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-
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ca
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tech
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I
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ca
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ca
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1
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.
Sch
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I
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I
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J
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Vo
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.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
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20
25
:
879
-
8
8
6
880
in
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1
9
.
T
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e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
ev
er
y
d
a
y
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
d
u
r
in
g
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
s
tu
d
y
in
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
as
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
h
av
e
c
h
an
g
e
d
r
a
d
ically
an
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
r
e
q
u
ir
e
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ce
r
tain
co
m
p
eten
cies,
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
lear
n
er
s
to
en
g
ag
e
in
s
elf
-
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
eth
i
n
k
th
eir
co
m
m
itm
e
n
ts
,
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
[
5
]
.
Gl
o
b
aliza
tio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
o
th
er
ar
ea
s
r
eq
u
i
r
es
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
cu
ltu
r
es
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
eo
p
le
o
f
th
e
wo
r
l
d
,
esp
ec
ially
E
n
g
lis
h
[
6
]
.
Dig
italizatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
h
av
e
ac
ce
ler
ated
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
wh
ich
h
as
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
co
n
ten
t
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
f
o
r
q
u
ality
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
lan
g
u
ag
es
ar
e
cr
itical
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
r
eq
u
i
r
in
g
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
al
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
e
asu
r
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
a
ch
an
g
in
g
wo
r
l
d
.
W
ith
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
in
eq
u
ali
ty
in
ac
c
ess
to
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
q
u
ality
tr
an
s
latio
n
h
a
v
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t seg
m
en
t
s
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
eq
u
ir
es
cr
it
ical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
8
]
.
Fo
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tals
o
f
th
e
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
eo
p
le
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
a
r
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
a
ch
an
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
c
ap
e.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
u
s
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
r
elate
d
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
is
s
u
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
l
en
s
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
es
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
t
ex
ts
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
em
ain
s
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
s
cien
tific
r
esear
c
h
,
an
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
ts
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
teac
h
in
g
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
an
d
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
team
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Stu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
ls
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
eth
n
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
1
3
]
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
u
s
in
g
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
h
as
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
ac
ad
em
i
c
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Simu
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
ad
ap
t
to
lear
n
in
g
in
an
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
as
t
h
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
h
as
ex
p
an
d
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
ad
ap
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
d
i
g
ital
s
p
ac
e,
as
well
a
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
y
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
ch
an
g
es
an
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
C
r
is
is
co
n
d
itio
n
s
p
r
o
v
o
k
ed
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
s
o
f
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
,
as a
r
esu
lt
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
s
tu
d
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
o
cu
s
f
o
r
m
a
k
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
co
m
p
etitiv
e
an
d
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
u
n
d
er
q
u
ar
an
tin
e
r
es
tr
ictio
n
s
is
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
r
ati
o
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
izin
g
t
h
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te,
o
n
th
e
o
n
e
h
an
d
,
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
c
e,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
g
lo
b
al
n
a
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
et
wee
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
u
n
t
r
ies,
an
d
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
lt
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
al
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
R
e
s
u
lt
s
ac
h
iev
ed
:
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
f
o
r
eig
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
at
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
ese
wer
e
cu
ltu
r
al
im
m
e
r
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
v
ar
io
u
s
o
n
lin
e
s
e
m
in
ar
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
v
ir
tu
al
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
e
v
en
ts
,
an
d
o
n
li
n
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
teac
h
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
allo
wed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
a
cq
u
ir
e
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
s
k
ill
s.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
s
ed
to
co
n
s
id
er
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
to
o
ls
f
o
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
k
ills
in
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
.
S
u
r
v
e
y
,
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
h
a
p
in
g
co
mp
ete
n
ce
o
f in
terc
u
ltu
r
a
l c
o
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OV
I
D
-
19
(
S
a
ya
A
y
a
z
b
a
y
ev
a
)
881
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
an
d
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
at
th
e
Sak
en
Seif
u
l
lin
Kaz
ak
h
Ag
r
o
tech
n
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
(
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
er
io
d
is
th
e
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
1
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
y
ea
r
(
two
ac
ad
em
ic
s
em
e
s
ter
s
)
.
