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s.
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Aca
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Ad
ap
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B
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Hig
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u
ca
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Valid
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CC
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r
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a
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co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Aca
d
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
is
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
of
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
e
r
s
is
t
th
r
o
u
g
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ac
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c
h
allen
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d
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ac
k
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als.
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to
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ea
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ed
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in
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allen
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[
1
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y
by
Ma
r
tin
[
2
]
d
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d
ac
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as
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[
4
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[
5
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S
ev
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T
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s
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clu
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co
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[
6
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,
ac
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s
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[
7
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,
s
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[
8
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s
elf
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J
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lear
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[
9
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s
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m
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s
[
1
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m
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[
1
1
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.
T
h
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s
tu
d
y
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ac
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esil
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a
t th
e
m
ajo
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f
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(
A
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e
d
ev
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v
alid
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in
W
ester
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s
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[
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Sp
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1
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[
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[
1
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C
an
ad
a
[
1
7
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n
d
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u
s
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[
1
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Nev
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I
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T
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Du
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ien
ce
in
th
e
B
en
g
al
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
ai
m
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
b
y
ad
ap
tin
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
a
wid
el
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
AR
S
o
r
ig
in
ally
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
in
a
W
ester
n
cu
ltu
r
e
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
a
n
o
n
-
W
ester
n
s
ettin
g
,
s
u
ch
as
B
en
g
al.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
‘
g
o
ld
s
tan
d
a
r
d
’
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
at
p
r
e
s
en
t
[
1
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
id
en
tifie
d
th
r
ee
d
is
tin
ct
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
:
“d
ef
in
itio
n
-
d
r
iv
en
”,
“p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
d
r
iv
en
”
,
an
d
“late
n
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct”
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
4
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
“late
n
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct”
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
ca
lcu
late
a
r
esil
ie
n
ce
s
co
r
e,
tak
in
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
r
ef
lect
a
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
b
o
u
n
ce
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
a
d
v
er
s
ities
[
4
]
.
Sch
o
lar
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
eith
er
as
a
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
o
r
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
e
asu
r
es
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
o
n
e
is
th
e
AR
S,
wh
ich
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
y
Ma
r
tin
an
d
Ma
r
s
h
in
2
0
0
3
an
d
later
r
ev
is
ed
in
2
0
0
6
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
co
m
p
r
is
es si
x
‘
attitu
d
in
al
item
s
’
d
esig
n
ed
to
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
ad
em
i
c
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
lik
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
a
lo
w
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
g
r
ad
e.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
l
is
th
e
Aca
d
em
ic
R
esil
ien
ce
Scale
-
3
0
(
AR
S
-
3
0
)
,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
C
ass
id
y
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
in
cl
u
d
es
3
0
item
s
th
at
ass
es
s
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
:
“p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
”,
“r
ef
lectin
g
an
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
h
elp
-
s
ee
k
in
g
”,
a
n
d
“n
eg
ativ
e
af
f
ec
t
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e”
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
a
h
y
p
o
t
h
etica
l
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
in
an
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
t
ex
t,
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
in
th
e
c
o
g
n
itiv
e,
a
f
f
ec
tiv
e,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
d
o
m
ain
s
[
4
]
.
Oth
er
av
ailab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
in
clu
d
e
Aca
d
em
ic
R
is
k
an
d
R
e
s
ilien
c
e
Scale
(
A
R
R
S)
[
2
]
;
Aca
d
em
ic
R
esil
ien
ce
I
n
v
en
to
r
y
[
1
4
]
; a
n
d
C
o
lleg
e
R
esil
ien
ce
Qu
esti
o
n
n
air
e
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
AR
S
-
3
0
s
ca
le
h
as
b
ee
n
t
r
an
s
lated
an
d
v
alid
ated
in
m
u
ltip
le
lan
g
u
ag
es,
s
u
ch
as
T
u
r
k
is
h
[
2
1
]
,
Per
s
ian
[
2
2
]
,
Sp
an
is
h
[
1
6
]
,
C
h
in
ese
[
2
3
]
,
an
d
T
h
ai
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
r
an
s
latio
n
b
ec
o
m
es
n
ec
ess
ar
y
wh
ile
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
with
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
a
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
n
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
s
tu
d
y
[
2
5
]
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
co
n
s
id
er
b
o
th
cu
l
tu
r
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
an
d
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
ese
lin
g
u
is
tic
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
is
ess
en
tial
in
m
itig
atin
g
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
tr
an
s
lated
ad
ap
t
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
[
2
5
]
.
Dif
f
er
e
n
c
es
in
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
asp
ec
ts
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
d
iv
er
s
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
cr
iti
ca
l
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ab
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
cu
ltu
r
es
b
ef
o
r
e
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
[
2
6
]
.
As
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
All
I
n
d
ia
Su
r
v
ey
o
n
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
AI
SHE
)
2
0
2
0
-
2
1
,
W
est
B
en
g
al
h
ad
a
to
tal
o
f
1
7
,
8
9
,
7
3
3
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
an
d
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
c
o
u
r
s
es
in
r
e
g
u
la
r
m
o
d
e
,
in
clu
d
in
g
8
,
5
0
,
9
5
4
m
ale
an
d
9
,
3
8
,
7
7
9
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
7
]
.
Mo
s
t o
f
th
em
co
m
m
u
n
icate
in
B
en
g
ali
an
d
also
s
tu
d
y
u
s
in
g
th
is
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Up
o
n
r
e
v
iewin
g
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
u
ld
n
o
t
f
i
n
d
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
to
o
l
in
th
e
B
en
g
ali
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
ac
cu
r
ate
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
is
cr
u
cial
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
B
en
g
al
wo
u
ld
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ac
ad
em
ic
ad
v
er
s
ities
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
etitiv
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
lead
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
n
s
tan
tly
g
r
ap
p
le
with
ac
ad
em
ic
ch
allen
g
es,
s
etb
ac
k
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
to
s
ec
u
r
e
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
in
a
s
h
r
in
k
in
g
j
o
b
m
ar
k
et.
T
h
e
p
e
r
v
asiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
to
ex
ce
l
ac
ad
em
ically
h
as
a
d
etr
im
en
tal
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
ca
s
es
o
f
b
u
r
n
o
u
t,
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
.
Aca
d
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
ac
ts
as
a
p
r
o
tectiv
e
f
ac
to
r
,
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
co
p
e
with
an
d
b
o
u
n
ce
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
th
u
s
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
b
etter
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
c
h
allen
g
es
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
b
y
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
v
ar
io
u
s
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tes in
W
est
B
en
g
al
is
ess
en
tial.
T
o
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
th
ei
r
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
s
u
ch
ad
v
er
s
ities
,
a
v
ali
d
an
d
r
eliab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
attem
p
ted
to
a
d
ap
t
a
n
d
v
alid
ate
AR
S
-
3
0
[
1
]
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
B
en
g
al.
