
sin
g
t
h
e
se
issu
e
s,
Kin
g
Ha
m
a
d
U
n
i
v
e
rsity
Ho
sp
it
a
l
c
a
n
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
o
v
e
ra
ll
p
a
ti
e
n
t
e
x
p
e
rie
n
c
e
b
u
t
a
lso
c
o
n
t
rib
u
te
t
o
b
e
tt
e
r
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
a
n
d
in
c
re
a
se
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
e
fficie
n
c
y
.
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
re
so
u
rc
e
fo
r
h
e
a
lt
h
c
a
re
a
d
m
in
istrato
rs,
p
o
li
c
y
m
a
k
e
rs,
a
n
d
p
ra
c
ti
ti
o
n
e
rs
se
e
k
in
g
t
o
imp
ro
v
e
p
h
a
rm
a
c
y
se
rv
ice
s a
n
d
p
a
ti
e
n
t
sa
ti
sfa
c
ti
o
n
i
n
h
o
s
p
it
a
l
se
tt
i
n
g
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ou
tp
atien
t p
h
ar
m
ac
y
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
Qu
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
Qu
eu
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
W
aitin
g
tim
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
An
war
A
l
-
Mo
f
leh
C
lin
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Dir
ec
to
r
ate,
Kin
g
Ham
ad
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
ital
B
u
ild
in
g
: 2
4
3
5
,
R
o
ad
2
8
3
5
,
B
lo
ck
2
2
8
P.O.
B
o
x
2
4
3
4
3
B
u
s
aitee
n
,
Kin
g
d
o
m
o
f
B
ah
r
ai
n
E
m
ail:
an
war
alm
o
f
leh
@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
Kin
g
Ham
ad
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
ital
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
is
lo
ca
ted
in
B
u
s
aitee
n
,
Kin
g
d
o
m
o
f
B
ah
r
ain
.
an
d
s
er
v
es
p
atien
ts
f
r
o
m
all
o
v
er
Kin
g
d
o
m
o
f
B
ah
r
ain
s
in
ce
it
i
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
ce
n
ter
s
in
th
e
Mid
d
le
E
ast.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
o
u
t
p
atien
t
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
(
OPD)
Ph
a
r
m
ac
y
,
I
n
p
atien
t
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
,
On
co
lo
g
y
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
an
d
Priv
ate
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
p
atien
ts
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
s
er
v
es
all
o
u
tp
atien
t
clin
ics
an
d
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
waitin
g
tim
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
atien
ts
is
b
etwe
en
2
3
.
8
3
to
1
3
.
6
m
i
n
u
t
es.
T
h
e
s
ize
an
d
lay
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
b
ein
g
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
.
Ou
r
g
o
al
is
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
waitin
g
tim
e,
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
u
n
claim
ed
p
r
es
cr
ip
tio
n
s
,
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
ize
th
e
p
atien
ts
as
f
o
llo
win
g
:
lo
n
g
p
r
e
s
cr
ip
tio
n
s
p
atien
ts
,
s
h
o
r
t
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
p
atien
ts
,
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
an
d
lo
w
im
m
u
n
i
ty
p
atien
ts
an
d
r
ef
ill
p
atien
ts
.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
th
e
p
a
p
er
aim
s
to
h
a
v
e
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
i
n
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
o
cto
r
s
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
is
ts
,
wh
ich
will
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
a
r
e
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
'
s
m
ain
is
s
u
es:
W
ith
o
u
t
a
d
o
cto
r
'
s
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
,
th
e
m
ed
icatio
n
m
ig
h
t
n
o
t
b
e
o
f
f
er
ed
at
th
e
d
r
u
g
s
to
r
e
.
No
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
p
atien
t
k
in
d
s
is
m
ad
e;
all
p
atien
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
21
-
1
28
122
r
ec
eiv
e
ca
r
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
win
d
o
w.
Var
io
u
s
p
atien
t
ty
p
es
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
is
t'
s
tim
e.
Patien
ts
with
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
o
o
r
im
m
u
n
ity
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
n
ee
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
tim
e
s
in
ce
t
h
e
p
h
a
r
m
ac
is
t
m
u
s
t
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
ex
p
lain
t
h
e
p
r
escr
ip
t
io
n
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
p
atien
t
s
er
v
ice
f
o
r
r
e
f
ills
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
q
u
ick
a
n
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
tr
ea
ts
all
o
u
tp
atien
ts
f
r
o
m
all
clin
ics,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
len
g
th
y
p
atien
t
waitin
g
tim
es.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iews
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
to
estab
lis
h
an
d
ex
am
in
e
th
e
is
s
u
es
at
h
a
n
d
.
