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re
g
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latio
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n
ti
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term
imp
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ts
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f
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d
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p
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in
st
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ts
.
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e
re
fo
re
,
it
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e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
to
m
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a
g
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tern
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d
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s
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y
to
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v
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m
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t
th
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su
p
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n
ts
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p
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c
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lo
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we
ll
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se
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terv
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s.
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ey
w
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s
:
E
x
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
I
m
p
ac
t
Pro
b
lem
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
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Stu
d
en
ts
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
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c
c
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ss
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n
d
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e
CC B
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-
SA
li
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se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Yu
n
i Pan
tiwati
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Scien
ce
s
,
Do
cto
r
al
Pro
g
r
am
,
M
u
h
am
m
a
d
iy
ah
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
o
f
Ma
lan
g
R
ay
a
T
lo
g
o
m
as
R
o
ad
,
No
.
2
4
6
,
Ma
lan
g
C
ity
,
E
ast J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: y
u
n
i_
p
a
n
tiwati@
y
ah
o
o
.
co
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
W
ell
-
b
ein
g
is
a
h
o
lis
tic
s
tate
t
h
at
in
clu
d
es
p
h
y
s
ical,
m
en
tal,
em
o
tio
n
al,
an
d
s
o
cial
b
alan
c
e.
I
t
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
illn
ess
o
r
d
is
co
m
f
o
r
t
b
u
t
also
i
n
v
o
lv
es
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
h
ap
p
in
es
s
,
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
o
n
eself
,
an
d
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
life
’
s
ch
allen
g
es
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Ma
in
tain
in
g
well
-
b
ein
g
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
h
y
s
ical
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
ex
er
cise
an
d
h
ea
lth
y
ea
tin
g
,
as
well
as
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
asp
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ts
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
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m
an
ag
em
en
t,
f
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lin
g
s
o
f
s
elf
-
c
o
n
f
id
e
n
ce
,
a
n
d
p
r
esen
ce
in
life
-
e
n
r
ich
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
3
]
.
I
t
is
a
h
a
r
m
o
n
io
u
s
b
le
n
d
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
co
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tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
life
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
is
s
o
m
etim
es
d
is
tu
r
b
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
th
ey
f
ac
e
[
4
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
ca
n
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
w
h
en
th
ey
f
ac
e
th
e
s
tr
ess
es
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
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n
m
en
t,
f
a
m
ily
,
an
d
s
o
cial
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
Hig
h
ac
ad
em
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lo
ad
s
,
co
m
p
e
titi
o
n
am
o
n
g
p
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s
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d
d
em
a
n
d
s
f
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r
ac
h
iev
em
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n
t
ca
n
cr
ea
te
p
r
ess
u
r
e
th
at
i
m
p
ac
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
en
tal
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
8
2
2
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1448
C
h
allen
g
es in
th
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
ab
le
to
c
h
an
g
e
cu
r
r
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l
u
m
co
n
te
n
t,
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
p
o
licies
to
s
u
it
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
ex
te
r
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
[
5
]
.
E
x
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
in
th
e
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
r
ef
er
to
r
eq
u
ests
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
im
p
o
s
ed
o
n
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
in
s
titu
tio
n
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
th
is
d
em
an
d
ca
n
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
ties
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
o
r
s
o
ciety
.
T
h
is
d
em
an
d
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
a
p
u
s
h
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
m
o
r
e
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
’
s
li
n
g
u
is
tic,
r
e
lig
io
u
s
,
o
r
cu
ltu
r
a
l
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
n
ee
d
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
te
ac
h
er
s
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
k
ills
is
also
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
d
em
an
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
way
th
ese
d
em
an
d
s
a
r
e
in
te
r
p
r
eted
an
d
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
ca
n
v
ar
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
ar
e
o
f
te
n
d
i
f
f
icu
lties
in
alig
n
in
g
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
to
m
ee
t
d
em
a
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
an
d
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
d
em
an
d
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
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ar
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
leg
al
is
s
u
es
r
elatin
g
to
s
tu
d
e
n
t
af
f
air
s
an
d
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
with
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
,
alig
n
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
ex
ter
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l g
o
als an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies is
d
y
n
am
ic.
Sch
o
o
ls
,
f
am
ilies
,
an
d
s
o
cial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
ca
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
p
lace
d
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
8
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
a
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ca
n
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
a
lack
o
f
p
ar
e
n
tal
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lo
w
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
r
lack
i
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
g
r
ad
es
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
am
ily
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
also
p
la
y
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
em
o
tio
n
al,
s
o
cial,
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
Har
m
o
n
io
u
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
m
o
n
g
f
am
ily
m
e
m
b
er
s
cr
ea
te
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
[
1
0
]
.