T
h
e
AR
S
-
3
0
s
ca
le
w
as
o
r
ig
in
ally
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
B
r
itis
h
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
D
u
e
t
o
th
e
cu
ltu
r
al
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
et
wee
n
th
e
B
r
itis
h
a
n
d
B
en
g
al
s
tu
d
en
t
s
am
p
les,
it
is
p
lau
s
ib
le
th
at
ce
r
tain
item
s
with
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
m
ay
o
p
er
ate
d
if
f
e
r
en
tly
,
p
o
ten
tially
r
esu
ltin
g
in
d
is
tin
ct
f
ac
to
r
ial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
T
h
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
was
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
AR
S
-
3
0
co
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
B
en
g
ali
-
s
p
ea
k
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
o
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
v
alid
ity
,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f
a
ca
d
emic
r
esil
ien
ce
s
ca
le
in
B
en
g
a
li
(
R
iya
A
h
med
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949
r
esear
ch
er
s
em
p
lo
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e
d
th
e
v
ali
d
atio
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ap
p
r
o
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at
o
f
B
o
f
ah
[
2
5
]
an
d
I
s
lam
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
tr
an
s
lated
all
th
e
item
s
o
f
th
e
AR
S
-
3
0
s
ca
le
in
to
B
en
g
ali
an
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ass
ess
ed
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
i
c
p
r
o
p
er
ties
am
o
n
g
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
W
est
B
en
g
al
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
h
as
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
o
b
jectiv
es:
i)
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
v
a
lid
ity
o
f
th
e
AR
S
-
3
0
s
ca
le
in
th
e
B
en
g
al
c
o
n
tex
t;
ii)
to
s
u
g
g
est
an
d
s
tatis
tically
ex
am
in
e
an
alter
n
ativ
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
if
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
it
th
e
d
ata;
iii)
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
n
ewly
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er
iv
e
d
f
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cto
r
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tr
u
ctu
r
e
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s
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g
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n
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en
t
s
am
p
le
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r
awn
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o
m
th
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ex
is
tin
g
d
ata;
an
d
iv
)
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
co
n
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r
r
en
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
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y
o
f
th
e
n
ewly
ad
ap
ted
s
ca
le.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
Stu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
h
ig
h
er
ed
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ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
W
est
B
en
g
al
wer
e
in
v
ited
to
p
ar
t
icip
ate
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
A
m
ix
ed
-
mode
s
u
r
v
ey
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
2
9
]
was
ad
o
p
te
d
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
b
o
th
o
n
lin
e
a
n
d
p
ap
er
-
an
d
-
p
en
cil
mode
of
d
ata
co
llectio
n
,
to
m
ax
im
ize
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
tate.
A
l
is
t
-
b
ased
s
am
p
lin
g
f
r
am
e
[
2
9
]
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
a
c
o
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
[
3
0
]
m
eth
o
d
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
t
h
e
p
ap
er
-
a
n
d
-
p
e
n
cil
m
o
d
e
of
d
a
ta
co
llectio
n
.
Data
f
o
r
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
llected
b
etwe
en
May
-
J
u
ly
2023.
A
to
tal
of
654
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
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llected
.
C
a
s
es
co
n
tain
in
g
u
n
en
g
ag
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
in
co
m
p
lete
d
ata
an
d
m
is
s
in
g
v
alu
es
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
f
iv
e
p
er
ce
n
t
wer
e
ex
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ataset
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fin
ally
,
6
2
8
v
alid
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
a
m
a
n
n
er
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
a
n
s
wer
all
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
p
ar
ticip
a
tin
g
in
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
r
eq
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ir
ed
to
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m
p
lete
a
co
n
s
en
t
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o
r
m
.
To
e
n
s
u
r
e
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
r
esp
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n
s
es,
th
e
s
u
r
v
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p
r
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v
id
ed
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tio
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to
with
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at
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No
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
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,
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ch
as
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am
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n
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llected
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m
ain
tain
th
e
an
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ity
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ata.
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t
of
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ticip
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ts
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429
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r
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g
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r
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ts
wer
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m
th
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lty
of
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ts
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h
u
m
an
ities
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d
s
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s
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8
9
.
9
5
%).
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h
e
d
e
m
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g
r
ap
h
ic
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etails
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th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
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T
ab
le
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
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ib
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g
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ata
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n
in
g
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r
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ce
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r
e
T
ab
le
1.
Dis
tr
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tio
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of
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p
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ata
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ased
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er
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r
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lty
V
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t
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(
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J
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&
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Vo
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14
,
No
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2
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r
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20
25
:
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-
9
6
0
950
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
2
.
2
.
1
.
I
t
em
t
r
a
ns
la
t
io
n a
nd
co
nte
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
Up
o
n
r
ec
eiv
in
g
co
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
a
u
th
o
r
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
to
ad
ap
t
th
e
s
ca
le
in
to
a
B
en
g
ali
v
er
s
io
n
u
s
in
g
a
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
y
tr
an
s
lated
all
30
item
s
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
e
v
ig
n
ette
,
in
to
B
en
g
ali.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
t
wo
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
b
ilin
g
u
al
ex
p
er
ts
,
wh
o
h
ad
no
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
of
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
s
ca
le
item
s
,
tr
an
s
lated
th
ese
item
s
b
ac
k
in
to
E
n
g
lis
h
.
T
h
ese
two
b
ilin
g
u
al
ex
p
er
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
E
n
g
lis
h
tr
a
n
s
latio
n
.
On
e
ex
p
er
t,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
an
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
at
a
p
r
esti
g
io
u
s
s
ch
o
o
l
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
y
ea
r
s
,
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
at
a
p
u
b
li
c
s
tate
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
e
o
th
er
ex
p
er
t,
wh
o
wo
r
k
e
d
as
a
co
n
ten
t
s
p
ec
ialis
t
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
an
ies,
is
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
Ph
.
D
.
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
two
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
lated
v
er
s
io
n
s
wer
e
th
en
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
E
n
g
lis
h
v
e
r
s
io
n
of
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
of
th
e
b
ac
k
-
tr
an
s
lated
s
ca
le
item
s
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
an
y
d
is
cr
ep
an
cie
s
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
tr
an
s
latio
n
s
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
m
o
d
if
ied
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
of
th
e
s
ca
le
item
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
ter
m
‘
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
’
was
m
o
d
if
ied
to
‘
ex
am
in
atio
n
’
(
Par
ik
s
h
a
)
b
ec
au
s
e
it
r
eso
n
ates
more
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
W
e
s
t
B
en
g
al.
Ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
u
n
til
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
was
r
ea
ch
ed
on
th
e
B
en
g
ali
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
r
eso
l
v
in
g
all
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
s
ca
le
wa
s
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
by
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
r
ee
ac
a
d
em
ic
e
x
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
s
of
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
Sm
a
ll
t
r
y
o
ut
B
ef
o
r
e
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le
to
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
a
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
of
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
e
x
clu
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
in
al
s
tu
d
y
)
co
m
p
leted
it
to
v
er
i
f
y
th
e
d
esire
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
of
all
item
s
.
A
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
v
e
r
y
u
n
clea
r
)
to
5
(
v
er
y
clea
r
)
was
u
s
ed
to
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
ass
es
s
in
g
th
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
of
th
e
s
ca
le
item
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
of
ea
c
h
s
ca
l
e
item
’
s
m
ea
n
in
g
,
in
d
icatin
g
no
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
ures
2
.
3
.
1
.
Aca
dem
ic
Resili
ence
S
ca
le
-
3
0
(
ARS
-
30)
T
h
e
AR
S
-
30
is
a
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
s
ca
le
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
a
l
aten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
4
]
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
.
It
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
:
“
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
”
(
1
4
item
s
)
,
“
r
ef
lectiv
e
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
el
p
-
s
ee
k
in
g
”
(9
item
s
)
,
an
d
“
n
eg
a
tiv
e
af
f
ec
t
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
”
(7
item
s
)
[
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
wa
s
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
its
ef
f
icac
y
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
a
h
y
p
o
th
etica
l
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
in
an
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tex
t,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e,
af
f
ec
tiv
e,
an
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
d
o
m
ai
n
s
[
4
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
it
i
s
v
alid
atio
n
on
5
3
2
B
r
itis
h
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
an
av
e
r
ag
e
a
g
e
of
2
2
.
4
y
ea
r
s
[
1
]
,
th
e
s
ca
le
d
ee
m
e
d
f
it
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
with
in
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le
h
ad
a
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
alp
h
a
of
0
.
9
0
,
an
d
th
e
alp
h
as
f
o
r
it
i
s
th
r
ee
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
8
to
0
.
8
3
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
alid
ity
of
th
e
s
ca
le
was
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
by
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
AR
S
-
30
an
d
th
e
Gen
er
a
l
Aca
d
em
ic
Self
-
E
f
f
icac
y
Scale
(
r
=0
.