I
n
2
0
1
8
,
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
ef
f
o
r
t
b
y
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
an
d
th
e
W
o
r
l
d
B
an
k
id
en
tifie
d
s
u
b
s
tan
d
ar
d
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ices
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
b
a
r
r
ier
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
h
ea
lth
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
n
a
tio
n
s
,
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
th
eir
in
co
m
e
lev
els.
W
HO
h
as
d
ef
in
ed
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
q
u
ality
as
th
e
d
eg
r
e
e
to
w
h
ich
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ices
en
h
an
ce
d
esire
d
h
ea
lth
o
u
tc
o
m
es
f
o
r
in
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
p
atien
t
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
n
ec
ess
itates
s
a
f
ety
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
tim
elin
ess
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
d
eliv
er
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
q
u
ality
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
W
HO
also
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tim
elin
ess
,
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
t
o
r
e
d
u
cin
g
an
y
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ela
y
s
in
b
o
t
h
d
eliv
e
r
in
g
an
d
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
as
elab
o
r
ated
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
an
ef
f
o
r
t
to
c
r
ea
te
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
d
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
q
u
ality
th
at
m
ee
ts
th
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
all
h
ea
lth
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
[
2
]
–
[
5
]
.
Mo
s
ad
eg
h
r
ad
[
6
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
clien
ts
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
m
an
ag
er
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
p
a
y
er
s
o
n
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
I
d
en
tify
in
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
q
u
ality
ca
n
en
ab
le
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
to
estab
lis
h
an
d
m
ain
tain
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Af
ter
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew,
m
u
ltip
le
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
q
u
a
lity
wer
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
,
ea
c
h
p
e
r
tain
in
g
t
o
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
s
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
ese
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ize
d
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
r
ef
e
r
s
to
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ices
th
at
ad
h
e
r
e
to
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
q
u
ality
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
"c
o
n
f
o
r
m
an
ce
to
s
p
ec
if
ied
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
"
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
p
er
tain
s
to
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ices
th
at
m
ee
t
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
n
ee
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
co
n
tex
t,
q
u
ality
is
d
ef
in
e
d
a
s
"m
ee
tin
g
o
r
ex
ce
ed
in
g
cu
s
t
o
m
er
s
'
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
n
ee
d
s
.
"
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
an
d
in
ter
n
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
,
t
o
d
e
f
in
e
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
ce
q
u
ality
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
em
p
ath
y
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
ar
e
all
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
q
u
ality
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
p
lu
r
alis
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
e
v
iews
o
f
all
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
clu
d
es th
at
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
q
u
al
ity
h
as d
is
tin
ct
m
ea
n
in
g
s
f
o
r
e
ac
h
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
ev
al
u
ate
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ices
to
m
ee
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
m
a
n
ag
er
s
,
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
q
u
ality
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Ab
d
elh
ad
i
an
d
Sh
ak
o
o
r
[
1
1
]
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
s
tu
d
y
in
Ab
h
a
C
ity
,
lo
ca
ted
in
s
o
u
th
west
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia,
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
h
o
s
p
itals
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
th
e
in
p
atien
t
an
d
o
u
tp
atien
t
p
h
ar
m
ac
ies
o
f
a
lar
g
e
p
u
b
lic
r
eg
io
n
al
h
o
s
p
ital.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
waitin
g
tim
es
in
b
o
th
p
h
ar
m
ac
ies,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
th
e
L
ea
n
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
wh
i
ch
is
also
k
n
o
wn
as
T
o
y
o
ta'
s
Pro
d
u
ctio
n
Sy
s
tem
(
T
PS
)
.