Stu
d
en
ts
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
o
f
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
p
ec
ialty
(
ag
r
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
u
lty
)
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
ec
u
liar
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
it
s
m
u
ltin
atio
n
al
n
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
es
(
E
n
g
lis
h
,
R
u
s
s
ian
,
a
n
d
Kaz
ak
h
)
with
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ac
a
d
em
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
th
at
is
,
with
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
,
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
I
n
te
r
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
r
ee
ac
ad
em
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t,
with
a
to
tal
o
f
4
3
p
er
s
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
ci
o
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
q
u
alif
icatio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
G
r
o
u
p
s
N
(
%)
A
g
e
19
-
21
22
-
24
4
1
(
9
5
.
4
)
2
(
4
.
6
)
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
M
a
l
e
1
7
(
3
9
.
5
)
2
6
(
6
0
.
5
)
Th
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
a
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
c
o
m
e
s fr
o
m
Th
e
P
e
o
p
l
e
’
s
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
o
f
C
h
i
n
a
1
2
(
2
7
.
9
)
Th
e
K
y
r
g
y
z
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
7
(
1
6
.
3
)
Th
e
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
o
f
I
n
d
i
a
1
2
(
2
7
.
9
)
Tu
r
k
me
n
i
s
t
a
n
1
2
(
2
7
.
9
)
S
a
mp
l
e
s
i
z
e
4
3
(
1
0
0
.
0
)
T
h
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
th
r
ee
s
tag
es:
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
t
h
e
s
tr
at
eg
y
f
o
r
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
co
u
r
s
e
“Fo
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
”
(
E
n
g
lis
h
,
R
u
s
s
ian
)
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
illu
s
tr
ativ
e
m
ater
ials
ad
ju
s
ted
to
p
an
d
em
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
.
E
x
is
tin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
I
n
ter
n
e
t
s
er
v
ices
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
c
r
ea
tin
g
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
g
u
i
d
elin
es
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
i
n
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
u
n
d
er
p
a
n
d
em
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
A
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
estab
lis
h
th
e
g
en
d
er
,
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics,
an
d
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
i
ca
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
h
a
p
in
g
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
p
r
esu
p
p
o
s
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lev
el
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t w
as e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
ec
tio
n
was
d
ed
icate
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
l
iter
ac
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
s
ec
tio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
willin
g
n
ess
f
o
r
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
v
a
lid
ated
b
y
Kar
a
g
u
l
et
a
l.
[
2
1
]
.
A
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
ac
ili
tatin
g
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
en
ts
was
d
esig
n
ed
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
wa
s
r
e
-
ex
am
in
ed
.
A
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
al
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
wer
e
m
ath
em
atica
lly
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
tatis
tical
ca
lcu
lato
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tatem
en
ts
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
ca
les
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
c
r
iter
io
n
a
n
d
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
co
r
r
elatio
n
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
(
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
r
)
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
in
d
icato
r
s
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
c
o
n
s
en
ted
t
o
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
ata
co
llectin
g
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
all
th
e
m
ate
r
ials
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
test
in
g
,
an
d
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
ad
h
er
e
d
to
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
p
o
licy
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t,
n
o
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wer
e
u
s
ed
th
at
w
o
u
l
d
af
f
ec
t
th
e
i
n
teg
r
ity
an
d
o
b
jectiv
ity
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
te
r
m
p
er
io
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
(
o
n
e
y
ea
r
)
d
o
es
n
o
t
en
ab
le
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
estab
lis
h
th
e
ca
u
s
es
o
f
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
ts
,
an
d
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Nev
e
r
th
eless
,
th
is
o
p
en
s
a
n
ew
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
wer
e
p
r
im
ar
il
y
estab
lis
h
ed
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
h
i
g
h
ly
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
u
n
d
e
r
p
an
d
em
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
p
r
i
n
cip
les we
r
e
f
o
llo
we
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
−
So
cial
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
as
p
ec
ts
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
awa
r
e
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
wh
ich
h
elp
ed
th
em
m
an
ag
e
th
eir
tim
e
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
d
is
tan
ce
m
o
d
e.
−
Or
g
an
izatio
n
al
a
n
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
al
asp
ec
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
in
ter
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
.