Fam
ily
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ca
r
eg
iv
er
s
’
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
s
tatu
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
an
d
f
am
ily
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
im
p
a
ct
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
clo
s
e
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
a
m
ics
in
th
e
f
am
ily
co
n
tex
t,
a
s
well
as
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
b
r
o
ad
e
r
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
o
n
d
i
tio
n
s
in
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
2
]
.
E
x
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
teac
h
er
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
well
-
b
ei
n
g
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
r
esear
ch
at
a
p
r
i
v
ate
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
in
C
alif
o
r
n
ia
with
ad
u
lt
s
tu
d
en
t
s
,
teac
h
er
b
e
h
av
io
r
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
m
o
t
iv
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
cc
ess
[
1
4
]
.
An
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
d
iv
er
s
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
is
v
e
r
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
E
x
ter
n
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wer
e
also
id
e
n
tifie
d
as
k
ey
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
lear
n
er
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
,
esp
ec
ially
teac
h
er
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tex
t
,
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
s
ev
er
al
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
C
en
tr
al
Kalim
an
tan
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
an
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
ee
l
p
r
ess
u
r
ed
an
d
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
an
x
iety
d
u
e
to
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
em
an
d
s
o
r
ig
in
atin
g
f
r
o
m
o
u
t
s
id
e
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
welf
ar
e
is
v
er
y
lar
g
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ien
ce
h
ig
h
s
tr
ess
lev
els
wh
en
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
d
is
tan
c
e
lear
n
in
g
b
ec
au
s
e
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
ar
e
n
o
t
b
alan
ce
d
with
r
elev
an
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
1
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
c
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
im
p
a
ct
ath
letes’
h
ea
lth
,
well
-
b
ein
g
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
p
r
ess
u
r
es
o
n
th
eir
liv
es
[
1
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ad
u
lt
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
ad
u
lt
ed
u
c
atio
n
s
ec
to
r
o
f
ten
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
tr
ess
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
th
ei
r
wo
r
k
d
u
e
to
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
th
e
y
f
ac
e
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
a
t
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
ca
n
h
u
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tr
ess
lev
els,
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
,
an
d
d
etr
im
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
th
eir
h
ea
lth
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
th
ese
d
em
an
d
s
v
ar
y
;
th
e
y
ca
n
c
o
m
e
f
r
o
m
law,
p
u
b
lic
o
p
in
io
n
,
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
,
an
d
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
lo
ca
l
laws
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
an
d
m
an
ag
e
th
ese
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
av
e
a
r
o
le
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
2
0
]
.
B
y
s
tr
ateg
ica
lly
m
an
ag
i
n
g
t
h
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
ex
ter
n
al
p
a
r
ties
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
ca
n
a
cc
ess
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
e
x
p
er
tis
e
th
at
h
elp
th
em
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
e
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
g
o
als
[
2
1
]
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ex
ter
n
al
s
tr
ess
o
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
tas
k
d
em
a
n
d
s
an
d
tim
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t,
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
a
f
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
cial
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
d
em
an
d
s
th
at
lead
t
o
s
tr
ess
if
th
ey
ex
ce
e
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
e
x
i
s
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
2
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
p
s
y
c
h
o
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
w
ell
-
b
ein
g
,
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
t
o
in
f
lu
en
ce
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
well
-
b
ein
g
at
wo
r
k
is
also
r
elativ
ely
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
o
n
c
o
-
wo
r
k
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
i
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
well
-
b
ei
n
g
[
2
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ex
te
r
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
ef
f
ic
ac
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
er
v
ices,
co
m
p
lian
c
e
with
laws,
an
d
th
e
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
c
r
is
es
an
d
p
u
b
lic
r
elatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
itical
to
s
tu
d
en
t
af
f
ai
r
s
p
r
ac
tice.
Ov
er
all,
m
a
n
ag
in
g
e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
is
cr
itical
to
cr
ea
tin
g
a
co
h
er
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
well
-
b
ein
g
o
f
lear
n
er
s
in
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
n
lear
n
er
s
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
Ov
er
all,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
wel
l
-
b
ein
g
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
th
is
r
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h
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a
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2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Sy
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
(
SLR)
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
h
ig
h
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
co
m
p
ilin
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
a
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
[
2
6
]
.