4
9
,
p
<
0
.
0
1
)
[
3
1
]
.
C
ass
id
y
[
1
]
also
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
of
th
e
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
B
en
g
ali
(
ad
ap
ted
)
v
e
r
s
io
n
of
AR
S
-
30.
Af
ter
r
ea
d
in
g
a
b
r
i
ef
v
ig
n
ette
p
o
r
tr
ay
i
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
ch
allen
g
es,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
ask
ed
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
30
s
ca
le
ite
m
s
alo
n
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
.
T
h
e
v
ig
n
ette
d
ep
i
cted
a
ch
allen
g
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
wh
e
r
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
e
n
v
is
io
n
th
em
s
elv
es
in
th
at
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
en
co
m
p
ass
es
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
item
s
,
with
p
o
s
itiv
ely
wo
r
d
e
d
item
s
b
ein
g
r
ev
er
s
e
-
s
co
r
ed
;
h
en
ce
,
a
h
ig
h
er
AR
S
-
30
s
co
r
e
in
d
icate
s
h
ig
h
er
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
.
C
alcu
latio
n
of
th
e
to
tal
ac
ad
e
m
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
s
co
r
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
u
m
m
in
g
t
h
e
s
co
r
es
of
th
e
30
item
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
r
an
g
e
of
30
to
1
5
0
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Aca
dem
ic
re
s
ilience
s
ca
le
(
ARS)
T
h
e
AR
S
,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
by
B
ala
[
1
0
]
,
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
alid
ity
of
th
e
B
en
g
ali
-
ad
ap
ted
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
AR
S
-
30
s
ca
le
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
ca
le
was
in
E
n
g
lis
h
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
iz
ed
on
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
v
ar
io
u
s
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tes
ac
r
o
s
s
I
n
d
ia.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
co
n
s
is
ts
of
b
o
th
n
eg
ativ
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
item
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
9
n
e
g
ativ
e
an
d
35
p
o
s
itiv
e
item
s
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
ch
o
o
s
e
one
o
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
f
iv
e
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
,
ag
r
ee
,
u
n
d
ec
i
d
ed
,
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
i
s
ag
r
ee
).
Po
s
itiv
ely
p
h
r
ased
item
s
ar
e
s
co
r
ed
as
5,
4,
3,
2,
an
d
1,
wh
ile
n
eg
ativ
el
y
p
h
r
ased
item
s
ar
e
r
ev
er
s
e
-
s
co
r
ed
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
to
tal
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
s
co
r
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
by
s
u
m
m
i
n
g
th
e
s
c
o
r
es
of
all
44
item
s
,
lead
in
g
to
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
an
g
e
of
44
to
220.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
of
th
e
AR
S
[
1
0
]
y
ield
ed
a
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
of
0
.
9
2
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
tr
an
s
lated
th
e
44
-
item
s
ca
le
in
to
B
en
g
ali
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
t
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
of
th
e
tr
an
s
lated
v
er
s
io
n
was
0
.
8
8
0
.
A
s
tu
d
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
le
was
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
co
ll
ec
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
etails
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
f
ac
u
lty
af
f
iliatio
n
,
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
u
r
s
e
of
s
tu
d
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
s
em
ester
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f
a
ca
d
emic
r
esil
ien
ce
s
ca
le
in
B
en
g
a
li
(
R
iya
A
h
med
)
951
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
pro
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
e
d
b
o
t
h
o
n
l
in
e
an
d
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
p
a
p
er
-
an
d
-
p
en
cil
mode
of
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
On
lin
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
b
eg
an
with
a
s
tatem
en
t
of
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
a
s
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
co
n
s
en
t.
Fo
r
m
s
ettin
g
s
wer
e
ad
ju
s
ted
,
s
u
ch
as
en
ab
lin
g
‘
lim
ited
to
o
n
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
’
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
m
u
ltip
l
e
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
em
ail
ad
d
r
ess
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
tacte
d
co
lleg
e
an
d
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
teac
h
er
s
v
ia
em
ail,
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
s
ee
k
in
g
th
eir
ass
is
tan
ce
in
s
h
ar
in
g
th
e
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
with
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Fo
r
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
p
ap
e
r
-
an
d
-
p
en
cil
mode
of
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
,
p
r
in
ted
co
p
ies
of
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
le
,
AR
S
-
30
s
ca
le
[
1
]
,
an
d
AR
S
[
1
0
]
wer
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
h
ea
d
s
wer
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
to
o
b
tain
s
tu
d
en
t
d
ata
in
th
is
f
o
r
m
at.
Af
ter
o
b
tain
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
h
ig
h
er
au
th
o
r
ities
,
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
m
m
en
ce
d
.
C
lear
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
on
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
m
p
letio
n
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
o
o
k
lets
,
alo
n
g
with
p
ar
ticip
an
t
co
n
s
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
,
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
no
s
p
ec
if
ic
ti
m
e
lim
it
was
im
p
o
s
ed
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
95%
of
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
m
p
leted
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
with
in
ar
o
u
n
d
20
m
in
u
tes.
2
.
5
.
Ana
ly
t
ic
s
t
ra
t
eg
ies
Usi
n
g
FAC
T
OR
[
3
2
]
th
e
en
tire
s
am
p
le
(
N=
6
2
8
)
was
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
p
lit
in
to
two
eq
u
iv
alen
t
s
u
b
s
am
p
les
(
ea
ch
N=
3
1
4
)
with
th
e
h
elp
of
So
lo
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
N=
3
1
4
)
was
d
esig
n
ated
as
th
e
“
ca
lib
r
a
tio
n
s
am
p
le
”
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
u
b
s
am
p
le
(
N=
3
1
4
)
as
th
e
“
v
alid
atio
n
s
am
p
le
”
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
litt
in
g
of
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
d
o
n
e
to
ass
ess
th
e
r
e
p
licab
ilit
y
of
a
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
ed
on
one
s
am
p
le
wh
en
ap
p
lied
to
an
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
le
d
r
awn
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
co
m
p
r
is
ed
th
r
ee
s
tag
es.
Firstl
y
,
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
on
th
e
en
tire
s
am
p
le
(
N=
6
2
8
)
to
ass
ess
th
e
f
it
of
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
with
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
of
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
B
en
g
al.
Seco
n
d
l
y
,
as
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
t
h
r
ee
-
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wed
a
p
o
o
r
f
it
with
t
h
e
d
ata,
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
e
h
in
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
m
is
f
it
an
d
est
ab
lis
h
an
alter
n
ativ
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
o
b
ta
in
ed
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
lo
r
at
o
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
u
g
g
est
a
f
in
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
ased
on
th
e
“
ca
lib
r
a
tio
n
s
am
p
le
”
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
a
g
ain
a
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
w
h
eth
er
th
e
n
ew
ly
d
er
iv
e
d
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
u
itab
le
f
it
wi
th
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
“
v
alid
atio
n
s
am
p
le
”
[
2
5
]
.
Fi
n
ally
,
to
ass
ess
th
e
co
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
of
th
e
ad
ap
ted
s
ca
le,
th
e
b
i
v
ar
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
co
r
e
s
of
th
e
ad
ap
ted
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
AR
S
[
1
0
]
was
co
m
p
u
ted
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
o
f
twar
e
J
ASP
0
.
1
7
.
2
.
