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2
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14
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20
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6
3
1254
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o
o
m
lear
n
in
g
with
r
ea
l
-
life
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
to
r
ef
lec
t o
n
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
ef
f
icien
cy
,
an
d
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
r
e
r
elev
a
n
t a
n
d
im
p
ac
tf
u
l
[
8
]
.
A
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
li
ter
ac
y
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
k
ills
to
cr
itically
an
aly
ze
en
er
g
y
-
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
I
n
an
er
a
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
v
e
r
lo
ad
an
d
m
is
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
e
s
k
ill
to
ev
alu
ate
s
o
u
r
ce
cr
ed
i
b
ilit
y
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
s
cien
tific
d
ata,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
an
d
o
p
in
io
n
s
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
en
e
r
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
t
o
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
eq
u
ip
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
ese
an
aly
tical
ab
ilit
ies,
en
ab
lin
g
t
h
em
to
en
g
ag
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
e
n
er
g
y
d
eb
ates
an
d
p
o
licy
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
[
9
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
also
f
o
s
ter
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
en
er
g
y
ch
allen
g
es.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ex
p
er
im
en
t
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
d
ee
p
en
s
th
eir
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
b
u
t
also
cu
l
tiv
ates
team
wo
r
k
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
cr
itica
l
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Pro
jects
s
u
ch
as
d
esig
n
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
m
a
k
e
lear
n
in
g
b
o
th
d
y
n
a
m
ic
an
d
im
p
ac
tf
u
l.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
en
e
r
g
y
liter
ac
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
ca
r
ee
r
s
in
th
e
b
u
r
g
e
o
n
in
g
g
r
ee
n
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
As
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices
r
is
es,
s
o
d
o
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
wo
r
k
f
o
r
c
e
s
k
illed
in
en
er
g
y
-
r
elate
d
f
ie
ld
s
.
B
y
em
b
ed
d
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
h
elp
cl
o
s
e
th
e
s
k
ills
g
ap
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
k
n
o
wled
g
ea
b
le
a
n
d
em
p
lo
y
ab
le
i
n
th
is
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
jo
b
m
a
r
k
et
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
a
v
ital
u
n
d
er
tak
i
n
g
th
at
h
as
f
ar
-
r
ea
ch
in
g
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
als,
co
m
m
u
n
ities
,
an
d
th
e
g
lo
b
al
s
o
ciety
.
I
t
em
p
o
wer
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
s
k
i
lls
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
an
d
t
o
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
o
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e.
As
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
,
it
is
ess
en
ti
al
to
c
o
n
tin
u
e
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
a
teg
ies
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
cr
itical
asp
ec
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
c
h
e
f
f
o
r
t
s
,
we
ca
n
cu
ltiv
ate
a
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
-
liter
ate
citizen
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
r
iv
in
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
ch
an
g
e
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
p
r
o
s
p
er
o
u
s
f
u
tu
r
e
f
o
r
all.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
citizen
r
y
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
ak
i
n
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
R
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
t
h
at
in
s
till
s
b
o
th
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
p
r
o
tect
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
1
]
.
Desp
ite
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
ar
ea
s
lik
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
o
llu
tio
n
,
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
s
r
em
ain
ed
lar
g
ely
u
n
af
f
ec
te
d
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
n
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
to
e
n
h
an
ce
cu
r
r
icu
la
[
1
2
]
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
g
e
n
d
er
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
p
ar
en
ts
'
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
en
er
g
y
lite
r
ac
y
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tailo
r
e
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
m
an
ip
u
late
b
u
ild
in
g
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
o
p
tio
n
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
t
h
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
s
ts
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
g
am
e
elem
en
ts
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
g
am
if
icatio
n
-
b
ased
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
s
m
o
tiv
ate
u
s
er
s
to
ad
o
p
t
en
er
g
y
-
s
av
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
g
am
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
.
