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Dep
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Facu
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
is
im
p
o
r
tan
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in
ed
u
ca
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al
in
s
titu
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s
b
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au
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it
i
s
in
ex
tr
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lin
k
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to
th
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tr
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etwo
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k
o
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h
u
m
a
n
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ter
ac
tio
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s
th
at
ex
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in
s
id
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o
r
g
an
izat
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s
.
R
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s
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b
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d
in
at
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cr
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ass
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with
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p
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izes th
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lead
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s
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in
p
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m
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tin
g
th
eir
well
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b
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,
n
u
r
t
u
r
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g
th
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r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
f
ac
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atin
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t
h
eir
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
is
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
o
le
is
cr
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f
o
r
alig
n
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
with
g
lo
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al
in
n
o
v
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n
s
an
d
s
h
if
tin
g
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
s
.
I
t
s
er
v
es
to
g
u
id
e
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
to
war
d
its
g
o
als,
r
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f
o
r
cin
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p
o
s
itiv
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f
ea
tu
r
es
wh
ile
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in
im
izin
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n
eg
ativ
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asp
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ts
.
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th
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m
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r
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,
s
u
cc
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f
u
l
lead
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s
h
ip
i
n
e
d
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ca
tio
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al
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tex
ts
en
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d
s
ettlin
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f
licts
am
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g
c
o
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u
es [
1
]
.
An
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’
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a
b
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to
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cc
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d
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ely
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m
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its
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s
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ip
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h
p
lay
s
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cr
u
cial
r
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le
in
th
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o
r
g
a
n
izat
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s
f
r
am
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k
.
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er
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ip
L
if
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C
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cle
T
h
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tates
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ad
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t
o
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lead
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in
1
9
6
9
b
r
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t
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tio
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ip
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m
s
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h
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it
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o
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m
a
n
ag
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o
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t
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o
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s
e
s
itu
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a
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lead
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th
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eh
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r
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ly
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f
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jectiv
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et,
it
is
an
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t
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at
th
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s
tr
ateg
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will
h
av
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litt
le
b
ea
r
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
th
ei
r
ef
f
o
r
ts
tu
r
n
o
u
t [
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
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s
ex
p
lain
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o
n
th
is
co
n
ce
p
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p
r
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n
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ated
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s
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er
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ip
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T
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t
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ates
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f
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s
an
d
h
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g
h
lig
h
ts
th
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s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
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f
ad
ap
tab
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em
p
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y
in
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ad
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h
ip
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at
co
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esp
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s
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wo
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ir
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n
m
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ts
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ip
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in
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n
tails
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m
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icatio
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r
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s
e
to
p
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ev
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cir
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s
tan
ce
s
an
d
attitu
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es.
R
ec
o
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izin
g
th
e
a
b
s
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ce
o
f
a
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in
g
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ap
p
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ac
r
o
s
s
all
wo
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p
lace
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,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
v
o
ca
tes
f
o
r
a
d
y
n
am
ic
ad
a
p
tatio
n
o
f
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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2
5
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8
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2
I
n
t
J
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v
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&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
777
-
7
8
5
778
s
ty
les
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
k
n
o
wled
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f
s
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d
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ates,
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[
3
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.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Sit
u
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n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
en
o
t
es
a
s
et
o
f
p
r
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n
ce
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ts
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o
r
d
ir
ec
tiv
es
d
ee
m
ed
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itti
n
g
f
o
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p
r
ev
ailin
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tan
ce
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g
r
u
en
t
with
th
ei
r
in
h
e
r
en
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
4
]
.
S
itu
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al
lead
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h
ip
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n
tails
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r
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o
g
n
itio
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th
at
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p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
em
p
lo
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iv
er
s
e
lead
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s
h
ip
s
ty
les
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n
ti
n
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
with
ea
ch
s
itu
atio
n
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
d
is
tin
ct
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
itu
atio
n
al
t
h
eo
r
y
e
x
p
lain
s
wh
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lead
er
s
h
ip
wo
r
k
s
in
o
r
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an
izat
io
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
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d
p
r
o
v
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m
m
o
n
f
r
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k
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o
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lea
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er
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b
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r
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th
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ee
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o
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ce
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cu
m
s
tan
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s
.
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f
f
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er
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ip
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er
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o
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y
r
ev
italizin
g
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
its
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
wa
n
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
g
en
er
a
l
an
d
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lead
er
s
.
I
t
b
ec
o
m
es
n
ec
ess
ar
y
t
o
ta
ck
le
th
ese
is
s
u
es
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
er
r
atic
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
c
h
a
n
g
es
in
th
e
g
l
o
b
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t [
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
p
h
ases
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
a
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
:
t
h
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
(
d
ir
ec
tin
g
an
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
)
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
lead
e
r
p
u
ttin
g
s
u
cc
ess
o
v
er
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
tu
r
n
in
g
to
a
d
ir
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
.
In
th
is
s
tag
e,
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ates
m
a
y
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
co
m
p
lete
ass
ig
n
e
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
an
d
t
h
er
e
m
ay
b
e
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
n
f
licts
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tag
e,
“
ex
ch
an
g
e
an
d
g
u
id
an
ce
,
”
is
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
th
e
lea
d
er
c
lar
if
y
in
g
task
s
an
d
cu
ltiv
atin
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Su
b
o
r
d
in
ates
with
s
o
m
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
a
b
ilit
ies
n
o
n
eth
eless
lack
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
s
im
ilar
to
a
p
er
s
u
asi
o
n
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
[
6
]
.
T
r
an
s
itio
n
in
g
to
th
e
“
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
”
s
ta
g
e,
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ates
w
h
o
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
ed
a
b
ilit
y
d
em
a
n
d
h
elp
an
d
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
em
en
t,
y
et
r
elu
ctan
ce
to
u
n
d
er
tak
e
ass
ig
n
ed
task
s
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
.