1
[
3
3
]
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
C
FA)
,
wh
ile
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
FAC
T
OR
[
3
2
]
was
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
St
a
g
e
0:
co
m
pu
t
ing
Cro
nb
a
ch
’
s
a
lph
a
f
o
r
t
hree
f
a
ct
o
rs
of
t
he
s
ca
le
(
N=6
2
8
)
C
ass
id
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
at
th
e
a
ca
d
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
u
ld
be
ex
p
lain
e
d
by
t
h
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
:
“
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
”
,
“
r
ef
lectin
g
a
n
d
ad
a
p
tiv
e
h
elp
-
s
ee
k
in
g
”
,
a
n
d
“
n
e
g
ativ
e
af
f
ec
t
an
d
e
m
o
t
io
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
”
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
in
itial
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
s
tep
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
ca
lcu
latin
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
(
in
d
icato
r
s
of
f
ac
to
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
)
f
o
r
each
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
alp
h
a
co
e
f
f
icien
t
s
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
th
e
B
en
g
al
s
am
p
le
m
et
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
s
tan
d
ar
d
[
3
4
]
f
o
r
“
r
ef
lectiv
e
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
h
elp
-
s
ee
k
in
g
”
(
0
.
7
3
7
)
as
well
as
f
o
r
“
n
e
g
ativ
e
af
f
ec
t
a
n
d
e
m
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
”
(
0
.
7
8
1
)
.
Fo
r
f
ac
to
r
1
i.e
.
“
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
”
,
th
e
alp
h
a
c
o
ef
f
ici
en
t
(
0
.
6
9
1
)
was
b
elo
w
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
l
d
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
of
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
B
r
itis
h
s
am
p
le
an
d
th
e
B
en
g
al
s
am
p
le
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
of
f
ac
to
r
r
el
iab
ilit
ies
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
lo
wer
th
an
th
o
s
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
B
r
itis
h
s
am
p
le
,
as
d
ep
icted
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
As
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
f
ails
to
in
d
icate
th
e
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
ali
ty
of
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
to
g
eth
er
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ab
le
to
em
p
lo
y
a
more
r
o
b
u
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
i.e
.
,
C
FA
in
s
tag
e
one
f
o
llo
wed
by
E
FA
in
s
tag
e
two
,
to
ass
ess
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
h
y
p
o
th
esized
m
o
d
el,
as
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
s
tag
e
one
[
2
5
]
.
T
ab
le
2.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
of
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
b
etwe
en
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
B
r
itis
h
s
am
p
le
an
d
th
e
B
en
g
al
s
am
p
le
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
α
B
r
i
t
i
sh
sam
p
l
e
(
N
=
5
3
2
)
B
e
n
g
a
l
S
a
m
p
l
e
(
N
=
6
2
8
)
1.
P
e
r
se
v
e
r
a
n
c
e
0
.
8
3
0
.
6
9
1
2.
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
h
e
l
p
-
see
k
i
n
g
0
.
7
8
0
.
7
3
7
3.
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
n
d
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
0
.
8
0
0
.
7
8
1
N
o
t
e
:
T
h
e
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
t
h
e
B
r
i
t
i
s
h
sam
p
l
e
w
a
s
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
-
C
a
ssi
d
y
[
1
]
3
.
2
.
St
a
g
e
1:
co
nfir
ma
t
o
r
y
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
l
y
s
is
(
N=6
2
8
)
In
s
tag
e
o
n
e,
co
n
f
ir
m
at
o
r
y
f
a
cto
r
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
on
th
e
en
tire
s
am
p
le
(
N=
6
2
8
)
to
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
t
o
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ad
h
e
r
ed
to
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ad
v
is
ed
g
u
id
elin
e
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
in
C
FA,
wh
ic
h
s
u
g
g
ests
a
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
-
to
-
p
a
r
am
eter
s
r
atio
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
m
in
im
u
m
of
5
:1
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
947
-
9
6
0
952
a
m
ax
im
u
m
of
1
0
:1
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
N=
6
2
8
)
f
o
r
C
FA
s
u
r
p
ass
ed
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
of
3
0
0
,
g
iv
en
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
30
item
s
.
Sin
ce
th
e
item
s
wer
e
s
co
r
ed
on
an
o
r
d
in
al
s
c
ale,
th
e
d
iag
o
n
ally
weig
h
ted
least
s
q
u
ar
es
(
DW
L
S)
esti
m
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
FA
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
Kaiser
-
Ma
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
in
d
ex
was
0
.
9
0
2
,
e
x
c
ee
d
in
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
r
esh
o
ld
of
0
.
6
0
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
B
ar
tlett
’
s
T
e
s
t
of
Sp
h
e
r
icity
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
{
χ
2
(
4
3
5
,
N
=6
2
8
)
=6
9
0
9
.
3
6
1
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
},
af
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
of
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
To
e
v
al
u
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
r
ee
wid
ely
u
tili
ze
d
f
it
in
d
ices:
i)
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
f
it
in
d
ex
(
C
FI)
;
ii)
T
u
ck
er
-
L
ewis
in
d
ex
(TLI)
;
an
d
iii)
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
(
R
MSE
A)
.
R
MSE
A
v
alu
es
b
elo
w
0
.
0
8
in
d
icate
an
ad
eq
u
ate
m
o
d
el
f
it,
wh
ile
v
alu
es
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
in
d
icate
a
good
m
o
d
el
f
it
[
3
8
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
C
FI
an
d
TLI
v
alu
es
f
all
b
elo
w
0
.
9
0
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ed
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
s
er
io
u
s
ly
co
n
s
id
er
r
ejec
tin
g
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
C
FI
an
d
TLI
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
0
.
9
0
an
d
0
.
9
5
,
c
o
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
in
d
icate
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
m
o
d
el
f
it
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
C
FA
in
d
ic
ated
th
at
th
e
f
it
in
d
ices
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
f
ell
b
elo
w
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
{
χ
2
(
4
0
2
,
N
=6
2
8
)
=
1
6
7
5
.
6
6
8
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
C
FI=
0
.
8
8
7
,
T
L
I
=0
.
8
7
8
,
an
d
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
7
1
}.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
t
ly
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
was
r
ejec
ted
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
ates
f
o
r
all
30
item
s
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
ate
f
o
r
th
e
AR
S_
2
9
item
y
ield
ed
a
non
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
-
v
alu
e
(
p
=0
.
1
0
5
)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
was
re
-
ev
alu
ated
u
p
o
n
r
em
o
v
al
of
th
e
AR
S_
2
9
item
with
th
e
non
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
esti
m
at
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
is
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t,
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
o
n
ly
d
is
p
lay
ed
m
a
r
g
in
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
{
χ
2
(
3
7
4
,
N
=6
2
8
)
=1
5
7
9
.
9
6
7
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
C
FI=
0
.
8
9
3
,
T
L
I
=0
.
8
8
3
,
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
7
2
}
.
As
th
e
f
it
in
d
ices
f
ell
b
elo
w
th
e
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
r
an
g
e,
in
d
icatin
g
a
p
o
o
r
m
o
d
el
f
it,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
r
e
e
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
was
r
ejec
ted
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
if
ted
to
an
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
w
h
ich
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
s
tag
e
2.
3
.
3
.
St
a
g
e
2:
ex
plo
ra
t
o
ry
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
na
ly
s
is
(
N=3
1
4
1
st
s
ub
s
a
m
ple)
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
u
n
iv
ar
iat
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
f
o
r
th
e
30
item
s
of
th
e
AR
S
s
ca
le,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
a
m
ajo
r
ity
of
th
ese
item
s
ex
h
ib
ited
s
k
ewn
ess
with
h
ig
h
k
u
r
to
s
is
.
W
h
en
th
e
u
n
i
v
ar
i
ate
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
of
o
r
d
in
al
item
s
s
h
o
w
asy
m
m
etr
y
or
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
k
u
r
t
o
s
is
,
it
is
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
u
s
e
p
o
l
y
ch
o
r
ic
co
r
r
elatio
n
in
s
tead
of
Pear
s
o
n
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
[
4
0
]
.