C
o
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
is
,
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
in
te
g
r
atin
g
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
s
ce
n
ar
io
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
te
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
an
d
d
r
iv
e
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
al
ch
a
n
g
es
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
n
et
-
ze
r
o
en
er
g
y
g
o
als
[
1
4
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ad
u
lt
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
l
ay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
en
h
an
ci
n
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
is
ec
h
o
ed
b
y
ad
v
o
ca
tes
f
o
r
r
e
d
ef
in
in
g
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
co
m
m
u
n
ity
liter
ac
y
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
r
e
s
cien
tific
v
alu
es
an
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ch
an
g
e
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
t
r
u
e
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
s
o
cio
s
cien
tific
is
s
u
es
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
is
an
o
th
er
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
u
s
in
g
r
o
l
e
p
lay
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
v
al
u
es
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
s
k
ills
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
n
u
clea
r
en
er
g
y
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
eth
ical
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
an
d
em
o
tiv
e
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
s
u
es,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
m
p
lex
s
o
cial
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
is
s
u
es
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
to
p
ics
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
en
h
a
n
c
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
o
v
er
all
s
cien
tific
li
ter
ac
y
,
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
th
em
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
ed
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
en
er
g
y
-
r
elate
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
e
n
erg
y
liter
a
cy
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
co
mp
r
e
h
en
s
ive
…
(
N
ik
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1255
Ad
d
itio
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ally
,
th
e
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esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
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le
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f
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
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in
p
r
o
m
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en
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g
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er
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io
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s
am
o
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th
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en
h
an
ce
d
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ef
f
icac
y
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
talis
m
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
p
r
ac
tical
en
er
g
y
-
s
av
in
g
ac
tio
n
s
in
d
aily
life
.
I
t
also
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
clim
ate
ch
an
g
e
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
i
n
to
s
cien
ce
cu
r
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icu
la,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
in
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
ca
n
f
ac
ilit
ate
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
.
Similar
ly
,
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
s
er
v
ice
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
lik
e
C
o
n
n
ec
t
Scien
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
en
er
g
y
attitu
d
es
an
d
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
o
r
ien
te
d
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
en
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
[
1
9
]
.
Hig
h
-
f
id
elity
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
lead
s
to
b
etter
s
cie
n
ce
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
an
d
en
er
g
y
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
en
g
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
en
er
g
y
is
s
u
es.
C
u
ltiv
atin
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
r
e
q
u
ir
es
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
an
d
s
o
cial
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Dig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
cr
u
cial
in
ad
v
an
cin
g
th
e
U
n
ited
Natio
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s
2
0
3
0
ag
e
n
d
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r
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ca
tio
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p
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lar
ly
d
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r
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g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
wh
ich
ac
ce
ler
ated
th
eir
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
ev
ices
an
d
lear
n
in
g
m
ed
ia
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
i
n
ter
est
in
r
esear
ch
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
E
f
f
o
r
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
also
ex
te
n
d
to
u
s
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
ed
ia
lik
e
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
c
o
m
ics
an
d
w
eb
-
b
ased
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
co
m
ics
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
f
ac
ilit
ate
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
2
]
,
wh
ile
web
p
r
o
jects
lik
e
th
e
o
ce
an
en
e
r
g
y
web
p
r
o
ject
h
a
v
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
2
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
en
er
g
y
citizen
s
h
i
p
is
ess
en
tial.
Ut
ilizin
g
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
r
elate
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
citizen
s
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
d
ig
ital
a
n
d
s
o
c
ial
m
ed
ia
to
o
ls
in
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
an
d
ac
tiv
e
citizen
r
y
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
en
e
r
g
y
is
s
u
es
[
2
4
]
.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
th
e
s
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
em
p
h
asize
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
t
o
o
ls
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
d
ig
ital
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
ted
t
o
en
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
l
s
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
em
b
ed
d
in
g
en
er
g
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
with
in
s
cien
ce
cu
r
r
icu
la
a
n
d
u
tili
zin
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
t
o
en
g
ag
e
in
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
ac
tices
.
I
n
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
v
o
lv
es
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
clu
d
e
s
cr
ea
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
,
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
o
cia
l
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t.
B
y
le
v
er
ag
in
g
th
ese
to
o
ls
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
c
ep
ts
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
ac
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
citizen
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
an
s
wer
t
h
e
m
ain
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i
)
w
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
?
;
an
d
ii
)
h
o
w
d
o
es
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
th
e
s
cien
ce
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
t
o
war
d
s
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
?
T
h
is
in
v
esti
g
ati
o
n
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
id
en
tify
in
g
a
n
d
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
th
at
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
em
b
ed
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
wit
h
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ate
g
ies
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
en
er
g
y
is
s
u
e
s
.