T
h
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
,
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
T
o
y
o
ta
Mo
to
r
s
C
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
in
J
ap
an
,
em
p
h
asizes
waste
elim
in
atio
n
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
,
wo
r
k
er
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
T
PS
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e,
to
en
h
an
ce
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
b
ased
o
n
p
r
in
cip
les
th
at
aim
to
id
en
tif
y
n
o
n
-
v
alu
e
-
a
d
d
ed
s
tep
s
o
r
waste
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
elim
in
ate
th
em
,
an
d
m
ee
t
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
'
n
ee
d
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
p
er
f
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
T
PS
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
s
er
v
es
as
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
to
o
l
th
at
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
s
e
r
v
ice
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
p
h
ar
m
ac
ies
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
llected
d
ata
b
y
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
in
th
e
two
p
h
ar
m
ac
ies
f
o
r
a
wee
k
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
th
ey
u
tili
ze
d
a
m
etr
ic
t
o
o
l
in
lea
n
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
ca
lled
T
ak
t
tim
e
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
b
o
th
p
h
ar
m
ac
ies.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
i
ca
ted
th
at
th
e
in
p
atien
t
p
h
a
r
m
ac
y
was
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
t
h
an
th
e
o
u
t
p
atien
t
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
,
as
th
e
tim
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
to
f
ill
a
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
was
cl
o
s
e
to
th
e
id
ea
l
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
lean
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
p
r
in
ci
p
les
co
u
ld
s
er
v
e
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ef
f
icien
cy
m
e
asu
r
e
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
etwe
en
two
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
ts
with
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
a
r
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
m
a
n
ag
er
s
in
id
en
tify
i
n
g
t
h
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
v
ar
io
u
s
m
an
ag
er
ial
to
o
ls
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
er
v
ices
an
d
ad
d
r
e
s
s
r
elate
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
im
p
lem
en
ted
S
ix
Sig
m
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
p
atien
ts
'
waitin
g
ti
m
e
in
an
o
u
tp
atien
t
p
h
a
r
m
a
cy
s
p
ec
ialized
in
ca
n
ce
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t
in
Pak
is
tan
.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
to
o
k
a
p
atien
t
f
lo
w
p
r
o
ject
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
cy
in
p
h
ar
m
a
cy
q
u
e
u
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
A
n
a
lyzi
n
g
th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f wa
itin
g
times a
t th
e
p
h
a
r
ma
c
y
o
f
th
e
K
in
g
Ha
ma
d
…
(
A
n
w
a
r
A
l
-
Mo
fleh
)
123
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
t
o
ev
alu
ate
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
a
p
r
im
ar
y
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
clin
ic,
p
atien
t
wait
in
g
tim
e
an
d
d
o
cto
r
co
n
s
u
ltatio
n
tim
e
wer
e
s
tu
d
i
ed
,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
wer
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
taf
f
at
th
e
r
e
g
is
tr
atio
n
co
u
n
ter
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
tag
g
er
ed
a
p
p
o
in
tm
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
eu
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
walk
-
in
p
a
tien
ts
[
2
1
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
S
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
will
em
p
lo
y
a
m
ix
e
d
-
m
eth
o
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
o
n
waitin
g
tim
es,
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
q
u
e
u
e
len
g
t
h
s
with
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
a
tien
t
s
u
r
v
ey
s
,
s
taf
f
in
ter
v
iews,
an
d
o
n
-
s
ite
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
to
an
aly
ze
an
d
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
waitin
g
tim
es
at
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
o
f
Kin
g
Ham
ad
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
ital,
cu
lm
in
atin
g
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
a
n
d
an
a
ctio
n
p
lan
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
a
n
aly
zin
g
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
waitin
g
tim
es
4.
DATA CO
L
L
E
CT
I
O
N
AN
D
ANALY
SI
S
T
ab
les
1
to
4
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ata
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
w
h
o
r
ec
eiv
e
d
m
e
d
icatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
OPD
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
,
I
n
p
atien
t
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
,
On
co
lo
g
y
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
an
d
Pr
iv
ate
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
to
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
ese
tab
les
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
ee
h
o
w
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
h
as
c
h
an
g
e
d
o
v
er
ti
m
e,
an
d
to
id
e
n
tify
an
y
tr
en
d
s
o
r
p
atter
n
s
in
th
e
d
ata,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
in
c
r
ea
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
ce
r
tain
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
,
o
r
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
v
er
th
e
th
r
ee
-
y
ea
r
p
e
r
io
d
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
21
-
1
28
124
f
o
r
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital
a
n
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
th
eir
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
to
m
a
k
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
s
taf
f
in
g
,
in
v
en
to
r
y
,
an
d
o
th
er
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
y
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
o
v
er
tim
e
,
t
h
e
h
o
s
p
ital
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
ca
n
m
o
n
ito
r
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
an
y
ch
an
g
es th
ey
h
av
e
m
a
d
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
h
a
r
m
ac
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
OPD
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
M
o
n
t
h
s
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
Jan
u
a
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y
2
0
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1
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1
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M
a
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1
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M
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1
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1
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N
o
v
e
mb
e
r
1
3
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5
4
7
1
6
,
7
3
5
1
9
,
3
2
3
2
0
,
0
2
2
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
1
4
,
6
8
7
1
6
,
8
5
7
1
8
,
5
5
8
1
8
,
0
2
0
2
0
5
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2
0
5
1
7
2
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3
4
3
2
0
4
,
1
2
1
2
2
3
,
5
7
4
T
ab
le
2
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
in
p
atien
t p
h
a
r
m
ac
y
M
o
n
t
h
s
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
Jan
u
a
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8
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3
6
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3
2
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3
3
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b
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4
2
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0
0
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8
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2
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3
2
M
a
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8
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1
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a
b
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3
.
