I
nd
o
ne
s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
2
,
Ma
y
20
25
,
p
p
.
774
~
7
8
2
I
SS
N:
2
502
-
4
7
52
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijee
cs
.v
38.
i
2
.
p
p
774
-
7
8
2
774
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ee
cs
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Inv
estig
a
tion o
n TiO
2
/
g
ra
phene as
resista
nce
-
ba
sed
g
a
s sens
o
r
for v
o
la
tile
o
rg
a
nic com
po
und g
a
ses
det
ec
tion
Siti
Am
a
nia
h M
o
hd
Cha
ch
u
li
1
,
M
uh
a
m
m
a
d H
a
ziq N
o
r
Azm
i
1
,
O
m
er
C
o
ba
n
2
,
Nur
H
a
za
hs
ha
Sh
a
m
s
ud
i
n
3
1
C
e
n
t
r
e
f
o
r
Te
l
e
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
sea
r
c
h
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
(
C
e
TR
I
)
,
F
a
k
u
l
t
i
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
d
a
n
K
e
j
u
r
u
t
e
r
a
a
n
El
e
k
t
r
o
n
i
k
d
a
n
K
o
mp
u
t
e
r
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
Te
k
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
M
e
l
a
k
a
,
M
e
l
a
k
a
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
A
t
a
t
u
r
k
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
,
Er
z
u
r
u
m,
T
u
r
k
e
y
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
k
u
l
t
i
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
d
a
n
K
e
j
u
r
u
t
e
r
a
a
n
El
e
k
t
r
i
k
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
Te
k
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
M
e
l
a
k
a
,
M
e
l
a
k
a
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l
5
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
No
v
3
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
11
,
2
0
2
4
Vo
latil
e
o
r
g
a
n
ic
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
(V
OC)
g
a
se
s
a
re
u
su
a
ll
y
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
fro
m
in
d
u
strial
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
.
S
h
o
rt
-
term
e
x
p
o
s
u
re
to
VO
C
g
a
se
s
c
a
n
c
a
u
se
d
izz
in
e
ss
,
h
e
a
d
a
c
h
e
s,
n
a
u
se
a
,
a
n
d
t
h
ro
a
t
ir
rit
a
ti
o
n
.
Ye
a
rs
to
a
lo
n
g
ti
m
e
e
x
p
o
s
u
re
t
o
VO
C
g
a
se
s
c
a
n
c
a
u
se
c
a
n
c
e
r
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
d
a
m
a
g
e
in
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
.
W
it
h
th
e
g
ro
wt
h
o
f
g
a
s
se
n
so
r
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
re
sista
n
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
g
a
s
se
n
so
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
v
a
rio
u
s
stru
c
t
u
re
s
o
f
re
sista
n
c
e
-
b
a
se
d
g
a
s
se
n
so
rs
u
si
n
g
Ti
tan
iu
m
d
io
x
id
e
/
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
(Ti
O
2
/g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
)
we
re
in
v
e
stig
a
ted
a
s
a
se
n
sin
g
m
a
teria
l
fo
r
d
e
tec
ti
n
g
v
o
latil
e
o
rg
a
n
ic
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
g
a
se
s,
wh
ich
a
re
a
c
e
to
n
e
a
n
d
e
th
a
n
o
l.
Th
e
T
iO
2
/g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
g
a
s s
e
n
so
r
wa
s d
e
p
o
si
ted
o
n
a
Ka
p
t
o
n
fil
m
u
sin
g
a
sc
re
e
n
p
rin
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
All
Ti
O
2
/g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
g
a
s
se
n
s
o
rs
we
re
e
x
p
o
se
d
to
a
c
e
to
n
e
a
n
d
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
a
t
ro
o
m
o
p
e
r
a
ti
n
g
te
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
re
v
e
a
led
th
a
t
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
st
re
sp
o
n
se
v
a
l
u
e
s
to
a
c
e
to
n
e
a
n
d
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
we
re
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
T9
9
_
G
1
_
2
a
n
d
T
9
8
_
G
2
_
1
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
It
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
d
t
h
a
t
d
e
sig
n
1
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
th
e
m
o
st
c
o
n
siste
n
t
re
sp
o
n
se
t
o
a
c
e
to
n
e
,
wh
il
e
d
e
sig
n
2
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
th
e
m
o
st co
n
siste
n
t
re
sp
o
n
se
t
o
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ace
to
n
e
E
th
an
o
l
Kap
to
n
f
ilm
Scr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
tin
g
T
itan
iu
m
d
io
x
i
d
e
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sit
i A
m
an
iah
Mo
h
d
C
h
ac
h
u
li
C
en
tr
e
f
o
r
T
elec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
R
esear
ch
an
d
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
(
C
eT
R
I
)
,
Fak
u
lti T
ek
n
o
l
o
g
i d
a
n
Keju
r
u
ter
aa
n
E
lek
tr
o
n
ik
d
an
Ko
m
p
u
ter
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
ek
n
ik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
lak
a
Me
lak
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: sit
iam
an
iah
@
u
tem
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Vo
latile
o
r
g
an
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
(
VOC)
g
ases
ca
n
ea
s
ily
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
s
u
ch
as
b
u
ild
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
h
o
m
e
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
a
l
ca
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
,
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
ities
(
eg
:
s
m
o
k
in
g
,
b
u
r
n
in
g
,
an
d
co
o
k
in
g
)
.
Sh
o
r
t
-
ter
m
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
VOC
g
ases
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
d
i
zz
in
ess
,
h
ea
d
ac
h
es,
n
au
s
ea
,
a
n
d
th
r
o
at
ir
r
itatio
n
.
W
h
er
ea
s
y
ea
r
s
to
a
lo
n
g
tim
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
ca
n
ce
r
an
d
s
y
s
tem
d
am
a
g
e
in
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
.
Ace
to
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
u
n
d
er
VOC
g
ase
s
.
Ace
to
n
e
is
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
as
an
ess
en
tial
s
o
lv
en
t
an
d
r
aw
m
ater
ial
in
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
f
ield
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ex
p
lo
s
iv
es,
p
las
tics
,
r
u
b
b
er
,
f
ib
er
,
leath
er
,
an
d
s
p
r
a
y
p
ain
t
[
1
]
.
Fo
r
ac
et
o
n
e,
it
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
co
lo
r
less
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
v
o
latile
o
r
g
an
ic
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
an
d
if
h
u
m
an
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
4
5
0
m
g
/m
3
(
1
7
3
p
p
m
)
,
it
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
f
atig
u
e,
h
ea
d
ac
h
es,
an
d
n
er
v
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
d
am
ag
e
[
2
]
.