SLR
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
,
s
elec
tin
g
,
an
d
cr
itically
an
aly
zin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
7
]
.
SLR
allo
ws
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
to
id
en
tify
tr
en
d
s
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
p
s
,
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
ield
.
T
h
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
u
s
ed
a
SLR
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
A
SLR
was
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
,
f
in
d
,
ass
ess
,
an
d
in
te
r
p
r
et
in
-
d
ep
th
s
tu
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
ev
iew
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
a
n
d
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
SLR
b
eg
in
s
with
co
llectin
g
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
2
3
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase.
T
h
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
th
e
h
elp
o
f
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
P
u
b
lis
h
an
d
P
er
is
h
8
.
Data
s
o
u
r
ce
s
co
llected
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
also
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
welf
ar
e
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
co
m
p
iled
i
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
e
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
to
clar
if
y
an
d
m
a
k
e
c
o
llectin
g
d
ata
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
c
h
ea
s
ier
,
as e
x
p
lain
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
d
eter
m
in
ati
o
n
o
f
d
ata
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
f
o
llo
wed
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA)
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
is
PR
I
SMA
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
n
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
ca
r
ef
u
lly
i
d
en
tifie
d
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
ed
ib
le
d
atab
ase,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ase,
u
s
in
g
k
ey
w
o
r
d
s
r
elate
d
to
ex
t
er
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
,
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
well.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
clu
d
es
s
elec
tiv
e
s
tep
s
th
at
f
o
llo
w
p
r
ed
ete
r
m
in
ed
in
cl
u
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
R
esear
ch
er
s
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
r
esear
ch
m
ee
ts
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
t
ed
d
ata
th
at
m
ee
ts
th
e
p
r
ed
et
er
m
in
ed
cr
iter
ia
is
th
en
ex
tr
ac
ted
ca
r
ef
u
lly
.
E
s
s
en
tial
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ele
v
an
t
t
o
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
was
ex
tr
ac
ted
a
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
r
elev
a
n
t
v
a
r
iab
les.
As
a
g
u
id
e
i
n
d
ata
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
,
PR
I
SMA
en
s
u
r
es
clar
ity
,
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
,
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
d
et
ailin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
b
asis
f
o
r
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
y
n
t
h
esis
.
T
ab
le
2
co
n
tain
s
d
etails
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
’
PR
I
SM
A
s
tag
es.
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Th
e
d
a
t
a
u
se
d
a
r
e
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s fr
o
m
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
2
3
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
s
a
r
e
t
a
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
S
c
o
p
u
s
d
a
t
a
b
a
se
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
d
a
t
a
e
x
a
mi
n
e
s t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
w
e
l
l
-
b
e
i
n
g
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
D
o
n
o
t
u
se
d
b
o
o
k
s
o
u
r
c
e
s,
n
o
t
e
s,
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
D
o
n
o
t
u
se
d
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
2
3
Th
e
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
m
u
st
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
mu
s
t
b
e
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
T
ab
le
2
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
PR
I
SMA
s
tag
e
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
a
t
a
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
S
c
o
p
u
s
d
a
t
a
b
a
se
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
2
3
(
N
=
9
3
)
N
o
t
p
a
r
t
o
f
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
s
(
N
=
9
)
S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
F
i
l
t
e
r
e
d
d
a
t
a
N
=
8
4
N
o
t
e
s
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
*
*
(
n
=
1
8
)
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
x
c
l
u
si
o
n
scree
n
i
n
g
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
f
o
r
d
o
c
u
me
n
t
c
o
mp
l
e
t
e
n
e
ss
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s re
t
r
i
e
v
e
d
(
n
=
6
6
)
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
n
o
t
r
e
t
r
i
e
v
e
d
(
n
=
3
0
)
w
e
r
e
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
i
t
l
e
a
n
d
k
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
d
e
e
me
d
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
(
N
=
3
6
)
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
w
e
r
e
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
t
i
r
e
t
e
x
t
b
e
i
n
g
l
e
ss
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
(
n
=
1
0
)
I
n
c
l
u
d
e
S
t
u
d
i
e
s i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
(
n
=
2
6
)
Data
an
aly
s
is
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
two
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
to
o
ls
,
n
am
ely
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
an
d
AT
L
AS
.
ti.