N
u
m
b
e
r
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f
p
a
t
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ts
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d
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c
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u
a
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9
4
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1
6
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1
1
2
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4
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b
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4
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t
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N
o
v
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r
6
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D
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1
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3
2
8
3
0
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4
5
5
4
5
,
0
0
5
T
ab
le
4
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
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p
r
iv
ate
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
M
o
n
t
h
s
2
0
1
9
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
0
2
2
Jan
u
a
r
y
3
3
6
3
1
4
8
1
0
1
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6
1
6
F
e
b
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u
a
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2
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8
6
9
1
1
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5
4
8
M
a
r
c
h
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3
2
2
6
7
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2
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7
7
A
p
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2
6
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a
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1
4
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n
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5
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c
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5
0
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3
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N
o
v
e
mb
e
r
2
1
6
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2
5
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D
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0
3
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2
7
7
3
,
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5
2
1
3
,
1
6
8
1
9
,
9
1
9
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
o
u
tp
atien
t
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
(
OPD)
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
,
in
p
atien
t
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
,
o
n
co
l
o
g
y
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
9
to
2
0
2
2
.
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ied
p
er
io
d
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tat
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
'
s
wo
r
k
lo
ad
an
d
p
atien
t
f
lo
w
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
in
g
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
a
s
th
ey
h
elp
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
s
taf
f
:
a.
W
o
r
k
lo
ad
ass
ess
m
en
t:
B
y
ex
a
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
tr
en
d
s
in
p
atien
t v
is
its
o
v
er
tim
e,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
ca
n
ass
ess
th
e
p
h
a
r
m
ac
y
'
s
wo
r
k
lo
ad
.
Pea
k
s
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
m
a
y
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
-
d
e
m
an
d
p
er
io
d
s
,
allo
win
g
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital
to
allo
ca
te
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
taf
f
e
f
f
icien
tly
to
m
in
im
ize
waitin
g
ti
m
es d
u
r
in
g
t
h
ese
p
er
io
d
s
.
b.
R
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
:
I
t
aid
s
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
taf
f
in
g
lev
el
s
an
d
in
v
en
to
r
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
W
h
en
th
e
r
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atie
n
ts
s
er
v
ed
,
t
h
e
h
o
s
p
ital
ca
n
ad
ju
s
t
s
taf
f
in
g
s
ch
ed
u
les an
d
m
ed
ica
tio
n
s
u
p
p
ly
t
o
m
ee
t th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
d
em
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
c.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
: O
v
er
tim
e,
Fig
u
r
e
2
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
h
a
r
m
ac
y
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
atien
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
I
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
o
r
d
ec
lin
es
in
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
ca
n
in
d
i
ca
te
ch
an
g
es
in
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
d.
Op
tim
izatio
n
:
T
h
e
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
p
o
te
n
tial
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
s
o
r
i
n
ef
f
icien
cies
in
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
wo
r
k
f
lo
w.
I
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
r
e
m
ain
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
,
it
m
ay
p
r
o
m
p
t
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
waitin
g
tim
es.
e.
Plan
n
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e:
B
y
an
aly
zin
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
tr
en
d
s
,
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
r
r
e
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
jects
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
atien
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
d
ep
icti
n
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
OPD
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
,
s
e
r
v
es
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t,
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
to
ass
ess
,
p
lan
,
an
d
o
p
tim
ize
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
tim
ely
s
er
v
ices to
p
atien
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
A
n
a
lyzi
n
g
th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f wa
itin
g
times a
t th
e
p
h
a
r
ma
c
y
o
f
th
e
K
in
g
Ha
ma
d
…
(
A
n
w
a
r
A
l
-
Mo
fleh
)
125
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
atien
ts
s
er
v
ed
T
ab
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
waitin
g
tim
e
i
n
Kin
g
Ham
ad
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
ital,
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
waitin
g
tim
e
i.e
.
th
e
tu
r
n
ar
o
u
n
d
tim
e
h
as
s
lig
h
tly
d
r
o
p
p
ed
f
r
o
m
2
3
.
