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re
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le
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m
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y
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h
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y
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e
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ry
m
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st
b
e
c
h
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ra
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y
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it
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h
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n
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fro
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th
e
CC
sta
te
fo
r
th
e
c
o
n
sta
n
t
v
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l
tag
e
(
CV)
sta
te
to
p
re
v
e
n
t
h
a
rm
in
g
t
h
e
Li
-
I
o
n
b
a
tt
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ry
.
Th
e
Ca
d
e
n
c
e
Virt
u
o
so
s
imu
lato
r
wa
s
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ti
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e
d
t
o
o
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tai
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s
imu
latio
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re
su
lt
s
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t
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h
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rg
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n
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ircu
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t,
wh
ich
is
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o
n
str
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c
ted
in
0
.
1
8
μ
m
CM
OS
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
T
h
e
sim
u
lati
o
n
re
s
u
lt
s
o
b
tain
e
d
u
si
n
g
th
e
Ca
d
e
n
c
e
Virtu
o
so
sim
u
lato
r,
p
ro
v
id
e
a
h
o
l
d
in
g
c
u
r
re
n
t
tri
c
k
le
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h
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rg
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(
TC)
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f
a
p
p
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o
x
ima
tely
250
m
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a
m
a
x
imu
m
c
h
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rg
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n
g
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u
rre
n
t
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f
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ro
x
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tely
1
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3
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a
n
d
a
m
a
x
imu
m
b
a
tt
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ry
v
o
lt
a
g
e
o
f
4
.
2
V,
a
n
d
ta
k
e
s o
n
ly
2
9
m
in
u
tes
to
c
h
a
rg
e
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
CC
-
C
V
m
eth
o
d
s
LD
O
r
eg
u
lato
r
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
y
PV a
n
d
win
d
s
o
u
r
ce
s
TC
-
LC
-
CV
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Hajjar
Ma
m
o
u
n
i
Dep
ar
tm
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t o
f
Ph
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s
ics FS
DM
,
Sid
i M
o
h
am
ed
B
en
Ab
d
ellah
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Fez
Fez,
M
o
r
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cc
o
E
m
ail: h
ajjar
.
m
am
o
u
n
i@
u
s
m
b
a.
ac
.
m
a
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
is
a
cr
u
cial
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
er
g
y
th
at
in
v
o
lv
es
co
n
s
er
v
in
g
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
s
o
f
s
u
r
p
lu
s
an
d
r
elea
s
in
g
it
wh
e
n
d
em
an
d
is
h
ig
h
o
r
wh
en
e
n
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
lim
ited
.
Var
io
u
s
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
atter
ies.
T
o
s
to
r
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
b
atter
ies
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
b
atter
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
life
s
p
an
,
c
o
s
t,
an
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
u
s
e.
T
h
e
l
o
n
g
life
,
lo
w
s
elf
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate,
an
d
h
ig
h
en
er
g
y
d
en
s
ity
o
f
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
ies
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
th
eir
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
[
1
]
–
[
5
]
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
u
s
ed
in
m
an
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
m
all
-
an
d
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
l
e
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
o
d
ate,
s
ev
er
al
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
i
n
g
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
am
o
n
g
wh
ich
is
a
ch
ar
g
er
b
ased
o
n
a
lin
ea
r
L
DO
r
eg
u
lato
r
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
u
s
es
a
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
is
to
r
as
a
v
ar
iab
le
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
with
two
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
I
r
ef
1
a
n
d
I
r
ef
2
)
co
p
ied
b
y
a
m
ir
r
o
r
t
o
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
g
ate
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
is
to
r
with
a
lev
el
s
h
if
t.
