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ttp
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//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Sy
stema
tic
li
terat
ure re
v
iew
on dev
elo
ping
an integr
a
ted
STE
M
lea
dership mo
del
for middle
leader
s in scho
o
l
Sa
if
ulb
a
hri A
b
du
l R
a
hm
a
n
1
,
Abdu
l H
a
lim
B
us
a
ri
1
,
M
o
ha
m
m
a
d Nur
Azha
r
M
a
zla
n
1
,
Ada
wa
t
i Suh
a
ili
2
1
F
a
l
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
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c
i
e
n
c
e
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o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
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u
ma
n
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
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n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
S
a
r
a
w
a
k
,
K
o
t
a
S
a
mara
h
a
n
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
2
A
mi
n
u
d
d
i
n
B
a
k
i
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
S
a
r
a
w
a
k
B
r
a
n
c
h
,
K
u
c
h
i
n
g
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
1
8
,
2
0
2
4
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ev
is
ed
No
v
7
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2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
23
,
2
0
2
4
Th
is
sy
ste
m
a
ti
c
li
tera
tu
re
re
v
iew
in
v
e
stig
a
tes
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
in
teg
ra
ted
sc
ien
c
e
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(S
TE
M
)
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
m
o
d
e
l
tail
o
re
d
fo
r
m
id
d
le
lea
d
e
rs
in
M
a
lay
sia
n
sc
h
o
o
ls.
Th
e
in
tro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
g
lo
b
a
l
e
m
p
h
a
sis
o
n
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
to
f
o
ste
r
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
,
wh
il
e
a
c
k
n
o
wle
d
g
in
g
M
a
lay
sia
’
s
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
S
TE
M
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
ies
with
in
it
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
sy
ste
m
.
Th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
sta
tem
e
n
t
id
e
n
t
ifi
e
s
a
g
a
p
in
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
S
TE
M
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
a
m
o
n
g
m
id
d
le
lea
d
e
rs,
wh
ic
h
is
c
rit
ica
l
fo
r
imp
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
S
T
EM
in
i
ti
a
ti
v
e
s
a
n
d
imp
ro
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
e
s.
To
a
c
h
iev
e
t
h
is,
we
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
a
n
e
x
ten
siv
e
se
a
rc
h
o
f
sc
h
o
larly
a
rti
c
les
fro
m
r
e
p
u
tab
le
d
a
tab
a
se
s
su
c
h
a
s
S
c
o
p
u
s
a
n
d
We
b
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(W
o
S
)
,
fo
c
u
sin
g
o
n
stu
d
ies
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
b
e
twe
e
n
2
0
2
1
a
n
d
2
0
2
4
.
Th
e
flo
w
o
f
stu
d
y
is
b
a
se
d
o
n
P
RIS
M
A
fra
m
e
wo
rk
.
Th
e
d
a
tab
a
se
fo
u
n
d
(
n
=
3
4
)
fin
a
l
p
r
ima
ry
d
a
ta
wa
s
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
.
Th
e
fin
d
i
n
g
wa
s
d
iv
i
d
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
r
e
e
th
e
m
e
s
wh
ich
a
re
i
)
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
p
o
li
c
y
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tati
o
n
;
ii
)
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
in
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
;
iii
)
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
S
T
EM
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
c
o
n
c
lu
si
o
n
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
s
th
e
n
e
e
d
fo
r
a
sp
e
c
ialize
d
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
m
o
d
e
l
t
h
a
t
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
tes
i
n
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
l
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
p
ri
n
c
ip
les
,
fo
ste
rs
p
r
o
fe
ss
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
rts
c
o
l
lab
o
ra
ti
v
e
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
m
id
d
le
l
e
a
d
e
rs.
Th
is
in
teg
ra
ted
m
o
d
e
l
a
ims
t
o
a
d
d
re
ss
th
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
fa
c
e
d
b
y
m
id
d
le
lea
d
e
rs
in
M
a
lay
sia
n
sc
h
o
o
ls,
u
lt
ima
tely
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
n
g
to
M
a
lay
sia
’
s e
d
u
c
a
t
io
n
a
l
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic as
p
irati
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
I
n
teg
r
ated
STE
M
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
Mid
d
le
lead
er
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
Sch
o
o
l
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ab
d
u
l H
alim
B
u
s
ar
i
Facu
lty
o
f
Scien
ce
C
o
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
Hu
m
an
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti Ma
lay
s
ia
Sar
awa
k
Datu
k
Mo
h
d
Mu
s
a
s
tr
ee
t,
Ko
ta
Sam
ar
ah
an
-
9
4
3
0
0
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
b
h
alim
@
u
n
im
as.m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
g
lo
b
al
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
p
r
io
r
i
tizin
g
s
cien
ce
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M)
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
th
e
r
ec
o
g
n
iti
o
n
o
f
its
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
f
o
s
ter
i
n
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
.
Ma
lay
s
ia,
lik
e
m
an
y
o
th
e
r
co
u
n
tr
ies,
h
as
e
m
b
r
ac
ed
th
is
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
STE
M
in
to
its
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies
an
d
cu
r
r
ic
u
la.
