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th
r
ea
ten
s
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
A
r
e
p
o
r
t
by
No
r
r
is
an
d
B
r
o
o
k
es
[
2
1
]
u
s
in
g
q
u
alitativ
e
tech
n
i
q
u
es
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
th
at
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
o
n
lin
e
s
ca
m
s
f
ee
l sev
er
e
s
tr
ess
u
p
o
n
lo
s
in
g
m
o
n
ey
.
No
n
e
th
e
le
s
s
,
o
th
er
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
by
Alh
u
ja
il
l
i
et
a
l
.
[
2
2
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
co
n
tr
ar
y
,
wh
er
e
o
n
l
in
e
b
u
l
ly
in
g
co
n
t
en
t
s
o
c
ia
lly
is
o
l
at
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
i
m
p
a
ct
n
eg
at
iv
e
e
m
o
t
io
n
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
wh
ic
h
i
s
s
t
r
e
s
s
.
X
in
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
p
o
s
i
te
d
th
at
o
ld
er
in
d
iv
id
u
a
l
s
w
ith
g
o
o
d
co
g
n
i
tiv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
ar
e
le
s
s
l
ik
e
ly
to
b
e
im
p
a
ct
ed
b
y
s
ca
m
s
an
d
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
en
t
ly
s
tr
e
s
s
ed
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
it
.
B
e
s
id
e
s
th
e
s
e
d
iv
er
g
in
g
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
s
t
i
ll
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
th
e
g
en
er
a
l
m
en
ta
l
s
tr
e
s
s
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
in
d
u
ce
d
b
y
o
n
l
in
e
r
i
s
k
.
S
tu
d
ie
s
o
r
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
n
wh
e
th
e
r
o
n
lin
e
r
i
s
k
s
af
f
ec
t
an
d
p
r
ed
i
ct
ac
ad
e
m
i
c
s
tr
e
s
s
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
a
te
s
,
an
d
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
an
d
p
r
ed
ic
ti
o
n
o
f
s
u
ch
v
ar
i
ab
l
e
s
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
at
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
s
ti
ll
s
ca
r
c
e.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ex
is
t
in
g
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
g
a
p
an
d
th
e
n
e
ce
s
s
i
ty
o
f
th
is
an
al
y
s
i
s
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
d
o
m
ain
,
th
i
s
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
a
im
s
to
f
il
l
th
e
g
a
p
l
ef
t
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
es
b
y
an
al
y
zi
n
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
an
d
p
r
ed
ic
tio
n
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
r
i
s
k
o
n
a
ca
d
em
i
c
s
t
r
e
s
s
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
at
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
t
ic
al
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
d
e
em
ed
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
o
b
jec
t
iv
e
s
o
f
th
i
s
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
i
s
lo
g
i
s
ti
c
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
i
s
an
aly
ti
ca
l
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
c
an
b
e
u
t
il
iz
ed
to
an
a
ly
ze
th
e
im
p
a
ct
a
n
d
p
r
e
d
ic
tio
n
if
th
er
e
a
r
e
ch
an
g
e
s
in
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
o
n
ce
r
t
a
in
v
a
r
i
ab
l
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
s
v
al
u
e
ex
p
(
B
)
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
B
e
s
id
e
s
th
e
m
en
t
io
n
ed
v
ar
i
ab
le
s
,
th
i
s
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
w
il
l
a
l
s
o
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
v
a
r
iab
le
s
a
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
th
i
s
an
aly
s
is
.
A
s
s
t
at
ed
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ex
p
e
r
t
s
[
2
6
]
–
[
2
9
]
,
i
t
i
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
an
d
cr
u
c
ia
l
f
o
r
a
s
tu
d
y
t
o
in
c
lu
d
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
v
ar
i
ab
l
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
g
en
d
e
r
,
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
w
el
l
-
b
e
in
g
r
ef
le
ct
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
al
ar
y
an
d
o
c
cu
p
a
tio
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
o
f
th
i
s
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
ar
e
h
o
p
ed
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
p
o
li
cy
m
ak
er
s
in
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
f
ie
ld
to
en
h
an
ce
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
q
u
al
i
ty
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
u
r
th
er
r
e
s
e
ar
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
ti
e
s
f
o
r
o
th
er
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
i
s
f
r
o
m
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
i
s
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
im
p
a
ct
an
d
p
r
ed
i
ct
ab
i
l
ity
o
f
o
n
l
in
e
r
i
s
k
s
o
n
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
a
te
s
’
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
t
r
e
s
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
Sp
e
cif
ic
al
ly
,
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
iz
es
th
at
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
s
ca
m
s
o
r
b
u
ll
y
in
g
co
n
t
en
t,
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ly
af
f
ec
t
s
ac
ad
e
m
i
c
s
t
r
e
s
s
l
ev
e
l
s
a
m
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
at
es
.