W
h
er
ea
s
eth
an
o
l
is
an
o
r
g
a
n
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ield
s
,
s
u
ch
as
b
io
m
ed
ica
l,
f
o
o
d
,
p
h
ar
m
ac
e
u
tical,
h
y
g
i
en
ic,
co
s
m
etic,
an
d
ch
em
ical
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
[
3
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
h
ig
h
eth
a
n
o
l
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
c
an
ea
s
ily
r
esu
lt
in
u
n
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
k
in
ir
r
itatio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
a
n
d
n
e
u
r
o
l
o
g
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
ev
en
with
a
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
as
lo
w
as
2
5
p
p
m
[
4
]
.
In
clo
s
ed
ar
ea
s
,
VOC
g
ases
ca
n
th
r
ea
ten
th
e
h
u
m
an
h
ea
lth
[
5
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
n
TiO
2
/g
r
a
p
h
en
e
a
s
r
esis
ta
n
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
g
a
s
s
en
s
o
r
fo
r
… (
S
iti A
ma
n
ia
h
Mo
h
d
C
h
a
ch
u
li
)
775
y
ea
r
s
,
a
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as sen
s
o
r
h
as
b
ee
n
wid
ely
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
s
en
s
e
VOC g
ases
d
u
e
to
its
f
ast
r
esp
o
n
s
e
,
s
im
p
le
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
also
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
p
r
ice.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
an
ac
et
o
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l
d
etec
tio
n
d
e
v
ice
th
at
is
h
ig
h
l
y
s
en
s
itiv
e
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
etec
t
eth
an
o
l
o
r
ac
eto
n
e
leak
ag
e
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
b
o
th
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
af
e
ty
an
d
h
u
m
an
h
ea
lth
.
R
ec
en
t
l
iter
atu
r
e
h
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
v
ar
io
u
s
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
tu
d
ie
d
to
s
en
s
e
VOC
g
ases
s
u
ch
as
g
r
ap
h
en
e
[
6
]
,
b
is
m
u
th
f
e
r
r
ite
(
B
iFeO
3
)
[
7
]
,
zi
n
c
o
x
id
e
(
Z
n
O
)
[
8
]
,
in
d
iu
m
s
u
lf
id
e
(
In
2
S
3
)
[
9
]
,
s
am
ar
iu
m
o
x
id
e
[
1
0
]
,
p
er
o
v
s
k
ites
[
1
1
]
,
titan
iu
m
d
io
x
id
e
(
T
iO
2
)
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
a
n
d
tin
d
i
o
x
id
e
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
p
ast
r
esear
ch
,
T
iO
2
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
as
a
s
en
s
in
g
m
ate
r
ial
f
o
r
ac
eto
n
e
d
etec
tio
n
[
1
5
]
a
n
d
eth
a
n
o
l
d
etec
tio
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
T
iO
2
also
h
as
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
m
ater
ial
in
g
a
s
s
en
s
in
g
d
u
e
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
s
en
s
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ty
p
es
o
f
g
ases
s
u
ch
as
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
m
eth
an
e
[
2
0
]
,
an
d
ca
r
b
o
n
m
o
n
o
x
id
e
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
T
iO
2
h
as
b
ee
n
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
m
ain
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
to
s
en
s
e
th
e
VOC
g
ases
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
in
ce
th
i
s
m
ater
ial
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
en
a
b
le
to
s
en
s
e
VOC
g
ases
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
T
iO
2
h
a
s
a
wid
e
b
an
d
g
a
p
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
an
d
ex
ce
llen
t
m
ater
ial
to
s
en
s
e
v
ar
io
u
s
g
ase
s
s
u
ch
as
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
,
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
s
u
l
f
id
e,
am
m
o
n
ia
,
an
d
m
eth
an
e.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wan
t
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
T
iO
2
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
en
s
e
VOC
g
ase
s
at
r
o
o
m
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
B
e
s
i
d
es
,
T
i
O
2
h
a
s
t
h
e
a
b
i
l
it
y
t
o
s
e
n
s
e
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
[
2
2
]
.
I
t
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
s
t
u
d
i
e
d
a
s
a
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
g
a
s
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
o
w
i
n
g
t
o
it
s
e
x
c
e
ll
en
t
e
l
e
ct
r
o
n
m
o
b
i
l
it
y
a
n
d
c
h
em
i
c
a
l
s
ta
b
i
l
it
y
[
2
3
]
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
T
i
O
2
is
v
e
r
y
p
r
o
m
i
s
i
n
g
d
u
e
t
o
i
ts
h
i
g
h
s
p
e
cif
i
c
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
,
l
o
w
c
o
s
t
,
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
e
s
s
i
n
c
h
e
m
i
c
al
/
c
o
r
r
o
s
i
v
e
a
tm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
u
s
ed
d
o
p
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
to
en
h
an
c
e
th
e
m
ain
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
o
f
th
e
g
as
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
a
ls
o
will
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
in
ce
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
also
k
n
o
wn
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
g
as
s
en
s
in
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
n
an
o
f
lak
es
h
as
b
ee
n
ch
o
s
en
as
d
o
p
in
g
m
ater
ial
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
ater
ial
can
s
en
s
e
V
OC
g
ases
wh
ich
ar
e
ac
eto
n
e
a
n
d
eth
a
n
o
l
at
r
o
o
m
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
b
ased
o
n
p
r
io
r
r
esear
c
h
in
[
6
]
.
Gr
ap
h
en
e,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
is
an
a
to
m
ically
th
in
two
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
(
2
D)
s
h
ee
t
o
f
ca
r
b
o
n
ato
m
s
in
a
h
e
x
ag
o
n
al
lattice,
h
as
in
s
p
ir
ed
a
n
ew
er
a
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
u
e
to
its
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
s
u
ch
as
ex
tr
em
ely
h
ig
h
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
v
er
y
h
ig
h
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
ity
,
an
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
en
s
itiv
i
ty
to
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
lec
u
l
es
[
2
5
]
.
W
ith
th
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
,
T
iO
2
an
d
g
r
ap
h
en
e
a
r
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
n
an
o
co
m
p
o
s
ite
m
ater
ial
with
en
h
an
ce
d
g
as sen
s
in
g
ca
p
ab
ili
ties
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
v
es
tig
atio
n
o
f
T
iO
2
n
an
o
p
ar
ticles
d
o
p
ed
with
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
n
a
n
o
f
lak
es
with
v
ar
io
u
s
weig
h
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
as
a
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
was
f
ab
r
icate
d
u
s
in
g
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
i
n
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
Kap
to
n
f
il
m
.
All
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l
at
r
o
o
m
o
p
e
r
atin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
was
ev
alu
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t f
in
d
in
g
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t f
o
r
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
in
ch
o
o
s
in
g
a
s
u
itab
le
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
et
h
an
o
l
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
n
u
p
d
ate
o
f
o
u
r
p
r
io
r
wo
r
k
o
n
th
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t o
f
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l d
etec
tio
n
at
r
o
o
m
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
re
pa
r
a
t
io
n o
f
bin
der
a
nd
T
iO
2
/g
ra
ph
e
ne
pa
s
t
e
A
b
in
d
er
is
m
ad
e
b
y
m
ix
in
g
t
h
r
ee
m
ater
ials
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
at
io
:
2
ω
.
t.