First
o
f
all,
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
is
u
s
ed
to
o
r
g
an
ize
an
d
f
ilter
s
cien
tific
l
iter
atu
r
e
with
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
es,
B
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
h
elp
s
p
r
esen
t
d
ata
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
m
an
n
e
r
an
d
m
ak
es
it
e
asier
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ev
alu
ate
an
d
s
elec
t
liter
atu
r
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
in
cl
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
u
s
in
g
AT
L
AS
.
ti
as
a
k
ey
to
o
l
in
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
W
ith
th
e
latest
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
co
d
in
g
an
d
th
em
atic
a
n
aly
s
is
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1450
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
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e
n
tify
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atter
n
s
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f
in
d
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s
,
an
d
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elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
t
h
e
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
AT
L
AS
.
t
i
m
ak
es
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
to
a
co
h
e
r
en
t
an
aly
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
o
s
s
ib
le
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
i
s
co
n
d
u
cted
o
b
tain
e
d
d
ata
th
at
th
e
ar
ticles
wo
r
th
y
o
f
in
-
d
ep
t
h
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
2
6
ar
ticles.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Sco
p
u
s
d
a
tab
ase
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
8
t
o
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
2
6
ar
ticles
wer
e
wr
itten
b
y
1
8
3
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
a
u
th
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
2
6
ar
ticles
also
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
1
4
1
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
b
r
ea
d
th
an
d
d
ep
th
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
s
tu
d
ied
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ea
ch
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
im
p
r
ess
iv
e
av
er
ag
e
citatio
n
r
ate
o
f
1
1
.
3
,
attesti
n
g
to
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
co
u
r
s
e.
T
h
e
p
u
b
lis
h
er
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
elev
an
t so
u
r
ce
s
ab
o
u
t e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
a
b
a
r
g
r
ap
h
e
n
titl
ed
m
o
s
t
r
elev
a
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is
o
f
2
3
r
elev
an
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
B
r
itis
h
Me
d
ical
J
o
u
r
n
al
o
r
B
MJ
Op
en
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
ab
o
u
t
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
,
with
th
r
ee
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
in
ex
p
er
ien
tial
m
ed
icin
e
an
d
b
io
lo
g
y
p
u
b
lis
h
es
two
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
ab
o
u
t
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
o
th
er
2
1
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ea
ch
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
n
e
tex
t
ab
o
u
t
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
I
f
y
o
u
lo
o
k
at
th
e
af
f
iliates
wh
o
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t,
it c
an
b
e
ex
p
lain
e
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
o
b
t
ain
ed
d
ata
o
n
30
af
f
iliates
th
at
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
a
b
o
u
t
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
3
0
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
af
f
iliates
ar
e
s
p
r
ea
d
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
ital
C
en
ter
lo
ca
ted
in
Au
s
tr
alia
to
p
p
ed
t
h
e
lis
t.
T
h
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
h
o
s
p
ital
c
en
ter
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
f
iv
e
p
ap
er
s
o
n
e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
2
3
.
Fli
n
d
er
s
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
,
Ma
lar
d
alen
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
Swed
en
,
an
d
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
B
ir
m
in
g
h
am
in
th
e
UK
wer
e
n
ex
t
in
lin
e
with
t
h
r
ee
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
ap
er
s
o
n
ex
te
r
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
in
g
1
4
af
f
iliates
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
two
p
ap
er
s
o
n
e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
ea
ch
,
an
d
1
2
af
f
iliate
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
o
n
e
o
n
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
m
ain
ter
m
s
o
f
ten
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
in
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
ab
o
u
t
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
ar
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
h
ea
lth
,
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
h
u
m
an
s
.
Oth
e
r
ter
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ess
,
ag
e,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al,
s
leep
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
q
u
ality
o
f
life
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
co
p
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
o
f
ten
a
p
p
ea
r
.
T
h
ese
ter
m
s
in
d
icate
v
ar
io
u
s
ter
m
s
r
elate
d
to
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
al
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
er
o
u
s
life
,
wh
ich
in
f
lu
en
ce
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
T
o
cla
r
if
y
t
h
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
a
b
o
v
e
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
s
tu
d
ies
t
h
at
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
to
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
mp
a
ct
o
f e
xtern
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l
d
ema
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d
s
p
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o
b
lems o
n
s
tu
d
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’
p
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yc
h
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ica
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ein
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(
Mu
h
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mma
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i S
etia
w
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1451
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Af
f
iliates
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
S
tu
d
ies r
elate
d
t
o
ex
t
er
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
Fro
m
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
em
er
g
ed
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
u
m
an
s
,
wo
m
en
,
ad
u
lts
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Stu
d
ies o
n
wo
m
e
n
am
o
u
n
ted
t
o
2
9
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
r
8
%,
ab
o
u
t h
u
m
an
s
2
0
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
o
r
5
%,
wo
m
en
2
3
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
r
6
%,
a
n
d
ad
u
lts
1
7
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
r
4
%.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
a
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
a
b
ib
lio
g
r
a
p
h
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ex
ter
n
al
ch
allen
g
es
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
p
o
in
ts
o
f
v
iew.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
c
o
v
er
s
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
.