Giv
en
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
en
er
g
y
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
th
is
an
aly
s
is
p
ay
s
s
p
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
to
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
ef
o
r
m
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
in
v
est
ig
atio
n
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
,
aim
in
g
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
tailo
r
ed
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
s
ec
tio
n
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
d
etailin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
tak
en
to
r
e
v
iew
an
d
s
y
n
th
esize
r
elev
an
t
s
cie
n
tific
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
e
s
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
p
er
tin
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
th
e
an
al
y
tical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
ir
d
s
ec
tio
n
co
n
d
u
cts
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
ex
am
in
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
an
d
th
eir
o
u
tco
m
es
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
e
s
tep
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
e
n
h
an
ce
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
te
ac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
n
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
B
y
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
aim
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
t
ices,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
a
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
-
liter
ate
s
o
ciety
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
ev
e
r
al
cr
itical
s
tep
s
to
id
en
tify
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
ele
v
an
t
liter
atu
r
e.
I
n
itially
,
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
th
e
id
en
tific
ati
o
n
o
f
r
elate
d
te
r
m
s
u
s
in
g
d
ictio
n
a
r
ies,
th
esau
r
i,
e
n
cy
clo
p
e
d
ias,
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
All
p
er
tin
en
t
ter
m
s
w
er
e
th
en
c
h
o
s
en
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
s
ea
r
c
h
s
tr
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
a
n
d
E
R
I
C
d
atab
ases
,
as
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew,
1
,
1
7
7
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
etr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
th
ese
d
atab
ases
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t stu
d
y
p
r
o
ject.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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t J E
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14
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2
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Ap
r
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20
25
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1
2
5
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1256
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
S
e
a
r
c
h
st
r
i
n
g
S
c
o
p
u
s
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
(
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n
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y
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y
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d
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t
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s
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c
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R
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0
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1
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M
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T
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P
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Y
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R
,
2
0
2
2
)
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M
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T
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R
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2
0
2
3
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M
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4
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o
f
S
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i
e
n
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e
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N
D
(
sci
e
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c
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A
N
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d
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t
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o
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n
d
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t
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d
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t
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me
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s)
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La
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s)
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a
t
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f
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4
ER
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C
(
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(
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h
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"
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D
a
t
e
o
f
a
c
c
e
ss
:
M
a
y
2
0
2
4
3
.
2
.
Scre
ening
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
p
o
ten
tially
r
elev
an
t
r
esear
ch
item
s
was
r
ev
iewe
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
p
r
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
o
r
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
item
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
th
em
e
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
was
a
k
ey
c
o
n
ten
t
-
r
elate
d
cr
iter
io
n
ap
p
lied
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e.
D
u
p
licate
p
ap
er
s
id
en
tifie
d
in
t
h
is
s
tep
wer
e
elim
in
ated
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
1
3
8
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e
o
f
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
af
ter
ex
clu
d
in
g
1
,
0
3
9
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
G
iv
en
th
at
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles
ar
e
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
v
alu
a
b
le
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
th
is
cr
iter
io
n
was
p
r
io
r
itized
.
E
x
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
wer
e
r
ev
iews,
m
eta
-
s
y
n
th
eses
,
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
e
s
,
b
o
o
k
s
,
b
o
o
k
s
er
ies,
ch
ap
ter
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
e
d
in
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
ev
iew
was
co
n
f
in
e
d
to
E
n
g
li
s
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
y
ea
r
s
2
0
2
0
to
2
0
2
4
.
I
n
to
tal,
4
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
d
u
e
t
o
d
u
p
licatio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
io
n
is
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
En
g
l
i
sh
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
sh
Ti
me
l
i
n
e
2
0
2
0
–
2
0
2
4
<
2
0
2
0
Li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
(
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
)
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
b
o
o
k
,
r
e
v
i
e
w
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
a
g
e
F
i
n
a
l
I
n
p
r
e
ss
3
.
3
.
E
lig
ibi
lity
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
p
h
ase,
k
n
o
wn
as
t
h
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
t,
a
co
m
p
ilatio
n
o
f
9
6
ar
ticles
was
a
s
s
em
b
led
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e,
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
titl
es
an
d
co
r
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
all
a
r
ticles
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
eir
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
an
d
th
e
ir
r
elev
an
ce
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
6
6
a
r
ticles
wer
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
ey
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
d
u
e
to
b
ein
g
o
u
t
o
f
s
co
p
e,
h
av
in
g
titl
es
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
r
elev
a
n
t,
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
n
o
t
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
o
b
jectiv
es,
o
r
lack
in
g
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
ac
ce
s
s
b
ased
o
n
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
a
to
tal
o
f
3
0
ar
ticles
r
em
ain
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
th
c
o
m
in
g
r
ev
iew.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
bs
t
ra
ct
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
On
e
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
an
in
teg
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
ex
a
m
in
ed
an
d
s
y
n
th
esized
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
o
b
jectiv
e
was
t
o
id
en
tify
r
elev
a
n
t
to
p
ics
an
d
s
u
b
to
p
ics.