T
h
e
le
ad
er
s
tr
iv
es
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
es
a
p
ar
ticip
ativ
e
p
er
s
u
asio
n
s
ty
le
to
f
o
s
ter
co
o
p
er
atio
n
[
7
]
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
“
d
eleg
atio
n
”
s
tag
e
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
s
u
b
o
r
d
i
n
ates
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
in
ex
e
cu
tin
g
d
u
ties
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
.
I
n
th
is
p
h
ase,
th
e
lead
er
u
s
es a
d
eleg
ated
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le,
g
iv
in
g
th
e
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
a
te
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
task
f
r
ee
d
o
m
[
8
]
.
Sit
u
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
lo
y
s
s
ev
er
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
ad
d
r
ess
cr
is
es
an
d
m
itig
ate
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
On
e
s
u
c
h
s
tr
ateg
y
in
v
o
lv
es
s
im
p
lify
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
ac
il
itatin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
in
g
t
h
e
u
r
g
en
t
an
d
s
ev
er
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
c
r
is
es,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
s
wif
t
an
d
d
ec
is
iv
e
ac
tio
n
th
at
d
iv
e
r
g
es
f
r
o
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
C
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
a
s
p
o
n
tan
eo
u
s
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
r
e
q
u
ir
es
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
p
lan
n
in
g
,
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
,
d
ir
ec
tin
g
,
an
d
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
task
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
ag
ain
s
t u
n
f
o
r
eseen
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
ts
[
9
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
an
ess
en
tial
asp
ec
t
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
cr
is
is
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
ce
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
cr
is
is
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
its
d
r
iv
er
s
,
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ities
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
ity
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t.
Acc
u
r
ate
d
ata
o
n
th
e
cr
is
is
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
o
f
its
p
o
ten
tial
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
a
r
e
cr
u
cial
elem
en
ts
in
th
is
ev
alu
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
Settin
g
p
r
io
r
ities
is
an
o
th
er
s
tr
ateg
ic
im
p
er
ativ
e
in
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
u
r
in
g
a
cr
is
is
.
Plan
s
an
d
alter
n
ativ
es
ar
e
d
ev
is
ed
b
as
ed
o
n
e
v
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
an
ticip
ated
e
v
en
ts
,
o
r
d
er
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
cr
iter
ia
an
d
p
r
io
r
ities
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aid
s
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
f
o
r
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
[
1
1
]
.
E
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
els
with
r
elev
an
t
p
ar
ties
is
em
p
h
asize
d
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Op
en
lin
es
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
im
m
ed
iate
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
cr
is
is
ev
en
ts
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
in
v
o
lv
ed
p
ar
ties
,
an
d
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
s
u
ch
b
eh
av
i
o
r
[
1
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
co
n
s
tan
t
p
r
esen
ce
at
e
v
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
is
d
ee
m
e
d
in
d
i
s
p
en
s
ab
le
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
B
ein
g
p
h
y
s
ically
p
r
esen
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
av
ailab
i
lity
o
f
s
u
f
f
icien
t
d
ata
f
o
r
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
,
o
f
f
er
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
o
n
g
o
in
g
e
v
en
ts
,
an
d
leav
es
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
r
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
its
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
with
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
I
n
th
e
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
eth
er
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
r
with
in
a
c
r
is
is
task
f
o
r
ce
,
th
e
d
eleg
atio
n
o
f
au
th
o
r
ity
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
ce
n
tr
al.
Dele
g
ati
o
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
“
b
ea
ti
n
g
h
ea
r
t
”
o
f
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
t
h
e
life
b
lo
o
d
o
f
th
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t c
y
cle
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
eleg
atio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
s
in
v
o
lv
es
co
n
f
er
r
in
g
th
e
r
e
q
u
is
ite
au
th
o
r
ity
u
p
o
n
ea
ch
team
m
em
b
e
r
ass
ig
n
ed
to
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
task
s
,
co
u
p
led
with
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
d
u
ties
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
Dele
g
atin
g
au
th
o
r
ity
to
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
'
en
tails
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
wh
o
leh
ea
r
te
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
ac
co
u
n
tab
ilit
y
,
p
r
em
is
ed
o
n
t
h
e
lead
er
'
s
tr
u
s
t,
r
en
d
er
in
g
d
e
leg
atio
n
u
n
ten
a
b
le
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
u
n
willin
g
to
ass
u
m
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
[
1
3
]
.
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
m
ed
ia
p
lan
is
d
ee
m
ed
cr
u
cial
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
b
y
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
p
i
v
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
m
e
d
ia
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tag
es.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
a
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
m
ed
ia
p
o
licy
b
e
in
p
lace
b
ef
o
r
e,
d
u
r
in
g
,
an
d
af
ter
a
cr
is
is
.
An
e
s
s
en
tial
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
itu
a
tio
n
a
l le
a
d
ers
h
ip
a
n
d
its
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
to
cris
is
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t a
mo
n
g
…
(
Oma
r
Ta
is
s
ir
B
a
ta
in
eh
)
779
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
p
lan
is
th
e
ap
p
o
in
tm
en
t
o
f
a
q
u
alif
ied
o
f
f
icial
s
p
o
k
esp
er
s
o
n
,
en
tr
u
s
ted
with
d
is
s
em
in
atin
g
ac
cu
r
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
'
s
o
b
jectiv
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
tag
es
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
1
4
]
.
Ack
n
o
wled
g
i
n
g
th
e
u
b
i
q
u
ity
o
f
c
r
is
es
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ex
is
ten
ce
,
th
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
em
co
llectiv
ely
ar
is
es,
g
iv
en
th
e
ir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
d
aily
life
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
cr
is
es,
attr
ib
u
ted
to
ch
a
n
g
es
in
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
s
o
cial,
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
co
u
p
led
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lim
itatio
n
s
i
n
ad
o
p
tin
g
ad
a
p
tiv
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
els,
en
g
e
n
d
er
s
co
n
ce
r
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
in
ev
itab
ilit
y
o
f
cr
is
es
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
lan
n
in
g
,
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
an
in
s
titu
tio
n
'
s
s
ize,
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ac
ti
v
ity
,
o
r
s
ec
to
r
a
f
f
iliatio
n
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
n
f
r
o
n
t
cr
is
es,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
u
n
it
s
taf
f
m
em
b
er
s
m
u
s
t
p
o
s
s
ess
r
eq
u
is
i
te
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
s
cien
tific
awa
r
en
ess
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ar
e
e
m
p
h
asized
f
o
r
s
taf
f
m
e
m
b
er
s
t
o
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
to
c
r
i
s
is
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
[
1
6
]
.