Fro
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
p
ictu
r
e,
h
u
m
a
n
well
-
b
ein
g
,
aw
ar
en
ess
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
t
h
e
clo
s
est
an
d
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
s
tu
d
ies.
Fro
m
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
m
an
y
asp
e
cts
r
elate
d
to
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
ca
n
b
e
s
tu
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ied
t
o
g
eth
er
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
ex
te
r
n
a
l
d
em
an
d
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
an
i
n
d
iv
id
u
a
l’
s
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
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ic
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we
ll
-
b
ein
g
,
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
s
o
ci
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
m
en
ta
l
h
ea
lt
h
.
T
h
i
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
i
s
s
ee
n
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
itu
at
io
n
s
,
f
r
o
m
in
t
er
n
a
l
an
d
ex
te
r
n
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
h
o
w
h
ig
h
wo
r
k
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
an
d
lo
w
jo
b
co
n
tr
o
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ica
l
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
.
O
th
er
ex
ter
n
a
l
f
a
cto
r
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
s
o
c
ia
l
m
ed
ia
u
s
e
an
d
ch
a
ll
en
g
in
g
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
w
er
e
a
l
s
o
id
en
tif
ie
d
a
s
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
s
tr
e
s
s
.
Sp
e
cif
ic
al
ly
,
T
a
b
le
3
ex
p
la
in
s
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
f
th
e
ar
ti
cl
e
an
a
ly
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1452
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Facto
r
an
aly
s
is
r
elate
d
to
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
T
ab
le
3
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ar
ticle
s
Ref
N
a
me
M
e
t
h
o
d
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
[
3
0
]
F
i
g
u
e
r
e
d
o
e
t
a
l
.
S
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
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[
5
3
]
B
r
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w
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l
.
Q
u
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t
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t
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[
5
4
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D
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Q
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
mp
a
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o
f e
xtern
a
l
d
ema
n
d
s
p
r
o
b
lems o
n
s
tu
d
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’
p
s
yc
h
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lo
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-
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…
(
Mu
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a
mma
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A
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d
i S
etia
w
a
n
)
1453
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
E
x
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
lear
n
er
s
r
ef
er
to
th
e
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
p
lace
d
o
n
lea
r
n
er
s
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
id
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
o
r
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
.
T
h
ese
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
L
ea
r
n
er
s
m
ay
n
ee
d
to
n
a
v
ig
ate
an
d
n
eg
o
tiate
th
ese
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
to
alig
n
th
em
with
th
eir
g
o
als an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
th
e
lear
n
er
’
s
g
o
als
an
d
s
tr
ateg
i
es
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
as
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
co
h
er
en
ce
,
i
n
wh
ich
th
e
lear
n
er
an
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
wo
r
k
to
g
eth
er
to
m
atch
ex
te
r
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
an
d
th
e
lear
n
e
r
’
s
n
ee
d
s
.
L
ea
r
n
er
s
ca
n
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
cr
ip
ts
,
a
n
d
co
n
t
en
t
s
ch
em
as
to
h
elp
th
em
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
task
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
o
u
tco
m
es
[
5
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
lear
n
e
r
s
m
ay
also
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
i
f
f
icu
lt
y
in
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
an
d
in
te
g
r
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
co
m
p
le
x
d
is
p
lay
s
,
in
ter
ac
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
with
m
ed
ia
-
r
ich
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
[
5
6
]
.
T
o
d
ay
’
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
ac
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
th
at
ca
n
i
m
p
ac
t
th
eir
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
.
First,
h
i
g
h
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
a
r
e
o
f
ten
f
ac
ed
with
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
n
test
s
an
d
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
c
r
ea
te
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
wo
r
k
lo
ad
s
.
Hig
h
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
an
d
a
b
u
s
y
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
ca
n
tr
ig
g
er
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ca
n
also
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
Par
en
ts
o
f
te
n
h
a
v
e
ce
r
tain
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
ei
r
ch
il
d
’
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices.