I
t
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
f
ac
to
r
s
,
n
o
tab
ly
g
en
d
e
r
,
in
in
f
lu
en
c
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
es
s
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
s
am
p
lin
g
with
q
u
o
ta
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
s
im
ilar
ity
o
f
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
a
n
d
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
th
at
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
f
o
llo
win
g
Ver
m
a
g
u
id
elin
es
[
3
0
]
.
Ver
m
a
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
a
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
0
0
f
o
r
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
an
aly
s
es
to
d
etec
t
m
ed
iu
m
e
f
f
ec
t
s
izes
with
a
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
o
f
0
.
8
0
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
1
9
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ee
ts
th
is
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
g
at
h
er
ed
2
1
9
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
s
tate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
an
aly
tical
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
b
in
ar
y
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
as
s
h
o
wn
F
ig
u
r
e
1
,
alo
n
g
s
id
e
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
an
al
y
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
as
a
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
ch
ec
k
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
,
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
e
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
F
A)
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
en
t
v
alid
ity
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
,
Ken
d
all
’
s
,
an
d
Sp
ea
r
m
an
wit
h
th
e
aid
o
f
SP
SS
2
6
to
o
l.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
t
o
a
n
aly
ze
an
d
p
r
ed
ict
th
eir
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ates
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
u
s
in
g
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
an
aly
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
e
g
in
s
with
p
h
ase
-
1
,
co
llectin
g
an
d
tab
u
latin
g
d
ata,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
p
h
ase
-
2
,
w
h
e
r
e
E
FA
an
d
test
s
f
o
r
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
al
id
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
E
FA
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
en
t
v
alid
ity
test
s
,
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
s
.
T
h
e
E
FA
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
s
,
with
a
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
3
5
an
d
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
B
ar
tlett
’
s
test
(
χ²=
1
6
1
.
5
1
3
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
All
it
em
s
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
r
r
el
atio
n
s
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
in
Pear
s
o
n
,
K
en
d
all
’
s
tau
_
b
,
an
d
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
r
h
o
test
s
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
0
1
in
d
icate
d
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
I
n
p
h
ase
-
3
,
co
r
r
elatio
n
is
ass
es
s
e
d
u
s
in
g
Pear
s
o
n
,
Ken
d
all
’
s
tau
_
b
,
an
d
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
r
h
o
test
s
.
Ph
ase
-
4
in
v
o
lv
es
a
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
test
an
d
is
s
p
lit
in
to
m
o
d
el
f
it
a
n
aly
s
is
an
d
v
ar
iab
le
a
n
aly
s
is
ac
r
o
s
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a
t
i
o
n
(
M
o
d
e
l
1
t
o
M
o
d
e
l
5
)
(
P
h
a
se
-
1
)
D
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
&
t
a
b
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
(
P
h
a
se
-
2
)
A
n
a
l
y
si
s
EFA
,
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
mo
men
t
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
,
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
t
e
st
(
P
h
a
se
-
3
)
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
:
P
e
a
r
so
n
c
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
K
e
n
d
a
l
l
’
s
t
a
u
_
b
,
S
p
e
a
r
m
a
n
’
s
r
h
o
(
P
h
a
se
-
4
)
L
o
g
i
st
i
c
r
e
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
t
e
st
(
P
h
a
se
-
4
.
1
)
M
o
d
e
l
f
i
t
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
(
M
o
d
e
l
1
t
o
M
o
d
e
l
5
)
D
a
t
a
i
n
t
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r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
& F
i
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a
l
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e
p
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r
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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J
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14
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20
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6
828
c
o
m
m
u
n
alities
>0
.
5
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.