%
o
f
eth
y
l
ce
llu
lo
s
e,
5
ω
.
t.
%
o
f
lin
s
ee
d
o
il,
an
d
9
3
ω
.
t.
%
o
f
ter
p
in
eo
l.
T
h
e
s
e
m
ater
ials
wer
e
m
ix
ed
in
a
v
ial
with
a
m
ag
n
etic
b
ar
an
d
s
tirr
ed
o
n
a
m
ag
n
etic
s
tirr
er
at
4
0
°C
an
d
2
0
0
r
p
m
f
o
r
at
least
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
b
i
n
d
er
.
T
h
e
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
aste
is
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
u
s
in
g
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
atio
s
o
f
T
iO
2
an
d
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
as
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
o
p
r
ep
ar
e
th
e
T
iO
2
/Gr
ap
h
e
n
e
m
ix
ed
p
o
wd
er
,
2
5
m
l
o
f
ac
eto
n
e
wa
s
ad
d
ed
t
o
th
e
T
iO
2
an
d
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
p
o
wd
er
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
es
1
0
m
i
n
u
tes
o
f
u
ltr
aso
n
ic
clea
n
in
g
a
t
4
0
°C
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
d
r
y
in
g
in
an
o
v
en
at
1
0
0
°C
u
n
til
it
b
ec
o
m
es
a
s
o
lid
p
o
w
d
er
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
p
o
w
d
er
is
g
en
tly
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
a
m
o
r
tar
with
a
p
estl
e.
T
h
e
T
iO
2
/
g
r
ap
h
en
e
was
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
b
y
m
ix
in
g
5
5
ω
.
t
.
%
o
f
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
o
wd
er
with
4
5
ω
.
t
.
%
b
in
d
er
.
T
h
e
m
ix
ed
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
p
o
wd
er
wa
s
g
r
ad
u
ally
ad
d
e
d
to
th
e
b
in
d
e
r
wh
ile
s
tir
r
in
g
o
n
a
m
ag
n
etic
s
tirr
er
.
T
h
e
p
aste
m
ix
in
g
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
at
4
0
°C
an
d
8
0
r
p
m
.
T
h
e
s
tirr
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
tin
u
es
f
o
r
at
least
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
m
ix
tu
r
e.
A
s
im
i
lar
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was a
p
p
lied
f
o
r
all
T
iO
2
/
g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
astes
.
2
.
2
.
Desig
n
s
t
ruct
ure
a
nd
f
a
brica
t
io
n
o
f
T
iO
2
/g
ra
ph
ene
re
s
is
t
a
nce
-
ba
s
ed
g
a
s
s
ens
o
r
us
ing
s
cr
ee
n
-
printing
t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
T
h
r
ee
d
esig
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
w
er
e
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
en
s
e
th
e
V
OC
g
ases
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ati
o
s
o
f
T
iO
2
/
g
r
a
p
h
en
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as sen
s
o
r
s
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
u
s
in
g
Au
t
o
C
AD
s
o
f
twar
e
.
T
ab
le
2
o
u
tlin
es th
e
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
an
d
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial.
Desig
n
3
h
as
th
e
lar
g
est
elec
tr
o
d
e
a
r
e
a
(
2
.
4
cm
2
)
,
an
d
Desig
n
1
h
as
th
e
lar
g
est
s
en
s
in
g
lay
er
(
2
.
5
6
c
m
2
)
.
Kap
to
n
f
ilm
was
u
s
ed
as
a
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
with
a
s
ize
o
f
4
.
0
cm
×
4
.
0
cm
.
Fir
s
tly
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
b
ased
o
n
s
ilv
er
p
aste
was
d
ep
o
s
ited
o
n
th
e
Kap
to
n
f
ilm
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
i
n
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
th
en
d
r
ied
i
n
an
o
v
en
at
1
5
0
°C
f
o
r
1
5
m
i
n
u
tes.
Nex
t,
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
lay
er
(
T
iO
2
/
g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
aste)
was
d
ep
o
s
ited
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
tin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
an
d
th
en
an
n
ea
le
d
at
2
0
0
°C
f
o
r
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
.
T
h
e
f
a
b
r
icat
ed
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
b
ased
o
n
t
h
r
ee
d
esig
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
with
th
eir
s
am
p
le
n
am
es
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
All
d
esig
n
s
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
25
:
7
7
4
-
7
8
2
776
r
esear
ch
er
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
e
s
ig
n
1
f
r
o
m
[
2
6
]
,
d
esig
n
2
f
r
o
m
[
2
5
]
,
an
d
d
esig
n
3
f
r
o
m
[
2
7
]
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
th
e
co
lo
r
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
in
g
lay
er
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
g
r
ey
is
h
wh
en
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
is
h
ig
h
er
in
th
e
p
aste.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
atio
f
o
r
T
iO
2
an
d
g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
aste
P
a
st
e
n
a
me
Ti
O
2
(
ω.
t
.
%)
G
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
(
ω.
t
.
%)
Ti
O
2
_
G
1
99
1
Ti
O
2
_
G
3
98
2
Ti
O
2
_
G
5
95
5
T
ab
le
2
.
Ar
ea
(
cm
2
)
o
f
d
esig
n
D
e
si
g
n
A
r
e
a
(
c
m
2
)
El
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
1
0
.
5
8
2
.
5
6
2
2
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
3
2
.
4
0
1
.
6
0
De
sig
n
1
T9
9
_
G
1
_
1
T9
8
_
G
2
_
1
T9
5
_
G
5
_
1
,
De
sig
n
2
T9
9
_
G
1
_
2
T9
8
_
G
2
_
2
T9
5
_
G
5
_
2
De
sig
n
3
T9
9
_
G
1
_
3
T9
8
_
G
2
_
3
T9
5
_
G
5
_
3
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fab
r
icate
d
T
iO
2
/g
r
a
p
h
en
e
g
as sen
s
o
r
s
2
.
3
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l set
up
o
f
a
g
a
s
s
ens
o
r
f
o
r
et
ha
no
l a
nd
a
ce
t
o
ne
v
a
po
r
det
ec
t
i
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
f
o
r
VOC
g
ases
.
Ace
to
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l
we
r
e
e
v
ap
o
r
ated
in
g
l
ass
war
e,
an
d
a
s
ilico
n
e
h
o
s
e
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
f
lo
w
th
e
v
ap
o
r
in
to
th
e
g
as
ch
am
b
er
.
T
o
m
ak
e
an
ac
et
o
n
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
2
5
m
l
o
f
ac
et
o
n
e
was
m
ix
ed
with
2
5
m
l
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
.
T
h
e
ac
eto
n
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
th
en
h
ea
ted
to
a
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
1
2
0
°C
f
o
r
3
0
m
i
n
u
tes
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ac
eto
n
e
v
ap
o
r
.