T
h
ese
h
ig
h
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ca
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
esp
ec
ially
if
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
m
atch
th
eir
in
te
r
ests
o
r
a
b
ilit
ies.
A
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
lack
s
em
o
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ca
n
also
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
in
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
ee
r
s
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
is
an
o
th
er
asp
ec
t th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
L
ea
r
n
er
s
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
ce
r
tain
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
b
ea
u
ty
,
life
s
ty
le,
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
th
at
ar
e
o
f
ten
id
ea
lize
d
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
I
n
ten
s
e
s
o
cial
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
am
o
n
g
p
ee
r
s
an
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
p
er
f
ec
t
im
ag
es
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ca
n
cr
ea
te
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
in
f
er
io
r
ity
an
d
s
elf
-
d
o
u
b
t th
at
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
t p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ic
al
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
es
u
lts
o
f
ar
ticles th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
ata
r
elat
ed
to
d
em
a
n
d
s
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
ta
in
ed
,
s
h
o
win
g
t
h
at
wo
m
en
,
h
u
m
a
n
s
,
an
d
a
d
u
lts
a
r
e
th
e
m
ain
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
ea
ch
co
v
er
in
g
a
ce
r
tain
p
er
ce
n
tag
e.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
o
v
er
v
iew
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
ex
te
r
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
b
y
p
r
esen
tin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
j
o
in
t
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
in
ter
n
al
a
n
d
e
x
ter
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
jo
b
co
n
tr
o
l,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e,
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
in
em
o
tio
n
r
eg
u
latio
n
th
at
in
f
l
u
en
c
e
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
s
h
o
w
th
at
:
i
)
i
n
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ar
e
r
elate
d
t
o
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
;
ii
)
l
o
w
jo
b
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
h
ig
h
jo
b
d
em
an
d
s
ar
e
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
tic
f
a
cto
r
s
f
o
r
lo
w
well
-
b
ein
g
;
iii
)
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
u
s
e
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
wo
r
k
d
em
an
d
s
;
iv
)
e
x
ter
n
al
an
d
in
ter
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
ex
te
r
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
;
an
d
v
)
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
e
m
o
tio
n
r
e
g
u
latio
n
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ad
v
er
s
e
wo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
’
s
r
e
s
u
lts
al
ig
n
with
s
ev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
th
at
ex
p
lain
th
at
th
ese
p
r
ess
u
r
es
ca
n
d
is
r
u
p
t
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
e
d
p
r
ac
tices,
a
co
r
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
af
f
air
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
[
5
7
]
.
L
ik
ewise,
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
Swed
is
h
p
r
esch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
elt
a
la
ck
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ac
u
lt
y
co
u
n
cil
an
d
t
h
eir
o
f
f
ices,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
i
b
u
ted
to
ten
s
io
n
s
an
d
m
ad
e
t
h
e
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
r
ag
ile
[
5
8
]
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
also
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
an
ess
en
tial
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
co
n
tex
t.
Stu
d
en
ts
ca
n
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
f
atig
u
e
d
u
e
to
h
ig
h
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
ex
ac
er
b
ated
b
y
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
y
lo
a
d
[
5
9
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
v
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ex
ter
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f
f
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ca
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an
d
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tab
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ca
n
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f
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t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
tim
e
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
in
g
[
6
0
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ap
p
r
aisal o
f
in
d
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ex
ten
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tu
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wh
ile
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ci
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p
p
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ac
to
r
in
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b
itin
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ap
p
r
aisals
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
well
-
b
ein
g
[
6
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
ex
ter
n
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f
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k
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m
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lear
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g
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
wh
o
f
ac
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d
if
f
icu
ltie
s
[
6
2
]
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
esear
c
h
a
b
o
v
e,
o
th
e
r
r
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c
h
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
ex
ter
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al
d
em
a
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
am
ily
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
ac
a
d
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p
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m
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ce
.
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a
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tal
in
v
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v
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an
d
f
a
m
ily
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o
cio
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o
n
o
m
ic
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tatu
s
ar
e
im
p
o
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tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
a
ch
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’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
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jo
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o
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r
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elatio
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etwe
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f
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ily
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ac
k
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o
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n
d
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
6
3
]
.
Aca
d
em
ic
p
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ess
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r
e,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
tem
f
r
o
m
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m
ily
ex
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tatio
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as
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ee
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o
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itiv
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d
n
eg
ativ
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ef
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o
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ac
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Ap
p
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lev
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ess
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tain
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esh
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ld
,
it
ca
n
h
av
e
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
ts
[
6
4
]
.