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
MO
E
)
h
as
im
p
lem
en
ted
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
in
itiativ
es
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
STE
M
ed
u
c
atio
n
at
all
lev
els,
f
r
o
m
p
r
im
ar
y
t
o
ter
tiar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
ese
in
itiativ
es
lar
g
ely
h
in
g
es
o
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
at
th
e
m
i
d
d
le
m
an
ag
em
en
t
lev
el
in
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
wh
er
e
STE
M
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
laid
.
Mid
d
le
lead
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ea
d
s
o
f
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
ts
an
d
s
u
b
ject
lead
e
r
s
,
p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
an
d
s
u
s
tain
in
g
STE
M
in
itiativ
es
[
1
]
–
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
lead
er
s
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
tr
an
s
latin
g
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licies
in
to
ac
tio
n
a
b
le
p
lan
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
cu
ltu
r
e
th
a
t
p
r
o
m
o
tes
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
.
H
o
wev
er
,
t
h
e
tr
an
s
it
io
n
to
a
STE
M
-
f
o
c
u
s
ed
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
p
r
esen
ts
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
8
2
2
S
ystema
tic
liter
a
tu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
i
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a
n
in
teg
r
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ted
S
TEM
lea
d
ers
h
ip
…
(
S
a
ifu
lb
a
h
r
i A
b
d
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l R
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h
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787
s
p
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if
ic
s
et
o
f
lead
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s
h
ip
co
m
p
eten
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T
r
ad
itio
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lead
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s
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ip
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h
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r
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itatin
g
th
e
d
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elo
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m
e
n
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o
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ed
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er
s
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ip
f
r
am
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r
k
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
STE
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-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
eten
cies
with
g
en
er
al
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
s
k
il
ls
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
an
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
i
p
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Firstl
y
,
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
m
u
s
t p
o
s
s
ess
a
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
g
u
i
d
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
teac
h
e
r
s
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
also
f
am
iliar
ity
with
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
q
u
ir
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
[
6
]
–
[
8
]
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
ey
n
ee
d
s
tr
o
n
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
k
ills
to
co
o
r
d
in
at
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
m
an
ag
e
b
u
d
g
ets,
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
m
id
d
le
lea
d
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
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p
t
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
with
ex
ter
n
al
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
e
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ex
p
er
ts
an
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
to
en
r
ich
th
e
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
p
eten
cies f
o
r
m
id
d
le
lead
e
r
s
in
clu
d
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
er
v
an
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
s
er
v
in
g
o
th
er
s
an
d
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
well
-
b
ei
n
g
o
f
p
eo
p
le
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
,
h
as
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
alig
n
s
well
with
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
n
atu
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
f
o
s
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Desp
it
e
th
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cies,
th
er
e
r
e
m
ain
s
a
g
ap
in
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ills
in
to
a
co
h
esiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
g
ap
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
u
tlin
es th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
co
m
p
ete
n
cies b
u
t a
ls
o
p
r
o
v
id
es p
r
ac
tic
al
g
u
id
elin
es f
o
r
th
eir
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Su
ch
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
w
o
u
ld
s
er
v
e
as
a
v
alu
a
b
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
e
q
u
ip
p
in
g
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
with
th
e
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
lea
d
STE
M
in
i
tiativ
es
an
d
u
ltima
tely
en
h
a
n
c
e
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
u
tco
m
es
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
d
ev
e
lo
p
in
g
an
i
n
teg
r
ated
STE
M
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
is
a
cr
itical
s
te
p
to
war
d
s
r
ea
lizin
g
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
o
als.
B
y
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
th
ese
lead
er
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
clea
r
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ac
tio
n
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
ca
n
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tat
io
n
o
f
STE
M
in
itiativ
es,
th
e
r
e
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
n
ew
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ato
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
er
s
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
k
ey
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
s
u
ch
a
m
o
d
el,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
esear
c
h
a
n
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
m
i
d
d
le
lead
er
s
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Dev
elo
p
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
i
d
d
l
e
lead
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
l
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
an
in
-
d
ep
th
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
g
lo
b
ally
.
T
h
e
lite
r
atu
r
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
eq
u
i
p
p
in
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
f
o
s
ter
STE
M
talen
t
an
d
cr
ea
te
co
n
d
u
civ
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
L
ak
in
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
in
r
u
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
STE
M
E
x
ce
llen
ce
a
n
d
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
o
ject.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
eq
u
ip
s
teac
h
er
s
in
g
r
ad
es
5
-
8
with
th
e
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
to
id
en
tify
an
d
n
u
r
t
u
r
e
STE
M
talen
t,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
i
d
d
le
lead
er
s
w
h
o
aim
to
cu
ltiv
ate
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
STE
M
cu
ltu
r
e
with
in
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Similar
ly
,
Fer
r
ar
a
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
en
g
a
g
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
STE
M
m
aj
o
r
s
in
o
u
tr
ea
ch
ac
tiv
ities
,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
id
d
l
e
lead
er
s
to
im
p
lem
en
t
e
x
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
STE
M
clu
b
s
in
s
ch
o
o
l
s
.