At
f
ir
s
t,
it
to
o
k
1
0
m
i
n
u
tes
f
o
r
th
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
to
s
tab
i
lize
at
s
tan
d
ar
d
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e
was
th
en
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
with
in
3
0
m
in
u
tes
o
f
ac
eto
n
e
v
a
p
o
r
b
ein
g
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
g
as
ch
am
b
er
'
s
in
let.
T
h
e
g
lass
war
e's
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
g
as
c
h
a
m
b
er
was
s
ev
e
r
ed
af
ter
3
0
m
in
u
tes,
leav
in
g
an
o
th
er
1
0
m
i
n
u
t
es
f
o
r
t
h
e
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
to
s
tab
ilize.
A
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
was
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
eth
a
n
o
l
v
a
p
o
r
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
s
im
ilar
s
etu
p
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
n
TiO
2
/g
r
a
p
h
en
e
a
s
r
esis
ta
n
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
g
a
s
s
en
s
o
r
fo
r
… (
S
iti A
ma
n
ia
h
Mo
h
d
C
h
a
ch
u
li
)
777
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
o
f
g
as sen
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Curre
nt
-
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
I
-
V)
c
ha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ic
o
f
T
iO
2
/
g
ra
ph
ene
g
a
s
s
ens
o
r
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
I
-
V
ch
a
r
a
cter
is
tics
at
-
1
V
to
1
V
with
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
th
e
f
ab
r
icate
d
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
(
a)
to
3
(
c)
d
is
p
lay
th
e
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
T
9
9
_
G1
,
T
9
8
_
G2
,
an
d
T
9
5
_
G5
f
o
r
d
esig
n
1
,
d
esig
n
2
,
an
d
d
esig
n
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
t
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
lin
ea
r
g
r
ap
h
was
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
o
r
all
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
wh
ich
f
o
llo
wed
Oh
m
’
s
law
.
Desig
n
1
g
e
n
er
ated
s
lig
h
tly
h
ig
h
er
r
esis
tan
ce
th
an
d
esig
n
s
2
an
d
3
,
w
h
er
e
th
is
b
eh
av
io
r
was
attr
ib
u
ted
to
its
lar
g
er
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
p
o
in
ts
f
o
r
g
as
m
o
lecu
les,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
n
o
ticea
b
le
alter
atio
n
s
in
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
p
o
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
en
ab
les
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
to
d
etec
t
lo
wer
g
as
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
in
g
as sen
s
o
r
d
esig
n
.
3
.
2
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics o
f
T
iO
2
/g
ra
ph
ene
g
a
s
s
ens
o
r
t
o
a
ce
t
o
ne
a
nd
et
ha
no
l
3
.
2
.
1
.
Sens
ing
re
s
po
n
s
e
t
o
a
c
et
o
ne
a
nd
et
ha
no
l
T
h
e
s
en
s
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
th
r
e
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
esig
n
s
(
d
esi
g
n
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
)
o
f
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
T
9
9
_
G1
,
T
9
8
_
G
2
,
an
d
T
9
5
_
G5
)
to
ac
eto
n
e
v
ap
o
r
an
d
eth
an
o
l
v
ap
o
r
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a)
t
o
4
(
c)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
I
-
V
s
en
s
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
T
9
9
_
G1
,
T
9
8
_
G
2
,
an
d
T
9
5
_
G5
t
o
acet
o
n
e
v
a
p
o
r
f
o
r
d
esig
n
1
,
d
esig
n
2
,
a
n
d
d
esig
n
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
er
ea
s
th
e
Fig
u
r
es
5
(a
)
to
5
(
c)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
I
-
V
s
en
s
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
T
9
9
_
G1
,
T
9
8
_
G2
,
an
d
T
9
5
_
G5
to
eth
an
o
l
v
a
p
o
r
f
o
r
d
esig
n
1
,
d
esig
n
2
,
a
n
d
d
esig
n
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
in
i
tial
1
0
-
m
in
u
te
p
er
io
d
in
v
o
l
v
es
ex
p
o
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ac
eto
n
e
v
ap
o
r
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
g
as
ch
am
b
er
f
o
r
3
0
m
in
u
tes,
wh
er
e
th
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
ex
h
ib
it
ed
a
n
o
tice
ab
le
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
in
d
ic
a
tiv
e
o
f
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ac
eto
n
e
.
A
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
[
2
8
]
.
Af
ter
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e,
th
e
ac
eto
n
e
s
o
u
r
ce
wa
s
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
an
d
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
was
m
o
n
ito
r
e
d
ag
ain
at
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
o
r
s
tab
ilizatio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
te
n
t
tr
en
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
alig
n
s
with
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
u
s
in
g
T
iO
2
as
a
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
ac
eto
n
e
d
etec
tio
n
,
wh
e
r
e
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
cu
r
r
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
a
ce
to
n
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
is
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
ad
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
d
eso
r
p
tio
n
o
f
ac
eto
n
e
m
o
lec
u
les
o
n
th
e
T
iO
2
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
im
p
a
ctin
g
th
e
m
ater
ial’
s
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
o
th
er
p
r
o
p
er
t
ies.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
d
esig
n
s
(
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
)
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
eth
an
o
l
v
ap
o
r
u
s
in
g
p
astes
T
9
9
_
G1
,
T
9
8
_
G2
,
an
d
T
9
5
_
G5
.
T
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
n
d
er
g
o
a
1
0
-
m
in
u
te
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
p
r
ess
u
r
e
with
o
u
t e
th
a
n
o
l g
as,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
3
0
-
m
in
u
te
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
eth
an
o
l g
as a
n
d
th
en
u
n
d
er
a
m
b
ien
t
air
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
r
esp
o
n
d
to
eth
a
n
o
l
g
as
wit
h
in
cr
ea
s
ed
c
u
r
r
en
t
,
wh
ich
is
also
a
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
to
ac
eto
n
e
v
a
p
o
r
.
A
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
[
2
9
]
.
A
ll
s
am
p
les
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
ac
eto
n
e
g
as
f
o
llo
w
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
tr
en
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
u
s
in
g
T
iO
2
f
o
r
eth
an
o
l
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
25
:
7
7
4
-
7
8
2
778
r
is
e
in
cu
r
r
en
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
ac
eto
n
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
s
u
g
g
ests
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
ac
eto
n
e
m
o
lecu
les
an
d
th
e
T
iO
2
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
p
o
te
n
tially
af
f
ec
tin
g
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
an
d
o
th
er
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
-
V
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
a
)
d
esig
n
1
,
(
b
)
d
esig
n
2
,
an
d
(
c
)
d
esig
n
3
3
.
2
.
2
.
Respo
ns
e
v
a
lue t
o
a
ce
t
o
ne
a
nd
et
ha
no
l
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
eth
a
n
o
l
v
a
p
o
r
f
o
r
th
r
ee
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
esig
n
s
o
f
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
d
esig
n
1
,
2
ω
.
t
.
%
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e,
s
p
ec
if
ically
T
9
8
_
G2
_
1
,
e
x
h
ib
ited
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
ac
eto
n
e
at
1
.
