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m
The influ
ence o
f
v
irtual la
bo
ra
torie
s o
n studen
ts
’
i
nt
erest
in
STE
M
f
ields:
a lo
ng
itudina
l study
i
n seco
nda
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educ
a
tion
B
a
t
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K
a
rim
o
v
a
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hu
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zina
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l
k
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a
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Art
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AB
S
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r
ticle
his
to
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y:
R
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ed
Mar
8
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Sep
21
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Sep
30
,
2
0
2
4
Th
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
o
f
th
is
a
rti
c
le i
s to
i
n
v
e
stig
a
te t
h
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
v
irt
u
a
l
la
b
o
ra
to
r
ies
(b
io
l
o
g
y
,
c
h
e
m
istry
,
p
h
y
sic
s,
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s)
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
i
n
tere
st
i
n
sc
ien
c
e
,
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(S
TE
M
)
fiel
d
s
o
v
e
r
six
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
st
u
d
y
.
T
h
e
stu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
3
1
7
p
a
rti
c
i
p
a
n
ts
fr
o
m
Alk
e
y
M
a
rg
u
lan
P
a
v
lo
d
a
r
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
Un
i
v
e
rsity
(P
a
v
lo
d
a
r
Re
g
i
o
n
,
Ka
z
a
k
h
sta
n
)
,
wh
o
we
re
d
iv
i
d
e
d
in
to
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s.
An
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
a
p
p
ro
a
c
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s
e
m
p
lo
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e
d
,
wh
e
re
in
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts
u
n
d
e
rwe
n
t
trai
n
in
g
u
si
n
g
v
irt
u
a
l
lab
o
ra
to
ries
f
o
r
six
m
o
n
t
h
s.
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tatis
ti
c
a
l
m
e
th
o
d
s,
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ll
y
t
-
tes
ts
fo
r
p
a
ire
d
a
n
d
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
sa
m
p
les
,
we
re
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
to
a
n
a
ly
z
e
th
e
re
su
lt
s.
T
h
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
t
re
v
e
a
led
a
sta
ti
stica
l
ly
si
g
n
if
ica
n
t
p
o
sit
iv
e
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
v
irt
u
a
l
lab
o
ra
to
ries
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
ts
’
in
tere
st
in
S
TE
M
fiel
d
s.
P
a
rti
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
in
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
rime
n
tal
g
ro
u
p
e
x
h
ib
it
e
d
a
n
in
c
re
a
se
d
i
n
tere
st
in
b
io
l
o
g
y
,
c
h
e
m
istry
,
p
h
y
sic
s,
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
to
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
ro
l
g
ro
u
p
.
T
h
e
re
se
a
rc
h
fin
d
i
n
g
s
h
o
l
d
imp
o
r
tan
t
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
imp
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
imp
lem
e
n
tati
o
n
o
f
v
irt
u
a
l
lab
o
ra
to
ries
m
a
y
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
a
n
in
c
re
a
se
in
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
i
n
tere
st
in
st
u
d
y
in
g
S
T
EM
d
isc
ip
li
n
e
s,
wh
ic
h
is
c
ru
c
ial
fo
r
sh
a
p
in
g
th
e
f
u
t
u
re
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
sp
e
c
ialists
i
n
t
h
e
se
field
s.
F
u
tu
r
e
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
sh
o
u
l
d
in
v
o
l
v
e
e
x
p
lo
ri
n
g
v
a
rio
u
s
ty
p
e
s
o
f
v
irt
u
a
l
lab
o
ra
to
r
ies
,
tak
in
g
in
to
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
so
c
i
o
c
u
lt
u
ra
l
c
o
n
te
x
t,
a
n
d
a
d
d
re
ss
in
g
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
stu
d
e
n
ts.
Ad
d
it
io
n
a
ll
y
,
i
t
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
t
o
in
v
e
stig
a
te
th
e
lo
n
g
e
r
-
term
e
ffe
c
ts o
f
u
sin
g
d
ig
i
t
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Aca
d
em
ic
in
ter
est
B
io
lo
g
y
C
h
em
is
tr
y
Ma
th
em
atics
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
Ph
y
s
ics
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
B
atesh
Kar
im
o
v
a
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l o
f
Natu
r
al
Scien
c
es,
Alk
ey
Ma
r
g
u
lan
Pav
lo
d
ar
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
Un
iv
er
s
ity
2
8
Kab
an
b
ay
B
aty
r
Av
e
n
u
e,
P
av
lo
d
ar
,
1
4
0
0
0
0
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
E
m
ail: b
ts
h
k
ar
im
o
v
a@
g
m
x
.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
l
o
u
r
is
h
in
g
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
w
o
r
ld
is
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ad
ig
m
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
u
n
lo
c
k
in
g
n
ew
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
f
o
r
in
-
d
e
p
th
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M)
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
is
ev
o
lu
tio
n
is
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
as
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
e
an
s
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
o
m
es
im
p
er
ati
v
e,
as
it
allo
w
s
f
o
r
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
est
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
wan
in
g
in
ter
est
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
i
s
p
r
ess
i
n
g
,
as
th
ese
d
o
m
ain
s
s
h
ap
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
o
m
etim
es
en
co
u
n
ter
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
ab
s
tr
ac
t
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ex
am
p
les
[
3
]
.