T
h
is
s
etu
p
g
en
er
ates
a
co
n
s
tan
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
C
C
)
th
at
ca
n
v
a
r
y
b
etwe
en
a
h
o
ld
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
a
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
allo
win
g
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
:
t
r
ick
le
c
h
ar
g
e
(
T
C
)
,
C
C
,
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
C
V)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
e
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
p
p
ly
,
th
is
d
esig
n
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
a
lo
w
en
er
g
y
ef
f
i
cien
cy
r
ate,
wh
ich
f
lu
ctu
ates a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
es th
e
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
tiv
e
d
ev
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Hig
h
-
efficien
cy
mu
ltimo
d
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
terf
a
ce
fo
r
Li
-
I
o
n
b
a
t
tery wi
th
r
en
ewa
b
le
… (
Ha
jja
r
Ma
mo
u
n
i
)
745
An
o
th
er
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
is
b
ased
o
n
a
b
u
c
k
a
n
d
b
o
o
s
t
(
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
)
[
7
]
–
[
11]
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
n
o
t
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
s
in
g
le
-
ch
i
p
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
as
it
h
as
lo
w
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
d
esp
ite
its
ef
f
icien
cy
,
lar
g
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
an
d
c
h
allen
g
es
with
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
I
n
t
h
is
ar
ticle,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
m
u
lti
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ch
a
r
g
er
t
h
at
d
etec
ts
,
s
u
m
s
,
an
d
m
a
n
ag
es
t
wo
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
aic
an
d
win
d
)
.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
is
in
v
en
tio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
a
n
o
n
-
in
v
er
tin
g
s
u
m
m
in
g
cir
c
u
it
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
es
t
h
e
two
s
o
u
r
c
es.
T
h
is
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
in
clu
d
es
two
m
ain
b
lo
ck
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
is
a
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
cir
c
u
it
b
ased
o
n
a
s
u
m
m
in
g
cir
c
u
it.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
cir
cu
it
is
to
o
b
tain
en
er
g
y
at
all
tim
es,
wh
eth
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
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ce
o
f
win
d
o
r
s
u
n
,
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
o
n
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
(
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
o
r
win
d
)
,
o
r
wh
e
n
b
o
th
ar
e
av
ailab
le
b
u
t
in
lim
ited
am
o
u
n
ts
.
T
h
is
cir
cu
it
s
u
m
s
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
two
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
g
en
er
ate
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
b
l
o
ck
is
a
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
att
er
y
.
I
t
r
elies
o
n
a
v
ar
iab
le
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
a
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
th
at
m
an
ag
es
th
e
th
r
ee
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
es
(
T
C
,
C
C
,
an
d
C
V)
,
an
d
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
th
at
m
ai
n
tain
s
a
s
m
all
an
d
s
tead
y
d
if
f
e
r
en
tial
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
an
d
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
is
ch
ar
g
er
is
its
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
lo
w
p
o
wer
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
p
tim
izes
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icie
n
cy
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
etter
s
a
f
ety
ag
ai
n
s
t
b
atter
y
o
v
e
r
h
ea
t
in
g
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
f
iv
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t o
n
e
is
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
t
h
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
ies in
s
ec
tio
n
2
,
in
th
e
s
ec
tio
n
3
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
e
r
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
p
r
in
cip
al
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
,
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
an
d
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
in
th
e
last
s
ec
tio
n
.
2.
O
VE
RVI
E
W
OF
LI
-
I
O
N
B
AT
T
E
R
I
E
R
S
2
.
1
.
M
o
dellin
g
f
o
r
a
L
it
hiu
m
-
I
o
n
ba
t
t
er
y
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
im
p
r
o
v
es
u
p
o
n
th
e
s
im
p
le
v
er
s
io
n
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
n
R
C
d
ip
o
le,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
[
1
2
]
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
n
id
ea
l
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
Vo
c
,
a
n
in
ter
n
al
r
esis
to
r
R
ts
,
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
atte
ry
’
s
m
etal
p
lates,
an
d
a
s
u
r
g
e
r
esis
to
r
R
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
tact
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
p
lates
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
th
e
cir
c
u
it
ar
e
o
f
ten
as
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
co
n
s
tan
t,
t
h
eir
v
a
lu
es
ch
an
g
e
in
th
is
m
o
d
el
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e,
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate,
a
n
d
ch
a
r
g
e
lev
el.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
T
h
év
en
in
m
o
d
el
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
An
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
y
cir
c
u
it m
o
d
el
=
+
1
(
1
)
=
−
−
(
2
)
Uts
: R
C
n
etwo
r
k
v
o
ltag
e,
also
k
n
o
wn
as th
e
b
atter
y
p
o
lar
iza
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e.
R
: I
n
ter
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
b
a
tter
y
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
L
it
hiu
m
-
I
o
n ba
t
t
er
y
cha
rg
ing
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
es
o
f
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
9
]
Li
th
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
y
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
n
f
o
llo
win
g
.