T
h
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
in
v
o
lv
ed
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
wh
ich
th
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
r
ev
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d
3
0
p
u
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licatio
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s
f
o
r
claim
s
o
r
in
f
o
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m
a
tio
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p
er
tin
en
t
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
s
u
b
jects,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
e
x
am
in
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
at
in
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
v
e
s
tig
atin
g
b
o
th
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
llab
o
r
ated
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
m
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata,
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
p
u
zz
les,
an
d
o
t
h
er
r
elev
an
t
id
ea
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ey
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
u
tc
o
m
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
em
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
an
y
d
if
f
e
r
in
g
o
p
in
io
n
s
to
r
ea
c
h
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
th
em
es
wer
e
th
en
r
ef
in
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
h
e
r
en
ce
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
th
em
es,
two
ex
p
er
ts
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
n
d
u
cted
an
an
aly
tical
r
ev
iew.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
t
r
ev
i
ew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
ed
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
clar
ity
,
a
n
d
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
ea
c
h
s
u
b
th
em
e
,
th
er
eb
y
estab
lis
h
in
g
d
o
m
ai
n
v
alid
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
e
n
erg
y
liter
a
cy
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
co
mp
r
e
h
en
s
ive
…
(
N
ik
A
id
a
Ma
s
tu
r
a
N
ik
A
b
d
u
l Ma
jid
)
1257
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
w
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
s
tu
d
y
[
2
5
]
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
E
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
is
a
cr
u
cial
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ess
in
g
g
lo
b
al
ch
allen
g
es: s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
.
As ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
l
icy
m
ak
er
s
s
tr
iv
e
to
en
h
an
ce
p
u
b
lic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
to
s
cien
ce
cu
r
r
icu
la
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t.
B
ased
o
n
an
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
in
g
d
atab
as
es
s
u
ch
as
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
,
an
d
E
R
I
C
,
3
0
ar
ticles
wer
e
ex
t
r
ac
ted
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
ar
ticles
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
th
em
es:
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
in
teg
r
at
in
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
(
9
ar
ticles),
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
attitu
d
es
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
(
8
ar
ticles),
an
d
way
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
ce
en
e
r
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
alig
n
in
g
it
with
b
r
o
ad
e
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
g
o
als
(
1
3
ar
ticles).
T
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
f
ac
ilit
ated
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
its
im
p
ac
t o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
4
.
1
.
I
nn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
t
ea
ching
m
et
ho
ds
a
nd
t
o
o
ls
in ener
g
y
edu
ca
t
io
n
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
t
o
o
ls
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
en
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
clu
d
e
v
ir
tu
al
an
d
au
g
m
e
n
ted
r
ea
lity
(
VR
-
AR
)
,
r
em
o
t
e
o
n
lin
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
s
er
io
u
s
g
am
es,
an
d
g
am
if
icatio
n
,
ea
ch
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
u
n
iq
u
ely
to
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
VR
-
AR
s
y
s
tem
s
in
co
al
-
b
ased
e
n
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
aim
s
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
n
eg
ativ
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
th
e
c
o
al
m
in
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
v
iews
o
f
co
al
m
in
in
g
as
d
ir
ty
an
d
d
an
g
e
r
o
u
s
h
av
e
p
er
s
is
ted
d
u
e
to
in
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
s
cien
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
A
VR
-
A
R
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
in
tel
lig
en
t
co
al
m
in
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
p
u
b
lic
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
r
ess
io
n
s
b
y
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
m
ar
g
in
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
VR
-
AR
in
r
esh
ap
in
g
o
u
td
at
ed
s
ter
eo
ty
p
es
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
p
u
b
lic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
al
m
in
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
e
m
o
te
an
d
v
ir
t
u
a
l
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
h
av
e
g
ain
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
an
d
s
cien
ce
d
is
cip
lin
es.
I
n
J
o
r
d
an
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
em
o
te
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
t
o
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
h
as
s
h
o
wn
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
b
en
ef
its
.