I
t
is
p
r
ec
is
ely
in
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t
th
at
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ca
n
em
er
g
e
as a
p
iv
o
tal
to
o
l f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
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2
I
n
t
J
E
v
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
0
2
3
-
1
0
3
3
1024
I
n
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
u
tili
zin
g
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es,
s
ev
er
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k
ey
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s
u
es
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
war
r
an
t
atten
tio
n
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d
r
e
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o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
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u
s
e
o
f
v
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tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
is
o
f
ten
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
in
ter
n
e
t
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
a
n
d
p
o
wer
f
u
l
co
m
p
u
ter
s
,
p
o
s
in
g
o
b
s
tacle
s
f
o
r
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
h
i
g
h
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
co
s
ts
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
d
em
an
d
s
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
to
ac
q
u
i
r
e
n
ew
s
k
il
ls
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e;
s
o
m
e
teac
h
er
s
m
ay
en
co
u
n
te
r
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
aster
in
g
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
em
in
to
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
g
ag
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
with
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
en
g
ag
i
n
g
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
ex
er
cises
th
at
s
tim
u
late
cu
r
io
s
ity
an
d
f
o
s
ter
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
ad
e
q
u
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
also
p
iv
o
tal
task
s
[
7
]
.
Fin
an
cial
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
ca
n
im
p
ed
e
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
lo
ca
tio
n
s
with
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
i
n
an
cial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
m
eticu
l
o
u
s
ly
ex
a
m
in
e
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
c
o
n
te
n
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
to
a
lig
n
with
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
will
en
ab
le
th
e
m
ax
im
izati
o
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
i
n
s
tim
u
latin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
n
ew
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
e
n
ee
d
to
u
n
lo
c
k
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
g
r
o
win
g
u
p
in
a
d
i
g
ital
wo
r
ld
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
p
o
ten
tially
en
r
ich
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
c
ess
.
I
n
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
ter
est
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
in
s
tr
en
g
th
en
i
n
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
id
en
tif
y
in
g
o
p
tim
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
th
e
n
ex
t
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
.
T
h
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
t
h
is
to
p
ic
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
b
y
th
e
r
a
p
id
p
ac
e
o
f
ch
an
g
es
in
STE
M
s
ec
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
ly
s
k
illed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als to
a
d
d
r
ess
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
ch
allen
g
es.
I
n
r
ec
e
n
t
d
ec
a
d
es,
th
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
in
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
ese
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
to
o
ls
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
in
ter
est in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
s
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
[
1
1
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
p
o
ten
tially
v
alu
ab
le,
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
f
ten
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
s
ev
er
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
ts
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
atten
tio
n
an
d
r
esear
ch
.
O
n
e
k
e
y
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
i
n
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
is
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
d
esig
n
a
n
d
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
th
e
r
ea
lis
m
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
e
s
s
[
1
4
]
.
On
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
o
th
er
s
p
o
in
t
to
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ad
h
er
in
g
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
[
1
5
]
.
An
o
th
er
p
o
in
t
o
f
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
is
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
i
s
b
ased
o
n
q
u
an
titativ
e
in
d
icato
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
g
r
ad
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
On
th
e
co
n
tr
a
r
y
,
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
b
o
th
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
asp
ec
ts
,
ex
am
in
in
g
teac
h
er
s
’
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
im
p
r
ess
io
n
s
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
l
ab
o
r
ato
r
ies
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
u
t
ilizatio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
STE
M
ed
u
c
atio
n
p
r
esen
ts
b
o
th
ad
v
an
t
ag
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es
th
a
t
war
r
an
t
ca
r
e
f
u
l
ex
am
in
atio
n
.
Vir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
en
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
ce
s
s
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
an
d
s
im
u
l
ate
r
ea
l
s
cien
tific
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
with
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t,
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
en
ef
ici
al
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
with
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
ac
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
ey
m
itig
ate
th
e
r
is
k
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
h
an
d
lin
g
h
az
ar
d
o
u
s
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
o
r
co
m
p
lex
eq
u
ip
m
en
t,
esp
ec
ially
p
er
tin
en
t
to
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
in
v
o
lv
in
g
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
ch
em
ical
r
ea
ctio
n
s
o
r
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
in
tr
icate
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
ar
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
o
r
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
co
n
d
u
ct
in
r
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
a
n
d
an
aly
z
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
th
at
m
ay
b
e
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ettin
g
s
[
2
2
]
.
Vir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ca
n
b
e
en
g
ag
in
g
an
d
attr
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
t
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
in
clin
ed
to
war
d
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
;
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
a
n
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
i
n
ter
est
an
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
[
2
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ce
r
tain
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
ex
is
t.
Vir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ca
n
n
o
t
en
tire
ly
s
u
b
s
titu
te
th
e
tan
g
ib
le
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
with
r
ea
l
e
q
u
ip
m
e
n
t
an
d
m
ater
ials
,
lim
itin
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
p
h
y
s
ical
o
b
jects
th
at
ca
n
b
e
to
u
ch
ed
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
eir
u
s
e
r
eq
u
ir
es
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tech
n
ical
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
an
d
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
,
p
o
s
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lim
ited
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
s
s
[
2
5
]
.
Vir
tu
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
m
ay
r
estrict
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
,
w
h
er
ea
s
r
e
al
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
o
n
p
r
o
jects
ca
n
b
e
ess
en
tial
elem
en
ts
o
f
STE
M
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
So
m
e
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
o
r
ato
r
ies
m
ay
b
e
s
u
b
ject
-
s
p
e
cif
ic,
n
o
t
co
v
er
i
n
g
th
e
f
u
ll
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
,
th
er
eb
y
lim
it
in
g
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
i
n
v
esti
g
ativ
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
7
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
ese
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
d
is
a
d
v
an
tag
es,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies in
to
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
n
ec
ess
itates a
b
alan
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
ca
r
ef
u
l a
tten
tio
n
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
tu
d
en
t
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
i
n
a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y
o
f
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
g
a
p
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
atu
r
e
.