Fa
m
ily
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
f
am
ily
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
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ip
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o
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tatu
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n
d
ir
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an
d
in
d
ir
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in
f
lu
e
n
ce
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
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f
o
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ce
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
f
a
m
ily
in
c
o
m
e
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
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in
v
estme
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t
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to
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ch
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m
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tr
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elatio
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ip
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,
ca
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ch
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e
n
’
s
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
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ch
o
lo
g
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co
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s
,
th
e
r
eb
y
af
f
ec
tin
g
t
h
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
6
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
f
am
ily
s
tr
ess
h
as
b
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f
o
u
n
d
to
c
au
s
e
d
ep
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ess
io
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o
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tu
d
en
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,
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
6
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
f
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d
t
h
at
f
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t
y
p
e
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id
n
o
t
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
ac
ad
em
ic
p
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
6
7
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
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o
f
ex
ter
n
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d
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m
an
d
s
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s
tu
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,
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p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
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d
to
p
r
o
v
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d
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ap
p
r
o
p
r
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p
p
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r
t to
im
p
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v
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th
eir
well
-
b
e
in
g
an
d
ac
ad
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ac
h
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v
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en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
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2
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J
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&
R
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,
Vo
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14
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No
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2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
4
4
7
-
1
4
5
8
1454
Var
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u
s
alter
n
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es
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
lem
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ted
to
h
an
d
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ex
ter
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class
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T
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co
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alig
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s
with
p
r
ev
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r
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wh
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ex
p
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tio
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ap
p
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p
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estab
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h
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g
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in
d
ep
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d
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s
y
s
tem
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ettin
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s
p
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tar
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s
u
r
in
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co
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s
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ten
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in
p
r
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v
id
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s
u
p
p
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t
,
an
d
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
6
8
]
.
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
with
co
lleg
e
s
tu
d
en
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ar
e
b
en
ef
icial
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
i
n
g
th
em
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ch
allen
g
es
[
6
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
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p
r
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r
a
m
,
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
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d
th
at
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
ted
clien
t
d
em
a
n
d
led
to
in
cr
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s
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
d
em
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d
f
o
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tr
ea
tm
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t
p
r
ac
tices,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
i
s
io
n
[
7
0
]
.
Sp
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
lay
s
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
o
le
in
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d
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in
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th
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p
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f
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s
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d
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s
ch
o
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ex
p
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ce
s
ar
e
b
en
ef
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[
7
1
]
.
A
h
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ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
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ca
tio
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s
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T
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f
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m
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th
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ter
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t th
at
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p
p
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g
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wth
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d
p
s
y
c
h
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lo
g
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well
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b
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o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
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p
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id
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v
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u
ab
le
co
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tr
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tio
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s
in
th
r
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asp
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:
p
r
ac
tical,
th
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d
m
eth
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d
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l
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g
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I
n
p
r
ac
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o
r
em
p
ir
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co
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tr
ib
u
tio
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s
,
r
esear
ch
p
r
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v
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d
es
an
em
p
ir
ical
p
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r
e
o
f
h
o
w
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
th
e
b
asis
f
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r
d
esig
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g
a
p
p
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p
r
iate
i
n
ter
v
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n
tio
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s
an
d
s
tr
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in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
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r
tan
ce
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f
c
o
llab
o
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atio
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b
etwe
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s
ch
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o
ls
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f
am
ilies
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d
co
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m
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ities
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d
r
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in
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ex
te
r
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d
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d
s
,
p
r
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v
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p
licatio
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s
f
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d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
h
o
lis
tic
p
r
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g
r
am
s
an
d
p
o
licies.
T
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
etica
l
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
en
r
ich
es
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
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well
-
b
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,
esp
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th
o
s
e
r
elate
d
to
e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
le
ar
n
in
g
,
f
am
ily
,
an
d
s
o
cial
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
eo
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ies
an
d
m
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d
els
th
at
ex
p
lain
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
ex
ter
n
a
l
d
em
an
d
s
,
em
o
tio
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eg
u
latio
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,
s
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cial
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u
p
p
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r
t,
jo
b
c
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tr
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an
d
s
tu
d
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ts
’
p
s
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ch
o
l
o
g
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well
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g
.
I
n
i
t
s
m
e
t
h
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d
o
l
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c
a
l
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b
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a
S
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o
f
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
w
el
l
-
b
e
i
n
g
.