T
h
ese
in
itiativ
es
h
elp
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
an
d
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
i
n
STE
M
s
u
b
jects,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
em
with
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
th
at
co
m
p
lem
en
t t
h
eir
ac
a
d
em
ic
lear
n
in
g
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
ca
n
f
u
r
th
er
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el.
Sellam
i
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
e
x
am
in
e
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
in
Qata
r
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
at
g
e
n
d
er
,
n
atio
n
ality
,
an
d
p
ar
en
tal
ed
u
c
atio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
STE
M
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
to
co
n
s
id
e
r
th
ese
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
en
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
STE
M
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
p
o
licies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
n
g
en
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
asp
ir
atio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
c
r
e
atin
g
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t th
at
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
es b
o
th
m
ale
a
n
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
u
r
s
u
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les in
STE
M
f
ield
s
[
1
9
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Su
n
[
2
0
]
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
h
i
p
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
STE
AM
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PB
L
)
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
Mid
d
l
e
lead
er
s
ca
n
ad
o
p
t
th
ese
p
r
ac
tices
to
f
o
s
ter
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
cu
ltu
r
e
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
A
n
to
s
h
ch
u
k
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
i
n
eq
u
ality
i
n
en
g
in
e
er
in
g
in
R
u
s
s
ia,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
a
t
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
a
d
d
r
es
s
g
en
d
er
d
is
p
ar
ities
an
d
cr
ea
te
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
STE
M.
Pro
g
r
am
s
lik
e
th
e
y
o
u
th
en
jo
y
s
cien
ce
(
YE
S)
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
Qu
a
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
o
f
f
er
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
r
ep
r
esen
ted
m
in
o
r
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Mid
d
le
lead
e
r
s
ca
n
im
p
lem
en
t
s
im
ilar
in
itiativ
es
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
an
d
h
a
n
d
s
-
o
n
r
esear
ch
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
,
th
er
eb
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
STE
M
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
Stu
d
y
b
y
W
ein
s
tein
[
2
3
]
also
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
m
en
to
r
in
g
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
elem
en
ts
in
to
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
ca
n
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
STE
M
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
786
-
7
9
6
788
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
an
in
t
eg
r
ated
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
id
d
le
lead
e
r
s
in
Ma
la
y
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
h
o
u
ld
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
o
u
tr
ea
ch
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
o
cio
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
g
en
d
er
i
n
clu
s
iv
ity
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
teac
h
er
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
an
d
m
e
n
to
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
co
llectiv
ely
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
en
r
ich
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
ST
E
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
well
-
eq
u
i
p
p
ed
t
o
p
u
r
s
u
e
STE
M
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
id
d
l
e
lead
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Ma
r
tin
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
at
h
ig
h
le
v
e
ls
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
m
o
n
g
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
lead
e
r
s
co
r
r
elate
with
th
eir
u
s
e
o
f
ef
f
ec
tu
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
v
iewin
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
p
o
s
iti
v
ely
an
d
m
a
n
ag
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
r
is
k
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
m
o
tes
d
ee
p
er
co
n
ten
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
an
d
in
g
a
n
d
r
ef
o
r
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
ed
ag
o
g
ies
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
ata
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
e
n
tr
y
in
t
o
STE
M
ca
r
ee
r
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ea
r
ly
ca
r
ee
r
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
to
o
ls
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
STE
M
lead
er
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Yan
ay
-
Ven
tu
r
a
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
an
d
b
en
ef
its
o
f
civ
ic
s
er
v
ice
am
o
n
g
m
in
o
r
ity
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
wh
ich
,
w
h
ile
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
tex
t,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
an
d
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
.
L
ea
d
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tic
es
in
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Mu
r
p
h
y
[
2
7
]
i
d
en
ti
f
ies
k
ey
p
r
ac
tices
in
r
u
r
al
Au
s
tr
alian
s
ch
o
o
ls
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
STE
M
s
u
cc
ess
,
s
u
ch
as
lev
er
ag
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
lo
ca
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
em
p
o
wer
in
g
teac
h
i
n
g
s
taf
f
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
p
r
ac
tice
s
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
t
ed
to
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
en
h
a
n
ce
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Similar
ly
,
Hen
d
r
ic
k
s
o
n
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
ca
r
i
n
g
-
o
r
ien
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
His
to
r
ically
B
lack
C
o
lleg
es
an
d
Un
i
v
er
s
ities
(
HB
C
U
s
)
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
ca
r
in
g
in
STE
M
ac
ad
em
ic
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
ca
n
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
r
o
le
id
en
titi
es
an
d
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
o
f
wo
m
en
in
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
also
o
f
f
er
v
alu
a
b
le
less
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el.