T
h
is
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
u
s
in
g
th
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
T
ea
m
s
e
-
p
l
atf
o
r
m
,
wh
ich
f
ac
ilit
ates sm
o
o
th
an
d
s
ea
m
less
k
n
o
wled
g
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
879
-
8
8
6
882
−
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
t:
S
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
teac
h
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
s
tu
d
ies
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
eir
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
−
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
a
p
p
lied
asp
ec
ts
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
th
e
th
em
atic
co
n
ten
t,
t
y
p
e,
a
n
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
o
f
th
em
atic
u
n
its
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
to
m
ee
t
f
u
tu
r
e
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
m
u
s
t
f
u
lf
il
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
ar
t
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
will
h
elp
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
b
tain
h
ig
h
er
g
r
ad
es.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
willin
g
n
ess
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
ally
a
n
d
d
ig
itally
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
was
test
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
two
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
as
th
e
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
s
tatem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
ca
les
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
N
o
.
o
f
a
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
se
c
t
i
o
n
S
u
b
s
c
a
l
e
s
S
c
o
r
e
(
mea
n
±
S
D
)
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
N
o
.
1
(
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
)
Et
h
i
c
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
2
.
9
6
±
0
.
2
9
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
2
.
7
8
±
0
.
2
9
D
a
i
l
y
u
se
2
.
8
7
±
0
.
3
2
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
2
.
4
3
±
0
.
3
2
S
e
c
r
e
c
y
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
2
.
6
8
±
0
.
1
7
S
o
c
i
a
l
d
i
me
n
s
i
o
n
2
.
7
6
±
0
.
2
9
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
2
.
7
4
±
0
.
2
9
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
N
o
.
2
(
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
a
b
o
u
t
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
)
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
2
.
7
4
±
0
.
2
5
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
2
.
7
8
±
0
.
3
7
A
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
2
.
8
0
±
0
.
2
5
S
k
i
l
l
s
2
.
8
1
±
0
.
3
7
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
2
.
7
9
±
0
.
3
0
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
a
f
air
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ita
l
liter
ac
y
(
2
.
4
3
-
2
.
8
7
p
o
i
n
ts
,
m
ax
-
5
p
o
i
n
ts
)
.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
av
er
ag
e
r
esu
lts
in
th
eir
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
2
.
7
4
-
2
.
8
1
p
o
in
ts
,
m
ax
-
5
p
o
in
ts
)
,
w
h
ich
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
r
in
cip
les in
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elati
o
n
ca
lcu
latio
n
g
av
e
a
r
elativ
el
y
p
r
ed
ictab
le
r
esu
lt
-
th
er
e
ar
e
r
eliab
le
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
all
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
a
l
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t (
r
=0
.
6
9
-
0
.
8
5
)
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ac
tu
alizin
g
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
q
u
ar
a
n
tin
e
r
estrictio
n
s
wer
e
d
ef
in
ed
d
u
r
in
g
o
n
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
in
th
e
s
tate
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ma
ter
ial
an
d
p
r
a
ctica
l
clas
s
es
wer
e
s
tu
d
ied
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
eir
co
m
p
lex
ity
at
th
ese
lev
els.
A
s
et
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
h
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
h
o
lis
tic
v
iew
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
cu
ltu
r
al
s
tu
d
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
:
cu
ltu
r
ally
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
h
is
to
r
ically
cu
ltu
r
al.
Stra
teg
ie
s
,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
t
o
s
h
ap
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
in
te
r
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
o
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
e
m
ic
a
r
e
ex
p
lain
ed
.
C
u
ltu
r
al
im
m
er
s
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
ter
ac
t
with
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
c
u
ltu
r
es
an
d
to
p
r
ac
tice
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
C
r
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
e
v
elo
p
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
ac
tiv
e
lis
ten
in
g
,
cu
ltu
r
al
em
p
ath
y
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
er
b
al
an
d
n
o
n
v
er
b
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
wer
e
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
in
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
r
o
le
-
p
lay
in
g
e
x
er
cises
an
d
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies.
L
an
g
u
ag
e
e
x
ch
an
g
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
r
ac
tice
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
with
n
ativ
e
s
p
ea
k
e
r
s
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
lan
g
u
a
g
es.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ca
n
also
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
lear
n
a
b
o
u
t
o
th
er
c
u
ltu
r
es
an
d
c
u
s
to
m
s
.