0
1
8
2
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
T
9
5
_
G5
_
1
an
d
T
9
9
_
G1
_
1
with
v
alu
es
o
f
1
.
0
1
4
7
a
n
d
1
.
0
0
2
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Desig
n
2
s
h
o
wca
s
ed
th
at
T
9
9
_
G1
_
2
to
ac
eto
n
e
,
with
1
.
0
6
0
5
,
h
a
d
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
m
ak
in
g
1
ω
.
t
.
%
g
r
ap
h
en
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
o
th
er
th
an
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
d
e
s
ig
n
3
,
T
9
8
_
G2
_
3
s
to
o
d
o
u
t
to
ac
eto
n
e
with
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
0
5
0
9
,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
T
9
9
_
G1
_
3
an
d
T
9
5
_
G
5
_
3
at
1
.
0
2
5
5
an
d
1
.
0
0
0
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
er
ea
s
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
es
t
o
eth
an
o
l
v
a
p
o
r
in
d
icate
d
is
tin
ct
r
ea
ctio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
d
esig
n
s
.
Desig
n
1
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
with
T
9
8
_
G2
_
1
ex
h
i
b
itin
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
1
.
0
9
0
6
)
to
eth
an
o
l
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
T
9
9
_
G1
_
1
(
1
.
0
6
9
8
)
an
d
T
9
5
_
G5
_
1
(
1
.
0
1
2
6
)
.
I
n
d
esig
n
2
,
T
9
5
_
G5
_
2
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est
r
esp
o
n
s
e
(
1
.
0
7
7
7
)
to
eth
an
o
l
,
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
T
9
9
_
G
1
_
2
an
d
T
9
8
_
G2
_
2
at
1
.
0
6
1
6
an
d
1
.
0
3
6
6
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
5
ω
.
t
.
%
g
r
ap
h
e
n
e
en
h
an
ce
s
eth
an
o
l
v
ap
o
r
d
ete
ctio
n
.
Desig
n
3
s
h
o
wed
th
e
T
9
8
_
G2
_
3
lead
in
g
with
a
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
o
f
1
.
0
6
6
9
,
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
T
9
9
_
G1
_
3
an
d
T
9
5
_
G5
_
3
at
1
.
0
0
7
3
an
d
1
.
0
2
7
6
.
Ov
er
all,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
es
to
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l
wer
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
T
9
9
_
G1
_
2
an
d
T
9
8
_
G2
_
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
all
t
h
r
ee
d
esig
n
s
o
f
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
b
ased
o
n
T
iO
2
/g
r
a
p
h
en
e
h
av
e
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
s
en
s
e
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l
v
a
p
o
r
at
r
o
o
m
o
p
er
ati
n
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
en
e
am
o
u
n
t
d
o
p
ed
in
to
T
iO
2
also
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
m
u
c
h
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
s
in
ce
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
et
wee
n
1
ω
.
t
.
%
to
5
ω
.
t
.
%
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e
wer
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
.
0
4
%
a
n
d
8
.
2
7
%
to
th
e
ac
eto
n
e
a
n
d
eth
an
o
l v
ap
o
r
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
n
TiO
2
/g
r
a
p
h
en
e
a
s
r
esis
ta
n
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
g
a
s
s
en
s
o
r
fo
r
… (
S
iti A
ma
n
ia
h
Mo
h
d
C
h
a
ch
u
li
)
779
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Sen
s
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
g
as sen
s
o
r
to
a
ce
to
n
e
v
ap
o
r
(
a
)
d
esig
n
1
,
(
b
)
d
esig
n
2
,
a
n
d
(
c)
d
esig
n
3
3
.
2
.
3
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n o
f
re
s
po
ns
e
v
a
lue t
o
a
ce
t
o
ne
a
nd
et
ha
no
l w
it
h pre
v
io
us
s
t
u
dies
T
ab
le
4
lis
ts
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
to
ac
eto
n
e
a
n
d
eth
an
o
l
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
with
o
u
r
p
r
io
r
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
etal
o
x
id
e
(
T
iO
2
)
in
th
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
ed
t
h
e
s
en
s
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
t
h
e
eth
a
n
o
l
an
d
ac
eto
n
e
at
r
o
o
m
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
Used
o
f
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
a
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
also
s
h
o
wed
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
to
th
e
tar
g
et
g
as.
I
t
al
s
o
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
th
e
a
r
ea
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
is
n
o
t
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
im
p
lies
th
at
th
e
s
elec
t
io
n
o
f
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
is
e
s
s
en
tial
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
a
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
to
th
e
tar
g
et
g
as.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e
to
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l
v
ap
o
r
D
e
si
g
n
S
a
mp
l
e
n
a
me
R
e
s
p
o
n
se
v
a
l
u
e
A
c
e
t
o
n
e
Et
h
a
n
o
l
1
T9
9
_
G
1
_
1
1
.
0
0
2
1
1
.
0
6
9
8
T9
8
_
G
2
_
1
1
.
0
1
8
2
1
.
0
9
0
6
T9
5
_
G
5
_
1
1
.
0
1
4
7
1
.
0
1
2
6
2
T9
9
_
G
1
_
2
1
.
0
6
0
5
1
.
0
6
1
6
T9
8
_
G
2
_
2
1
.
0
0
0
1
1
.
0
3
6
6
T9
5
_
G
5
_
2
1
.
0
0
5
9
1
.
0
7
7
7
3
T9
9
_
G
1
_
3
1
.
0
2
5
5
1
.
0
0
7
3
T9
8
_
G
2
_
3
1
.
0
5
0
9
1
.
0
6
6
9
T9
5
_
G
5
_
3
1
.
0
0
0
1
1
.
0
2
7
6
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
25
:
7
7
4
-
7
8
2
780
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sen
s
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
T
iO
2
/g
r
ap
h
en
e
g
as sen
s
o
r
to
et
h
an
o
l v
a
p
o
r
(
a)
d
esig
n
1
,
(
b
)
d
esig
n
2
,
an
d
(
c)
d
esig
n
3
T
ab
le
4
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e
to
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
eth
an
o
l w
ith
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
S
e
n
s
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
A
r
e
a
o
f
se
n
si
n
g
l
a
y
e
r
(
c
m
2
)
D
e
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
R
e
s
p
o
n
se
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
f
.
A
c
e
t
o
n
e
Et
h
a
n
o
l
G
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
S
G
(
G
)
1
.
0
0
S
c
r
e
e
n
-
p
r
i
n
t
i
n
g
1
.
0
2
4
1
.
0
0
4
[
6
]
G
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
(DG(G)
-
1)
1
.
0
0
D
o
c
t
o
r
B
l
a
d
e
-
1
.
2
0
[
3
0
]
G
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
(
D
K
(
G
)
-
1
)
1
.
0
0
D
o
c
t
o
r
B
l
a
d
e
-
1
.