T
h
ese
lab
s
en
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
n
d
u
ct
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
with
co
m
p
lex
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
a
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
th
eir
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
E
v
alu
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
a
tio
n
m
o
d
el
(
SEM
)
in
d
icate
th
at
r
em
o
te
lab
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
q
u
ality
o
f
o
n
lin
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
r
em
o
te
lab
s
as
ess
en
tial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
2
5
3
-
1
2
6
3
1258
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
g
am
if
icatio
n
a
n
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
in
to
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
h
as
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
ef
f
icac
y
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
,
w
h
ile
it
m
a
y
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
h
o
wn
th
at
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
at
in
g
g
a
m
if
icatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
n
d
I
C
T
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
to
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
ies
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
an
d
en
jo
y
m
en
t
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
d
is
co
v
er
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
u
s
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ap
p
ea
l
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
lear
n
in
g
.
Ser
io
u
s
g
am
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
e
n
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
with
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
en
g
a
g
in
g
m
ea
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
in
i
-
g
a
m
e
“
I
llu
m
i’
s
W
o
r
ld
”
in
teg
r
ates
p
ar
am
etr
ic
b
u
ild
i
n
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
B
I
M
)
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
im
u
latio
n
s
to
in
s
tr
u
ct
u
s
er
s
o
n
g
r
ee
n
b
u
ild
i
n
g
d
esig
n
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
.
Play
er
s
ca
n
cu
s
to
m
iz
e
b
u
ild
in
g
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
ass
ess
en
er
g
y
ex
p
e
n
d
itu
r
es,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
ia
g
am
e
d
ash
b
o
a
r
d
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
v
alu
ab
le
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
[
2
9
]
.
Similar
ly
,
a
p
r
o
jec
t
th
at
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ield
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
o
ar
d
g
a
m
e
in
to
a
d
i
g
ital
v
id
eo
g
am
e
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctin
g
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
to
p
ics r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
,
an
d
s
taf
f
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
d
is
cip
lin
es,
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
e
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
o
f
K
-
1
2
p
u
p
ils
[
3
0
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
m
o
d
el
-
as
-
g
am
e
m
eth
o
d
to
in
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
in
tr
icate
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
clea
n
en
er
g
y
s
u
b
s
id
ies
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
im
p
ar
ts
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
p
o
lic
y
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
co
s
t
-
b
en
e
f
it
an
aly
s
is
to
n
o
n
-
e
x
p
er
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
m
u
ltip
lay
er
g
am
e
th
at
s
im
u
lates
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
cir
c
u
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
is
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
k
its
s
u
ch
as
“
E
n
er
g
y
,
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
Su
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
”
(
KE
AS)
in
Gu
in
ea
-
B
is
s
au
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
ef
f
o
r
t,
wh
ich
f
o
c
u
s
es o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
its
ef
f
icac
y
in
te
ac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
m
o
ti
o
n
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
[
3
2
]
.
Hy
b
r
id
co
u
r
s
es
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
cien
tific
p
r
in
cip
les
with
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
p
r
ag
m
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
e
n
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
b
io
f
u
el
r
esear
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
asic
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
i
n
elec
tr
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
cu
r
r
ic
u
la
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
a
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
in
L
im
a,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
p
r
ac
ticality
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
g
r
ee
n
en
er
g
y
s
u
b
jects
in
to
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
co
u
r
s
es,
th
er
eb
y
m
o
tiv
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
g
o
d
e
ep
er
in
to
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
ar
ea
[
3
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
i
n
teg
r
ated
e
-
lear
n
in
g
(
I
NT
e
-
L
)
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
ef
f
icac
y
in
in
s
tr
u
ctin
g
t
h
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
“
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
”
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
Slo
v
ak
ia
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lea
r
n
in
g
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
I
NT
e
-
L
asp
ec
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
u
p
er
io
r
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
h
ad
a
m
o
r
e
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
[
3
4
]
.
C
o
llectiv
ely
,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
an
d
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
VR
-
A
R
s
y
s
tem
s
,
r
em
o
te
o
n
lin
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
g
am
if
icat
io
n
,
a
n
d
h
y
b
r
id
co
u
r
s
es,
p
la
y
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
en
e
r
g
y
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
b
u
t
also
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
a
p
p
ea
lin
g
l
ea
r
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
u
ltima
tely
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
-
liter
ate
s
o
ciety
.
4
.
2
.