S
o
m
e
s
t
u
d
i
es
f
a
il
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
c
le
a
r
d
ef
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
v
i
r
t
u
al
la
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
i
e
s
,
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
a
l
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
,
o
r
s
u
c
ce
s
s
c
r
it
e
r
i
a
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
A
n
o
t
h
e
r
i
s
s
u
e
p
e
r
t
ai
n
s
t
o
t
h
e
l
im
i
t
e
d
d
e
p
t
h
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
o
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
a
s
p
ec
t
s
o
f
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
l
a
b
o
r
at
o
r
y
u
t
i
li
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8
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i
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t
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es
t
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S
T
E
M
d
is
c
i
p
lin
e
s
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T
h
e
n
o
v
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l
t
y
o
f
t
h
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a
p
p
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a
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r
at
i
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c
h
n
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l
a
n
d
p
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d
a
g
o
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i
c
a
l
a
s
p
e
ct
s
,
c
o
u
p
l
e
d
w
i
t
h
an
e
x
a
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
f
a
ct
o
r
s
t
o
g
ai
n
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
i
s
s
u
e
.
S
u
c
h
a
n
al
y
s
is
aim
s
t
o
as
s
i
s
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
s
c
h
o
o
l
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
ti
o
n
s
,
as
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
i
es
m
a
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
S
T
E
M
e
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
aim
s
to
in
v
esti
g
at
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
o
r
a
to
r
ies
(
b
io
lo
g
y
,
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics)
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
te
r
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
o
v
er
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
:
i
)
s
u
r
v
ey
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
n
q
u
esti
o
n
s
aim
e
d
at
i
d
en
t
if
y
in
g
t
h
eir
in
ter
ests
an
d
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
STE
M
;
ii)
c
o
n
d
u
ct
tr
ain
in
g
in
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
u
s
in
g
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
wh
ile
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
eiv
es
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
l
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
;
an
d
iii)
a
d
m
in
is
ter
a
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
s
u
r
v
ey
at
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
to
ass
es
s
ch
an
g
es in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
i
n
ter
est an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
It
is
ex
p
ec
te
d
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
b
io
l
o
g
y
,
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
o
v
er
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
will
p
o
s
itiv
e
ly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
I
t
is
a
n
ticip
ated
th
at
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
v
ir
tu
al
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
d
ee
p
e
n
in
g
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
o
r
a
to
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
o
cieta
l
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
Firstl
y
,
g
iv
en
th
e
r
a
p
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
m
o
d
e
r
n
to
o
ls
,
s
u
c
h
as v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies,
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
ter
est
in
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
am
o
n
g
th
e
y
o
u
n
g
er
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ca
n
b
e
a
k
ey
f
ac
t
o
r
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ce
s
s
to
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
p
h
y
s
ical
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ar
e
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
is
m
ay
o
p
en
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
f
ield
s
wh
er
e
th
er
e
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
n
r
ea
l
ac
ce
s
s
to
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
o
r
th
e
ass
o
ciate
d
co
s
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
l
ab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
v
ar
io
u
s
STE
M
f
ield
s
,
an
d
test
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
p
o
th
esis
will
h
elp
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
et
h
er
v
ir
tu
a
l
lear
n
in
g
ca
n
m
ak
e
s
cien
ce
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
o
r
e
ap
p
ea
lin
g
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
o
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
em
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
le
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lt
s
ca
n
also
s
er
v
e
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
attr
a
ctin
g
an
d
r
etain
in
g
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
am
o
n
g
th
e
y
o
u
th
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
an
d
tech
n
i
ca
l
s
p
ec
ialties
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
was
b
ased
o
n
an
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
ed
at
a
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
p
lan
n
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
o
b
jectiv
e
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
r
esu
lts
.
W
ith
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
we
r
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
h
a
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
b
io
lo
g
y
,
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
ath
e
m
atics
f
o
r
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
tin
u
ed
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
u
tili
zin
g
r
ea
l
lab
o
r
ato
r
ie
s
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
a
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
m
ad
e
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
its
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
a
n
tag
es.
Firstl
y
,
s
u
ch
a
m
eth
o
d
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
estab
lis
h
in
g
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
eir
u
s
e
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
lev
els.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
en
a
b
les
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
p
o
te
n
tial
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
t
h
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
a
y
im
p
a
ct
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
it
b
est
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
will
y
ield
cr
ed
ib
le
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
a
to
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
A
to
tal
o
f
3
1
7
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
t
h
e
Pav
lo
d
ar
r
eg
io
n
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
t
o
o
k
p
ar
t
i
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
h
av
in
g
an
ac
tiv
e
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
an
d
a
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
ix
-
m
o
n
th
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
o
s
s
ess
b
asic
s
k
ills
in
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
ices
an
d
h
av
e
in
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
s
in
ce
t
h
ey
u
tili
ze
d
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ie
s
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
o
n
lin
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
co
n
d
u
cted
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
class
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
o
f
th
e
STE
M
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
ag
e
o
f
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
r
an
g
ed
b
etwe
en
1
2
-
1
3
y
ea
r
s
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
s
am
e
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
.
E
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
e
d
a
lack
o
f
in
ter
est in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es a
n
d
th
e
in
ab
ilit
y
to
r
eg
u
la
r
ly
p
a
r
ticip
ate
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
with
p
r
io
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
r
n
eg
ativ
e
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
with
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
wer
e
also
e
x
clu
d
ed
to
m
ain
tain
r
esu
lt
i
n
teg
r
ity
an
d
av
o
id
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
im
p
ac
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
e
x
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia
in
v
o
lv
ed
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
m
e
d
ical
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
co
u
ld
a
f
f
ec
t
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
s
ix
-
m
o
n
th
s
tu
d
y
.