0
0
[
3
0
]
Ti
O
2
/
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
(
T
9
8
_
G
2
_
1
)
2
.
5
6
S
c
r
e
e
n
-
p
r
i
n
t
i
n
g
1
.
0
1
8
2
1
.
0
9
0
6
Th
i
s
st
u
d
y
Ti
O
2
/
g
r
a
p
h
e
me
(
T9
9
_
G
1
_
2
)
1
.
0
0
S
c
r
e
e
n
-
p
r
i
n
t
i
n
g
1
.
0
6
0
5
1
.
0
6
1
6
Th
i
s
st
u
d
y
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ase
d
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
f
ab
r
icate
d
u
s
in
g
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
th
r
ee
d
esig
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
u
s
in
g
T
iO
2
d
o
p
ed
w
ith
v
ar
io
u
s
weig
h
t
r
atio
s
o
f
g
r
ap
h
en
e.
All
th
e
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
well
to
ac
eto
n
e
an
d
eth
a
n
o
l
v
ap
o
r
at
r
o
o
m
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
T
9
9
_
G1
_
2
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
0
6
0
5
to
th
e
ac
et
o
n
e
v
a
p
o
r
an
d
th
e
T
9
8
_
G2
_
1
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
c
ed
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
esp
o
n
s
e
v
alu
e
o
f
1.
0
9
0
6
to
eth
a
n
o
l
v
ap
o
r
.
T
h
e
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
g
av
e
a
p
ath
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
f
o
r
eth
an
o
l
an
d
ac
eto
n
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
p
er
a
b
le
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
also
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
d
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
th
e
r
m
eta
l
-
o
x
id
e
m
ater
ial
as
s
en
s
in
g
m
ater
ial
a
p
p
lied
f
o
r
r
esis
tan
ce
-
b
ased
g
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
f
o
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
to
a
ce
to
n
e
a
n
d
eth
an
o
l
v
ap
o
r
i
n
r
o
o
m
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
en
s
in
g
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
L.
Ly
u
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
C
e
O
2
h
o
l
l
o
w
-
sh
e
l
l
s
e
n
so
r
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
a
c
e
t
o
n
e
g
a
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
1
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
s
u
sc.
2
0
2
1
.
1
5
1
3
3
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
n
TiO
2
/g
r
a
p
h
en
e
a
s
r
esis
ta
n
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
g
a
s
s
en
s
o
r
fo
r
… (
S
iti A
ma
n
ia
h
Mo
h
d
C
h
a
ch
u
li
)
781
[
2
]
L.
G
u
o
,
Z
.
S
h
e
n
,
C
.
M
a
,
C
.
M
a
,
J.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
T
.
Y
u
a
n
,
“
G
a
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
b
a
sed
o
n
M
O
F
s
-
d
e
r
i
v
e
d
A
u
-
l
o
a
d
e
d
S
n
O
2
n
a
n
o
s
h
e
e
t
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
a
c
e
t
o
n
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Al
l
o
y
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
0
6
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
a
l
l
c
o
m.
2
0
2
2
.
1
6
4
3
7
5
.
[
3
]
Z.
R
a
f
i
e
e
,
H
.
R
o
s
h
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
H
.
S
h
e
i
k
h
i
,
“
L
o
w
c
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
sen
s
o
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
/
Zn
O
n
a
n
o
w
i
r
e
s,”
C
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
5
3
1
1
–
5
3
1
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
e
r
a
mi
n
t
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
.
1
1
1
.
[
4
]
K
.
X
u
,
Z.
K
a
n
,
F
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
Y
.
Q
u
,
S
.
Li
,
a
n
d
S
.
Li
u
,
“
H
o
l
l
o
w
m
u
l
t
i
-
s
h
e
l
l
e
d
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
a
l
S
n
O
2
w
i
t
h
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
sp
a
t
i
a
l
c
o
n
f
i
n
e
me
n
t
f
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
g
a
s
se
n
si
n
g
,
”
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
L
e
t
t
e
r
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
8
,
p
p
.
2
–
5
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
ma
t
l
e
t
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
3
4
0
7
0
.
[
5
]
M
.
S
.
H
o
sse
i
n
i
,
S
.
Ze
i
n
a
l
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
H
.
S
h
e
i
k
h
i
,
“
F
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
i
v
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
Cu
-
B
T
C
(
M
O
F
-
1
9
9
)
n
a
n
o
p
o
r
o
u
s
f
i
l
m
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
a
n
d
m
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
v
a
p
o
r
s
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
a
n
d
Ac
t
u
a
t
o
rs,
B:
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
0
,
p
p
.
9
–
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
n
b
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
2
.
0
0
8
.
[
6
]
S
.
A
ma
n
i
a
h
M
o
h
d
C
h
a
c
h
u
l
i
,
M
.
Lu
q
ma
n
H
a
k
k
i
m
N
o
o
r
,
O
.
C
o
b
a
n
,
N
.
H
a
z
a
h
s
h
a
S
h
a
ms
u
d
i
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
I
d
z
d
i
h
a
r
I
d
r
i
s,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
t
h
i
c
k
f
i
l
m g
a
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
f
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
a
n
d
a
c
e
t
o
n
e
v
a
p
o
r
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
t
r
o
o
m t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
e
c
s.
v
3
2
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
3
8
4
-
1
3
9
1
.
[
7
]
S
.
N
e
o
g
i
a
n
d
R
.
G
h
o
sh
,
“
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
d
i
p
o
l
e
m
o
me
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
V
O
C
se
n
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
B
i
F
e
O
3
m
i
c
r
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
s
:
A
d
d
r
e
ssi
n
g
t
h
e
sel
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
a
c
e
t
o
n
e
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
a
n
d
Ac
t
u
a
t
o
rs
B:
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
5
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
sn
b
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
3
5
9
8
0
.
[
8
]
J.
R
.
F
.
F
o
r
o
n
d
a
,
L
.
G
.
A
r
y
a
sw
a
r
a
,
G
.
N
.
C
.
S
a
n
t
o
s,
S
.
N
.
V
.
R
a
g
h
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
M
u
f
l
i
k
h
u
n
,
“
B
r
o
a
d
-
c
l
a
s
s
v
o
l
a
t
i
l
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
(
V
O
C
s)
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
v
i
a
p
o
l
y
a
n
i
l
i
n
e
/
z
i
n
c
o
x
i
d
e
(
P
A
N
I
/
Zn
O
)
c
o
mp
o
si
t
e
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
s
g
a
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
H
e
l
i
y
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
e
l
i
y
o
n
.
2
0
2
3
.
e
1
3
5
4
4
.
[
9
]
B
.
B
o
u
r
i
c
h
a
,
R
.
S
o
u
i
ss
i
,
N
.
B
o
u
g
u
i
l
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
La
b
i
d
i
,
“
A
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
me
s
h
a
r
p
sel
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
w
i
t
h
I
n
2
S
3
g
a
s
se
n
s
o
r
u
si
n
g
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
d
y
n
a
mi
c
r
e
sp
o
n
se
f
o
r
V
O
C
s,”
Me
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
:
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
M
e
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
C
o
n
f
e
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
5
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
1
0
0
7
0
.