In
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
co
r
in
g
of
AR
S
-
30
item
s
was
done
u
s
in
g
o
r
d
in
a
l
s
ca
les,
an
d
due
to
th
e
asy
m
m
etr
ic
u
n
iv
ar
iate
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
of
th
ese
item
s
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
p
ted
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
on
p
o
ly
ch
o
r
ic
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
4
1
]
−
[
4
3
]
.
Ma
r
d
ia
’
s
test
f
o
r
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
was
co
n
d
u
cted
an
d
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
wer
e
b
elo
w
0
.
0
5
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
4.
Ho
wev
er
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
[
4
4
]
,
b
o
th
s
k
ewn
ess
an
d
k
u
r
to
s
is
s
tatis
t
ics
’
p
-
v
alu
es
s
h
o
u
ld
be
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
of
m
u
ltiv
a
r
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
was
v
io
lated
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ataset
.
W
h
en
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
of
m
u
lti
v
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
f
ac
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
io
latio
n
s
an
d
/
o
r
wh
en
d
ea
lin
g
with
o
r
d
in
al
d
ata,
th
e
DW
L
S
m
eth
o
d
y
iel
d
s
more
p
r
ec
is
e
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
ates
[
3
6
]
.
Hen
ce
,
f
o
r
ex
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
AR
S
-
30,
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
iag
o
n
ally
weig
h
ted
least
s
q
u
ar
es
(
R
D
W
L
S)
wa
s
u
s
ed
as
th
e
d
ata
do
not
ad
h
e
r
e
to
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
of
m
u
ltiv
a
r
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
[
3
6
]
;
alo
n
g
w
ith
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
r
o
tatio
n
m
eth
o
d
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
of
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
th
is
o
b
li
q
u
e
r
o
tatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
was
m
ad
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
of
AR
S
-
30
wer
e
co
r
r
elate
d
as
ex
p
lain
ed
by
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
c
ale
’
s
au
th
o
r
[
1
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
v
er
i
f
ied
all
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
b
ef
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
E
FA.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
y
ass
ess
ed
s
am
p
le
s
ize
ad
eq
u
ac
y
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
ac
ce
p
ted
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
ad
eq
u
ate
s
am
p
le
s
ize
in
E
FA
is
th
e
r
atio
of
s
u
b
jects
to
v
ar
iab
les,
ty
p
ically
s
et
at
4
:1
or
5
:1
[
3
7
]
.
In
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
th
er
e
wer
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
ten
tim
es
more
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
th
an
item
s
(
3
1
4
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
30
i
tem
s
)
,
wh
ich
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
‘
g
o
o
d
’
[
4
7
]
.
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
’
s
p
ar
allel
an
aly
s
is
[
4
8
]
an
d
Sch
war
z
’
s
B
ay
esian
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
C
r
iter
io
n
(
B
I
C
)
Dim
en
s
io
n
ality
test
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
t
h
e
FAC
T
OR
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
al
o
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
i
n
itial
an
aly
s
is
of
E
ig
en
v
alu
es
ab
o
v
e
1,
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
b
est
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
AR
S
-
30.
To
r
etain
item
s
with
in
ea
c
h
f
ac
to
r
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ad
h
er
ed
to
f
o
u
r
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
o
u
tlin
ed
by
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ician
s
:
i)
en
s
u
r
in
g
no
f
ac
to
r
s
h
ad
f
ewe
r
th
an
th
r
ee
i
tem
s
;
ii)
ex
clu
d
in
g
item
s
th
at
ex
h
ib
ited
cr
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
0
.
3
ac
r
o
s
s
f
ac
to
r
s
;
iii)
no
item
s
with
co
m
m
u
n
ality
v
al
u
es
less
th
an
0
.
3
;
an
d
i
v
)
elim
in
atin
g
item
s
with
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
b
elo
w
0
.
4
[
3
5
]
,
[
4
9
]
−
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
KM
O
in
d
e
x
was
0
.
8
5
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
o
f
0
.
6
0
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
B
ar
tlett’s
T
e
s
t
o
f
Sp
h
er
icity
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
{
χ
2
(
4
3
5
,
N
=3
1
4
)
=
3
4
7
8
.
8
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
},
af
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
a
n
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
with
E
ig
en
v
alu
es
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
1
,
ex
p
lain
in
g
2
8
.
5
7
%,
1
0
.
1
%,
an
d
4
.
7
5
%
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
B
I
C
d
im
en
s
io
n
ality
test
s
u
g
g
est
ed
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
v
o
lv
in
g
two
f
a
cto
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
p
ar
allel
a
n
aly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cted
with
3
0
item
s
,
3
1
4
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
with
5
0
0
r
e
p
licatio
n
s
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
a
two
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
AR
S
s
ca
le
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
e
x
am
in
ed
b
o
th
t
h
e
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
as
h
y
p
o
th
esized
b
y
C
ass
id
y
)
an
d
t
h
e
two
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
b
y
th
e
p
ar
allel
an
aly
s
is
an
d
B
I
C
d
im
en
s
io
n
ality
test
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
E
FA
with
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
is
p
lay
e
d
a
p
o
o
r
m
o
d
el
f
it,
wh
er
e
eig
h
t
item
s
(
n
u
m
b
er
1
,
5
,
8
,
9
,
1
0
,
1
7
,
2
3
,
2
9
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
lo
w
c
o
m
m
u
n
ality
(
<
0
.
3
)
.
A
m
o
n
g
th
ese,
t
h
r
ee
item
s
(
5
,
1
7
,
2
9
)
d
is
p
lay
ed
n
o
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
f
iv
e
item
s
(
1
,
3
,
8
,
1
0
,
2
3
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
o
r
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
(
<0
.
4
)
,
an
d
two
ite
m
s
(
8
,
1
1
)
d
is
p
lay
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
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v
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&
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d
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c
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2252
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8
8
2
2
A
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f
a
ca
d
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r
esil
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ce
s
ca
le
in
B
en
g
a
li
(
R
iya
A
h
med
)
953
cr
o
s
s
-
lo
ad
in
g
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
f
ac
to
r
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
ese
n
in
e
ite
m
s
(
1
,
3
,
5
,
8
,
1
0
,
1
1
,
1
7
,
2
3
,
2
9
)
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
to
th
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
th
e
AR
S
-
3
0
s
ca
le.
Fo
r
th
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
en
tio
n
e
d
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
n
in
e
item
s
(
1
,
3
,
5
,
8
,
1
0
,
1
1
,
1
7
,
2
3
,
2
9
)
wer
e
r
e
m
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
.
W
ith
in
f
ac
to
r
th
r
ee
,
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
i
tem
(
n
u
m
b
er
9
)
was
lo
ad
ed
.
As
f
a
cto
r
s
with
f
ewe
r
th
an
t
h
r
ee
item
s
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
v
alid
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
ec
id
ed
to
d
is
ca
r
d
item
9
as we
ll a
s
f
ac
to
r
3
f
r
o
m
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Un
iv
a
r
iate
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
o
f
th
e
3
0
-
item
AR
S (
N=
3
1
4
1
st
s
u
b
s
am
p
le)
I
t
e
m
M
e
a
n
9
5
%
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
K
u
r
t
o
si
s (Z
e
r
o
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
)
A
R
S
_
1
3
.
4
3
(
3
.
2
4
-
3
.
6
2
)
1
.
6
9
-
0
.
5
0
-
0
.
9
8
A
R
S
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T
ab
le
4
.
Ma
r
d
ia
’
s
test
o
f
m
u
lti
v
ar
iate
n
o
r
m
ality
V
a
l
u
e
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
df
p
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
2
2
6
.
9
7
4
1
1
8
7
8
.
2
9
2
4
9
6
0
<
.
0
0
1
S
mal
l
sam
p
l
e
S
k
e
w
n
e
ss
2
2
6
.
9
7
4
1
1
9
9
9
.
1
5
1
4
9
6
0
<
.
0
0
1
K
u
r
t
o
si
s
1
2
3
1
.