Dem
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
b
o
u
t t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
5
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8
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1026
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
ticip
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t
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em
o
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ata
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r
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mb
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r
o
f
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Ex
p
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t
a
l
1
5
8
1
2
.
3
92
66
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
1
5
9
1
3
.
7
90
69
Stu
d
en
ts
lear
n
ed
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
an
n
o
u
n
c
em
en
t
o
n
th
e
o
f
f
icial
web
s
ite
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
th
e
an
n
o
u
n
ce
m
en
t
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
ed
th
eir
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
ar
ticip
at
e,
af
ter
wh
ich
a
s
elec
tio
n
wa
s
m
ad
e
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
in
cl
u
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
was
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
a
u
s
e
its
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
es
m
et
th
e
cr
iter
ia
d
ef
in
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
in
ter
est in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
u
s
in
g
r
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
(
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
g
en
e
r
ato
r
)
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
wer
e
ad
h
er
e
d
to
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
an
d
s
af
ety
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
C
o
n
s
en
t
to
p
ar
ti
cip
ate
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
en
ts
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
an
d
t
h
ey
wer
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
with
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Per
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
was
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
to
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
allo
wed
to
with
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
at
an
y
tim
e
with
o
u
t
n
eg
ativ
e
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
r
esu
lts
wer
e
u
s
ed
o
n
ly
f
o
r
s
cien
tific
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
d
is
clo
s
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
d
ata.
T
h
e
en
tire
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ad
h
er
ed
to
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
r
esear
ch
an
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
h
u
m
an
s
u
b
jects.
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
s
T
h
e
STE
M
in
ter
est
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
ass
ess
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
i
n
ter
est
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
2
0
q
u
esti
o
n
s
co
v
e
r
in
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
STE
M
f
ield
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
est,
b
elief
s
in
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
STE
M
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
to
co
n
s
id
er
ca
r
ee
r
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
in
STE
M.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
as
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
t
o
e
n
co
m
p
ass
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ac
ets
o
f
th
e
STE
M
d
o
m
ain
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
s
,
m
ath
em
atics,
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
a
g
en
er
al
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
S
T
E
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
.
E
ac
h
q
u
esti
o
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ca
le,
allo
win
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
o
r
in
te
r
est.
T
h
is
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
llect
d
ata
o
n
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
e
r
io
d
.
I
t
e
n
ab
led
th
e
g
ath
er
in
g
o
f
r
eliab
le
d
ata
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
d
is
tin
ct
STE
M
f
ac
ets,
wh
ich
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
s
cr
u
ti
n
izin
g
h
o
w
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
af
f
ec
t
t
h
eir
b
elief
s
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
u
n
d
er
wen
t
v
alid
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
e
f
f
icien
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
8
6
,
in
d
icatin
g
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
in
ter
ests
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
test
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t e
x
p
er
t v
alid
atio
n
,
d
u
r
i
n
g
wh
ich
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
p
ec
ialis
ts
ex
am
in
ed
it.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ef
lecte
d
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
o
f
in
ter
est
in
STE
M.
Sp
ec
ialis
ts
af
f
ir
m
ed
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e'
s
v
alid
ity
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
alig
n
m
en
t to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
ests
in
th
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
a
r
ea
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Su
r
v
ey
“ST
E
M
in
ter
e
s
t
”
N
o
.
I
t
e
m
1
I
a
m i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
st
u
d
y
i
n
g
n
a
t
u
r
a
l
sci
e
n
c
e
s.
2
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s fas
c
i
n
a
t
e
me.
3
I
f
i
n
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
.
4
S
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
l
e
s
o
f
p
h
y
si
c
s
h
e
l
p
s m
e
b
e
t
t
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
m
e
.
5
I
p
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
t
a
s
k
s
o
v
e
r
h
u
m
a
n
i
t
a
r
i
a
n
o
n
e
s.
6
I
b
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
t
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
c
a
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
b
e
t
t
e
r
.
7
I
a
m i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
c
a
r
e
e
r
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
S
TE
M
.
8
I
see
t
h
e
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
.
9
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
.
10
S
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
c
h
e
m
i
st
r
y
i
s
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
f
o
r
me.
11
Th
e
i
d
e
a
o
f
r
o
b
o
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
r
i
g
u
e
s m
e
.
12
I
b
e
l
i
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v
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t
h
a
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
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g
S
T
EM
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sc
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l
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p
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l
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g
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k
i
n
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.
13
M
y
f
u
t
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r
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p
r
o
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e
ss
i
o
n
i
s re
l
a
t
e
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t
o
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h
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f
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d
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f
sc
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n
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c
h
n
o
l
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g
y
.
14
I
b
e
l
i
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v
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t
h
a
t
m
a
t
h
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mat
i
c
a
l
sk
i
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s a
r
e
u
sef
u
l
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
l
i
f
e
.
15
En
g
i
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e
r
i
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g
c
h
a
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g
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s
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n
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a
g
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me
t
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v
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p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
.
16
I
a
m i
n
t
e
r
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s
t
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d
i
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st
u
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y
i
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17
I
see
S
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f
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r
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w
t
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.