Sit
u
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
cr
is
es
is
an
ticip
ated
to
ex
er
t
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
th
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
cr
is
es
n
ec
ess
ita
t
e
h
eig
h
ten
ed
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
all
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
,
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
m
an
ag
e
t
h
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
o
th
s
o
cieties
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
h
as
p
r
o
life
r
ated
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
es,
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
u
aliza
tio
n
s
.
Var
y
in
g
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
am
o
n
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
h
o
ld
i
n
g
th
e
in
te
r
est
f
o
r
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
ex
p
er
ts
,
p
o
liti
cian
s
,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
is
ts
,
an
d
s
o
cio
lo
g
is
ts
alik
e
[
1
7
]
.
Sh
ar
if
an
d
Mo
h
am
ed
[
1
8
]
p
o
s
it
ed
th
at
cr
is
is
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
is
an
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
m
an
ag
em
en
t
d
o
m
ain
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
th
e
an
ticip
atio
n
o
f
cr
is
is
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
es
cr
e
atin
g
a
c
o
n
d
u
civ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
cr
is
es
u
s
in
g
s
cien
tific
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ativ
e
to
o
ls
,
m
itig
atin
g
n
e
g
ativ
e
asp
ec
ts
,
an
d
m
ax
im
izin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
s
tag
es o
f
a
c
r
i
s
is
: p
r
e
-
cr
is
is
,
cr
is
i
s
,
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
cr
is
is
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Al
-
Azz
am
[
1
9
]
,
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
in
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
in
v
o
lv
es
an
en
tity
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
c
o
n
f
r
o
n
t
cr
is
es
u
t
ilizin
g
d
iv
er
s
e
s
cien
tific
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
w
h
ile
lev
er
ag
in
g
an
y
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
to
its
ad
v
a
n
tag
e.
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
co
n
tex
t
,
as
elu
cid
ated
b
y
Nash
wan
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
f
o
cu
s
ed
a
ctiv
ities
u
n
d
er
tak
en
b
y
s
en
io
r
lead
er
s
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
lead
er
s
em
p
lo
y
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
tactics
to
an
ticip
ate,
m
an
ag
e,
p
r
ev
en
t,
an
d
cr
ea
te
s
u
itab
le
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
cr
is
es.
T
h
e
o
v
er
a
r
ch
in
g
g
o
al
is
to
co
n
tr
o
l,
co
n
f
r
o
n
t,
co
n
tain
,
r
ed
u
c
e
lo
s
s
es,
m
in
im
ize
n
eg
ativ
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
ca
p
italize
o
n
o
u
tco
m
es
to
p
r
ev
en
t
f
u
tu
r
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
'
s
in
ter
ests
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
o
b
jectiv
es
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
its
r
ep
u
tatio
n
f
o
r
e
x
ce
llen
ce
.
Var
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
elu
cid
ate
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
it
c
an
o
f
f
er
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
in
cl
u
d
e
av
er
tin
g
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
u
n
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
n
ess
f
o
r
cr
is
es,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
ar
o
u
n
d
cr
i
s
is
ex
i
s
ten
ce
,
ex
p
ed
itin
g
th
e
r
etu
r
n
to
n
o
r
m
alc
y
p
o
s
t
-
cr
is
is
,
an
d
p
o
te
n
tially
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
cr
is
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
cr
ea
tin
g
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
co
u
n
ter
s
cr
is
is
f
ea
r
,
d
is
p
els
r
u
m
o
r
s
,
an
d
m
itig
ates
u
n
d
e
s
ir
ab
le
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
k
illed
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
team
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
m
an
ag
in
g
cr
is
is
ef
f
ec
ts
,
an
d
d
e
r
iv
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
less
o
n
s
f
r
o
m
cr
is
es.
C
r
is
i
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t
g
o
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
an
y
s
tag
es,
as
i
n
d
icate
d
b
y
Sto
we
an
d
Dar
b
al
[
22
]
:
i)
Dete
ctin
g
war
n
in
g
s
ig
n
s
:
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
to
es
tab
lis
h
a
team
th
at
p
lan
s
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ately
p
r
ed
icts
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
u
s
in
g
its
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tag
e
r
ef
er
s
to
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
cr
is
is
,
an
d
it
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
an
y
in
d
icat
o
r
s
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
s
an
d
id
en
tifie
s
in
d
icato
r
s
o
r
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
th
at
in
d
icate
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
a
cr
is
is
;
ii)
Pre
v
en
tio
n
an
d
r
ea
d
in
ess
:
in
o
r
d
er
to
less
en
th
e
h
ar
m
c
au
s
ed
b
y
th
e
cr
is
is
wh
ile
co
n
tin
u
in
g
to
wo
r
k
to
p
r
ev
en
t
it
f
r
o
m
h
ap
p
en
in
g
,
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
'
s
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
g
ets
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
it
an
d
th
en
to
f
ac
e
it
;
iii)
L
im
itin
g
o
r
co
n
tain
in
g
d
am
ag
e:
t
h
e
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t
m
u
s
t
p
u
t
th
e
c
r
ea
ted
p
lan
s
in
to
ac
tio
n
,
b
e
g
in
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
all
av
ailab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
an
d
m
ea
n
s
,
b
ette
r
u
tili
ze
av
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
lim
it
th
e
cr
is
is
'
s
d
am
ag
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e,
wh
ich
is
th
e
cr
is
is
'
p
ea
k
;
iv
)
R
esto
r
in
g
ac
tiv
ity
:
it
is
th
e
s
t
ag
e
wh
er
e
th
e
cr
is
is
s
tar
ts
to
g
r
ad
u
ally
s
u
b
s
id
e,
allo
win
g
th
e
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
t
o
r
e
g
ain
e
q
u
ilib
r
iu
m
a
n
d
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
its
r
e
g
u
lar
task
s
as
it
d
id
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
c
r
is
is
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
.