[
1
0
]
S
.
R
.
Ja
mn
a
n
i
,
H
.
M
.
M
o
g
h
a
d
d
a
m,
S
.
G
.
Le
o
n
a
r
d
i
,
G
.
N
e
r
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
F
e
r
l
a
z
z
o
,
“
V
O
C
s
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
o
f
sama
r
i
u
m
o
x
i
d
e
n
a
n
o
r
o
d
s,”
C
e
ra
m
i
c
s I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
03
–
4
1
1
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
e
r
a
mi
n
t
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
.
1
1
5
.
[
1
1
]
Z.
D
e
r
a
k
h
sh
i
,
S
.
B
a
g
h
s
h
a
h
i
,
A
.
A
.
K
h
o
d
a
d
a
d
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ta
m
i
z
i
f
a
r
,
“
C
u
-
d
o
p
e
d
La
F
e
1
-
x
C
u
x
O
3
p
e
r
o
v
s
k
i
t
e
s
n
a
n
o
-
c
r
y
s
t
a
l
l
i
t
e
s
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
V
O
C
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
e
r
a
m
i
c
s
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
1
7
5
–
2
3
1
8
7
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
e
r
a
m
i
n
t
.
2
0
2
4
.
0
4
.
0
4
1
.
[
1
2
]
J.
G
a
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
o
l
y
o
x
o
me
t
a
l
a
t
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
a
c
c
e
p
t
o
r
h
e
t
e
r
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
d
o
p
a
n
t
i
n
t
o
T
i
O
2
/
g
-
C
3
N
4
n
a
n
o
f
i
b
e
r
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
d
a
c
e
t
o
n
e
g
a
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
a
n
d
Ac
t
u
a
t
o
r
s
B:
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
7
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
n
b
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
3
6
0
7
2
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
L
i
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
d
u
r
a
b
l
e
g
a
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
A
g
V
O
3
/
Ti
O
2
n
a
n
o
h
e
t
e
r
o
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
t
o
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
g
a
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
l
l
o
y
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
6
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
a
l
l
c
o
m
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
7
1
1
0
3
.
[
1
4
]
B
.
Ji
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
e
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
a
n
d
a
c
e
t
o
n
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
S
n
O
2
-
Zn
O
g
a
s
se
n
s
o
r
w
i
t
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
h
u
mi
d
i
t
y
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
c
e
,
”
S
e
n
so
rs
a
n
d
A
c
t
u
a
t
o
rs
B:
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
n
b
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
3
4
2
5
7
.
[
1
5
]
Z.
C
a
i
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
r
k
,
“
H
i
g
h
l
y
se
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
c
e
t
o
n
e
se
n
s
o
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
C
o
3
O
4
-
d
e
c
o
r
a
t
e
d
p
o
r
o
u
s
Ti
O
2
n
a
n
o
f
i
b
e
r
s,”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Al
l
o
y
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
1
9
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
a
l
l
c
o
m
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
6
5
8
7
5
.
[
1
6
]
S
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
H
.
K
a
u
r
,
V
.
N
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
K
.
J
a
i
n
,
a
n
d
T
.
D
.
S
e
n
g
u
t
t
u
v
a
n
,
“
H
i
g
h
l
y
sen
s
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
p
u
l
se
-
l
i
k
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
se
t
o
w
a
r
d
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
o
f
N
b
d
o
p
e
d
Ti
O
2
n
a
n
o
r
o
d
s
b
a
s
e
d
g
a
s
sen
s
o
r
s,”
S
e
n
so
rs
a
n
d
A
c
t
u
a
t
o
rs,
B:
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
1
–
1
7
2
,
p
p
.
8
9
9
–
9
0
6
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
n
b
.
2
0
1
2
.
0
6
.
0
0
2
.
[
1
7
]
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
Y
.
Z
h
u
,
D
.
M
e
n
g
,
K
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
r
o
o
m
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
g
a
s
s
e
n
so
r
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
3
D
h
i
e
r
a
r
c
h
i
c
a
l
f
l
o
w
e
r
-
l
i
k
e
T
i
O
2
mi
c
r
o
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s,
”
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
L
e
t
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
7
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
ma
t
l
e
t
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
2
8
3
7
2
.
[
1
8
]
L.
B
.
Ta
s
y
u
r
e
k
,
E
.
I
si
k
,
I
.
I
si
k
,
a
n
d
N
.
K
i
l
i
n
c
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
T
i
O
2
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
se
n
so
r
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
r
y
st
a
l
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
m
e
t
a
l
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
En
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
5
4
,
p
p
.
6
7
8
–
6
9
0
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
h
y
d
e
n
e
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
8
.
2
0
2
.
[
1
9
]
A
.
V
i
j
a
y
k
u
m
a
r
,
A
.
M
o
n
d
a
l
,
S
.
D
e
b
,
B
.
A
j
i
t
h
a
,
a
n
d
Y
.
A
.
K
.
R
e
d
d
y
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
o
o
m
-
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
o
p
e
r
a
b
l
e
T
i
O
2
-
x
-
b
a
se
d
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
g
a
s se
n
s
o
r
w
i
t
h
l
i
g
h
t
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
u
rf
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
0
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
su
s
c
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
6
0
6
6
4
.
[
2
0
]
M
.
L
i
,
C
.
Z
o
u
,
F
.
L
i
a
n
g
,
E.
H
o
u
,
H
.
H
u
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
J
.
Li
n
,
“
P
r
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
g
a
s
-
sen
s
i
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
p
h
o
t
o
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
T
i
O
2
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
s/
c
a
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
s/
Z
n
S
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
s
g
a
s
-
se
n
si
t
i
v
e
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s,
”
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
T
o
d
a
y
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
t
c
o
mm
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
6
4
8
7
.
[
2
1
]
S
.
A
ma
n
i
a
h
M
o
h
d
C
h
a
c
h
u
l
i
,
M
.
N
i
z
a
r
H
a
mi
d
o
n
,
M
.
Er
t
u
g
r
u
l
,
M
.
S
.
M
a
ma
t
,
H
.
J
a
a
f
a
r
,
a
n
d
N
.
H
.
S
h
a
msu
d
i
n
,
“
T
i
O
2
/
B
2
O
3
t
h
i
c
k
f
i
l
m
g
a
s
se
n
s
o
r
f
o
r
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
c
a
r
b
o
n
mo
n
o
x
i
d
e
a
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
ri
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
3
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
4
3
2
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
4
0
.
[
2
2
]
D
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
i
g
h
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
se
n
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
P
a
l
l
a
d
i
u
m
/
T
i
O
2
n
a
n
o
b
e
l
t
su
r
f
a
c
e
h
e
t
e
r
o
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s d
o
mi
n
a
t
e
d
b
y
e
n
l
a
r
g
e
d
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
a
r
e
a
a
n
d
n
a
n
o
-
S
c
h
o
t
t
k
y
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
l
l
o
i
d
a
n
d
I
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
–
1
5
0
,
2
0
1
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
c
i
s.