I
m
pa
c
t
o
f
ener
g
y
educa
t
io
n o
n students
’
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
s
k
ills
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
h
as
b
ee
n
a
f
o
cu
s
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
in
teg
r
atin
g
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
en
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
f
o
s
ter
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
c
r
itical
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
,
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
s
y
s
tem
th
i
n
k
in
g
.
On
e
n
o
tab
le
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
an
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
s
o
lar
ce
lls
f
o
r
12
th
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
2
0
-
h
o
u
r
co
u
r
s
e
co
m
b
in
ed
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ics
to
ex
p
o
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
eo
r
etica
l
p
h
y
s
ics
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
ed
p
o
s
itiv
e
at
titu
d
es
to
war
d
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
lear
n
i
n
g
,
p
er
ce
iv
i
n
g
it
as
a
n
atu
r
al
r
ef
lectio
n
o
f
r
ea
lity
th
at
en
h
an
ce
s
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
o
f
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
c
o
n
te
n
t.
T
h
e
co
u
r
s
e
was
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
t
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
,
alth
o
u
g
h
it wa
s
also
n
o
ted
f
o
r
its
h
ig
h
co
g
n
itiv
e
lo
ad
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
esear
c
h
o
n
th
e
wate
r
-
en
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
(
W
E
2
NG)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
lo
n
g
-
d
u
r
at
io
n
,
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
K
-
12
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M
)
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
s
u
cc
ess
wa
s
r
ef
lecte
d
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
teac
h
er
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
g
r
o
wth
,
wh
i
ch
in
d
ir
ec
tly
b
en
ef
its
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
5
E
-
b
ased
ST
E
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
o
n
f
em
ale
ju
n
io
r
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ev
ea
led
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
in
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
ac
ad
em
i
c
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
T
h
e
STE
M
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
r
esu
lted
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
r
ig
in
ality
an
d
elab
o
r
atio
n
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
ea
tiv
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
is
o
v
er
lap
b
etwe
en
h
ig
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
s
cien
ce
,
m
ath
,
a
n
d
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
en
e
r
g
y
liter
ac
y
[
3
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
teg
r
a
tin
g
e
n
erg
y
liter
a
cy
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
a
co
mp
r
e
h
en
s
ive
…
(
N
ik
A
id
a
Ma
s
tu
r
a
N
ik
A
b
d
u
l Ma
jid
)
1259
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
r
esear
c
h
ass
ess
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
I
r
an
ian
n
in
th
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
wh
il
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
els
wer
e
lo
w,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
attitu
d
es
an
d
v
alu
es
to
war
d
s
en
e
r
g
y
is
s
u
es.
Facto
r
s
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
er
,
s
ch
o
o
l
lo
ca
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
ar
en
ts
'
ed
u
ca
tio
n
le
v
el
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
,
with
r
u
r
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
win
g
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es th
an
th
eir
u
r
b
an
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
in
STE
M
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
also
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
e
s
u
lts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
t
h
e
cr
ea
ti
v
e
teac
h
in
g
-
STE
M
(
C
T
-
STE
M)
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
ac
tiv
ities
r
elate
d
to
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
u
tili
zin
g
o
u
t
d
o
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
b
u
t
als
o
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
eir
in
ter
est
in
S
T
E
M
f
ield
s
[
3
9
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
Sch
o
o
ls
4
Fu
tu
r
e
p
r
o
ject
in
Ger
m
a
n
y
e
n
ab
led
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
in
clim
at
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
u
ch
as
d
r
awin
g
u
p
C
O
2
b
alan
ce
s
an
d
id
e
n
tify
in
g
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
p
o
ten
tials
with
i
n
s
ch
o
o
l
b
u
ild
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
,
citizen
s
cien
ce
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
s
ter
ed
a
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
clim
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
an
d
em
p
o
wer
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
tak
e
ac
tio
n
[
4
0
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
e
n
g
in
e
er
in
g
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
(
E
DP
)
in
to
STE
M
m
ak
er
s
p
ac
e
ac
tiv
ities
h
as
b
ee
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
y
s
tem
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
A
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
in
g
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
th
o
s
e
wh
o
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
STE
M
-
PB
L
in
teg
r
ated
E
DP
ac
tiv
ities
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
etter
i
n
s
y
s
tem
th
in
k
in
g
task
s
th
an
th
o
s
e
wh
o
f
o
llo
wed
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
STE
M
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
ed
ac
tiv
e
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t in
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
an
d
m
in
d
-
o
n
ac
tiv
ities
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
ac
tical,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
en
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
b
lo
ck
-
b
ased
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
al
o
n
g
s
id
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
t
o
o
l
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
A
s
tu
d
y
in
Sh
an
g
h
ai
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
b
o
th
th
e
o
r
etica
l
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
STE
M
p
r
o
jects
s
co
r
ed
h
ig
h
er
i
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
liter
ac
y
test
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
with
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
STE
M
p
r
o
jec
ts
[
4
2
]
.