1
8
5
5
4
.
8
3
4
<
.
0
0
1
N
o
t
e
:
T
h
e
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
f
o
r
s
k
e
w
n
e
ss
i
s
a
ss
u
me
d
t
o
b
e
χ
2
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
f
o
r
k
u
r
t
o
si
s
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
n
o
r
m
a
l
Af
ter
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
ese
ten
ite
m
s
(
1
,
3,
5,
8,
9,
1
0
,
11,
1
7
,
23,
2
9
)
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
E
FA
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
20
item
s
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
two
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
o
r
f
it,
as
o
n
e
item
(
n
u
m
b
er
1
5
)
e
x
h
ib
ited
lo
w
co
m
m
u
n
ality
(
<0
.
3
)
.
Af
ter
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
e
item
AR
S_
1
5
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
co
n
d
u
cted
a
f
u
r
t
h
er
E
FA
wh
ile
m
a
in
tain
in
g
th
e
two
-
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
is
led
to
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
of
a
p
ar
s
im
o
n
i
o
u
s
m
o
d
el
with
19
item
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
a
p
r
ec
is
e
two
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
ad
h
er
ed
to
all
ite
m
-
r
eten
tio
n
cr
iter
ia.
A
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
19
i
t
e
m
s
,
s
i
x
i
t
e
m
s
(
n
u
m
b
e
r
6,
7,
12,
14,
19
,
28)
l
o
a
d
e
d
on
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
f
a
ct
o
r
,
w
h
ile
13
i
te
m
s
(
n
u
m
b
e
r
2,
4,
13,
1
6
,
18,
20,
21,
22,
24,
25,
26,
2
7
,
30)
l
o
a
d
e
d
on
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
5
.
4
9
.
6
8
3
%
of
t
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
wa
s
j
o
i
n
tl
y
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
by
t
h
es
e
tw
o
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
r
en
a
m
ed
th
e
ad
ap
ted
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
s
ca
le
as
AR
S
-
19.
Facto
r
1
e
n
co
m
p
as
s
es
6
item
s
(
item
s
6,
7,
12,
14,
1
9
,
2
8
)
,
w
h
er
ea
s
f
ac
to
r
2
co
n
s
is
ts
of
13
item
s
(
item
s
2,
4,
13,
16,
1
8
,
20,
21,
2
2
,
2
4
,
25,
26,
2
7
,
3
0
)
.
As
f
ac
to
r
1
in
clu
d
ed
6
item
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
e
g
ativ
e
af
f
ec
t
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
of
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
d
ec
id
ed
to
r
etain
th
e
s
am
e
n
a
m
e
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
1
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
co
n
tex
t.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
f
ac
to
r
2
co
n
tain
e
d
5
item
s
(
2
,
4,
13,
1
6
,
3
0
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
Per
s
ev
er
an
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
an
d
8
item
s
(
1
8
,
2
0
,
21,
22,
2
4
,
25,
26,
2
7
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ef
lectin
g
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
el
p
-
s
ee
k
in
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
of
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
d
ec
id
ed
to
r
en
a
m
e
f
ac
to
r
2
as
‘
Po
s
itiv
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
’
wh
ich
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
b
o
th
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
of
th
e
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
an
d
r
ef
lectin
g
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
elp
-
s
ee
k
in
g
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
s
of
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
f
ac
to
r
s
was
0
.
4
4
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
of
th
e
19
-
item
AR
S
an
d
its
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
6
.
In
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
ad
a
p
tatio
n
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
of
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
esp
o
n
d
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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t
J
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&
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Vo
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14
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No
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2
,
Ap
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20
25
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6
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ac
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tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
ch
alle
n
g
i
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
an
x
iety
,
s
tr
ess
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
f
ee
lin
g
s
of
h
o
p
eless
n
ess
[
1
]
.
T
ab
le
5
.
Facto
r
l
o
ad
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
E
FA in
s
tag
e
2
an
d
C
FA in
s
tag
e
3
I
t
e
m w
o
r
d
i
n
g
s
S
t
a
g
e
2
(
N
=
3
1
4
1
st
su
b
sa
mp
l
e
)
S
t
a
g
e
3
(
N
=
3
1
4
2
nd
s
u
b
sam
p
l
e
)
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
(
EFA
)
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s (
C
F
A
)
I
t
e
ms
F
a
c
t
o
r
1
F
a
c
t
o
r
2
F
a
c
t
o
r
1
F
a
c
t
o
r
2
1
.
I
w
o
u
l
d
p
r
o
b
a
b
l
y
g
e
t
a
n
n
o
y
e
d
.
A
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a
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f
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6
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6
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4
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6
1
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1
6
0
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0
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6
8
7
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0
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6
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1
1
1
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I
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m
y
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1
8
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7
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0
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7
6
1
1
2
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I
w
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d
st
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t
t
o
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i
t
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d
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a
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a
t
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t
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R
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2
0
0
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0
1
2
0
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7
5
4
*
0
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7
4
8
1
3
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I
w
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l
d
se
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h
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l
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f
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m m
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9
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6
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4
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R
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2
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1
5
7
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5
8
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0
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6
9
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1
5
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l
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R
S
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4
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7
4
1
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0
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7
0
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1
6
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I
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t
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R
S
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1
4
5
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6
8
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6
7
7
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I
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me
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t
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n
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s.
A
R
S
_
2
6
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2
4
8
0
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6
6
9
*
0
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4
0
1
1
8
.
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l
d
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r
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k
m
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m
y
s
t
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n
g
t
h
s
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n
d
w
e
a
k
n
e
ss
e
s t
o
h
e
l
p
me
w
o
r
k
b
e
t
t
e
r
.
A
R
S
_
2
7
-
0
.
0
6
7
0
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6
2
6
*
0
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5
5
9
1
9
.
I
w
o
u
l
d
l
o
o
k
f
o
r
w
a
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d
t
o
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
I
c
a
n
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m
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v
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y
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s.
A
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S
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3
0
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0
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0
6
3
0
.
7
6
3
*
0
.
6
5
3
N
o
t
e
:
Th
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
met
h
o
d
f
o
r
EFA
w
a
s
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
i
a
g
o
n
a
l
l
y
w
e
i
g
h
t
e
d
l
e
a
st
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
(
R
D
W
LS)
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
R
o
b
u
s
t
P
r
o
m
i
n
r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
a
c
t
o
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
a
b
o
v
e
0
.
4
a
r
e
i
n
a
s
t
e
r
i
sk
(
*
)
.
I
t
e
m w
o
r
d
i
n
g
s w
e
r
e
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
C
a
ss
i
d
y
[
1
]
.
T
ab
le
6
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
1
9
-
item
AR
S a
n
d
its
f
ac
to
r
s
A
R
S
M
c
D
o
n
a
l
d
’
s
o
me
g
a
19
-
i
t
e
ms A
R
S
0
.
8
3
3
F
a
c
t
o
r
1
:
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
n
d
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
0
.
7
7
7
F
a
c
t
o
r
2
:
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
0
.
8
5
2
3
.
4
.
St
a
g
e
3:
co
nfir
ma
t
o
r
y
f
a
ct
o
r
a
na
l
y
s
is
(
N=3
1
4
2
nd
s
ub
s
a
m
ple)
In
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
AR
S
-
19,
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
FA
in
s
tag
e
2,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
C
FA
on
th
e
v
alid
at
io
n
s
am
p
le
(
N=
3
1
4
,
2
nd
s
u
b
s
am
p
le)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ad
h
er
e
d
to
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
ad
v
is
ed
g
u
id
elin
e
f
o
r
ca
lcu
lat
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
in
C
FA,
wh
ich
s
u
g
g
ests
a
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
-
to
-
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
r
atio
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
of
5
:1
to
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
of
1
0
:1
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
(
N=
3
1
4
)
f
o
r
C
FA
s
u
r
p
ass
ed
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
of
1
9
0
,
g
iv
e
n
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
co
m
p
r
is
es
19
item
s
.