18
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
b
o
u
t
n
e
w
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c
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n
o
l
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sci
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19
I
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20
M
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8
8
2
2
Th
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in
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b
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to
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teres
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(
B
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)
1027
T
h
e
STE
M
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
t
est
is
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
aim
ed
at
m
ea
s
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g
s
tu
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e
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ts
'
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p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
est
in
in
d
iv
id
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STE
M
d
is
cip
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es:
b
io
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g
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y
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p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
ath
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atics
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
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h
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test
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ticip
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ter
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le.
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h
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C
r
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ac
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o
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test
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0
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8
1
,
in
d
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d
a
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d
eg
r
ee
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f
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.
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lie
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o
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th
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test
in
ter
ac
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n
d
m
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th
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s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
-
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
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lin
es.
T
h
e
tes
t
u
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wen
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x
p
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v
alid
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n
,
wh
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in
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am
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an
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b
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ts
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p
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co
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f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
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test
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ac
cu
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ately
r
ef
lect
th
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f
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am
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tal
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ec
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f
s
tu
d
en
ts
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ter
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t
in
s
p
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if
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STE
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is
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h
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esu
lts
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v
alid
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co
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f
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test
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m
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r
es wh
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it is
in
ten
d
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e.
T
ab
le
3
.
STE
M
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
I
t
e
m
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
1.
M
y
f
o
c
u
s
i
s
c
e
n
t
e
r
e
d
o
n
st
u
d
y
i
n
g
n
e
w
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
s i
n
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s i
n
t
h
i
s f
i
e
l
d
.
2.
I
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
d
e
si
g
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
s
y
st
e
ms a
n
d
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
.
3.
S
o
l
v
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
b
i
o
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
n
e
w
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
t
r
i
g
u
e
s
me.
4.
I
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
k
e
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
m
y
o
w
n
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
a
d
d
r
e
ss w
i
d
e
s
p
r
e
a
d
i
s
su
e
s
.
5.
I
a
m
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
e
d
i
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
b
i
o
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s
.
C
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
1.
I
f
i
n
d
i
t
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
t
o
st
u
d
y
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
i
mp
a
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
2.
I
h
a
v
e
a
n
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
v
a
r
i
o
u
s c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s.
3.
S
o
l
v
i
n
g
c
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
i
e
s
o
f
s
u
b
st
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s fas
c
i
n
a
t
e
s
me.
4.
I
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
k
e
t
o
i
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
e
n
e
w
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s.
5.
I
a
m i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
c
h
e
mi
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
sses
a
r
e
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
s
e
c
t
o
r
s.
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
1.
M
y
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
s
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
o
f
d
e
si
g
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
n
e
w
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
a
n
d
sy
s
t
e
ms
.
2.
I
a
m p
a
ssi
o
n
a
t
e
a
b
o
u
t
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
p
h
y
si
c
s
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
a
s
w
e
l
l
a
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
n
e
w
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
t
o
a
d
d
r
e
ss
t
h
e
m.
3.
I
a
m e
n
g
a
g
e
d
i
n
c
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
s
y
s
t
e
ms
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s.
4.
I
d
e
si
r
e
t
o
c
r
e
a
t
e
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
sses
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s.
5.
I
a
m
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
s
y
st
e
ms
i
n
a
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s a
r
e
a
s
o
f
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
.
M
a
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s
1.
I
f
i
n
d
i
t
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
t
o
st
u
d
y
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
l
s a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s fi
e
l
d
s.
2.
I
f
e
e
l
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
e
d
i
n
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
a
n
d
p
u
z
z
l
e
s
.
3.
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
n
e
w
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
e
o
r
i
e
s a
n
d
met
h
o
d
s i
n
t
r
i
g
u
e
s me
.
4.
I
w
o
u
l
d
l
i
k
e
t
o
a
p
p
l
y
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
a
n
d
so
l
v
e
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms.
5.
I
a
m i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
e
d
i
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
mat
h
e
ma
t
i
c
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s a
n
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
sc
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
r
e
a
s.
R
a
t
i
n
g
sca
l
e
:
1
=
a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e
l
y
n
o
t
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
,
2
=
n
o
t
v
e
r
y
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
,
3
=
m
o
d
e
r
a
t
e
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
,
4
=
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
,
5
=
v
e
r
y
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
2
.
4
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
2
.
4
.
1
.
P
re
lim
ina
ry
a
s
s
ess
m
en
t
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
m
m
en
ce
d
with
a
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
as
s
ess
m
en
t,
aim
in
g
to
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
eq
u
ality
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
eir
in
t
er
est
lev
els
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Par
ticip
an
ts
u
n
d
er
we
n
t
th
e
“ST
E
M
i
n
ter
est”
an
d
“ST
E
M
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic”
s
u
r
v
ey
s
.
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
test
s
wer
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
to
o
k
p
lace
in
a
p
h
y
s
ical
co
m
p
u
ter
lab
.
T
o
p
r
ev
e
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
-
r
elate
d
ch
an
g
es
in
r
esu
lts
,
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
allo
tted
th
e
s
am
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
to
c
o
m
p
lete
th
e
test
s
(
4
5
m
in
u
tes).
T
h
e
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
to
v
er
if
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
tim
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
o
n
lin
e
test
s
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
a
v
alid
ated
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
e
n
s
u
r
ed
t
h
e
s
m
o
o
th
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
2
.
4
.
2
.
I
ns
t
ruct
io
n
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
to
o
k
p
lace
u
s
in
g
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
in
a
m
o
d
u
la
r
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
m
at.
E
ac
h
m
o
d
u
le
last
ed
f
o
r
2
to
3
wee
k
s
.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
(
to
p
ics)
was
th
e
s
am
e
f
o
r
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
is
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
as
p
r
esen
te
d
in
T
ab
le
4
.