I
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
alities
<0
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5
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,
th
e
n
th
e
item
m
u
s
t
b
e
elim
in
ated
an
d
r
etested
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
et
b
ef
o
r
e
d
escr
ib
in
g
h
o
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m
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y
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to
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r
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en
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io
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ap
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ea
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ased
o
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th
e
t
o
tal
in
itial
eig
en
v
alu
es
>1
,
a
n
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
item
s
th
at
ar
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
a
x
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tated
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
m
atr
ix
v
alu
e
p
e
r
d
im
en
s
io
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
s
with
a
lo
ad
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
o
f
0
.
4
0
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
en
t
v
alid
ity
cr
iter
ia
th
en
u
s
e
Pear
s
o
n
,
Ken
d
all
’
s
,
an
d
Sp
ea
r
m
a
n
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
wit
h
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
tab
le
r
v
alu
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
with
d
f
1
9
0
(
r
>0
.
1
1
9
)
an
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
r
s
ig
.
v
alu
e<
0
.
0
5
o
r
5
%;
if
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
Sig
.
(
2
-
tailed
)
<0
.
0
5
an
d
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
is
p
o
s
itiv
e,
t
h
en
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
is
d
ec
lar
e
d
v
alid
.
I
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
Sig
.
(
2
-
tailed
)
<
0
.
0
5
a
n
d
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
is
n
eg
ativ
e,
th
e
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
is
d
ec
lar
ed
in
v
alid
.
I
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
Sig
.
(
2
-
tailed
)
>0
.
0
5
th
en
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
is
d
ec
lar
ed
in
v
alid
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
cr
iter
ia
in
th
is
p
ar
t
is
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
a
lp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
wh
ich
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
v
alu
e
>6
0
.
Ph
ase
3
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
:
Pear
s
o
n
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
,
Ken
d
all’
s
tau
_
b
,
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
r
h
o
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics
with
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ar
e
if
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
v
alu
es
(
+/
-
)
0
.
1
<
=r
<=
0
.
3
9
9
(
w
ea
k
)
,
0
.
4
<=
r
<=
0
.
6
9
9
(
m
o
d
er
ate)
,
0
.
7
<=
r
<=
0
.
9
9
9
(
s
tr
o
n
g
)
,
a
n
d
r
=1
(
p
e
r
f
ec
t)
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
ta
b
le
r
v
alu
e
is
u
s
ed
with
d
f
1
9
0
(
r
>0
.
1
1
9
)
an
d
m
in
im
u
m
r
s
ig
.
v
alu
e.
Ph
ase
-
4
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
te
s
t
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
an
al
y
ze
an
d
p
r
e
d
ict
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
les
with
s
ix
m
o
d
els
(
T
ab
le
1
)
,
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
two
s
u
b
-
p
h
ases
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
u
b
-
p
h
ase,
p
h
ase
4
.
1
m
o
d
el
f
it
an
aly
s
is
,
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
m
o
d
el
s
1
to
5
to
o
b
tain
ju
s
tific
atio
n
if
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
m
o
d
el
is
f
it
a
n
d
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
l
o
g
is
tic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
et
i
n
th
is
p
h
ase
ar
e
Om
n
ib
u
s
test
s
o
f
m
o
d
el
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
wi
th
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
s
ig
.
<0
.
0
5
,
Ho
s
m
er
an
d
L
em
esh
o
w
t
est
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
s
ig
>0
.
0
5
,
wh
ile
Nag
elk
er
k
e
R
Sq
u
ar
e
i
s
u
s
ed
to
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
lar
g
e
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
ch
a
n
g
es
will
b
e
co
n
v
e
r
ted
in
to
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
f
o
r
m
.
L
astl
y
,
in
s
u
b
-
p
h
ase
4
.
2
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
n
ea
ch
m
o
d
el
u
s
es
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t b
in
a
r
y
o
n
all
av
ailab
le
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les,
an
d
with
ea
c
h
iter
a
tio
n
elim
in
ates
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iab
le
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
p
ar
am
et
er
esti
m
ates
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
s
ig
.
p
<0
.
0
5
to
g
e
t
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
“
in
ter
ce
p
t
in
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
in
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
”
an
d
if
th
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
ates
ar
e
m
et
th
en
wh
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
n
ex
t in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
is
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
E
x
p
(
B
)
if
E
x
p
(
B
)
<1
.