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
co
llectiv
ely
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
e
n
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
lear
n
i
n
g
,
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
o
jects,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
s
k
ills
r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
4
.
3
.
E
nerg
y
educa
t
io
n a
nd
s
us
t
a
ina
ble dev
elo
pm
ent
E
n
er
g
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
p
la
y
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
ad
v
an
ci
n
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
b
y
en
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
s
k
ills
r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
T
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
n
ec
ess
itate
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
,
wh
o
will
b
e
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
a
to
r
s
in
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
lo
b
al
en
e
r
g
y
c
h
allen
g
es.
V
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
c
o
u
r
s
es
an
d
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
to
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
jects
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
f
o
s
ter
en
er
g
y
liter
ac
y
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
ac
tices.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
r
ec
e
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
en
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
s
u
m
m
ar
izi
n
g
th
eir
o
b
jectiv
es,
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
an
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
p
an
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
te
x
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
s
,
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
o
u
tr
ea
ch
in
itiativ
es.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
ese
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
T
a
b
le
3
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
id
e
n
tifie
s
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
aim
in
g
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
en
e
r
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
o
b
r
o
ad
er
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
in
ter
a
ctiv
e
to
o
ls
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ad
v
an
ce
d
en
er
g
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
VR
-
AR
,
an
d
r
em
o
te
o
n
lin
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
h
av
e
n
o
tab
ly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
I
C
T
-
d
r
iv
en
g
am
if
icatio
n
,
m
ak
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
a
p
p
ea
lin
g
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
en
er
g
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
tec
h
n
ical
s
k
ills
.
Hy
b
r
id
co
u
r
s
es
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
p
r
ac
tical
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
p
r
o
jects
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
th
ese
b
e
n
ef
its
b
y
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
a
p
p
ly
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
n
te
x
ts
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
ac
tices.
B
ey
o
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
cr
itic
al
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
an
d
s
k
ills
in
en
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
s
o
l
ar
ce
lls
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
u
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
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5
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6
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7
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lear
n
in
g
,
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
o
jects,
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
d
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
-
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
es,
an
d
s
k
ills
in
en
er
g
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
ess
en
tial
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
t
h
e
n
ex
t
g
en
e
r
atio
n
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
g
lo
b
al
en
e
r
g
y
ch
allen
g
es.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
E
n
er
g
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
s
cr
u
ci
al
f
o
r
eq
u
ip
p
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
wi
th
th
e
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
an
d
s
k
i
ll
s
n
e
ed
ed
t
o
ad
d
r
es
s
g
lo
b
a
l
en
er
g
y
ch
al
len
g
e
s
an
d
f
o
s
t
er
s
u
s
t
ain
ab
l
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
B
y
d
e
ep
en
in
g
u
n
d
er
s
t
an
d
in
g
o
f
r
en
ew
ab
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
i
en
cy
,
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
al
s
u
s
t
ain
a
b
i
li
ty
,
i
t
l
ay
s
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
i
n
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
an
d
ef
f
e
ct
iv
e
ac
tio
n
.
T
r
an
s
d
i
s
c
ip
l
in
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
,
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
,
co
ll
ab
o
r
a
tiv
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
d
tea
ch
in
g
te
ch
n
i
q
u
es
ar
e
v
i
ta
l
in
a
d
v
an
cin
g
en
er
g
y
l
it
er
a
cy
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
il
ity
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
l
ev
e
l
s
,
f
r
o
m
K
-
1
2
to
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
p
u
b
l
ic
o
u
t
r
ea
ch
.
W
h
i
le
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
g
e
n
er
al
ly
f
av
o
r
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
,
th
ey
ex
h
ib
it
s
k
ep
t
ic
i
s
m
to
w
ar
d
s
n
u
cle
ar
o
p
tio
n
s
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
o
cu
s
ed
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
a
l
i
n
t
er
v
en
ti
o
n
s
.