As
th
e
item
s
wer
e
s
co
r
ed
on
an
o
r
d
in
al
s
ca
le,
th
e
g
o
o
d
n
ess
of
f
it
f
o
r
th
e
two
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
of
th
e
AR
S
-
19
was
cr
o
s
s
-
ch
ec
k
ed
by
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
C
FA
u
s
in
g
th
e
DW
L
S
esti
m
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
Kaiser
-
Ma
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
in
d
ex
was
0
.
8
7
1
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
th
r
esh
o
ld
of
0
.
6
0
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
Ad
d
iti
o
n
ally
,
B
ar
tlett
’
s
T
est
of
Sp
h
e
r
icity
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
s
tatis
t
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
{χ
2
(
1
7
1
,
N
=3
1
4
)
=2
4
8
3
.
7
2
6
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
},
af
f
i
r
m
in
g
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
of
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
To
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it,
s
ev
er
al
wid
ely
u
tili
ze
d
f
it
in
d
ices
w
er
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
:
i)
t
h
e
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
to
d
eg
r
ee
s
of
f
r
ee
d
o
m
r
atio
(
χ²/
d
f
)
,
with
a
v
alu
e
of
no
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
3
in
d
icati
n
g
a
g
o
o
d
f
it
[
3
7
]
;
ii)
C
FI;
ii
i)
TLI;
iv
)
th
e
GFI
;
v)
R
MSE
A)
;
an
d
vi
)
SR
M
R
.
GFI
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
0
.
9
0
wer
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
as
in
d
icativ
e
of
a
g
o
o
d
f
it;
h
o
wev
er
,
s
o
m
e
a
r
g
u
e
t
h
at
a
th
r
esh
o
ld
of
0
.
9
5
s
h
o
u
l
d
be
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
[
3
7
]
.
C
FI
an
d
TLI
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
0
.
9
0
an
d
0
.
9
5
c
o
u
ld
p
o
ten
tially
in
d
icate
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
m
o
d
el
f
it
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
R
MSE
A
v
alu
es
b
elo
w
0
.
0
8
[
3
8
]
an
d
SR
M
R
v
alu
es
of
0
.
0
8
or
les
s
[
3
7
]
in
d
icate
an
ad
eq
u
ate
m
o
d
el
f
it.
In
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
f
it
i
n
d
i
ce
s
wer
e:
χ
2
/d
f
=4
0
6
.
7
8
6
/1
5
1
=2
.
6
9
,
C
FI=
0
.
9
3
2
,
T
L
I
=0
.
9
2
3
,
GFI
=0
.
9
7
9
,
R
MSE
A=
0
.
0
7
4
,
an
d
SR
MR=0
.
0
7
3
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
in
d
ices
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
be
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
e.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
two
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
of
th
e
B
e
n
g
ali
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
AR
S
-
19
is
ad
eq
u
ate
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
lo
t
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
d
a
p
ta
tio
n
a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f
a
ca
d
emic
r
esil
ien
ce
s
ca
le
in
B
en
g
a
li
(
R
iya
A
h
med
)
955
3
.
5
.
Relia
bil
it
y
of
ARS
-
19
s
c
a
le
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
r
esp
o
n
s
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
by
p
e
o
p
le
on
item
s
th
at
ass
es
s
th
e
s
am
e
tr
ait
a
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
[
3
0
]
.
It
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
e
d
esti
m
ate
of
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
th
e
item
s
with
in
AR
S
-
19
wer
e
in
ter
-
c
o
r
r
elate
d
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
o
m
eg
a
as
an
in
d
icato
r
of
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
wh
ich
is
eq
u
iv
alen
t
of
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
f
o
r
o
r
d
in
al
d
ata
[
5
3
]
.
T
h
e
o
m
eg
a
v
alu
es
ex
h
i
b
it
ad
eq
u
ate
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
AR
S
-
19
s
ca
le
a
n
d
its
two
f
ac
to
r
s
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
7.
T
ab
le
7
.
Mc
Do
n
ald
’
s
o
m
e
g
a
f
o
r
AR
S
-
1
9
an
d
it is
f
ac
to
r
s
A
R
S
M
c
D
o
n
a
l
d
’
s
o
me
g
a
A
R
S
-
19
0
.
8
2
F
a
c
t
o
r
1
(
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
n
d
e
mo
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
se)
0
.
8
0
F
a
c
t
o
r
2
(
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
)
0
.
8
3
3
.
6
.
Va
lid
it
y
of
ARS
-
19
s
ca
l
e
T
h
e
AR
S
-
19
s
ca
le
was
ass
ess
ed
f
o
r
its
in
ter
n
al
as
well
as
ex
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
of
AR
S
-
19
was
ex
p
lo
r
ed
u
s
in
g
its
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
v
alid
ity
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
r
ee
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
s
of
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
’
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
v
alid
ity
was
estab
lis
h
ed
by
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
a
n
d
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
es
(
s
tag
e
1
-
3
)
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
co
n
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alid
ity
as
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
ev
id
en
ce
of
v
alid
ity
of
th
e
s
ca
le
[
5
4
]
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
of
AR
S
-
19
was
o
b
tain
ed
by
ca
lcu
latin
g
b
iv
ar
iate
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
Sp
ea
r
m
an
co
r
r
elatio
n
)
b
et
wee
n
s
co
r
es
of
t
h
e
AR
S
-
19
s
ca
le
an
d
th
e
AR
S
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
by
B
ala
[
1
0
]
.
It
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
co
r
es
of
th
e
two
s
ca
les
wer
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
d
ρ
=0
.
6
5
5
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
co
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
Sco
r
es
on
b
o
t
h
f
ac
to
r
s
of
AR
S
-
19
s
ca
le
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
with
AR
S
[
1
0
]
s
co
r
es
(
ρ
=0
.
4
4
5
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
1
an
d
ρ
=0
.
5
7
5
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
2,
in
b
o
th
ca
s
es
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Facto
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
B
en
g
ali
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
AR
S
-
1
9
(
Stan
d
ar
d
ized
p
a
r
am
eter
)
(
N=
3
1
4
)
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
of
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
was
to
ad
ap
t
an
d
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
AR
S
-
30
s
ca
le
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
W
est
B
en
g
al,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
on
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
th
at
s
h
ar
es
s
im
ilar
ities
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
cu
ltu
r
e.
A
to
tal
o
f
628
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
W
es
t
B
en
g
al
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Data
wa
s
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
r
ee
s
tag
es.
Firstl
y
,
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
wa
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
test
th
e
f
ac
to
r
ial
v
alid
ity
of
th
e
B
en
g
ali
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
947
-
9
6
0
956
AR
S
-
30
s
ca
le
[
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
wed
a
p
o
o
r
f
it
with
th
e
d
ata.
In
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
f
u
r
th
e
r
E
FA
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
a
two
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
b
est
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
d
ataset.
In
t
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tag
e,
th
is
n
ewly
d
er
iv
ed
two
-
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
was
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
FA
with
an
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
d
ata.
T
h
e
ad
ap
te
d
v
er
s
io
n
of
th
e
s
ca
le
was
r
en
am
ed
AR
S
-
19.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
aly
s
es
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
AR
S
-
19
is
a
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
ac
ad
em
i
c
r
esil
ien
ce
in
th
e
B
en
g
al
co
n
t
ex
t.
T
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
a
n
d
s
c
o
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
A
R
S
-
19
is
s
i
m
i
l
a
r
to
t
h
e
A
R
S
-
30
s
c
a
l
e
,
wi
t
h
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
t
h
e
o
r
e
t
ic
a
l
r
a
n
g
e
of
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
r
e
s
i
l
ie
n
ce
s
c
o
r
e
s
in
AR
S
-
19
is
19
to
95
i
n
s
t
e
a
d
of
30
to
150
in
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
s
c
al
e
.