Vir
tu
al
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
ev
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
c
u
ltu
r
al
f
air
s
,
v
is
itin
g
lectu
r
es,
an
d
f
ilm
s
cr
e
en
in
g
s
.
On
lin
e
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
v
ir
tu
al
cu
ltu
r
al
to
u
r
s
,
cu
ltu
r
al
q
u
izze
s
,
a
n
d
o
n
lin
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
h
av
e
h
elp
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
ab
o
u
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
cu
ltu
r
es
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
es.
A
d
v
an
ce
d
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
es
,
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
t
o
o
l
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
e
r
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
a
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
m
a
t
,
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
estrictio
n
s
c
au
s
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
n
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
y
e
a
r
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
te
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t stra
teg
ies d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
av
er
ag
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
5
.
0
% in
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
a
b
ilit
y
s
co
r
es
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
3
.
C
h
an
g
es
with
in
th
e
r
esu
lts
b
ec
am
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
s
tr
ateg
ies,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
i
n
ter
cu
lt
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
af
ter
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
,
T
ab
le
3
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
m
o
d
er
ate.
T
h
e
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
el
atio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
ca
lcu
latio
n
a
ls
o
d
is
p
lay
ed
a
r
eliab
le
m
u
tu
al
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
in
ter
c
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T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tr
ateg
ies,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
t
o
o
ls
.
D
ig
italizin
g
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
en
t
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t r
esp
o
n
s
es h
elp
ed
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
s
o
cial,
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
ts
h
av
e
a
s
tr
o
n
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
;
it
f
ac
ilit
ates
g
ain
in
g
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
e
twee
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
teac
h
er
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
th
e
latest
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
wo
r
k
in
a
d
is
tan
c
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
d
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
New
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
r
ad
ically
ch
an
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
h
av
e
s
tim
u
lated
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
ew
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Ma
n
y
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
ig
italizatio
n
o
n
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
m
u
ch
b
r
o
a
d
er
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
h
ig
h
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
lls
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Data
f
r
o
m
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
d
icat
e
th
at
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
cin
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
h
ar
d
s
k
ills
an
d
is
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
[
2
3
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
h
a
v
e
also
n
o
ted
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t e
th
n
o
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
in
a
m
u
lticu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wer
e
s
h
o
wn
to
im
p
ac
t
th
eir
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Stu
d
ies
d
e
d
icate
d
to
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
’
s
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
’
s
p
ac
e
s
h
o
wed
p
o
s
itiv
e
g
en
er
al
r
esu
lts
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
leted
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
d
u
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
s
p
ec
ialities
i
n
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
8
]
.
Par
ticu
lar
r
esear
ch
in
ter
est
lies
in
t
h
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
ject
o
f
n
ar
r
o
w
lin
g
u
is
tic
r
esear
ch
,
b
u
t
also
a
n
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
o
th
e
r
n
o
n
-
lin
g
u
is
tic
th
e
m
atic
s
tu
d
ies,
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t r
esear
ch
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
f
o
r
eig
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
s
k
ills
o
n
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
lev
el
o
f
s
o
cializa
tio
n
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
liv
in
g
an
d
s
tu
d
y
in
g
in
a
h
o
m
elan
d
o
r
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
lan
g
u
a
g
es
p
eo
p
le
k
n
o
w,
th
e
b
etter
t
h
eir
q
u
ality
o
f
life
an
d
s
o
cial
in
teg
r
atio
n
will
b
e
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
is
th
es
is
r
aises
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
is
s
u
es
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
n
ca
r
ee
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
s
es
a
q
u
esti
o
n
as
to
wh
at
e
x
ten
t
an
d
s
co
p
e
lan
g
u
ag
es
ar
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
b
u
s
in
ess
,
s
c
ien
ce
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
cu
ltu
r
e,
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
in
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
lev
el
o
f
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
k
ills
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
ed
ictab
l
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
ig
ital sk
ills
[
2
9
]
.
R
eg
u
lar
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
is
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
E
n
g
lis
h
is
an
o
t
h
er
to
p
ic
o
f
s
cien
tific
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
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[
7
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I
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[
3
3
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As
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[
3
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I
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[
3
0
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,
[
3
6
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.