E
x
p
er
i
en
t
ia
l
le
ar
n
in
g
an
d
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
p
r
o
jec
t
s
a
r
e
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
e
f
f
e
ct
iv
e
i
n
co
n
v
ey
in
g
f
u
n
d
am
en
ta
l
co
n
c
ep
t
s
,
wh
i
le
in
t
er
d
i
s
cip
li
n
ar
y
c
o
u
r
s
es
th
a
t
m
er
g
e
t
ec
h
n
ic
al
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
wi
th
th
e
ar
t
s
an
d
h
u
m
an
i
ti
es
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
co
m
p
lex
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
f
o
s
t
er
s
y
s
t
em
ic
th
in
k
i
n
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
a
tin
g
s
o
cia
l
ju
s
ti
ce
in
to
en
er
g
y
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
i
s
a
ls
o
c
r
i
ti
ca
l,
a
s
s
o
c
i
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
i
c
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tl
y
in
f
lu
en
ce
a
war
en
e
s
s
an
d
a
tt
itu
d
e
s
to
wa
r
d
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
.
T
o
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
e
s
e
d
i
s
p
ar
it
ie
s
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
cu
r
r
i
cu
l
a,
o
n
g
o
in
g
t
ea
ch
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
in
clu
s
i
v
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
ar
e
i
m
p
er
at
iv
e
.
T
h
e
s
e
i
n
s
ig
h
t
s
u
n
d
er
l
in
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
e
an
d
ad
ap
t
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
er
g
y
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ar
e
w
el
l
-
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
co
n
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
s
o
lv
e
f
u
tu
r
e
en
er
g
y
-
r
e
la
ted
ch
al
le
n
g
e
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
in
ce
r
ely
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Keb
an
g
s
aa
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UKM
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
g
r
an
t,
c
o
d
e
GG
-
2
0
2
3
-
0
0
7
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
was
ess
e
n
tial
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l c
o
m
p
letio
n
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
R
a
ma
c
h
a
n
d
r
a
n
,
N
.
E
l
l
i
s,
a
n
d
D
.
G
l
a
d
w
i
n
,
“
E
n
e
r
g
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
1
–
2
0
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
0
9
5
8
9
6
4
.
2
0
2
3
.
2
2
8
3
6
9
4
.
[
2
]
A
.
M
a
r
t
i
n
s,
M
.
M
a
d
a
l
e
n
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
F
e
r
r
e
i
r
a
D
i
a
s
,
“
A
r
e
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
,
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
f
a
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
same
c
o
i
n
?
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
p
o
rt
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
7
2
–
1
7
8
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
1
.
0
8
2
.
[
3
]
N
.
A.
P
a
m
b
u
d
i
,
I
.
R.
N
a
n
d
a
,
F
.
T.
A
l
f
i
n
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
Z.
S
y
a
h
r
i
a
l
,
“
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
ss
a
mo
n
g
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
:
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
a
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
Assessm
e
n
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
3
,
p
.
1
0
3
6
3
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
e
t
a
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
3
6
3
1
.
[
4
]
M
.
D
a
o
u
d
i
,
“
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
i
e
s:
a
k
e
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
o
f
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
’
s
2
0
3
0
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
si
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
.
Ex
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
n
S
D
G
s a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s,”
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s Op
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
ssah
o
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
0
8
3
3
.
[
5
]
P
.
B
u
ss
o
t
t
i
,
“
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
:
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
o
f
p
h
y
si
c
s,”
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
n
e
w
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
V
.
La
m
a
n
a
u
s
k
a
s
,
E
d
.
,
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
a
S
o
c
i
a
l
i
s
P
r
e
ss,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
3
8
–
57
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
2
2
5
/
b
a
l
t
i
c
st
e
/
2
0
2
3
.
3
8
.
[
6
]
R
.
A
.
La
n
c
o
r
,
“
U
si
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
-
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
a
n
a
l
o
g
i
e
s
t
o
i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
:
a
m
u
l
t
i
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
st
u
d
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
3
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
9
5
0
0
6
9
3
.
2
0
1
2
.
7
1
4
5
1
2
.
[
7
]
P
.
K
a
l
mi
,
G
.
Tr
o
t
t
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
a
ž
u
k
a
u
sk
a
s
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
-
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
:
s
u
r
v
e
y
-
b
a
se
d
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m Fi
n
l
a
n
d
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
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