T
h
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
h
as
also
p
in
p
o
in
ted
th
e
r
o
o
t
ca
u
s
es
o
f
th
e
cr
is
is
,
allo
win
g
it
to
o
f
f
e
r
s
o
m
e
wo
r
k
ab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
;
an
d
v
)
L
e
ar
n
in
g
:
th
is
s
tag
e
s
tar
ts
af
ter
t
h
e
cr
is
is
h
as
p
ass
ed
,
an
d
it
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
n
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
tactics
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
d
ea
l
with
it.
I
t
also
in
v
o
lv
es
lear
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
b
u
il
d
in
g
o
n
it in
o
r
d
er
to
b
e
ab
le
to
p
r
e
v
en
t similar
cr
is
es f
r
o
m
h
ap
p
e
n
in
g
a
g
ain
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Var
io
u
s
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
av
e
u
n
d
er
t
ak
en
ex
ten
s
iv
e
e
x
am
in
atio
n
s
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
Al
-
T
ay
m
ah
[
1
2
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
lead
e
r
s
an
d
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ates
th
at
th
e
d
eleg
ated
s
ty
le
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
is
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tly
p
r
ac
ticed
.
Alwan
[
9
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
th
e
s
tag
es
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
elu
cid
atin
g
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
m
itig
atin
g
o
r
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
cr
is
es
in
a
m
an
n
er
a
lig
n
in
g
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
ter
ests
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Alwan
[
9
]
id
e
n
tifie
d
a
co
r
r
el
atio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tag
es
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Al
-
B
ab
tai
n
[
1
3
]
r
esear
c
h
s
im
ilar
ly
in
d
i
ca
ted
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
a
d
h
er
en
ce
to
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Al
-
T
ah
er
[
2
3
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
em
p
h
as
izin
g
k
ey
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
eo
r
ies,
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
eir
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
h
u
m
a
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
attain
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
777
-
7
8
5
780
Desp
ite
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ap
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
,
cr
itiq
u
es
h
av
e
s
u
r
f
ac
ed
,
s
h
e
d
d
in
g
lig
h
t
o
n
its
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
its
o
v
er
all
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tu
d
y
an
d
p
r
ac
tice.
Al
-
Ob
a
id
[
2
4
]
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
ed
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
t
ice.
Ho
wev
er
,
Al
-
Ab
ad
i
r
esea
r
ch
[
2
5
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
m
o
d
er
at
e
n
ee
d
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ac
ad
em
i
c
lead
er
s
in
p
r
iv
ate
J
o
r
d
an
i
an
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
eo
r
y
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
f
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ic
lea
d
er
s
an
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
th
er
e
ex
is
ts
a
m
e
d
iu
m
-
le
v
el
n
ee
d
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
le
ad
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
4
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
wer
e
r
ated
h
ig
h
est b
u
t to
a
m
e
d
iu
m
d
eg
r
ee
,
wh
ile
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
r
ec
ei
v
ed
a
lo
wer
r
a
n
k
in
g
.
A
m
u
ltit
u
d
e
o
f
s
ch
o
lar
s
h
av
e
en
g
ag
ed
in
r
esear
ch
p
er
tain
in
g
to
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
Dan
iel
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
d
is
ce
r
n
o
p
tim
al
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
in
cr
is
is
lead
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
co
lleg
es
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
s
p
ec
i
f
ically
d
u
r
in
g
an
d
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
is
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
a
im
ed
to
id
en
tify
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
m
itig
ate
o
r
p
r
e
v
en
t
d
am
ag
e
in
s
u
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
y
ield
ed
s
ev
er
al
o
u
t
co
m
es,
with
a
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
co
n
clu
s
io
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
1
1
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
cr
is
es
with
in
co
lleg
es,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
an
d
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
s
th
ey
co
n
f
r
o
n
t.
Slater
r
esear
ch
[
2
7
]
u
n
c
o
v
er
e
d
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
esid
en
ts
p
o
s
s
es
s
awa
r
en
ess
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
a
cr
is
is
,
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
b
ef
o
r
e,
d
u
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
a
f
ter
c
r
is
es,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
ar
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
as
cr
u
cial
elem
en
ts
in
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Me
h
ta
an
d
W
an
g
[
2
8
]
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
lib
r
ar
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
cr
is
is
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
th
e
B
r
id
g
e
wate
r
State
Un
iv
er
s
ity
lib
r
a
r
y
in
Ma
s
s
ac
h
u
s
etts
in
d
eliv
er
in
g
d
ig
ital
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
u
tlin
ed
u
n
ex
p
ec
ted
is
s
u
es
ar
i
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
ep
id
em
ic,
d
etailed
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
m
a
d
e
to
e
x
is
tin
g
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
n
e
w
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
Mo
er
s
ch
ell
an
d
No
v
ak
[
2
9
]
c
o
n
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
eir
d
ata
th
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
an
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
cr
itical
ev
en
ts
n
ec
ess
itate
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
i
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
is
cr
u
cial
to
p
r
ev
en
t
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
b
u
s
in
ess
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
r
ep
u
tatio
n
al
d
a
m
ag
e.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Mc
Nam
ar
a
[
3
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
in
ter
v
iews
with
lead
er
s
f
r
o
m
co
n
s
er
v
ato
r
ies
in
A
u
s
tr
alia,
th
e
UK,
an
d
th
e
USA.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
wo
r
d
s
an
d
s
u
b
ject
co
llectio
n
s
,
lead
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
o
f
a
m
in
d
f
u
l
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
lead
er
s
in
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
wea
k
n
ess
es in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Daja
n
i
r
esear
ch
[
3
1
]
aim
e
d
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
ad
ap
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
r
esil
ien
ce
in
th
e
E
g
y
p
tian
ac
a
d
em
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
c
h
an
g
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
cr
is
is
.