2
0
1
2
.
0
8
.
0
3
4
.
[
2
3
]
K
.
W
u
,
W
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
Z.
Z
h
e
n
g
,
M
.
D
e
b
l
i
q
u
y
,
a
n
d
C
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
R
o
o
m
-
t
e
mp
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
g
a
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
i
t
a
n
i
u
m
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
q
u
a
n
t
u
m
d
o
t
s
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
l
y
se
n
si
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
se
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
H
2
S
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
u
rf
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
5
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
s
u
sc
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
5
2
7
4
4
.
[
2
4
]
Z.
Y
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
a
mm
o
n
i
a
se
n
si
n
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
o
f
g
a
s
s
e
n
so
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
/
t
i
t
a
n
i
u
m
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
w
i
t
h
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
mo
r
p
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
u
r
f
a
c
e
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
9
,
p
p
.
8
4
–
9
0
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
s
u
s
c
.
2
0
1
7
.
0
3
.
2
5
1
.
[
2
5
]
I
.
Jah
a
n
g
i
r
,
M
.
A
.
U
d
d
i
n
,
A
.
F
r
a
n
k
e
n
,
A
.
K
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
a
n
d
G
.
K
o
l
e
y
,
“
I
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
/
I
n
N
n
a
n
o
w
i
r
e
b
a
s
e
d
mi
x
e
d
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
a
l
b
a
r
r
i
st
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
w
i
d
e
l
y
t
u
n
a
b
l
e
S
c
h
o
t
t
k
y
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
l
y
s
e
n
si
t
i
v
e
m
u
l
t
i
m
o
d
a
l
g
a
s
se
n
si
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
Se
n
s
o
rs
a
n
d
Ac
t
u
a
t
o
rs
B:
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
sn
b
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
3
3
2
3
8
.
[
2
6
]
V
.
R
.
N
a
g
a
n
a
b
o
i
n
a
a
n
d
S
.
G
.
S
i
n
g
h
,
“
C
d
S
b
a
s
e
d
c
h
e
m
i
r
e
s
i
st
o
r
w
i
t
h
S
c
h
o
t
t
k
y
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
:
T
o
x
i
c
g
a
ses
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
sen
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
se
l
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
t
r
o
o
m
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
a
n
d
Ac
t
u
a
t
o
rs
B:
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
7
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
n
b
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
3
1
4
2
1
.
[
2
7
]
D
.
C
h
e
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
H
i
g
h
se
n
si
t
i
v
e
r
o
o
m
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
N
O
2
g
a
s
se
n
s
o
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
a
v
a
l
a
n
c
h
e
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
i
n
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
S
c
h
o
t
t
k
y
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
Ti
O
2
-
S
n
3
O
4
n
a
n
o
h
e
t
e
r
o
j
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Al
l
o
y
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
1
2
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
a
l
l
c
o
m
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
6
5
0
7
9
.
[
2
8
]
W
.
M
a
z
i
a
r
z
,
A
.
K
u
si
o
r
,
a
n
d
A
.
Tr
e
n
c
z
e
k
-
Za
j
a
c
,
“
N
a
n
o
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
T
i
O
2
-
b
a
sed
g
a
s
se
n
s
o
r
s
w
i
t
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
g
a
s
e
s,”
Be
i
l
s
t
e
i
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
N
a
n
o
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
8
–
1
7
2
6
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
7
6
2
/
B
JN
A
N
O
.
7
.
1
6
4
.
[
2
9
]
N
.
V
a
n
D
u
y
,
N
.
V
a
n
H
i
e
u
,
P
.
T.
H
u
y
,
N
.
D
.
C
h
i
e
n
,
M
.
T
h
a
m
i
l
s
e
l
v
a
n
,
a
n
d
J.
Y
i
,
“
M
i
x
e
d
S
n
O
2
/
Ti
O
2
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
a
r
b
o
n
n
a
n
o
t
u
b
e
s
f
o
r
g
a
s
-
se
n
si
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
E:
L
o
w
-
D
i
m
e
n
si
o
n
a
l
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
n
d
N
a
n
o
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
8
–
2
6
3
,
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
h
y
se.
2
0
0
8
.
0
7
.
0
0
7
.
[
3
0
]
S
.
A
ma
n
i
a
h
,
M
.
C
h
a
c
h
u
l
i
,
M
.
L.
H
.
N
o
o
r
,
O
.
C
o
b
a
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
H
.
S
h
a
ms
u
d
i
n
,
“
T
h
i
c
k
f
i
l
m
g
r
a
p
h
e
n
e
g
a
s
se
n
s
o
r
u
si
n
g
d
o
c
t
o
r
b
l
a
d
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
l
se
n
si
n
g
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
4
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
T
e
l
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
I
C
T
E
C
’
2
2
)
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
3
–
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
m
a
t
l
e
t
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
3
0
4
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
52
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
2
,
May
20
25
:
7
7
4
-
7
8
2
782
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
iti
A
m
a
n
i
a
h
M
o
h
d
Cha
c
h
u
li
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
0
8
,
M
.
E
n
g
.
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
la
y
a
in
2
0
1
2
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
S
e
n
so
r
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
2
0
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
s
h
e
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
l
a
y
sia
M
e
lak
a
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
t
h
i
n
a
n
d
t
h
ick
fi
lm
g
a
s
se
n
so
rs,
n
a
n
o
m
a
teria
ls,
a
n
d
m
a
teria
l
c
h
a
ra
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
te
d
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
siti
a
m
a
n
iah
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Mu
h
a
m
m
a
d
H
a
z
iq
No
r
Az
m
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
r
e
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
2
4
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
ti
tan
i
u
m
d
i
o
x
i
d
e
a
n
d
g
ra
p
h
e
n
e
g
a
s
se
n
so
rs.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
ji
k
z
.
a
z
m
i9
6
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
O
m
e
r
Co
b
a
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B
a
c
h
e
lo
r,
M
a
ste
r
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
fro
m
Ata
tu
r
k
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
T
u
rk
e
y
.
Cu
r
re
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Ata
tu
rk
Un
i
v
e
rsity
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
o
p
ti
c
s
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
n
ics
,
a
n
d
p
h
y
sic
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
o
m
e
rc
o
b
a
n
@a
tau
n
i.
e
d
u
.
tr
.
Nur
H
a
z
a
h
sha
S
h
a
m
sud
in
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
a
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
ra
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
0
8
,
M
.
E
n
g
.
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
la
y
a
in
2
0
1
2
,
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
i
n
2
0
2
2
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
s
h
e
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
s
o
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty
,
a
n
d
m
a
teria
ls sc
ien
c
e
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
u
rh
a
z
a
h
sh
a
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.