T
h
e
I
BAT
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
k
ee
p
s
g
o
in
g
l
o
w
wh
en
t
h
e
V
BAT
(
b
a
tter
y
v
o
ltag
e
)
f
alls
b
elo
w
th
e
V
Low
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
T
C
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e
,
wh
ich
g
u
ar
d
s
ag
ain
s
t
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
a
n
d
b
atter
y
d
am
ag
e.
Mo
d
e
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
with
C
C
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
i
m
e
n
e
e
d
e
d
f
o
r
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
w
h
e
n
a
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
’
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
f
a
ll
s
b
et
w
e
e
n
l
o
w
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
(
V
Lo
w
a
n
d
V
High
)
,
a
h
i
g
h
,
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
i
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
t
o
i
t
[
2
0
]
.
W
h
e
n
t
h
e
VB
A
T
b
a
t
te
r
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
r
i
s
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
V
High
h
i
g
h
v
o
l
t
ag
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
v
a
l
u
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
o
c
c
u
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
C
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
,
t
h
e
I
B
A
T
b
at
t
e
r
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
es
t
o
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
,
e
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
25
:
7
4
4
-
7
5
4
746
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
ies
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
L
I
T
H
I
U
M
-
I
ON
B
A
T
T
E
RY
CH
ARG
E
R
ARCH
I
T
E
C
T
UR
E
AN
D
O
P
E
RAT
I
NG
P
RINCI
P
L
E
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
ar
g
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
an
d
co
n
tai
n
s
a
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
cir
cu
it
th
at
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
n
o
n
-
in
v
er
tin
g
an
alo
g
u
e
s
u
m
m
in
g
cir
cu
it
f
o
r
s
u
m
m
in
g
two
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
an
d
win
d
)
,
wh
i
ch
g
iv
es
u
s
a
v
er
y
ac
c
u
r
ate
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
th
at
u
s
es
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
at
o
r
(
R
C
G)
to
s
u
p
p
ly
cu
r
r
en
ts
(
I
TC
, I
LC
,
an
d
I
CV
)
,
T
h
er
e
is
a
v
o
ltag
e
b
lo
ck
in
t
h
e
RCG
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
C
V
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
lo
c
k
,
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
C
C
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
en
d
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
lo
ck
.
Fo
r
ev
er
y
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e,
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
C
)
is
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
c
h
ar
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
C
C
C
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t sen
s
o
r
ci
r
cu
it.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
L
ith
iu
m
-
I
o
n
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
er
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
3
.
1
.
P
o
wer
s
up
ply
m
ulti
-
inp
ut
s
ing
le
-
o
utput
circ
uit
(
t
he
no
n
-
inv
er
t
ing
s
um
m
ing
)
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
is
b
ased
o
n
a
n
o
n
-
in
v
er
tin
g
s
u
m
m
i
n
g
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
m
ain
r
o
le
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
in
g
cir
cu
it
is
to
ad
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
es
V
pv
an
d
V
wind
to
o
b
tain
a
v
o
l
tag
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
t
h
e
b
atter
y
.
T
h
is
n
o
n
-
in
v
er
tin
g
s
u
m
m
in
g
u
n
it c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
o
p
er
atio
n
al
am
p
lifie
r
s
(
OP)
an
d
r
esi
s
to
r
s
.
W
h
ich
d
e
p
icted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Hig
h
-
efficien
cy
mu
ltimo
d
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
terf
a
ce
fo
r
Li
-
I
o
n
b
a
t
tery wi
th
r
en
ewa
b
le
… (
Ha
jja
r
Ma
mo
u
n
i
)
747
AOP
is
as
s
u
m
ed
to
b
e
id
ea
l
,
in
lin
ea
r
o
p
er
atio
n
(
V+
=V
-
)
.
S
in
ce
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
I
-
is
ze
r
o
an
d
th
e
r
esis
to
r
s
ar
e
all
eq
u
al
to
R
1
=R2
=R3
=R4
=R5
,
we
ca
n
wr
ite
:
+
=
−
=
0
(
3
)
+
=
(
4
)
1
+
2
=
−
3
(
5
)
w
h
en
R
1
=
R
2
=
R
3
=
R
4
=
R
5
=
R
th
en
:
=
−
(
+
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
Vs
is
th
er
ef
o
r
e
eq
u
al
to
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
o
f
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
es.