At
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
h
ad
ac
ce
s
s
to
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
b
i
o
lo
g
y
(
v
ir
tu
al
b
io
lo
g
y
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
,
c
h
em
is
tr
y
(
ch
em
is
tr
y
lab
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
,
p
h
y
s
ics
(
p
h
y
s
ics
s
tu
d
io
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
)
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
m
ath
’
s
lab
,
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
)
.
T
h
ese
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies we
r
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
ad
eq
u
at
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
q
u
ality
an
d
in
ter
a
ctiv
ity
.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
o
r
g
a
n
ized
an
d
in
v
o
lv
ed
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies.
E
ac
h
STE
M
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
o
d
u
le
was
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
a
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
et
o
f
ex
er
cises
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
ey
co
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
ac
ilit
ated
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
in
ter
a
ctio
n
with
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
eir
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
d
ee
p
e
n
in
g
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ar
ticles,
v
id
eo
lectu
r
es,
an
d
b
o
o
k
s
,
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
co
m
p
lem
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
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2
,
Ap
r
il
20
25
:
1
0
2
3
-
1
0
3
3
1028
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies.
Ses
s
io
n
s
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
twice
a
wee
k
,
ea
ch
last
in
g
1
.
5
h
o
u
r
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
o
lid
atio
n
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
ab
le
4
.
T
r
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
B
l
o
c
k
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
B
l
o
c
k
1
:
B
i
o
l
o
g
y
1.
Ec
o
s
y
s
t
e
ms
2.
C
l
a
s
si
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
v
i
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
i
sms
.
3.
C
e
l
l
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
.
W
a
t
e
r
a
n
d
i
n
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
s
u
b
st
a
n
c
e
s
4.
Tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
o
f
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
5.
N
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
i
v
i
n
g
o
r
g
a
n
i
sms
6.
B
r
e
a
t
h
i
n
g
7.
D
i
sch
a
r
g
e
8.
M
o
v
e
me
n
t
9.
C
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
1
0
.
H
e
r
e
d
i
t
y
a
n
d
v
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
1
1
.
R
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
G
r
o
w
t
h
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
1
2
.
M
i
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
b
i
o
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
B
l
o
c
k
2
:
C
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
1.
B
a
si
c
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
o
f
c
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
2.
A
t
o
m
i
c
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
3.
C
h
e
mi
c
a
l
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
p
e
r
i
o
d
i
c
l
a
w
4.
C
h
e
mi
c
a
l
r
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
5.
O
x
i
d
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
6.
A
c
i
d
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
7.
A
l
k
a
l
i
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
8.
S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
9.
C
h
e
mi
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
i
t
s
t
y
p
e
s
1
0
.
C
l
a
s
si
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
g
a
s
e
s
1
1
.
C
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
i
n
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
l
i
f
e
1
2
.
El
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
c
h
e
m
i
st
r
y
B
l
o
c
k
3
:
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
1.
M
e
c
h
a
n
i
c
s
2.
P
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
m
o
v
e
me
n
t
3.
N
e
w
t
o
n
's
l
a
w
s
4.
W
o
r
k
a
n
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
5.
P
r
e
ssu
r
e
a
n
d
i
t
s a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
6.
Th
e
r
m
a
l
p
h
e
n
o
me
n
a
7.
S
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
u
n
d
8.
Li
g
h
t
a
n
d
i
t
s
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
9.
O
p
t
i
c
a
l
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
1
0
.
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
1
1
.
M
a
g
n
e
t
i
sm
1
2
.
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
B
l
o
c
k
4
:
M
a
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s
1.
A
r
i
t
h
m
e
t
i
c
2.
G
e
o
me
t
r
y
3.
Ex
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
4.
G
r
a
p
h
i
c
p
r
e
se
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
a
t
a
5.
A
c
t
i
o
n
s wi
t
h
d
e
c
i
ma
l
a
n
d
c
o
mm
o
n
f
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
6.
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
s a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
s
7.
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
g
e
o
me
t
r
y
8.
A
r
e
a
s a
n
d
v
o
l
u
mes
9.
Li
n
e
a
r
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
i
n
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
1
0
.
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s wi
t
h
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
i
e
s
1
1
.
G
e
o
me
t
r
i
c
d
e
s
i
g
n
s
1
2
.
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
m
a
t
h
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Vir
tu
al
b
io
lo
g
y
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
h
em
is
tr
y
lab
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ph
y
s
ics s
tu
d
io
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
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d
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SS
N:
2252
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8
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2
Th
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in
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f v
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tu
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b
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to
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ies o
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’
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S
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(
B
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)
1029
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ma
th
’
s
l
ab
T
h
e
s
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
wh
o
wer
e
f
am
iliar
with
th
e
n
u
an
ce
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
a
n
d
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
teac
h
in
g
STE
M
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
eiv
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
with
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies.
T
h
e
s
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
class
ical
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
lectu
r
es,
a
n
d
p
r
a
ctica
l
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
.
T
ea
ch
in
g
was
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
b
y
th
em
atic
b
lo
ck
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
e,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
r
esear
ch
an
d
m
ater
ial
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
d
id
n
o
t
u
tili
ze
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
as
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
was
b
ased
o
n
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
p
h
y
s
ical
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies.
T
h
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
also
last
ed
f
o
r
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
,
with
s
ess
io
n
s
h
eld
twice
a
wee
k
f
o
r
1
.