Qad
h
i
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
f
em
ale
m
id
d
le
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
lead
e
r
s
in
Qata
r
i
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
em
p
h
a
s
izin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
etter
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
g
o
al
-
o
r
ien
t
ed
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
co
lleg
ial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
f
am
ily
b
ac
k
i
n
g
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
H
am
d
i
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
g
en
d
er
p
ar
ity
an
d
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
,
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
eq
u
ita
b
le
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
a
n
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
wo
m
en
in
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
en
g
in
e
er
in
g
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
t
h
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
g
en
d
e
r
eq
u
ity
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
els
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
STE
M
lead
er
s
.
Flo
r
es
[
3
1
]
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
s
cien
ce
(
Pb
S)
in
a
m
i
d
d
le
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
,
wh
ich
f
o
s
ter
s
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
le
ar
n
in
g
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
tu
d
en
t
-
d
r
iv
en
,
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
l
v
in
g
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
b
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
els
to
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tic
es.
C
h
r
is
ten
s
en
an
d
Kn
ez
ek
[
3
2
]
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
attitu
d
e
s
u
r
v
ey
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
th
at
m
ay
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
f
u
tu
r
e
STE
M
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
Su
ch
to
o
ls
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
ass
ess
an
d
en
h
an
ce
th
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
o
ten
tial o
f
m
id
d
le
le
ad
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
in
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
itiativ
es.
B
o
r
k
o
et
a
l.
[
3
3
]
d
i
s
cu
s
s
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
v
i
d
eo
-
b
ased
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
lead
er
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
d
els
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
d
is
tr
i
ct
p
r
io
r
ities
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
b
e
a
d
ap
te
d
to
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
b
u
i
ld
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
STE
M
cu
r
r
icu
la.
W
ieselm
an
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
r
ef
o
r
m
-
b
ased
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
a
teg
ies,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
in
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
d
is
tr
ict
-
wid
e
STE
M
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
v
is
io
n
.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
ar
e
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
c
r
ea
tin
g
a
co
h
esiv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
STE
M
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el.
I
n
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
in
te
g
r
ated
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
m
id
d
le
lea
d
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
i
an
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
v
o
lv
es
d
r
awin
g
o
n
d
iv
er
s
e
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices.
E
m
p
h
asizin
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
th
in
k
in
g
,
ca
r
e
-
o
r
ien
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
g
e
n
d
er
e
q
u
ity
,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
o
d
els,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
ca
n
c
r
ea
te
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
ad
ap
t
in
g
th
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
tex
t,
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
ca
n
b
e
em
p
o
wer
ed
to
d
r
iv
e
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
STE
M
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
els
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
c
h
o
o
ls
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
wh
o
ca
n
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
d
em
an
d
s
.
No
za
led
a
a
n
d
C
alu
b
aq
u
ib
[
3
5
]
id
en
tifie
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
an
d
ac
t
u
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
teac
h
in
g
with
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es'
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
o
n
g
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
to
f
o
s
ter
a
cu
ltu
r
e
wh
er
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
tea
ch
in
g
c
o
alesce
s
ea
m
less
ly
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
v
o
ca
tes
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
c
r
ea
tiv
e
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
s
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
,
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ex
t
en
d
ed
to
Ma
lay
s
ian
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
ei
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
STE
M
cu
r
r
ic
u
la.
Similar
ly
,
Su
m
ar
n
i
et
a
l.
[
3
6
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
R
E
-
STE
M
Ap
p
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
l
it
er
ac
y
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
eth
n
o
-
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates
l
o
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
al
ele
m
en
ts
in
to
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
c
o
n
tex
tu
al
r
elev
a
n
ce
in
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies.
Fo
r
m
id
d
le
lead
e
r
s
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ystema
tic
liter
a
tu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
a
n
in
teg
r
a
ted
S
TEM
lea
d
ers
h
ip
…
(
S
a
ifu
lb
a
h
r
i A
b
d
u
l R
a
h
ma
n
)
789
Ma
lay
s
ia,
ad
o
p
tin
g
s
im
ilar
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
to
o
ls
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
c
o
u
ld
lead
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es
b
y
m
ak
in
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
i
n
g
an
d
r
elata
b
le.
T
h
is
eth
n
o
s
cien
ce
asp
ec
t
ca
n
b
e
a
n
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
a
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
teac
h
er
s
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
Ma
r
tin
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
,
w
h
o
em
p
h
asized
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ef
f
ec
t
u
al
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
in
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
i
al
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
n
o
v
atio
n
am
o
n
g
th
ese
lead
er
s
is
clo
s
ely
lin
k
ed
to
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
m
an
ag
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
ties
an
d
em
b
r
ac
e
r
ef
o
r
m
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
ed
ag
o
g
ies.
Mid
d
le
lead
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
ca
n
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
ad
o
p
tin
g
t
h
ese
en
tr
ep
r
en
e
u
r
ial
tr
aits
,
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
a
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
ltu
r
e
t
h
at
is
ad
ap
tab
le,
f
o
r
war
d
-
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
o
f
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
i
n
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
th
at
p
r
e
p
ar
es
le
ad
er
s
to
f
o
s
ter
s
u
ch
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
W
ieselm
an
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
s
tr
ess
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
d
is
tr
ict
-
wid
e
v
is
i
o
n
f
o
r
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
m
u
s
t b
e
ab
le
to
ar
ticu
late
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
a
co
h
esiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
alig
n
s
with
b
r
o
ad
er
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
g
o
als.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ities
wh
er
e
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
s
h
ar
ed
an
d
r
ef
in
ed
.