0
0
0
th
en
th
e
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t v
ar
iab
le
f
ir
s
t r
ef
er
en
ce
will b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
in
ter
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
f
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
will
ap
p
ly
v
ice
v
er
s
a
if
E
x
p
(
B
)
>1
.
0
0
0
th
en
th
e
ca
te
g
o
r
y
in
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
le
“
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
th
ir
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
o
n
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les
co
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
th
e
f
ir
s
t c
ateg
o
r
y
”
will b
e
af
f
e
cted
b
y
th
e
in
ter
ce
p
t
o
f
th
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
le
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
P
ha
s
e
-
1
:
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
a
nd
t
a
bu
la
t
io
n
Du
r
in
g
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
d
at
a
co
llectio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
o
b
tain
ed
2
1
9
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
o
s
e
wh
o
co
m
p
leted
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
illi
n
g
p
er
f
e
ctly
with
o
u
t
an
y
em
p
ty
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
wer
e
1
9
2
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
T
ab
le
1
)
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
2
wer
e
u
n
d
er
1
9
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
7
4
%
)
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
v
er
2
0
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
(
2
6
%).
A
lar
g
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
ar
en
ts
’
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
wer
e
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
(
8
8
.
5
%),
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
ar
en
ts
h
ad
jo
b
s
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
co
n
tr
ac
t
-
b
o
u
n
d
o
r
t
h
e
lik
e
with
o
th
er
p
ar
ties
o
r
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
ar
en
ts
’
jo
b
s
th
at
h
ad
co
n
tr
ac
ts
o
r
th
e
lik
e
wit
h
o
th
er
p
a
r
ties
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
u
n
-
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
(
1
1
.
5
%).
T
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
u
r
b
an
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
(
3
8
.
5
5
%),
r
u
r
al
(
3
1
.
3
%),
m
ale
g
en
d
e
r
(
4
0
.
1
%),
f
em
al
e
(
5
9
.
9
%),
p
ar
en
t
s
alar
y
<U
MR
(
2
0
.
8
%)=
UM
R
(
4
1
.
7
%),
an
d
>U
MR
(
3
7
.
5
%).
T
h
e
d
ata
tab
u
latio
n
o
b
tai
n
ed
was
th
en
an
aly
ze
d
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
p
h
ase
-
2.
3
.
2
.
P
ha
s
e
-
2
:
E
F
A
a
na
ly
s
is
,
pro
du
ct
m
o
m
ent
v
a
lid
it
y
,
a
n
d Cr
o
nb
a
ch
’
s
a
lph
a
t
est
T
h
e
E
FA
a
n
aly
s
is
is
aim
ed
to
test
th
e
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
(
T
ab
le
1
)
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
et
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
.
T
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[
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f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
esid
es
g
en
d
er
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
L
astl
y
,
in
m
o
d
el
5
,
g
en
d
er
(
1
)
s
till
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
(
0
.
0
0
9
)
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
b
u
t
with
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
v
al
u
e
o
f
ex
p
(
B
)
to
2
.
6
0
1
.
B
esid
es
g
en
d
er
,
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
tr
ess
,
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
,
o
r
o
th
er
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
a
r
iab
les
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
o
f o
n
lin
e
r
is
ks o
n
a
ca
d
emic
s
tr
ess
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
tes (
S
ig
it P
erma
n
s
a
h
)
831
T
ab
le
7
.
L
o
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
a
n
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
M
o
d
e
l
V
a
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i
a
b
l
e
V
a
r
i
a
b
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s i
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t
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Eq
u
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t
i
o
n
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5
%
C
.
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.
f
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r
E
xp
(
B
)
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l
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g
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Ex
p
(
B
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(
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(
1
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0
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1
.
7
5
5
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
(
p
h
ase
-
1
)
,
a
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
2
1
9
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
with
u
s
ab
le
d
ata
o
f
1
9
2
an
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
ag
e,
g
en
d
e
r
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
p
ar
en
t
s
alar
y
,
an
d
p
ar
en
t
wo
r
k
.
I
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
(
p
h
ase
-
2
)
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ef
lect
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
lo
a
d
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
(
lo
ad
in
g
f
ac
to
r
>0
.