8
3
m
i
n
to
1
3
.
6
0
m
in
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
f
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
lo
n
g
p
atien
ts
ar
e
waitin
g
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
eir
m
ed
icatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
,
an
d
to
id
en
tif
y
an
y
tr
en
d
s
o
r
p
atter
n
s
in
th
e
waiti
n
g
tim
e
d
ata.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
y
o
u
m
ay
s
ee
th
at
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
waitin
g
tim
e
is
h
ig
h
er
d
u
r
in
g
ce
r
tain
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
th
e
y
ea
r
,
o
r
t
h
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
waitin
g
tim
e
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
o
v
e
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
y
ea
r
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
to
id
en
tify
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
if
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
waitin
g
tim
e
i
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
d
u
r
in
g
ce
r
tai
n
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
t
h
e
y
ea
r
,
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
m
ay
n
ee
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
way
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
taf
f
in
g
lev
els
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
wa
itin
g
tim
es.
B
y
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
av
er
ag
e
waitin
g
tim
e
o
v
er
tim
e,
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
ca
n
m
o
n
ito
r
th
ei
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
an
y
ch
an
g
es
th
ey
h
av
e
m
ad
e
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
.
T
h
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
c
an
also
b
e
u
s
ed
to
tr
ac
k
p
atien
t satis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
p
atien
ts
ar
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
ca
r
e
th
e
y
n
ee
d
in
a
tim
el
y
m
an
n
e
r
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
waitin
g
tim
e
in
m
in
u
tes
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
w
a
i
t
i
n
g
t
i
me
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e
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e
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a
l
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e
d
t
o
t
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t
p
a
t
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p
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a
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m
a
c
y
d
i
s
p
e
n
s
i
n
g
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
(
mi
n
)
2
0
1
9
2
0
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0
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0
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2
2
Jan
u
a
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3
8
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N
um
be
r
o
f
P
at
i
e
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S
e
r
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e
d
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ac
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9
202
0
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6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
N
um
be
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o
f
P
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Inp
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P
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ac
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e
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s1
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r
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0
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N
um
be
r
o
f
P
at
i
e
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S
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v
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d
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N
um
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f
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d
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r
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v
at
e
P
ha
r
m
ac
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201
9
202
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202
1
202
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
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&
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,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
ch
20
2
5
:
1
21
-
1
28
126
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
an
a
u
to
m
at
ed
waitin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
p
r
escr
ip
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
in
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
at
K
in
g
Ham
ad
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
it
al.
T
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
d
o
cto
r
s
to
s
en
d
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
elec
tr
o
n
ically
im
p
r
o
v
es
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
is
ts
,
u
ltima
tely
s
av
in
g
tim
e
an
d
ef
f
o
r
t
wh
ile
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
ca
n
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
atien
t
ca
r
e
b
y
s
tr
e
am
lin
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
with
in
h
o
s
p
ital settin
g
s
.
A
k
ey
b
en
ef
it
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
i
s
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
waitin
g
tim
es,
wh
ich
allo
ws
p
atien
ts
to
r
e
ce
iv
e
th
eir
m
ed
icatio
n
s
m
o
r
e
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
with
g
r
ea
ter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
etwe
en
d
o
cto
r
s
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
is
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
wo
r
k
f
lo
w
b
u
t
also
m
in
im
ize
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
er
r
o
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
af
e
r
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
m
e
d
icatio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
au
to
m
atio
n
,
h
o
s
p
itals
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
p
atien
t
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ca
teg
o
r
izin
g
p
at
ien
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
an
ce
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
p
atien
ts
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
ex
tr
a
tim
e
f
o
r
d
etailed
m
ed
icati
o
n
ex
p
la
n
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
with
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
o
r
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
im
m
u
n
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
p
r
iv
ate
c
o
n
s
u
ltatio
n
win
d
o
w.