Mu
r
p
h
y
[
2
7
]
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
b
y
id
e
n
tify
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
r
u
r
al
Au
s
tr
alian
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
lev
er
ag
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
em
p
o
wer
in
g
teac
h
in
g
s
taf
f
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
co
n
tex
t
to
b
u
ild
a
r
o
b
u
s
t ST
E
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
o
le
id
en
titi
es
o
f
f
em
ale
m
id
d
le
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
lead
er
s
in
STE
M,
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
b
y
Qad
h
i
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
g
en
d
e
r
p
ar
ity
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
in
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
p
r
o
m
o
tes
eq
u
ity
b
u
t
also
b
r
in
g
s
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es.
Mid
d
l
e
lead
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
h
o
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
a
d
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
licies
th
at
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
g
e
n
d
er
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
wo
m
en
to
ex
ce
l
i
n
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
n
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
id
d
le
lead
e
r
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
v
o
l
v
es
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
.
E
m
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
r
esear
c
h
in
teac
h
in
g
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
a
n
t
tea
ch
in
g
to
o
ls
,
a
d
o
p
tin
g
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
ial
lead
er
s
h
ip
tr
aits
,
ar
ticu
latin
g
a
clea
r
STE
M
v
is
io
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
g
en
d
er
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
ar
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
co
llectiv
ely
f
o
r
m
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
th
at
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
STE
M
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
u
tco
m
es in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
elu
cid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
ati
c
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA
)
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
in
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
cto
r
y
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Up
o
n
th
is
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
elv
e
in
to
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
r
esear
ch
i
n
q
u
ir
ies,
ex
p
o
u
n
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
em
p
l
o
y
ed
wh
ich
en
co
m
p
ass
id
en
tific
ati
o
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
,
an
d
elig
ib
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
ey
elab
o
r
ate
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
ed
,
as we
ll a
s
d
elin
ea
te
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
ex
tr
ac
tin
g
an
d
an
aly
zin
g
d
ata
in
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
m
an
n
e
r
.
3
.
1
.
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n
A
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
el
ev
an
t
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
b
y
u
s
in
g
m
an
y
cr
u
cial
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
Fo
llo
w
in
g
th
e
in
itial selectio
n
o
f
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
d
ictio
n
ar
ies,
th
esau
r
i,
en
cy
clo
p
e
d
ias
,
an
d
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
wer
e
s
ea
r
ch
ed
f
o
r
r
elev
an
t
ter
m
s
.
Sear
ch
s
tr
in
g
s
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
th
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
(
W
o
S)
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
d
atab
ases
,
an
d
all
p
er
tin
en
t
ter
m
s
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
d
atab
ases
y
ield
ed
4
9
6
p
ap
er
s
th
at
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
p
e
r
tin
en
t
to
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
s
u
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew.
3
.
2
.
Scre
ening
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase,
th
e
g
ath
e
r
ed
r
esear
ch
item
s
ar
e
r
e
v
iewe
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
y
m
atch
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
in
clu
d
es
s
elec
tin
g
item
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
in
teg
r
ate
d
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
id
d
le
le
ad
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
At
th
is
s
tag
e,
d
u
p
licate
p
ap
er
s
ar
e
r
em
o
v
ed
.
I
n
itially
,
2
9
6
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
9
9
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
as
s
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
m
ain
cr
iter
io
n
was
r
esear
ch
li
ter
atu
r
e,
as
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
also
in
clu
d
ed
r
ev
iews,
m
eta
-
s
y
n
th
eses
,
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es,
b
o
o
k
s
,
b
o
o
k
s
er
ies,
ch
ap
ter
s
,
an
d
co
n
f
er
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
n
o
t
co
v
e
r
ed
i
n
th
e
latest
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
was
lim
ited
to
E
n
g
lis
h
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
1
-
2
0
2
4
.
A
to
tal
o
f
3
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
wer
e
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
d
u
e
to
d
u
p
licatio
n
.
3
.
3
.
E
lig
ibi
lity
I
n
th
e
th
ir
d
p
h
ase,
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
a
s
th
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
t,
a
co
m
p
ilatio
n
o
f
6
7
a
r
ticles
was
ass
em
b
led
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e,
a
m
eticu
l
o
u
s
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
titl
es
an
d
co
r
e
c
o
n
ten
t
o
f
all
th
e
a
r
ticles
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
eir
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
an
d
t
h
eir
r
elev
a
n
ce
to
t
h
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
s
tu
d
y
'
s
r
esear
ch
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.
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
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t
ra
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n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
te
g
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
as
a
k
ey
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
to
r
e
v
iew
an
d
s
y
n
th
esi
ze
v
ar
io
u
s
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
p
er
tin
en
t
to
p
ics
an
d
s
u
b
to
p
ics,
b
eg
in
n
in
g
with
d
ata
co
llectio
n
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
em
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
3
4
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
r
elev
a
n
t
co
n
ten
t.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
r
ev
iewe
d
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
i
p
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
id
d
le
lead
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
i
es
an
d
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies.