A
to
o
l
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
ass
is
t
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
r
ec
o
v
e
r
f
r
o
m
c
r
is
es
an
d
d
is
aster
s
in
an
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tex
t.
Al
-
Dee
b
[
3
2
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tin
g
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ab
o
u
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
cu
lt
u
r
e
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
p
la
n
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
team
s
at
co
lleg
es
with
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
ca
p
ac
ity
.
Ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
S
h
a
r
i
f
a
n
d
Mo
h
a
m
e
d
[
1
8
]
,
ad
m
i
n
is
t
r
at
o
r
s
p
r
ac
t
ic
ed
t
h
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
t
r
at
e
g
ic
i
n
t
ell
ig
e
n
ce
to
a
m
o
d
e
r
ate
d
e
g
r
ee
,
wi
th
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
,
“
F
u
t
u
r
e
Vi
s
io
n
”
r
a
n
k
i
n
g
las
t.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
c
r
ea
ti
n
g
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
t
ea
m
s
i
n
E
g
y
p
ti
an
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
ies
,
p
r
es
en
t
ed
u
s
i
n
g
Ass
iu
t
Un
iv
er
s
it
y
a
s
a
m
o
d
e
l.
A
b
u
s
le
im
a
[
2
1
]
i
d
e
n
ti
f
i
e
d
n
i
n
e
k
e
y
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
c
r
is
is
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
E
g
y
p
t
ia
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
i
ties
,
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
,
p
r
o
ac
ti
v
e
c
r
is
is
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
s
tr
at
eg
ic
p
la
n
n
in
g
,
o
r
g
an
iza
ti
o
n
al
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e,
w
o
r
k
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
r
es
o
u
r
c
e
f
l
o
w,
m
u
lt
if
u
n
ct
io
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
ti
o
n
,
w
o
r
k
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
at
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
,
an
d
s
t
r
at
e
g
ic
s
e
n
s
it
iv
it
y
.
Nash
wan
et
a
l
.
[
2
0
]
in
d
icate
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
h
u
m
a
n
ca
p
ital
a
n
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
with
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
Al
-
Otaib
i
[
1
5
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
ex
ce
llen
t
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
at
Um
m
Al
-
Qu
r
a
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic,
with
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
'
s
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
to
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
ch
allen
g
es
wer
e
n
o
ted
,
p
r
im
ar
ily
a
lack
o
f
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ital.
T
h
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
ex
p
er
ien
c
e
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
ield
,
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
t
h
e
lack
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
t
h
e
J
o
r
d
an
ian
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
p
ar
tic
u
lar
an
d
th
e
Ar
ab
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
in
g
e
n
er
al,
wh
ic
h
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
a
b
etter
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t a
m
o
n
g
h
ea
d
s
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
.
Sch
o
lar
s
with
in
ac
ad
em
ic
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
ts
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
,
h
a
v
e
n
o
ted
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
ch
allen
g
es.
So
m
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
ad
o
p
tin
g
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
p
o
ten
tially
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
r
eso
lu
tio
n
to
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es.
Giv
en
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
lo
b
al
ch
an
g
es
an
d
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
'
asp
ir
atio
n
s
f
o
r
to
tal
q
u
ality
p
r
i
n
cip
les
an
d
g
lo
b
al
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lead
er
s
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
tr
an
s
itio
n
al
q
u
alities
.
T
h
ese
lead
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
r
esil
ien
ce
an
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
wh
ile
ass
u
m
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
ar
c
h
in
g
g
o
al
is
to
ad
v
an
c
e
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
r
an
k
in
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
ese
lead
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
ep
tly
m
an
ag
e
cr
is
es,
m
in
im
izin
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lo
s
s
e
s
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
am
o
n
g
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
o
th
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
ed
to
a
n
s
wer
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
itu
a
tio
n
a
l le
a
d
ers
h
ip
a
n
d
its
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
to
cris
is
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t a
mo
n
g
…
(
Oma
r
Ta
is
s
ir
B
a
ta
in
eh
)
781
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
W
h
at
is
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice
am
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
h
ea
d
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
as
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
?
(
Q1
);
ii)
W
h
at
i
s
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
lev
el
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
am
o
n
g
a
ca
d
em
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
h
ea
d
s
i
n
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
as
ass
es
s
ed
b
y
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
?
(
Q2
)
;
an
d
iii)
I
s
th
er
e
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
a
m
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
as p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
y
f
a
cu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
?
(
Q3
).
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
P
o
pu
la
t
io
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
all
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
n
am
ely
th
e
Hash
em
ite
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
Yar
m
o
u
k
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
,
an
d
Mu
ta
h
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
;
th
eir
n
u
m
b
e
r
r
ea
c
h
ed
3
,
250
p
e
o
p
le
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
4
0
5
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
,
an
d
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
1
3
%
o
f
t
h
e
to
tal
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
2
3
7
m
a
les,
an
d
1
6
8
f
e
m
ales,
as
well
as
th
o
s
e
wh
o
ar
e
in
th
e
r
an
k
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
is
1
4
1
,
ass
o
ciate
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
is
1
3
3
,
an
d
ass
is
tan
t
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
is
1
3
1
.
A
m
o
n
g
th
em
ar
e
1
8
9
h
u
m
an
itie
s
co
lleg
es
an
d
2
1
6
s
cien
tific
co
lleg
es.
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
s
Fo
llo
win
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
o
r
etica
l
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
p
r
io
r
r
esear
c
h
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
o
r
m
u
lated
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
with
th
e
o
v
er
ar
ch
i
n
g
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
ass
ess
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
its
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
am
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
d
e
p
a
r
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
r
ew
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
p
er
tin
en
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
4
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
wh
ich
d
elv
ed
in
to
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
to
o
l
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
lev
el
o
f
c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
a
m
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
f
o
u
n
d
its
b
asis
in
a
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies in
clu
d
ed
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
A
co
h
o
r
t
o
f
ar
b
itra
t
o
r
s
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
i
v
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
J
o
r
d
an
was
en
lis
ted
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
in
itial
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
o
l,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
its
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
ar
b
itra
to
r
s
wer
e
task
ed
with
s
cr
u
tin
izin
g
th
e
to
o
l'
s
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
o
b
je
ctiv
es,
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e'
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
teg
r
ity
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
an
d
clar
ity
o
f
its
s
ec
tio
n
s
an
d
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
s
.