7
0
0
)
a
r
e
C
s
e
(
0
.
8
5
0
>0
.
7
0
0
)
,
s
ca
m
,
(
0
.
8
0
1
)
an
d
b
u
lly
in
g
(
0
.
7
1
9
)
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
E
FA
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
alid
ity
test
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
m
o
m
en
t
with
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
,
Ken
d
all’
s
tau
,
an
d
Sp
ea
r
m
an
’
s
r
h
o
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
o
b
tain
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
c
e
v
alu
e<
0
.
0
5
with
m
o
s
t
h
av
in
g
a
v
alu
e
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
ate
ca
teg
o
r
y
an
d
p
ass
in
g
th
e
r
e
liab
ilit
y
test
with
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
(
0
.
7
0
1
>0
.
6
0
)
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
o
n
l
in
e
r
is
k
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ex
u
al
co
n
ten
t
[
3
7
]
–
[
3
9
]
,
s
ca
m
co
n
ten
t
[
1
5
]
,
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
2
]
an
d
b
u
lly
in
g
co
n
ten
t
[
9
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
in
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
(
p
h
ase
-
3
)
,
t
h
e
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
v
ar
iab
les
r
ef
lecte
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
C
s
e,
s
ca
m
,
an
d
b
u
lly
i
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
c
o
r
r
elate
d
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
i
c
s
tr
ess
b
u
t
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
en
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les,
g
e
n
d
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Par
en
t
s
alar
y
o
n
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
wi
th
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
b
u
t
n
o
t
with
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
B
esid
es
th
ese
two
v
ar
iab
les,
o
th
er
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
“E
n
v
an
d
Pwo
r
k
”
d
id
n
o
t
f
in
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
u
al
co
n
ten
t
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
s
ca
m
co
n
ten
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
a
n
d
b
u
lly
i
n
g
co
n
ten
t
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
a
r
e
r
elate
d
to
an
d
af
f
ec
t
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
p
h
ase
-
3
ca
n
b
e
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
f
o
r
th
eir
r
esil
ien
ce
in
p
h
ase
-
4
,
wh
er
e
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
C
s
e
to
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
tr
ess
d
id
n
o
t
h
o
l
d
.
W
e
d
id
n
o
t
f
in
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
C
s
e
(
m
o
d
el
1
is
:
0
.
9
4
5
>0
.
0
5
)
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
in
ter
esti
n
g
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
f
u
r
th
er
,
as
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
th
r
ee
tech
n
iq
u
es sh
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
o
r
r
e
latio
n
b
u
t n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
e
ct
was f
o
u
n
d
b
etwe
en
C
s
e
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
s
t
r
ess
.
T
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
will
b
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
o
r
o
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
r
e
p
o
r
t.
I
n
p
h
ase
-
4
wh
ich
u
s
ed
th
e
m
ain
tech
n
iq
u
e
o
f
b
i
n
ar
y
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
u
s
ed
f
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
els
to
k
n
o
w
ev
er
y
ef
f
ec
t
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
f
u
r
th
er
.
I
n
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
o
n
e
“m
o
d
el
2
”
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
m
o
d
els
s
tated
a
s
n
o
t
f
it,
m
ea
n
in
g
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
f
r
o
m
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
tr
ess
test
ed
in
th
at
m
o
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el.
T
o
o
b
ta
in
s
y
s
tem
atic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
in
th
is
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ess
io
n
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
in
p
h
ase
4
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
1
to
m
o
d
el
5
a
f
ter
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it tes
t.
An
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
1
o
n
s
ca
m
(
1
)
,
s
h
o
wed
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
clai
m
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
an
d
d
is
a
g
r
ee
o
n
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
o
b
tain
in
g
s
ca
m
in
t
h
e
last
1
2
m
o
n
th
s
(
ca
teg
o
r
y
1
)
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
lik
elih
o
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d
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ie
n
cin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
2
.
3
1
7
tim
es
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
claim
ag
r
ee
an
d
s
tr
o
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g
ly
a
g
r
e
e
o
n
th
e
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en
t
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b
tain
in
g
s
ca
m
in
th
e
last
1
2
m
o
n
th
s
.