A
h
i
g
h
AR
S
-
19
s
c
o
r
e
i
n
d
i
c
at
e
s
g
r
ea
t
e
r
ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
r
es
i
l
ie
n
c
e
in
a
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
B
e
n
g
a
li
(
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
)
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
of
AR
S
-
19
is
a
v
a
i
la
b
l
e
in
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
m
a
t
er
i
a
l
.
T
h
e
AR
S
-
3
0
s
ca
le
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esil
ien
ce
as
a
m
u
l
tid
im
en
s
io
n
al
laten
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
tex
t
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ca
p
t
u
r
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
a
h
y
p
o
th
etica
l
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
itu
a
tio
n
in
an
ac
ad
em
ic
co
n
tex
t,
s
p
ec
if
ically
with
in
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e,
af
f
ec
tiv
e,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
d
o
m
ain
s
[
4
]
.
AR
S
-
3
0
s
ca
le
h
as
b
ee
n
tr
an
s
lated
an
d
v
alid
ated
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
la
n
g
u
a
g
es
in
clu
d
i
n
g
T
u
r
k
is
h
[
2
1
]
,
Per
s
ian
[
2
2
]
,
Sp
a
n
is
h
[
1
6
]
,
C
h
in
ese
[
2
3
]
,
an
d
T
h
ai
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
ta
r
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
es
h
i
g
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
2
]
−
[
2
4
]
,
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
5
5
]
,
a
n
d
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
3
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
in
I
r
an
[
2
2
]
,
Sp
ain
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
T
u
r
k
ey
[
2
1
]
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
s
ca
le,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
C
h
in
a
[
2
3
]
,
USA
[
1
3
]
,
E
cu
ad
o
r
[
5
5
]
,
an
d
T
h
ailan
d
[
2
4
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
s
ca
le
wh
er
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
item
s
wer
e
d
elete
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
8
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
B
en
g
a
li
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
(
AR
S
-
1
9
)
also
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
m
o
d
if
ied
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
9
it
em
s
an
d
two
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
ab
le
8
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
s
tu
d
ies o
f
AR
S
-
30
S
t
u
d
y
S
a
mp
l
e
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
[
2
2
]
4
0
9
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
I
r
a
n
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
(
P
r
o
max
o
b
l
i
q
u
e
r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
)
Th
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
s
c
a
l
e
w
a
s c
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
(
3
0
i
t
e
ms,
t
h
r
e
e
-
f
a
c
t
o
r
m
o
d
e
l
)
[
1
6
]
2
9
6
7
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
a
g
e
d
1
8
–
33)
S
p
a
i
n
EF
A
a
n
d
C
F
A
Th
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
s
c
a
l
e
w
a
s c
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
(
3
0
i
t
e
ms,
t
h
r
e
e
-
f
a
c
t
o
r
m
o
d
e
l
)
[
2
1
]
6
8
7
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
mea
n
a
g
e
=
2
1
.
6
8
,
S
D
=
2
.
9
6
)
T
u
r
k
e
y
C
F
A
Th
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
s
c
a
l
e
w
a
s c
o
n
f
i
r
me
d
(
3
0
i
t
e
ms,
t
h
r
e
e
-
f
a
c
t
o
r
m
o
d
e
l
)
[
2
3
]
5
6
9
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
C
h
i
n
a
C
F
A
Th
e
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
v
e
r
si
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
sc
a
l
e
c
o
n
s
i
st
s o
f
2
0
i
t
e
ms
w
i
t
h
f
o
u
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
(
p
e
r
se
v
e
r
a
n
c
e
,
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
h
e
l
p
-
see
k
i
n
g
,
s
e
l
f
-
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
n
d
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
sp
o
n
s
e
)
[
1
3
]
5
4
4
p
h
a
r
ma
c
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
U
S
A
EF
A
Th
e
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
c
o
n
s
i
st
s o
f
1
6
i
t
e
ms
w
i
t
h
f
o
u
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
(
n
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
n
d
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
h
e
l
p
-
see
k
i
n
g
,
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
p
r
o
c
e
sse
s
a
n
d
p
e
r
se
v
e
r
a
n
c
e
)
.
T
h
i
s
v
e
r
si
o
n
w
a
s
r
e
n
a
m
e
d
a
s
A
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
P
h
a
r
mac
y
R
e
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
S
c
a
l
e
(
A
P
R
S
-
1
6
)
.
[
5
5
]
7
8
8
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
Ec
u
a
d
o
r
C
F
A
(
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
l
i
k
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
e
st
i
mat
i
o
n
)
T
h
e
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
v
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r
s
i
o
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
2
4
i
t
e
m
s
w
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t
h
a
t
h
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e
-
f
a
c
t
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s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
(
p
e
r
s
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n
c
e
,
r
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f
l
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c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
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p
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p
-
s
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k
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n
d
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a
t
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v
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f
f
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c
t
a
n
d
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
)
[
2
4
]
2
1
6
j
u
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
EF
A
(
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
a
x
i
s
f
a
c
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
b
l
i
q
u
e
P
r
o
ma
x
r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
)
Th
e
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
c
o
n
si
s
t
s
o
f
1
6
i
t
e
ms
w
i
t
h
a
t
h
r
e
e
-
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
(
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
sp
o
n
se,
p
e
r
se
v
e
r
a
n
c
e
,
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
h
e
l
p
-
see
k
i
n
g
)
.
*
N
o
t
e
:
EFA
=
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
C
F
A
=
c
o
n
f
i
r
ma
t
o
r
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
of
AR
S
-
19
was
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
v
er
s
io
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
o
r
i
g
in
al
v
er
s
io
n
h
ad
30
item
s
with
th
r
ee
f
ac
to
r
s
:
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
(
1
4
item
s
)
,
r
ef
l
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ad
ap
ti
v
e
h
el
p
-
s
ee
k
in
g
(9
item
s
)
,
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
af
f
ec
t
an
d
em
o
tio
n
a
l
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(7
item
s
)
[
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
AR
S
-
19
h
ad
19
item
s
with
two
f
ac
to
r
s
:
n
eg
ativ
e
af
f
ec
t
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(6
item
s
)
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
(
1
3
item
s
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
in
clu
d
es
6
item
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
af
f
e
ct
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
of
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le;
h
en
ce
it
was
d
ec
id
ed
to
r
etain
th
e
s
am
e
n
am
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
5
item
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
d
im
en
s
io
n
an
d
8
item
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ef
lectin
g
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
h
elp
-
s
ee
k
i
n
g
d
im
en
s
io
n
of
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le
lo
ad
ed
o
n
to
th
e
s
am
e
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
i
ch
was
r
en
am
ed
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
of
th
e
E
FA
(
s
tag
e
2)
s
u
g
g
ested
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
of
elev
en
item
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
ca
le
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
p
ar
s
im
o
n
io
u
s
two
-
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
ex
clu
s
io
n
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
T
ab
le
9.
In
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at,
in
th
e
g
i
v
en
c
o
n
tex
t,
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
d
ap
tatio
n
ca
p
tu
r
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
r
esp
o
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
to
ac
ad
em
ic
a
d
v
e
r
s
ities
in
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
m
an
n
er
,
p
er
s
is
t
d
esp
ite
ch
allen
g
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
r
ef
lect
upon
th
eir
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es,
an
d
s
ee
k
g
u
id
an
ce
f
r
o
m
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
g
r
ea
ter
ex
p
e
r
tis
e.
Neg
ativ
e
af
f
ec
t
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
e
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
ti
o
n
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
by
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
ch
allen
g
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
an
x
iety
,
s
tr
ess
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
an
d
f
ee
lin
g
s
of
h
o
p
eless
n
ess
[
1
]
.
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