As with
d
if
f
er
en
tial a
m
p
lifie
r
1
,
I
don
’
t see
an
y
im
m
ed
iate
p
o
in
t in
ch
o
o
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t r
esis
to
r
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
o
in
v
e
r
t th
e
s
ig
n
o
f
Vs,
an
in
v
er
tin
g
am
p
lifie
r
with
u
n
ity
g
ai
n
ca
n
b
e
p
lace
d
d
o
wn
s
tr
ea
m
,
as sh
o
wn
in
th
e
F
ig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
in
v
er
tin
g
s
u
m
m
in
g
cir
cu
it
T
h
is
is
h
o
w
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
:
=
−
=
−
1
(
7
)
=
(
+
)
(
8
)
3
.
2
.
T
he
des
ig
n a
nd
o
pera
t
ing
princip
le
o
f
t
he
cha
rg
e
mo
de
co
ntr
o
ller
circ
uit
T
h
e
lo
g
ic
cir
cu
it
th
at
p
o
wer
s
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
a
n
in
v
er
ter
,
N
AND,
OR
,
two
an
alo
g
co
m
p
a
r
ato
r
s
,
an
d
ad
d
itio
n
al
lo
g
ic
p
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
V
TC
,
V
LC
,
an
d
V
CV
s
ig
n
als
to
co
n
tr
o
l
ar
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
f
ir
s
t
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
with
th
e
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
V
Low
,
V
High
u
s
in
g
a
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
.
T
h
ese
s
ig
n
al
s
p
r
im
ar
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
to
s
u
p
p
ly
cu
r
r
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
RCG
I
TC
,
I
LC
,
an
d
I
CV
,
as
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
ev
e
r
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
,
th
e
lo
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t is p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l sig
n
al
V
C
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
25
:
7
4
4
-
7
5
4
748
3
.
3
.
Circ
uit
des
ig
n a
nd
o
pera
t
ing
princip
a
l r
ef
er
ence
cur
re
nt
g
ener
a
t
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
6
illu
s
tr
ates
a
R
C
G
.
I
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
it
an
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
u
le.
T
h
e
OP
am
p
lifie
r
ac
ts
as a
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
llo
wer
,
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
I
ref
is
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
M
7
an
d
r
esis
to
r
R
REF
.
=
(
9
)
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t m
ir
r
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
M
1
, M
2
, M
3
an
d
f
i
n
ally
I
R
E
F a
r
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
t
o
th
e
(
1
0
)
t
o
(
1
2
)
:
=
2
2
⁄
1
1
⁄
(
10
)
=
3
3
⁄
1
1
⁄
(
11
)
=
4
4
⁄
1
1
⁄
(
12
)
T
ab
le
1
is
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
g
e
m
o
d
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
In
o
r
d
e
r
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
th
is
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
lo
ck
’
s
r
ef
er
en
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
V
lo
ad
m
o
d
e
is
cr
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
a
co
m
p
a
r
a
to
r
an
d
t
h
e
alr
ea
d
y
-
ex
is
tin
g
m
ir
r
o
r
s
(
M
5
an
d
M
6
)
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
is
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
th
at
th
e
I
CV
g
en
er
ates
:
w
h
en
th
e
b
att
er
y
v
o
ltag
e
h
its
th
e
4
.
2
V
v
alu
e,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
g
en
er
ates
an
I
CV
cu
r
r
en
t
t
h
at
ch
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
I
LC
to
I
Off
Hig
h
to
L
o
w
lev
el,
as
s
ee
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
6
.
As
was
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
n
o
ted
,
t
h
r
ee
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
(
M
10
,
M
9
,
an
d
M
8
)
th
at
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
V
TC
, V
LC
,
an
d
V
CV
in
ea
ch
c
h
a
r
g
e
m
o
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
cu
r
r
en
t f
o
r
ea
c
h
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
ef
er
e
n
ce
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
e
n
er
ato
r
cir
c
u
it
T
ab
le
1
.
Fu
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
g
e
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
C
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
V
TC
V
LC
V
CV
V
E
N
D
V
C
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
t
r
i
c
k
l
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
H
i
g
h
Lo
w
Lo
w
Lo
w
H
i
g
h
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
l
a
r
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
Lo
w
H
i
g
h
Lo
w
Lo
w
H
i
g
h
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
Lo
w
Lo
w
H
i
g
h
Lo
w
H
i
g
h
En
d
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
Lo
w
Lo
w
H
i
g
h
H
i
g
h
Lo
w
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
Hig
h
-
efficien
cy
mu
ltimo
d
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
terf
a
ce
fo
r
Li
-
I
o
n
b
a
t
tery wi
th
r
en
ewa
b
le
… (
Ha
jja
r
Ma
mo
u
n
i
)
749
3
.