T
h
en
,
o
n
b
u
lly
in
g
(
1
)
s
h
o
wed
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
claim
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J
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Vo
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14
,
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2
,
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s
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last
1
2
m
o
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(
ca
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1
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h
av
e
a
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ig
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ef
f
ec
t
o
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th
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o
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en
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ic
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ess
2
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4
0
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tim
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m
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ar
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to
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tu
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en
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wh
o
claim
ag
r
ee
a
n
d
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tr
o
n
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ly
ag
r
ee
o
n
th
e
s
tatem
e
n
t
o
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tain
i
n
g
b
u
lly
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g
i
n
th
e
la
s
t
1
2
m
o
n
th
s
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ten
d
to
h
a
v
e
litt
le
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
s
ca
m
an
d
b
u
lly
in
g
h
a
v
e
a
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
2
.
3
1
7
tim
es
“scam
”
an
d
2
.
4
0
0
tim
es
“b
u
lly
in
g
”
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
tr
ess
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
r
ec
ei
v
e
s
u
ch
c
o
n
ten
t.
T
h
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
th
at
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
s
o
m
eth
i
n
g
n
eg
ativ
e
f
o
r
m
e
n
tal
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
m
en
tal
r
es
ilien
ce
[
4
5
]
p
to
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
e
m
o
tio
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
wh
e
n
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
it
[
1
7
]
.
Oth
er
ex
p
e
r
ts
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
also
in
d
ic
ate
wh
en
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
ar
is
e
at
th
e
s
am
e
t
im
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
also
ar
is
e,
it
'
s
u
p
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
wh
ich
o
n
e
wh
en
f
ac
in
g
a
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
th
e
o
r
y
o
f
th
e
two
co
n
tin
u
a
m
o
d
el
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
an
d
m
e
n
tal
illn
ess
ar
e
r
elate
d
b
u
t
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
[
4
8
]
f
o
cu
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
o
n
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l
in
f
ac
in
g
m
en
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
An
a
ly
s
is
m
o
d
el
2
,
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
r
esu
lt
(
p
h
ase
4
.
1
)
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
th
is
is
s
im
ilar
to
r
esear
ch
.
Per
h
ap
s
t
h
is
h
ap
p
en
e
d
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
m
en
t
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
eg
o
,
to
th
e
in
n
e
r
s
tate
th
at
is
g
o
o
d
f
r
o
m
b
a
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
s
o
th
e
y
ca
n
s
till
co
n
tr
o
l
th
em
s
elv
e
s
[
4
6
]
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Of
c
o
u
r
s
e,
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
with
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
in
th
e
n
ex
t stu
d
y
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
tr
u
th
o
f
t
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
.
An
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
3
,
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
(
0
.
0
0
0
)
o
f
f
e
m
ale
g
en
d
er
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
.
W
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
a
g
r
ea
ter
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
4
.
2
1
0
tim
es
m
o
r
e
r
is
k
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ci
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
in
lin
e
with
Ples
s
is
an
d
Mc
Do
n
ag
h
[
4
9
]
wh
ich
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
wo
m
e
n
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
s
tr
ess
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
m
en
.
W
ith
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
r
a
n
g
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Ples
s
is
an
d
Mc
Do
n
ag
h
[
4
9
]
f
o
u
n
d
at
ag
es 1
8
to
2
5
y
ea
r
s
with
a
p
ea
k
at
ag
es 2
2
to
2
5
y
ea
r
s
.
B
esid
es
,
Ma
r
tín
ez
et
a
l
.
[
5
0
]
also
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
g
en
d
er
in
m
an
a
g
in
g
s
tr
ess
.
I
n
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
u
r
b
an
s
h
o
wed
s
tu
d
en
ts
c
o
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
city
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
m
ix
ed
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
en
we
d
id
n
o
t
f
i
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
f
r
o
m
p
ar
e
n
t
s
alar
y
an
d
p
ar
e
n
t
wo
r
k
wh
ich
b
ec
am
e
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
t
o
s
ee
t
h
e
f
in
an
cial
welf
a
r
e
o
f
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
is
i
s
co
n
tr
ar
y
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
tatin
g
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als
with
lo
w
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
aily
h
ass
les
m
o
r
e
o
f
t
en
[
5
1
]
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
m
o
r
e
s
ev
er
e
h
ass
les
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
d
aily
s
tr
ess
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
o
f
th
e
em
er
g
en
ce
o
f
d
e
p
r
es
s
io
n
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
[
5
2
]
.