5
h
o
u
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
u
r
at
io
n
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ten
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ity
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m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
th
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e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
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g
t
h
e
co
m
p
leti
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o
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th
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ed
u
ca
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n
,
p
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ticip
an
ts
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er
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f
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n
t
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s
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th
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itial
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alu
atio
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wh
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cl
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d
ed
th
e
‘
STE
M
in
ter
est
’
a
n
d
‘
STE
M
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
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ass
ess
m
en
t
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
co
r
es
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
u
s
in
g
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
a
to
r
ies
in
en
h
an
cin
g
in
ter
est in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Fo
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
SP
SS
s
t
atis
tics
v
er
s
io
n
2
7
.
0
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
is
s
o
f
twar
e
en
a
b
led
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
a
lar
g
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
n
u
m
er
ical
d
at
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
t
-
test
f
o
r
p
air
ed
s
am
p
les
was
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
tatis
tical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
I
t
was
ch
o
s
en
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
g
r
o
u
p
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
a
f
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
w
as
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
a
s
im
ilar
t
-
test
f
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t s
am
p
les to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
h
an
g
es
in
s
tu
d
en
t in
ter
est
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
af
ter
th
e
co
n
d
u
cted
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
test
s
w
as
ju
s
tifie
d
b
y
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
to
d
etec
t
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
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etwe
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g
r
o
u
p
s
a
n
d
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ter
n
al
c
h
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g
es
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a
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p
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en
s
u
r
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a
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
tatis
t
ical
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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o
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u
ca
tio
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air
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a
n
d
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e
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en
d
en
t
s
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p
les
t
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test
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wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
an
d
f
in
al
ass
ess
m
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
s
5
an
d
6
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
n
o
te
th
at
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
co
m
m
en
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
ex
h
ib
ited
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
lev
els
o
f
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
in
ter
est
in
ST
E
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
e
p
air
ed
s
a
m
p
les
test
d
id
n
o
t
r
ev
ea
l
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
in
th
is
r
e
g
ar
d
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
i
d
en
tly
ass
er
ts
th
at
an
y
id
en
tifie
d
c
h
an
g
es
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
es
t
af
ter
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies r
ath
er
th
an
in
itial
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
i
n
ter
est lev
els b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
An
an
al
y
s
is
w
as
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
to
ass
ess
c
h
an
g
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i
n
s
t
u
d
e
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ts
'
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i
n
S
T
E
M
d
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p
l
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ies
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t
h
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l
p
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s
s
.
I
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i
tia
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ata
i
n
d
ic
at
ed
t
h
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I
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1
.
6
0
.
1
7
3
I
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
c
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
1
9
.
0
2
.
7
1
9
.
5
2
.
3
1
.
0
0
.
3
1
5
I
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
p
h
y
si
c
s
2
1
.
5
3
.
0
2
2
.
2
2
.
6
1
.
4
0
.
2
0
1
I
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
1
8
.
1
2
.
5
1
8
.
7
2
.
2
1
.
8
0
.
1
4
3
I
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
an
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
was
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
e
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
ass
ess
m
e
n
t,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
v
e
r
all
in
ter
es
t
an
d
in
ter
est
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
o
v
er
all
in
ter
est
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
was
2
3
.
0
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
3
.
1
.
Af
ter
t
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
e
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
to
2
3
.
8
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
n
o
t
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
t=1
.
2
,
p
=0
.
2
4
5
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
ab
s
e
n
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
in
o
v
er
all
in
ter
est.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
in
ter
est
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
b
io
lo
g
y
,
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
also
d
id
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
i
n
ter
est
in
ch
em
is
tr
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
1
6
.
2
to
1
6
.
8
,
b
u
t
th
is
ch
an
g
e
is
n
o
t
s
tatis
ti
ca
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
t=1
.
6
,
p
=0
.
1
7
3
)
.
Similar
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
d
r
awn
f
o
r
o
th
er
d
is
cip
lin
es.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
p
r
e
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
f
ir
m
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
ich
u
n
d
er
wen
t
tr
ain
i
n
g
u
s
in
g
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
eir
o
v
er
all
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es,
as
well
as
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
ests
in
b
io
lo
g
y
,
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
at
h
em
atics.
I
n
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
ic
h
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
s
u
ch
tr
ain
in
g
,
n
o
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
h
an
g
e
s
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
i
n
d
icate
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
o
r
ato
r
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
b
i
o
lo
g
y
,
c
h
em
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics,
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
o
v
er
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
.
Dis
cu
s
s
in
g
th
e
r
esear
c
h
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
r
ef
lects
a
b
r
o
ad
s
co
p
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
f
ield
s
.
Ver
if
y
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
em
with
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
d
ee
p
er
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
ci
r
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
th
e
o
b
tain
e
d
o
u
tco
m
es.
Dif
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
s
im
ilar
ities
with
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
co
n
tex
t o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
o
r
ato
r
ies o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est in
STE
M
d
is
ci
p
lin
es.
On
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
d
is
tin
ctio
n
s
lies
in
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ield
s
(
b
io
lo
g
y
,
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
at
h
e
m
atics)
f
o
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
en
a
b
lin
g
a
d
ee
p
e
r
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
in
ea
ch
p
ar
ticu
lar
a
r
ea
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
tak
es
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
asp
ec
ts
o
f
in
te
r
est,
d
if
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tly
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
im
ilar
ity
with
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
lies
in
co
n
f
ir
m
i
n
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
in
d
icatin
g
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
th
ese
to
o
ls
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
in
ter
est.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
t
o
n
o
te
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
i
s
cip
lin
es
in
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
an
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
s
ev
er
al
s
cien
tific
th
e
o
r
ies
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
elu
cid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
len
s
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
th
e
o
r
y
,
w
h
ich
p
o
s
its
th
at
s
tim
u
latio
n
an
d
in
te
r
est
in
a
s
u
b
ject
ca
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
t
lear
n
in
g
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
ad
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
u
s
e
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
m
ay
ex
h
ib
it
g
r
ea
ter
in
ter
est
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
in
flu
en
ce
o
f v
ir
tu
a
l la
b
o
r
a
to
r
ies o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
teres
t in
S
TEM
field
s
…
(
B
a
tesh
K
a
r
im
o
va
)
1031
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es,
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
th
eir
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fr
o
m
a
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
s
tan
d
p
o
in
t,
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
eir
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
,
ex
p
er
im
en
tin
g
a
n
d
i
n
ter
ac
tin
g
with
v
ir
tu
al
o
b
jects,
p
o
ten
tially
lead
in
g
to
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t in
ter
est
[
3
7
]
.