T
h
eir
v
alu
ab
le
o
p
in
io
n
s
wer
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
g
r
u
en
ce
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e'
s
co
n
ten
t
with
th
e
ar
ea
s
it
p
u
r
p
o
r
ted
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
(
5
=v
er
y
h
ig
h
,
4
=h
ig
h
,
3
=m
ed
iu
m
,
2
=lo
w,
1
=
v
er
y
lo
w)
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
was
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
av
er
ag
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
s
co
r
es a
n
d
u
tili
zin
g
a
th
r
ee
-
tie
r
ed
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
p
lan
: l
o
w
(
1
-
2
.
3
3
)
,
m
ed
i
u
m
(
2
.
3
4
-
3
.
6
7
)
,
a
n
d
h
ig
h
(
3
.
6
8
-
5
)
.
T
o
v
er
if
y
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
er
s
ap
p
lied
it
to
a
g
r
o
u
p
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ts
id
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
3
1
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
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co
m
m
u
n
ity
a
n
d
t
h
ey
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s
ed
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
co
e
f
f
icien
t.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
o
f
s
itu
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lea
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er
s
h
ip
was
0
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9
1
a
n
d
0
.
8
2
,
0
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8
1
,
0
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7
1
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an
d
0
.
8
7
r
esp
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tiv
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f
o
r
lead
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ip
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k
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,
lead
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h
ip
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ty
les,
p
ar
ti
cip
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in
m
ak
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
s
itu
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al
p
lan
n
in
g
.
W
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ile
th
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r
eliab
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co
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f
icien
t f
o
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th
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c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
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en
t scale
was 0
.
8
9
.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
v
i
s
its
to
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
Prio
r
to
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
co
m
p
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a
co
n
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en
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f
o
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m
,
ex
p
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in
g
th
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willin
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n
ess
to
en
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g
e
in
th
e
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tu
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y
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Su
b
s
eq
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tly
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th
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aly
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co
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cte
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SP
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v
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2
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Descr
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tiv
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s
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s
tical
m
ea
s
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s
p
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if
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ar
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m
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s
an
d
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tan
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ar
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lo
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Ad
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ally
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lo
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h
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co
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u
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Pear
s
o
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’
s
co
r
r
elatio
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c
o
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t.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
Q
1
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
itial
in
q
u
ir
y
,
n
am
ely
,
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
s
itu
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n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice
am
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tan
d
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
was
d
er
iv
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
o
f
a
r
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
f
o
r
ea
c
h
f
ield
a
n
d
co
llectiv
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o
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all
f
ield
s
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h
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T
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1
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T
ab
le
1
in
d
icate
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th
at
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tm
en
t
h
ea
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s
with
in
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n
t
in
s
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p
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ac
tices,
as
ev
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d
en
ce
d
b
y
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eir
r
esp
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n
s
es,
wh
ich
y
ield
e
d
a
n
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
o
f
3
.
6
9
an
d
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
8
7
.
N
o
tab
ly
,
th
e
d
o
m
ain
o
f
lead
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s
h
ip
s
k
ills
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
at
3
.
8
1
,
ac
c
o
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
a
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
9
1
.
Fo
llo
win
g
clo
s
ely
,
th
e
f
ield
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les
o
b
tain
e
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
h
ig
h
est
a
r
ith
m
etic
m
e
an
o
f
3
.
7
3
,
co
u
p
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d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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J
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with
a
s
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tial
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8
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T
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f
ield
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p
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d
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6
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d
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r
d
d
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tio
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f
0
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9
2
,
r
e
f
lectin
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a
m
o
d
er
ate
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
en
g
ag
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n
t.
C
o
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clu
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in
g
th
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a
s
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th
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f
ield
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r
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3
.
5
4
an
d
a
s
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d
ar
d
d
ev
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n
o
f
0
.
9
4
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
an
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
itu
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n
al
lead
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r
s
h
ip
V
a
r
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a
b
l
e
s
R
a
n
k
M
e
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n
SD
D
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e
Le
a
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s
h
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p
s
k
i
l
l
s
1
3
.
8
1
0
.
9
1
H
i
gh
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
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e
s
2
3
.
7
3
0
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8
8
H
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h
P
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2
M
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4
M
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3
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6
9
0
.
8
7
H
i
g
h
3
.
2
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
Q
2
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
in
q
u
ir
y
p
er
tain
in
g
to
th
e
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
lev
e
ls
am
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
in
J
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n
ian
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n
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s
ities
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ac
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lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
'
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
.
T
h
ese
ca
l
cu
latio
n
s
aim
ed
to
g
au
g
e
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
lev
el
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
am
o
n
g
th
e
h
ea
d
s
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
d
ep
a
r
tm
e
n
ts
,
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
s
am
p
le
d
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
le
d
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
an
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
o
f
3
.
8
9
an
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
7
0
.
T
h
is
n
u
m
er
ical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tiates
th
e
elev
ated
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
3.
3
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
Q
3
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
in
q
u
ir
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t.
T
h
is
s
tatis
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
wa
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ascer
tain
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
tab
le
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
o
u
tco
m
es
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le's
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
s
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n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
i
n
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ex
h
ib
ited
b
y
h
ea
d
s
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
in
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
r
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lts
in
d
icat
e
a
n
o
tab
l
y
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
v
a
r
iab
les,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
a
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
8
0
,
wh
ich
is
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
p
-
v
al
u
e=
0
.
0
0
)
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
b
etwe
en
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
'
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ac
ets
o
f
s
itu
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n
al
lead
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s
h
ip
p
r
a
ctice
b
y
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
h
ea
d
s
(
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
in
th
e
ar
e
as
o
f
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
les,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
al
p
lan
n
in
g
)
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
0
.