C
o
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
,
th
ey
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
em
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
ath
er
ed
ev
id
en
ce
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
a
lo
g
was
m
ain
tain
ed
to
d
o
cu
m
en
t
an
al
y
s
es,
v
iewp
o
in
ts
,
p
u
zz
les,
an
d
o
th
er
th
o
u
g
h
ts
r
elate
d
to
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
eir
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
to
ch
ec
k
f
o
r
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cies
in
th
em
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
r
eso
lv
ed
an
y
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
also
co
m
p
a
r
ed
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
r
eso
lv
e
an
y
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
in
th
e
th
em
e
cr
ea
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
No
te
th
at
if
an
y
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cies
o
n
th
e
t
h
em
es
ar
o
s
e,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
ad
d
r
ess
th
em
with
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
em
es
wer
e
twea
k
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
eir
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
two
e
x
p
er
ts
,
s
p
ec
ializin
g
in
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
an
d
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
t
r
ev
iew
p
h
ase
h
elp
ed
en
s
u
r
e
ea
ch
s
u
b
-
t
h
em
e’
s
clar
ity
,
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
an
d
ad
e
q
u
ac
y
b
y
e
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
d
o
m
a
in
v
alid
ity
.
Ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
cr
etio
n
o
f
th
e
a
u
th
o
r
b
ased
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
an
d
co
m
m
en
ts
b
y
e
x
p
er
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e:
i)
Ho
w
d
o
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
t
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
wh
at
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
d
o
th
ey
e
n
co
u
n
ter
?
ii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
k
ey
attr
ib
u
tes
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
n
d
h
o
w
d
o
t
h
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
S
T
E
M
in
itiativ
es?
iii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
to
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
,
an
d
h
o
w
d
o
t
h
ey
im
p
ac
t te
ac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es?
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ystema
tic
liter
a
tu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
a
n
in
teg
r
a
ted
S
TEM
lea
d
ers
h
ip
…
(
S
a
ifu
lb
a
h
r
i A
b
d
u
l R
a
h
ma
n
)
791
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
Flo
w
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
s
tu
d
y
[
3
7
]
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
ex
am
in
ati
o
n
led
to
th
e
d
i
s
co
v
er
y
o
f
th
r
ee
p
r
im
a
r
y
t
h
e
m
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
m
i
d
d
le
-
lev
el
lead
er
s
with
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
co
r
e
th
e
m
es
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
“
STE
M
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Po
licy
a
n
d
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
”
,
“
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
in
STE
M
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
”
,
an
d
“
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
i
n
STE
M
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
”
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
t
h
esis
o
f
th
ese
th
r
ee
p
r
in
cip
al
t
h
em
es
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
3
4
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
a
r
ticles
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
c
cin
ctly
o
u
tlin
ed
an
d
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
l
e
3
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
8
]
–
[
6
7
]
.
I
n
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
an
in
teg
r
ated
STE
M
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
m
i
d
d
le
lead
er
s
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
th
r
ee
cr
itical
th
em
es
em
er
g
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
:
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
al
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
l
icies
with
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
co
n
d
u
civ
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
STE
M
lear
n
in
g
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
g
u
id
i
n
g
th
ese
in
itiativ
es,
wh
ile
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
m
id
d
le
lead
e
r
s
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
d
r
iv
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
en
ab
les co
n
clu
d
in
g
.
4
.
1
.
T
hem
e
1
:
ST
E
M
ed
uca
t
io
n po
licy
a
nd
im
plem
ent
a
t
i
o
n
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
i
n
v
o
lv
e
co
m
p
lex
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
e
s
ig
n
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
a
n
d
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
ltu
r
e.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Fallo
o
n
et
a
l.
[
4
4
]
e
m
p
h
asize
s
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
le
ad
er
s
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatin
g
a
clea
r
v
is
io
n
f
o
r
STE
M,
wh
ich
b
u
ild
s
tr
u
s
t
an
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t
am
o
n
g
s
taf
f
,
m
itig
atin
g
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
c
h
as
r
ig
i
d
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es.
Similar
ly
,
T
h
in
g
wian
g
th
o
n
g
et
a
l.
[
4
5
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
STE
M
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
to
b
e
co
n
tex
tu
ally
r
elev
an
t
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
ely
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
,
wh
ile
W
u
an
d
Hu
an
g
[
3
9
]
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ea
r
ly
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
lead
er
s
'
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
an
d
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
EC
-
STE
M
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
STE
M
p
r
o
g
r
am
d
i
r
ec
to
r
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
b
r
o
ad
en
in
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
STE
M
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
as e
lu
cid
ate
d
b
y
Go
m
ez
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
ei
r
s
tu
d
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
es
s
t
r
at
eg
ies
s
u
c
h
as
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
e
f
f
i
ca
cy
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
at
io
n
s
,
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
ti
o
n
,
i
n
c
en
t
iv
i
za
t
io
n
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
co
n
s
o
l
id
ati
o
n
t
o
d
r
iv
e
ST
E
M
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
.