Fo
cu
s
in
g
o
n
v
ir
tu
al
lea
r
n
in
g
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
an
aly
ze
d
in
ter
m
s
o
f
wh
ich
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
en
g
ag
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
s
tu
d
y
in
g
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
[
3
8
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
r
esu
lts
ca
n
also
b
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
th
eo
r
ies
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
wh
ich
ex
am
in
e
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
s
h
a
p
in
g
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
in
ter
ests
an
d
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
er
io
d
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
d
escr
ib
e
d
th
eo
r
ies
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
h
elp
u
s
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
w
h
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies ca
n
im
p
ac
t stu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es a
n
d
th
eir
ac
ad
e
m
ic
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
its
lim
it
atio
n
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
e
r
ed
wh
en
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
its
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
r
awin
g
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
s
am
p
le
was
lim
ited
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ically
an
d
eth
n
ically
,
wh
ich
m
ay
af
f
ec
t
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
m
ay
n
o
t
r
ef
lect
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
i
r
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
in
o
th
er
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ix
-
m
o
n
t
h
s
tu
d
y
p
er
io
d
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
id
en
tify
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ef
f
e
cts
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
ests
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
r
esear
ch
with
m
o
r
e
ex
ten
d
ed
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
p
e
r
io
d
s
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
am
i
cs
o
f
th
is
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
u
ld
b
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
th
e
Haw
th
o
r
n
e
ef
f
ec
t,
a
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
wh
e
r
e
s
tu
d
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
alter
th
eir
b
eh
av
io
r
al
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e
s
ty
l
e
m
er
ely
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
y
a
r
e
awa
r
e
th
at
t
h
eir
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
o
b
s
er
v
ed
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
lead
to
b
iases
in
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
im
in
is
h
th
e
in
te
r
n
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
was
lim
ited
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
W
h
ile
in
ter
est
was
ad
d
r
ess
ed
,
a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
en
tal
asp
ec
ts
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
s
o
cio
c
u
ltu
r
al
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
m
ay
r
e
q
u
ir
e
s
e
p
ar
ate
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
was
al
s
o
r
estric
ted
to
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
le
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
o
t
h
er
lev
els.
E
x
p
an
d
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
o
r
ato
r
ies.
T
ak
in
g
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
will
allo
w
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
co
n
te
x
tu
aliza
tio
n
an
d
g
en
er
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
,
as
wel
l
as
id
en
tify
in
g
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
c
h
in
th
is
f
ield
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esear
c
h
r
esu
lts
m
ay
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licat
io
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
an
d
o
th
er
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
en
r
ich
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
to
o
ls
ca
n
m
ak
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
in
g
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
an
ar
g
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
v
i
r
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
m
ay
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
tific
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
o
f
a
n
ew
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als in
STE
M
.
As
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
n
ew
teac
h
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
it
is
c
r
u
cial
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
teac
h
er
s
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
a
n
d
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
f
ac
il
itate
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
i
n
to
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
s
tim
u
late
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
n
ew
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
em
p
h
asize
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
in
ter
est
i
n
ST
E
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
ca
n
b
e
a
p
r
o
m
is
i
n
g
to
o
l
f
o
r
ad
v
an
cin
g
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
h
ig
h
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
also
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
ce
r
tain
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
a
s
p
ec
ts
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
,
it is
im
p
o
r
tan
t to
co
n
tin
u
e
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t a
n
d
r
ef
in
em
e
n
t o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
ies to
en
s
u
r
e
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est in
STE
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
ain
co
n
clu
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
in
b
io
l
o
g
y
,
ch
em
is
tr
y
,
p
h
y
s
ics,
an
d
m
at
h
em
atics.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
p
o
s
itiv
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
e
f
f
ec
t
in
d
icate
s
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
as
a
to
o
l
t
o
s
tim
u
late
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
in
ST
E
M
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
c
h
lies
in
its
in
d
icatio
n
o
f
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
lear
n
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
m
ea
n
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
co
u
ld
b
e
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
tep
to
war
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
T
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
c
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
as
well
as
in
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
STE
M
in
itiativ
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
tit
u
tio
n
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
ests
ca
n
b
e
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
d
e
v
elo
p
er
s
,
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
esig
n
er
s
.
Fro
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cio
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
an
d
in
d
iv
id
u
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Dif
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
s
h
o
u
ld
al
s
o
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
t
o
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
wh
en
d
ig
i
tal
to
o
ls
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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8
8
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n
t
J
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al
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es E
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c
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Vo
l
.
14
,
No
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2
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r
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20
25
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Scien
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ittee
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h
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ep
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(
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an
t
No
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A
P1
4
8
7
2
1
1
8
“
Vir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
ite
as a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
o
f
s
u
b
ject
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
b
io
lo
g
y
f
o
r
p
u
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