Me
an
wh
ile,
r
o
u
tin
e
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
r
ef
ills
,
wh
ich
r
e
q
u
ir
e
less
tim
e,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
s
ep
ar
ately
an
d
m
ad
e
av
ailab
le
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
o
n
e
o
r
o
n
lin
e
r
eq
u
ests
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
s
ad
d
r
ess
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
ca
u
s
es
o
f
u
n
claim
ed
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
(
lo
n
g
wait
tim
es)
b
y
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
q
u
ic
k
e
r
an
d
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
t f
o
r
p
ati
en
ts
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
waitin
g
tim
e
in
Kin
g
Ham
ad
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
ital
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
p
r
o
c
ess
es
in
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
atien
t
ca
r
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
au
to
m
ated
waitin
g
s
y
s
tem
with
au
to
m
ated
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
h
as
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
d
o
cto
r
s
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
is
ts
,
s
av
e
tim
e
an
d
ef
f
o
r
t,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
ice.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
b
en
ef
its
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
atien
t
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
ca
r
e
in
h
o
s
p
ital
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
au
to
m
ated
waitin
g
s
y
s
tem
with
au
to
m
ate
d
p
r
escr
ip
tio
n
s
also
o
f
f
er
a
p
r
ac
tical
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
r
e
d
u
cin
g
waitin
g
tim
es a
n
d
m
in
im
izin
g
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
ed
icatio
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
esear
ch
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
h
o
s
p
ital
an
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
co
n
tin
u
ally
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
atien
t
ca
r
e
a
n
d
o
u
tco
m
es.
B
y
b
u
ild
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
h
elp
t
o
id
en
tify
f
u
r
th
er
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
p
atien
t e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
in
h
o
s
p
ital a
n
d
p
h
a
r
m
ac
y
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
in
Kin
g
Ham
ad
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
ital
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
an
au
to
m
ated
waitin
g
s
y
s
tem
with
au
to
m
ated
p
r
escr
i
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
ca
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
o
p
atien
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
ex
ten
d
o
u
r
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Yo
u
s
if
Ma
h
m
o
o
d
Hu
s
s
ain
(
YM
H)
f
o
r
th
eir
in
-
v
al
u
a
b
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
eir
ass
is
tan
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
o
u
r
en
d
ea
v
o
r
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
ed
i
ca
ted
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
au
t
o
m
atio
n
in
b
o
t
h
th
e
i
n
-
p
ati
en
t
an
d
o
u
tp
atien
t
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
at
KHUH
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
m
in
im
izin
g
th
e
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
o
n
th
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
is
ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
O
r
g
a
n
i
sa
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
Ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
C
o
-
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
&
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
B
a
n
k
f
o
r
R
e
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
D
e
l
i
v
e
ri
n
g
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
h
e
a
l
t
h
ser
v
i
c
e
s:
a
g
l
o
b
a
l
i
m
p
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
f
o
r
u
n
i
v
e
rs
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
o
v
e
r
a
g
e
.
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
]
A
.
F
.
H
a
n
n
a
w
a
,
A
.
W
.
W
u
,
A
.
K
o
l
y
a
d
a
,
A
.
P
o
t
e
mk
i
n
a
,
a
n
d
L.
J.
D
o
n
a
l
d
so
n
,
“
T
h
e
a
sp
e
c
t
s
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
h
e
a
l
t
h
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
s
a
n
d
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
:
A
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
P
a
t
i
e
n
t
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
u
n
sel
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
1
–
1
5
7
0
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
.
0
1
6
.
[
3
]
R
.
W
i
n
t
e
r
,
N
.
Le
a
n
a
g
e
,
N
.
R
o
b
e
r
t
s,
R
.
I
.
N
o
r
man
,
a
n
d
J.
H
o
w
i
c
k
,
“
E
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
e
m
p
a
t
h
y
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
:
A
sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
u
d
i
e
s,
”
Pa
t
i
e
n
t
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
u
n
s
e
l
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
5
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
7
–
3
0
3
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
6
.
0
1
5
.
[
4
]
G
.
J.
K
u
p
e
r
ma
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
e
d
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
c
o
mp
u
t
e
r
i
z
e
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
o
r
d
e
r
e
n
t
r
y
sy
s
t
e
ms
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
Am
e
ri
c
a
n
Me
d
i
c
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
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c
s
Asso
c
i
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o
n
,
v
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.
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.
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,
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9
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4
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,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
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,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
1
1
9
7
/
j
a
m
i
a
.
M
2
1
7
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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127
[
5
]
K
.
B
l
a
c
k
a
n
d
L.
R
e
v
e
r
e
,
“
S
i
x
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i
g
m
a
a
r
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ses
f
r
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sh
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TQ
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