F
la
n
a
g
a
n
et
a
l
.
[
3
8
]
ex
a
m
i
n
e
th
e
c
h
all
en
g
es
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
it
ies
o
f
im
p
l
em
e
n
ti
n
g
L
ess
o
n
S
tu
d
y
in
r
u
r
a
l
S
T
E
M
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
co
n
t
e
x
ts
,
i
n
d
i
ca
ti
n
g
its
p
o
t
en
tia
l
t
o
f
o
s
te
r
c
o
l
la
b
o
r
ati
o
n
a
n
d
te
ac
h
e
r
r
ef
le
cti
o
n
,
th
o
u
g
h
p
r
a
cti
ca
l
co
n
s
t
r
ai
n
ts
h
i
n
d
e
r
f
u
ll
e
n
g
a
g
em
e
n
t
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
ev
o
l
u
ti
o
n
o
f
ST
E
M
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
i
n
v
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Sa
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[
5
6
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STE
M
tr
an
s
itio
n
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
itical
c
o
m
p
o
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ts
o
f
lead
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ip
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in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
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tr
at
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ies,
an
d
teac
h
er
lear
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g
in
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
San
tan
g
elo
et
a
l.
[
4
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
(
STE
M)
2
n
etwo
r
k
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
STE
M
h
ig
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u
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tio
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cu
s
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g
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p
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f
ac
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lty
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ter
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llab
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r
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s
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cip
lin
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d
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ce
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way
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T
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tu
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lectiv
ely
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ig
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l
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u
ltifa
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ted
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atu
r
e
o
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M
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ca
tio
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licy
a
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im
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lem
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tatio
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e
m
p
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asizin
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im
p
o
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tan
ce
o
f
lead
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ip
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co
llab
o
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atio
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,
co
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te
x
tu
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elev
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t in
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r
i
v
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f
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tiv
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tio
n
in
itiativ
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4
.
2
.
T
hem
e
2
:
l
ea
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ip in
ST
E
M
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uca
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L
ea
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n
STE
M
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ti
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ess
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tial
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in
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ltu
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d
p
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m
o
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in
n
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v
atio
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with
in
ed
u
ca
tio
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al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Acc
o
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in
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to
a
m
o
d
el
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
b
y
Geig
er
e
t
a
l.
[
4
9
]
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
STE
M
lead
er
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h
ip
in
v
o
lv
es
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tex
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s
itio
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s
,
to
o
ls
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d
c
r
itical
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h
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h
asizes
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tan
ce
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in
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atin
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tex
ts
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ter
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M
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.
Mu
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p
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y
[
2
7
]
h
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ts
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ip
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u
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ticu
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ls
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p
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tic
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ch
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lev
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m
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p
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tili
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m
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th
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f
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tio
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d
s
u
p
p
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tin
g
STE
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p
ath
way
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o
n
tr
ib
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te
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
to
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
i
tiativ
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
Vela
s
co
et
a
l.
[
5
1
]
ex
p
lo
r
e
ad
v
o
ca
cy
s
elf
-
ef
f
ica
cy
am
o
n
g
K
-
1
2
STE
M
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
.
T
h
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s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
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f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
p
o
licy
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ad
v
o
ca
c
y
ac
tiv
ities
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
s
u
s
tain
STE
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teac
h
er
lead
er
s
'
ad
v
o
ca
cy
s
elf
-
ef
f
icac
y
.
Par
ticip
atio
n
in
s
u
ch
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
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p
p
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r
tu
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ities
f
o
r
m
aster
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ad
v
o
ca
cy
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Hen
d
r
ick
s
o
n
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
ex
am
i
n
e
ca
r
in
g
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
STE
M
ac
ad
em
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t a
t
h
is
to
r
ically
HB
C
U
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
id
e
n
tifie
s
ev
id
en
c
e
o
f
m
u
ltid
im
e
n
s
io
n
al
ca
r
in
g
in
STE
M
-
r
elate
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
m
an
ag
er
ial
lead
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s
h
ip
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ca
r
i
n
g
-
o
r
ien
ted
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
r
in
cip
als
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
m
an
ag
er
s
to
p
o
s
s
ess
d
ee
p
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
in
te
g
r
ate
STE
M
in
to
v
ar
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
tex
ts
,
em
p
o
wer
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
ST
E
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
ese
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
STE
M
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
cu
ltiv
atin
g
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
ce
llen
ce
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
4
.
3
.
T
hem
e
3
:
pro
f
ess
io
na
l dev
elo
pm
ent
in ST
E
M
e
du
ca
t
io
n
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
e
r
s
with
in
th
e
f
ield
.
Vely
c
h
k
o
et
a
l.
[
6
0
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
ac
tici
n
g
teac
h
er
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
l
em
en
t ST
E
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
as
lea
d
er
s
in
h
ig
h
-
tech
ch
an
g
es
with
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
ar
e
s
cien
tific
ally
s
o
u
n
d
,
en
c
o
u
r
ag
e
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Similar
ly
,
Ma
ash
i
et
a
l.