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r
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[
3
7
]
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d
y
.
T
h
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
p
an
d
em
i
c
an
d
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
n
eity
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
e
x
p
er
ien
c
e
em
b
r
ac
i
n
g
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
s
id
es
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
asp
ec
t
in
clu
d
es
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ich
o
p
en
s
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
s
h
ap
e
th
eir
s
elf
-
d
i
s
cip
lin
e
s
k
ills
,
allo
ws
th
em
to
u
s
e
a
f
r
ee
r
h
y
t
h
m
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
v
ir
t
u
al
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
wa
y
s
o
f
f
u
n
d
in
g
a
m
b
itio
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
jects,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
u
r
c
h
ase
o
f
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
en
tails
h
ig
h
f
in
a
n
cial
co
s
ts
,
as
well
as
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
co
u
r
s
es
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
latf
o
r
m
s
aim
ed
at
ac
h
iev
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
als
u
n
d
er
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ar
e
b
ein
g
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
em
b
r
ac
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
f
lu
en
c
e
o
n
lear
n
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
v
o
ca
te
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
ac
t
iv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
ad
ap
tin
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
a
m
u
l
ticu
ltu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
im
p
li
es
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
an
d
elab
o
r
atin
g
o
n
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es
an
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
y
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
t g
r
o
u
p
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
n
li
n
e
lear
n
in
g
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
ele
v
an
t
m
ater
ial
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
cu
ltu
r
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
to
a
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
te
r
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
r
ates
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
a
n
d
s
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
t
h
is
ar
ea
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ac
tic
al
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
s
ee
k
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
tim
es
o
f
cr
is
is
.
As
k
ey
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
el
o
f
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
th
e
c
h
an
g
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
r
e
v
ea
led
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
n
d
er
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
tr
ateg
ies,
m
ea
n
s
,
an
d
to
o
ls
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
r
eliab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
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m
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Gen
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ta
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ce
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
u
r
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th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic
an
d
in
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
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a
,
wh
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e
i
n
ter
cu
lt
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r
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m
m
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is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
v
ital f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
E.
P
a
r
k
s
,
“
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
i
t
y
:
r
e
v
i
s
i
t
i
n
g
a
s
su
m
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
b
o
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t
i
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
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r
a
l
c
o
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p
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n
c
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a
n
d
c
r
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t
i
c
a
l
i
t
y
d
e
v
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l
o
p
me
n
t
i
n
M
o
d
e
r
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
d
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g
r
e
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
e
s,”
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
8
8
–
1
0
4
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
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0
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0
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4
7
0
8
4
7
7
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
1
6
2
0
6
5
.
[
2
]
M
.
C
.
Li
m
a
P
a
n
i
a
g
o
,
G
.
H
.
D
a
C
u
n
h
a
M
o
u
r
a
,
M
.
B
r
u
m
A
r
g
u
e
l
h
o
,
a
n
d
C
.
D
e
v
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c
c
h
i
,
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I
n
t
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c
u
l
t
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r
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l
d
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e
s
i
n
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
,
”
Re
v
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st
a
E
d
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t
e
c
-
E
d
u
c
a
ç
ã
o
,
T
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a
s
D
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o
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D
o
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e
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e
,
v
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l
.
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
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,
d
o
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:
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0
.
5
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8
/
e
d
u
t
e
c
.
v
2
i
1
.
1
5
3
4
6
.
[
3
]
Z.
S
a
k
h
i
y
y
a
,
G
.
P
.
D
e
w
i
S
a
r
a
sw
a
t
i
,
Z.
A
n
a
m
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
z
i
s,
“
W
h
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t
’
s
i
n
a
n
a
me
?
C
r
i
s
i
s
c
o
m
mu
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
i
n
mu
l
t
i
l
i
n
g
u
a
l
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
u
l
t
i
l
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l
i
sm
,
v
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l
.
2
1
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
9
–
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2
,
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p
r
.
2
0
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4
,
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o
i
:
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1
0
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4
7
9
0
7
1
8
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
1
2
7
7
3
2
.
[
4
]
S
.
G
a
u
r
a
v
,
“
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
C
o
v
i
d
1
9
p
a
n
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ru
.
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