U
s
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
t
o
o
ls
s
u
c
h
as
B
i
b
l
i
o
s
h
in
y
a
n
d
A
T
L
A
S
.
ti
a
ls
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
s
i
m
il
a
r
r
es
e
a
r
ch
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
p
o
licy
.
R
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cr
e
atin
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
b
y
s
tr
ateg
ically
m
an
ag
in
g
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
en
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
p
ar
e
n
ts
,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
ter
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
tr
ess
m
an
ag
em
en
t
tr
ain
in
g
,
co
u
n
s
elin
g
,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
im
p
licatio
n
s
ca
n
s
h
ap
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
th
at
p
ay
m
o
r
e
atten
tio
n
to
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
,
s
u
ch
as
s
ettin
g
b
alan
ce
d
wo
r
k
lo
ad
s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ad
eq
u
ate
co
u
n
s
elin
g
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
te
r
n
al
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
.
Fo
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
in
clu
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ad
eq
u
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
asis
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
o
licies
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
e
x
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ei
n
g
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
.
T
h
ese
d
em
a
n
d
s
ca
n
c
o
m
e
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
e
x
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
a
m
ily
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
s
o
cial
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
L
e
ar
n
er
s
m
u
s
t
n
av
ig
ate
an
d
n
e
g
o
tiate
th
ese
d
em
an
d
s
to
alig
n
with
t
h
eir
l
ea
r
n
in
g
g
o
als
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
lear
n
e
r
g
o
als
i
llu
s
tr
ates
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
co
h
er
en
ce
in
wh
ich
lear
n
e
r
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
co
llab
o
r
ate
to
f
in
d
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
e
x
ter
n
al
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
an
d
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ch
allen
g
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
in
clu
d
e
h
ig
h
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
ee
r
s
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia.
Hig
h
ex
p
ec
tati
o
n
s
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ca
n
cr
ea
te
an
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
wo
r
k
lo
ad
,
ca
u
s
in
g
s
tr
ess
,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
in
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
elate
d
to
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Hig
h
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
am
ily
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
ca
n
also
ad
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
esp
ec
ially
if
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
m
atch
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
ests
o
r
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
s
o
cial
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ca
n
cr
ea
te
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
in
f
e
r
io
r
ity
a
n
d
s
elf
-
d
o
u
b
t,
wh
ich
h
u
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Me
n
tal
h
ea
lt
h
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
v
er
co
m
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
an
d
o
th
er
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
m
ay
in
clu
d
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
co
u
n
s
elin
g
,
an
d
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
a
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
’
s
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
b
etwe
en
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
f
am
ilies
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ities
is
cr
u
cial.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
mp
a
ct
o
f e
xtern
a
l
d
ema
n
d
s
p
r
o
b
lems o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
s
yc
h
o
lo
g
ica
l well
-
b
ein
g
:
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
n
d
i S
etia
w
a
n
)
1455
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
ca
n
cr
ea
te
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
s
itiv
e
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
well
-
b
ein
g
.
T
e
ac
h
er
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
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taf
f
also
n
ee
d
to
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e
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e
m
an
d
s
f
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y
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tu
d
en
ts
,
with
a
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
n
ee
d
s
,
to
cr
ea
te
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
u
b
lic
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
o
s
o
ciety
ca
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
b
etter
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
ls
o
n
ee
d
s
to
ad
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p
t
a
h
o
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p
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th
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d
p
ay
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atten
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to
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ts
’
p
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o
lo
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ical
an
d
em
o
tio
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al
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ee
d
s
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izin
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e
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iv
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ity
o
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eir
p
o
te
n
tial
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ter
ests
.
T
h
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s
tep
s
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p
e
t
o
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
s
u
p
p
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tiv
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
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-
b
ei
n
g
,
a
n
d
h
elp
th
em
co
p
e
with
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ter
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
G
.
A
n
d
r
a
d
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Th
e
2
0
2
0
C
a
n
a
d
i
a
n
c
a
r
d
i
o
v
a
s
c
u
l
a
r
so
c
i
e
t
y
/
C
a
n
a
d
i
a
n
h
e
a
r
t
r
h
y
t
h
m
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
man
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
A
t
r
i
a
l
F
i
b
r
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
a
n
a
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
a
r
d
i
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
4
7
–
1
9
4
8
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
j
c
a
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
9
.
0
0
1
.
[
2
]
A
.
T.
G
l
o
st
e
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
:
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
y
,
”
PLO
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
.
e
0
2
4
4
8
0
9
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
4
8
0
9
.
[
3
]
E.
K
i
p
a
n
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