[
6
1
]
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
n
ec
es
s
ity
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t f
o
r
STE
M
teac
h
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
Sau
d
i A
r
ab
ia,
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
v
is
io
n
2
0
3
0
.
T
h
e
y
id
en
tify
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
tr
ateg
i
es
f
o
r
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
th
ese
c
h
al
len
g
es,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
n
g
o
in
g
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
to
m
ee
t e
v
o
lv
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Hite
an
d
Milb
o
u
r
n
e
[
6
2
]
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
e
x
p
er
ien
c
es
o
f
K
-
1
2
STE
M
m
aster
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
in
th
e
Un
ite
d
States
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
an
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
l
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
t
h
ey
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
liv
ed
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
f
n
atio
n
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
STE
M
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
a
n
d
i
d
en
tify
k
ey
th
em
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l c
u
lt
u
r
e,
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
h
esiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
to
r
ec
r
u
it,
d
ev
elo
p
,
an
d
r
et
ain
m
aster
teac
h
er
s
an
d
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
i
n
STE
M.
Ag
ar
wal
et
a
l.
[
6
3
]
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
teac
h
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
lack
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ev
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
m
e
th
o
d
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ac
cu
r
ately
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
B
er
in
g
et
a
l.
[
6
4
]
d
i
s
cu
s
s
th
e
Un
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
Stu
d
e
n
t
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
tatio
n
Pro
ject
(
USI
P)
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
eliv
er
in
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
s
p
ac
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
eir
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
r
o
o
te
d
in
th
e
5
E
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
el,
em
p
h
asize
s
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
jects
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
itiativ
es with
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ystema
tic
liter
a
tu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
a
n
in
teg
r
a
ted
S
TEM
lea
d
ers
h
ip
…
(
S
a
ifu
lb
a
h
r
i A
b
d
u
l R
a
h
ma
n
)
793
Fin
ally
,
Su
n
n
y
an
d
Ko
en
ig
[
6
5
]
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
p
ar
ticip
ato
r
y
m
ix
e
d
m
eth
o
d
s
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
co
n
ce
p
t
m
ap
p
in
g
,
to
d
ev
elo
p
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
ca
les
f
o
r
as
s
ess
in
g
attitu
d
es
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
eir
r
ese
ar
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
d
i
v
er
s
e
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
t
o
o
ls
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
a
n
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
ex
ce
l
in
th
eir
f
ield
s
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ch
allen
g
es,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
lla
b
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
ca
n
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
g
r
o
wth
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
itiativ
es.
T
ab
le
3
.
A
s
im
p
lifie
d
tab
le
o
f
s
tu
d
ies in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
Th
e
m
e
N
o
.
S
t
u
d
y
Y
e
a
r
Th
e
m
e
1
:
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
o
l
i
c
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
1
[
3
8
]
2
0
2
4
2
[
3
9
]
2
0
2
3
3
[
4
0
]
2
0
2
2
4
[
4
1
]
2
0
2
2
5
[
4
2
]
2
0
2
2
6
[
4
3
]
2
0
2
1
7
[
4
4
]
2
0
2
1
8
[
4
5
]
2
0
2
1
9
[
4
6
]
2
0
2
1
10
[
4
7
]
2
0
2
1
11
[
3
4
]
2
0
2
1
12
[
4
8
]
2
0
2
1
Th
e
m
e
2
:
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
i
n
S
TEM
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
[
4
9
]
2
0
2
3
2
[
2
7
]
2
0
2
3
3
[
5
0
]
2
0
2
3
4
[
5
1
]
2
0
2
2
5
[
5
2
]
2
0
2
2
6
[
5
3
]
2
0
2
2
7
[
2
8
]
2
0
2
1
8
[
5
4
]
2
0
2
1
9
[
5
5
]
2
0
2
1
10
[
5
6
]
2
0
2
1
Th
e
m
e
3
:
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
i
n
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
[
5
7
]
2
0
2
3
2
[
5
8
]
2
0
2
3
3
[
5
9
]
2
0
2
2
4
[
6
0
]
2
0
2
2
5
[
6
1
]
2
0
2
2
6
[
6
2
]
2
0
2
2
7
[
6
3
]
2
0
2
2
8
[
3
2
]
2
0
2
2
9
[
6
4
]
2
0
2
1
10
[
6
5
]
2
0
2
1
11
[
6
6
]
2
0
2
1
12
[
6
7
]
2
0
2
1
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
co
l
lectiv
ely
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licy
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
co
n
tex
t
u
al
r
elev
an
ce
,
a
n
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
d
r
iv
in
g
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
STE
M
e
d
u
c
atio
n
in
itiativ
es.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
r
i
n
cip
als
a
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
m
a
n
ag
er
s
to
p
o
s
s
ess
d
ee
p
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
in
teg
r
ate
STE
M
in
to
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
,
em
p
o
w
er
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
a
d
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
STE
M
ed
u
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1
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