An
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
4
s
h
o
wed
g
en
d
er
r
em
ain
s
(
an
aly
s
is
p
h
ase
3
)
in
th
is
m
o
d
el
4
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
ec
t o
f
m
ale
g
en
d
er
o
n
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
cu
m
lau
d
e
p
r
e
d
icate
as m
an
y
as 2
.
7
6
8
tim
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
o
th
er
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
ar
iab
les
d
id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
R
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
g
en
d
e
r
o
n
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
till
f
o
u
n
d
v
a
r
ied
r
esu
lts
.
W
h
er
e
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
[
2
6
]
f
o
u
n
d
m
ale
g
en
d
er
h
a
s
a
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
ec
t
th
a
n
wo
m
en
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
[
5
3
]
,
f
em
ale
g
en
d
e
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
t
[
5
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Ma
r
tín
ez
et
a
l
.
[
5
0
]
,
wo
m
e
n
s
h
o
w
a
h
ig
h
e
r
lev
el
o
f
co
p
in
g
s
ee
k
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wh
ile
m
en
s
h
o
w
a
h
ig
h
er
lev
el
o
f
co
p
in
g
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
m
ea
n
in
g
.
Similar
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lt
b
u
t
with
b
ad
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le,
wh
er
e
f
em
ale
g
e
n
d
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
o
s
itiv
e
af
f
e
cts
with
E
x
p
(
B
)
3
.
1
4
1
[
2
7
]
.
An
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
5
s
h
o
wed
g
en
d
e
r
r
em
ain
s
,
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
ale
g
en
d
er
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
e
d
id
n
o
t
f
in
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
s
tr
ess
,
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
,
an
d
s
ev
er
al
o
th
er
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
v
a
r
iab
les
b
esid
es
g
en
d
er
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
L
i
k
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
r
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
co
u
ld
h
av
e
a
co
n
ce
r
n
b
u
t
th
e
y
m
i
g
h
t
h
av
e
r
esil
ien
ce
in
f
ac
in
g
c
o
lleg
e
ac
tiv
ities
wh
e
n
th
ey
h
av
e
ev
er
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
[
1
7
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
in
p
h
ase
1
to
p
h
ase
5
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
n
m
o
d
el
1
to
m
o
d
el
5
,
th
e
m
ain
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
in
d
in
g
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
r
r
elate
s
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
s
p
ec
if
ic
ally
item
s
ca
m
an
d
b
u
lly
in
g
o
n
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
tr
ess
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
less
in
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
ca
m
an
d
b
u
lly
in
g
co
n
ten
t
“c
o
n
d
itio
n
o
f
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
u
n
wan
ted
co
n
ten
t
o
r
g
ettin
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
in
ten
tio
n
ally
”
h
av
e
a
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
2
.
3
1
7
tim
es
“scam
”
an
d
2
.
4
0
0
tim
es
“b
u
lly
in
g
”
m
o
r
e
li
k
ely
to
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
r
ec
ei
v
e
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t.
T
h
e
n
n
o
t
f
in
d
i
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
B
o
th
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ex
p
e
r
ts
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
s
tu
d
ies
wh
er
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
is
a
s
t
ate
o
f
wellb
ein
g
in
wh
ich
s
o
m
eo
n
e
r
ea
lizes
th
eir
o
wn
ab
ilit
ies,
ca
n
d
ea
l
with
n
o
r
m
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es
in
life
,
ca
n
wo
r
k
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
el
y
,
a
n
d
ca
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
5
5
]
.
An
o
th
er
v
ie
w
by
Z
ac
h
r
is
s
o
n
[
5
6
]
a
b
o
u
t
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
is
an
eg
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
in
n
er
s
tate
in
h
o
ld
in
g
an
x
iety
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
d
s
elf
-
co
n
f
u
s
io
n
to
b
ec
o
m
e
“
n
o
r
m
al”.
W
h
en
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
n
o
t
b
ea
r
a
b
le
th
en
it
tu
r
n
s
in
to
“n
o
t
n
o
r
m
al”
h
ea
d
i
n
g
to
war
d
s
m
en
tal
illn
ess
.