6
2
0
,
0
.
6
2
7
,
0
.
6
6
5
,
an
d
0
.
6
6
9
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
All
th
ese
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
ex
h
ib
it st
r
o
n
g
,
d
ir
ec
t a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
s
an
d
ar
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t (
p
-
v
alu
e=
0
.
0
0
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t b
etwe
en
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
C
r
i
si
s
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
k
i
l
l
s
0
.
6
2
*
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
t
y
l
e
s
0
.
6
2
*
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
0
.
6
6
*
S
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
0
.
6
6
*
S
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
0
.
6
8
*
N
o
t
e
:
*p
=
0
.
0
1
3
.
4
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
is
ex
p
licab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
d
u
cted
am
o
n
g
ac
a
d
em
ics
at
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
wh
er
ein
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
o
l
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice
wer
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
'
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
t
h
eir
co
lleag
u
es,
th
eir
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
r
u
les
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
th
er
e
o
f
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
m
u
tu
al
r
esp
ec
t.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
ca
n
also
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
d
s
o
f
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
ts
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
es
o
f
th
is
ty
p
e
o
f
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le
th
at
ac
h
iev
es
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
'
s
g
o
als
in
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
ty
le.
A
n
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
ate
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
,
em
b
r
ac
i
n
g
m
o
d
er
n
d
em
o
c
r
atic
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
p
r
in
cip
les,
is
in
teg
r
al
to
c
u
ltiv
atin
g
a
co
h
esiv
e
wo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
e
r
ein
th
e
c
o
llectiv
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
s
h
ar
ed
o
b
jectiv
es
b
ec
o
m
es
p
a
r
am
o
u
n
t
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
'
af
f
ir
m
atio
n
s
in
“
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
”
f
ield
s
r
an
k
in
g
h
ig
h
est
with
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
ee
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
'
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
,
co
r
r
elatin
g
p
o
s
itiv
ely
w
ith
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
th
e
attain
m
en
t
o
f
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
tal
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
itu
a
tio
n
a
l le
a
d
ers
h
ip
a
n
d
its
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
to
cris
is
ma
n
a
g
eme
n
t a
mo
n
g
…
(
Oma
r
Ta
is
s
ir
B
a
ta
in
eh
)
783
co
lleg
iate
g
o
als.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ield
o
f
"lea
d
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le
s
"
claim
ed
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
h
ig
h
est
r
an
k
,
attesti
n
g
to
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
to
war
d
d
ep
ar
t
m
en
t
h
ea
d
s
an
d
af
f
ir
m
in
g
t
h
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
in
co
n
f
r
o
n
tin
g
d
iv
er
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Su
ch
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
r
eso
n
ated
p
o
s
i
tiv
ely
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le's ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
d
e
p
ar
t
m
en
t h
ea
d
s
'
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices [
4
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
f
ield
o
f
“
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
”
r
an
k
ed
p
e
n
u
ltima
te
with
a
m
ed
iu
m
d
eg
r
ee
.
T
h
is
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ies
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
'
h
ig
h
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
th
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
h
e
ad
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ak
e
ac
cu
r
ate
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t,
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
tr
u
s
t
in
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
jo
b
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
f
o
r
t.
T
h
e
a
p
p
ar
e
n
t
o
b
s
tacle
ar
is
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
'
lectu
r
es
o
n
wee
k
d
a
y
s
an
d
th
e
s
p
ac
i
n
g
o
f
lectu
r
e
tim
es,
h
in
d
er
in
g
th
eir
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
i
n
m
atter
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
c
o
llectiv
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
in
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
elec
tio
n
wer
e
em
p
h
asized
to
alig
n
with
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
g
o
als
a
n
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
f
lex
i
b
le
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
af
f
air
s
b
y
a
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
well
-
v
er
s
ed
in
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
ec
h
o
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
[
5
]
.
F
in
ally
,
th
e
f
ield
o
f
“
s
itu
atio
n
al
p
lan
n
in
g
”
r
a
n
k
ed
lo
west
am
o
n
g
th
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
,
also
with
a
m
ed
iu
m
d
eg
r
ee
.
T
h
is
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
r
ef
lects
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
'
s
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
a
d
ep
t
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
ac
u
m
en
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
n
u
an
c
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
h
an
d
lin
g
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
d
em
an
d
less
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
m
o
r
e
im
m
ed
iate
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Giv
en
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
t
h
ig
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice
am
o
n
g
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
y
n
er
g
ize
co
h
esiv
ely
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
g
r
u
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
o
th
e
r
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
12
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
v
alid
ates th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
tr
en
d
s
.
T
h
is
o
u
tco
m
e
ca
n
b
e
elu
ci
d
at
ed
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
f
ir
s
t
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
i
n
itial
q
u
esti
o
n
r
e
v
ea
led
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice,
wh
ile
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
in
d
icate
d
a
s
im
ilar
ly
elev
ated
lev
el
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
co
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
a
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
is
co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
to
ad
ep
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
an
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
wis
d
o
m
in
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
en
ab
lin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
A
s
itu
atio
n
al
le
ad
er
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
d
ep
ar
tm
en
tal
ch
allen
g
es
with
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
m
in
im
izin
g
p
o
te
n
tial
h
ar
m
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
is
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t'
s
s
u
cc
ess
in
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
task
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
at
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
tal
lev
el,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
its
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
h
ig
h
le
v
els
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
cr
is
is
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
cr
e
d
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
a
s
in
ce
r
e
an
d
ca
p
ab
le
d
ep
ar
t
m
en
t
h
ea
d
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
a
cu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
to
ea
r
n
estl
y
d
eleg
ate
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
to
a
co
m
p
eten
t
lea
d
er
wh
o
co
m
m
an
d
s
th
e
r
esp
ec
t,
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
,
a
n
d
co
n
f
i
d
en
ce
o
f
th
eir
co
lleag
u
es.