4
.
T
he
cha
rg
ing
curr
ent
c
o
ntr
o
ller
circ
uit
’
s
des
ig
n a
n
d o
pera
t
ing
princip
le
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
f
o
r
e
v
er
y
l
o
a
d
m
o
d
e
,
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
V
D
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
ts
I
TC
,
I
LC
,
an
d
I
CV
f
r
o
m
th
e
RCG
ar
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
d
etec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
at
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
(
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
M
2
–
M
6
)
.
T
h
e
(
VD)
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
ese
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
p
u
ts
an
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
s
elec
to
r
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
wh
en
th
e
V
C
is
lo
w
an
d
lev
el
as
th
e
lo
west
v
o
ltag
e
lev
el
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
al
s
elec
to
r
cir
cu
it,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
(
M
1
–
M
4
)
.
At
ea
ch
lo
a
d
m
o
d
e
(
lo
w
CC
,
h
ig
h
CC
,
an
d
CV
,
cu
r
r
en
t)
,
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
(
VD)
is
f
in
ally
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
e
d
etec
ted
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
C
u
t
-
o
f
f
)
ar
e
d
ir
ec
tly
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
i
n
itiate
th
e
en
d
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atin
g
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
VE
ND)
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
m
p
ar
at
o
r
(
M
4
(
R
C
G
c
ir
cu
it),
M
8
)
is
at
th
e
lo
west
lev
el
wh
en
th
e
d
etec
ted
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
is
lar
g
er
th
an
(
I
C
u
t
-
o
f
f
)
,
allo
win
g
th
e
r
eg
u
lat
ed
V
C
to
r
em
a
in
at
th
e
h
i
g
h
le
v
el.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
if
t
h
e
d
etec
ted
cu
r
r
en
t
(
)
is
less
th
an
t
h
e
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
C
u
t
-
o
f
f
)
,
th
e
g
ate
d
r
iv
e
s
ig
n
al
(
VD)
is
h
ig
h
,
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t so
u
r
ce
is
d
ea
ctiv
ated
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
ch
a
r
g
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
f
in
is
h
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
h
ar
g
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
ller
cir
cu
it
3
.
5
.
T
he
circ
uit
des
ig
n a
nd
o
pera
t
ing
princip
le
f
o
r
t
he
cu
rr
ent
s
o
urce
a
nd
curr
ent
s
en
s
o
r
I
n
th
e
cir
c
u
it
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
a
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
u
s
in
g
as
a
v
ar
ia
b
le
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
to
cr
ea
te
a
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
I
TC
in
T
C
m
o
d
e,
I
LC
d
u
r
in
g
L
C
m
o
d
e,
a
cu
r
r
en
t
I
CV
d
eg
r
a
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
I
LC
to
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
-
d
u
r
in
g
C
V
m
o
d
e
an
d
0
A
wh
en
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
to
p
p
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
PMOS
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
u
s
ed
as
a
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
f
o
ll
o
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
lae
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
c
h
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
ts
o
f
an
d
.
=
µ
[
⁄
(
−
)
−
1
2
2
]
(
13
)
ℎ
=
µ
[
⁄
(
−
)
−
1
2
2
]
(
14
)
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
OP
is
to
m
ain
tain
a
co
n
s
tan
t
d
r
ain
v
o
lt
ag
e
o
f
Vd
=
Vb
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
f
l
o
win
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
o
w
er
tr
an
s
is
to
r
is
alwa
y
s
eq
u
al
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
th
at
tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
en
s
es.
I
n
o
r
d
er
th
at
,
ℎ
=
⁄
⁄
.
=
(
15
)
w
h
er
e
N
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
an
s
is
to
r
m
u
ltip
les
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
25
:
7
4
4
-
7
5
4
750
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
ir
cu
it f
o
r
th
e
c
u
r
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2
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tech
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s
.
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h
e
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ed
ar
ch
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tim
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.
RE
F
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NC
E
S
[
1
]
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.
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ra
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rc
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s II
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Ex
p
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s
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p
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2
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.
[
2
]
H
.
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g
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n
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A
Li
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b
a
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a
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r
w
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me
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.
[
3
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V
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Te
o
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L
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M
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n
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R
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H
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