T
h
e
wo
r
d
n
o
r
m
al
d
ir
ec
ts
to
s
o
m
eth
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
“lik
e
h
ea
lth
y
”
an
d
n
o
t
n
o
r
m
al
d
ir
ec
ts
to
s
o
m
eth
in
g
n
eg
ativ
e
“
l
ik
e
cr
az
y
o
r
m
e
n
tally
u
n
h
ea
lth
y
”
.
W
ith
th
at
th
eo
r
y
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
ar
is
es
a
n
ew
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
test
ed
in
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tu
d
y
.
Per
h
ap
s
th
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
less
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
b
o
u
t
r
ec
eiv
in
g
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
h
a
v
e
wo
r
s
e
m
en
tal
r
esil
ien
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
less
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
o
f o
n
lin
e
r
is
ks o
n
a
ca
d
emic
s
tr
ess
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
u
n
d
erg
r
a
d
u
a
tes (
S
ig
it P
erma
n
s
a
h
)
833
tr
ain
ed
to
f
ac
e
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ten
d
to
r
ec
eiv
e
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
em
to
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
m
en
tal
r
esil
ien
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
tr
ai
n
ed
to
f
ac
e
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
o
f
n
o
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
r
is
k
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Stre
n
g
th
en
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
[
5
6
]
wh
e
r
e
ev
er
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
h
as
eg
o
an
d
in
n
e
r
co
n
d
itio
n
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
s
tr
ess
to
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
to
b
ec
o
m
e
n
o
r
m
al.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t,
m
ay
b
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
eir
s
elf
-
co
n
tr
o
l
is
in
g
o
o
d
co
n
d
itio
n
to
b
e
n
o
r
m
al
wh
er
e
b
o
th
th
e
y
wh
o
claim
to
h
av
e
ac
ad
em
i
c
s
tr
ess
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
n
o
t
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
“
n
o
r
m
al
co
n
d
itio
n
”.
L
ik
e
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
[
4
5
]
,
[
5
7
]
,
with
g
o
o
d
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
s
elf
-
c
o
n
tr
o
l
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
will
n
o
t
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
tu
tter
in
g
o
n
th
eir
jo
b
an
d
ac
t
iv
ity
ev
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
s
tr
ess
.
T
h
is
i
s
also
in
lin
e
with
m
o
d
el
two
co
n
tin
u
a
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
[5
8
]
,
wh
er
e
s
o
m
e
o
n
e
m
ig
h
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
r
s
tr
ess
(
wh
ich
m
ig
h
t
b
e
an
ea
r
ly
s
ig
n
o
f
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
o
r
m
ay
b
e
n
o
t,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
its
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
d
u
r
atio
n
)
,
b
u
t
if
th
e
y
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
(
ad
ap
tatio
n
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
wellb
ein
g
)
,
s
o
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
s
till
b
e
ab
le
to
co
p
e
with
th
at
s
tr
ess
an
d
m
ain
tain
th
eir
ac
a
d
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
n
a
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
te
d
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
s
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
r
i
s
k
s
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
’
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tr
ess
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
u
s
i
n
g
lo
g
is
tic
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
to
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
th
ese
im
p
ac
ts
.
I
t
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
o
n
li
n
e
r
is
k
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
ca
m
s
an
d
b
u
lly
in
g
co
n
ten
t
i
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
a
s
s
o
cia
t
e
d
wi
t
h
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
t
r
es
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
s
u
c
h
o
n
l
i
n
e
r
i
s
k
s
d
i
d
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
i
m
p
a
ct
o
n
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
a
ca
d
e
m
i
c
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
ls
o
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
g
e
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
c
e
p
ti
b
le
t
o
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
s
t
r
ess
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
i
r
m
a
l
e
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
p
a
r
t
s
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
s
e
l
y
,
m
ale
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
w
e
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
e
x
c
e
l
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
ll
y
,
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
c
u
m
l
a
u
d
e
h
o
n
o
r
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
t
h
a
n
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
a
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[
5
8
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5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
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with
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T
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esear
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tal
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esil
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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834
RE
F
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NC
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[
1
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A
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Li
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3
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D
.
A
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[
4
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T.
C
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d
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y
,
J.
A
d
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f
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.
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J
.
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[
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E.
R
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[
7
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S
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Li
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N
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