Facu
lty
m
em
b
er
s
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
d
ir
ec
t
th
eir
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
a
m
an
n
er
th
at
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ep
a
r
tm
e
n
t'
s
co
llectiv
e
b
en
ef
it.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
ca
n
also
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
with
in
t
h
e
d
u
ties
o
f
t
h
e
h
ea
d
o
f
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
jo
b
d
escr
ip
tio
n
to
ex
er
cise
h
is
r
o
le
an
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
i
n
th
e
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t'
s
wo
r
k
,
s
o
h
e
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
is
r
o
le
with
in
a
lar
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
m
em
b
e
r
s
o
f
th
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
an
d
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
co
lleg
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
in
g
en
er
al.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
th
ir
d
q
u
esti
o
n
alig
n
with
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
s
ev
er
al
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
,
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
'
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
et
wee
n
th
e
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
b
y
h
ea
d
s
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
d
ep
ar
tm
en
ts
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
co
r
r
elatio
n
ca
n
b
e
el
u
cid
ated
b
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
tim
ely
ap
p
licatio
n
,
wh
ich
p
lay
s
a
p
i
v
o
tal
r
o
le
in
c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
ad
ep
t
in
s
itu
a
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
is
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t'
s
ef
f
icac
y
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
ad
e
p
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
v
a
r
ied
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ar
e
ad
v
is
ed
to
j
u
d
icio
u
s
ly
s
elec
t
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
A
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
f
o
s
ter
s
an
o
p
tim
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
v
e
s
ted
in
ter
est
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
lleag
u
es,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
.
T
h
is
co
llectiv
e
ef
f
o
r
t c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tes to
ac
h
iev
in
g
ex
ce
llen
ce
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
with
in
th
e
d
ep
ar
tm
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
itu
atio
n
a
l le
ad
er
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
s
tag
es o
f
c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
f
o
r
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
s
to
ex
h
ib
it
ca
r
ef
u
l
co
n
s
id
er
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n
in
a
p
p
o
in
ti
n
g
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
t
h
ea
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s
wh
o
ex
h
ib
it
tr
aits
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
s
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lead
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
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s
elec
tio
n
is
d
ee
m
ed
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
teer
in
g
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
ts
to
war
d
s
d
esire
d
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
o
b
jectiv
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
t
h
er
e
is
a
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
to
au
g
m
e
n
t
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ase
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
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n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
in
itiativ
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s
u
ch
as
co
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s
es,
s
em
in
ar
s
,
an
d
lectu
r
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s
.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
r
e,
it
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ested
to
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an
d
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am
o
n
g
ac
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m
en
t
h
ea
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
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ally
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
in
v
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lv
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in
s
titu
tin
g
a
n
an
n
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awa
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n
ize
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co
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m
en
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d
is
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u
is
h
ed
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
wh
o
ex
ce
l
in
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
L
astl
y
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ip
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r
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ip
p
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a
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am
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m
en
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o
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iv
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ities
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a
s
ig
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if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
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c
r
is
is
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
with
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ac
a
d
em
ic
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ep
ar
tm
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ts
.
T
h
e
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th
o
r
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
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ar
tm
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t
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d
s
em
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r
ac
i
n
g
m
o
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er
n
d
em
o
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atic
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m
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is
tr
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p
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les
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h
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clu
s
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n
s
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ate
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s
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ip
s
ty
les.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
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ter
s
a
co
h
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wo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
w
h
er
e
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
f
ee
l
s
ati
s
f
ied
with
th
eir
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
at
h
eig
h
ten
ed
lev
els o
f
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
itu
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
cr
is
es e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
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h
ey
ar
g
u
e
th
at
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e
p
ar
t
m
en
t h
ea
d
s
with
ad
ep
t sit
u
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
ar
e
b
etter
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
t
o
h
an
d
l
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
lead
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
i
ties
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
h
ea
d
s
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
s
tr
o
n
g
s
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lead
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s
h
ip
ab
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ies
to
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
id
ea
th
at
s
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n
al
lead
er
s
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ip
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
with
in
ac
ad
em
ic
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ar
tm
en
ts
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d
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n
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e
r
s
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th
e
im
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o
r
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ce
o
f
s
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g
lead
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s
wh
o
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
n
av
ig
ate
ch
allen
g
e
s
wh
ile
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
wo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
A.
A
y
e
d
,
Mo
d
e
r
n
t
re
n
d
s
i
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
rsh
i
p
.
I
r
b
i
d
:
D
a
r
A
l
-
A
mal
f
o
r
P
u
b
l
i
sh
i
n
g
a
n
d
D
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s
t
r
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b
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t
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o
n
(
i
n
A
r
a
b
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c
)
,
2
0
1
0
.
[
2
]
H
.
M
.
A
l
-
B
a
h
a
r
y
,
“
Th
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
h
u
man
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
m
a
n
a
g
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me
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t
p
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ma
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a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
r
i
ses
:
t
h
e
m
e
d
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a
t
i
n
g
r
o
l
e
o
f
si
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
:
a
n
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
st
u
d
y
o
n
p
e
t
r
o
l
e
u
m
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
E
g
y
p
t
,
”
(
i
n
A
r
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b
i
c
)
,
S
c
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e
n
t
i
f
i
c
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Fi
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
e
rc
i
a
l
S
t
u
d
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s
a
n
d
R
e
se
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rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
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o
.
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,
p
p
.
1
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–
1
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2
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3
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1
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j
.
2
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3
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.
[
3
]
K
.
A
l
-
M
u
t
a
i
r
i
,
“
S
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
i
t
s
r
o
l
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i
n
e
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h
a
n
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i
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
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o
n
a
l
l
o
y
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l
t
y
a
m
o
n
g
s
u
b
o
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d
i
n
a
t
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
P
a
ss
p
o
r
t
s
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
J
e
d
d
a
h
G
o
v
e
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n
o
r
a
t
e
,
”
(
i
n
A
r
a
b
i
c
)
,
M
.
S
.
t
h
e
s
i
s,
N
a
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