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53
~
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I
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ca
lly
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
r
e
d
o
v
er
L
o
R
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
An
NB
-
I
o
T
g
atew
ay
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
en
d
tr
an
s
m
its
all
n
o
d
e
d
ata
to
t
h
e
"USR
C
lo
u
d
"
u
s
in
g
L
o
R
a
-
NB
-
I
o
T
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
L
o
n
g
-
d
is
tan
ce
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
lo
w
p
o
wer
u
s
ag
e
ar
e
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
s
y
s
tem
test
s
.
A
t
an
av
er
ag
e
p
o
we
r
u
s
ag
e
o
f
2
1
.
1
9
m
illi
am
p
er
e
-
h
o
u
r
an
d
a
p
ac
k
et
l
o
s
s
r
ate
o
f
r
o
u
g
h
ly
3
.
3
%.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
n
o
v
el
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
in
ten
d
ed
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
in
th
e
p
er
is
h
a
b
le
g
o
o
d
s
co
ld
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
(
C
SC
)
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
.
T
h
is
s
en
s
o
r
w
o
r
k
s
p
ass
iv
ely
(
with
o
u
t
b
atter
ies),
u
n
lik
e
o
th
er
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
it
c
a
n
last
s
ev
er
al
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
cy
cles
b
ef
o
r
e
n
ee
d
in
g
to
b
e
r
eset
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
t
d
o
e
s
th
is
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
co
l
d
-
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
l
iq
u
id
c
r
y
s
tal
elasto
m
er
s
(
L
C
E
s
)
,
wh
ich
u
n
d
er
g
o
s
h
ap
e
ch
a
n
g
e
in
co
ld
wea
th
er
an
d
r
e
v
er
t
to
th
eir
o
r
ig
in
al
f
o
r
m
wh
en
h
ea
ted
.
I
n
a
f
ir
s
t
-
of
-
its
-
k
in
d
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
alter
n
ates
b
etwe
en
tw
o
r
ad
io
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
id
en
tific
atio
n
(
R
FID
)
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
its
(
I
C
s
)
to
tr
an
s
m
it
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
v
alid
atio
n
u
tili
zin
g
R
FID
d
ata
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
an
aly
s
is
with
A
n
s
y
s
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
s
im
u
lato
r
(
HFSS
)
an
d
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
er
f
o
r
An
s
y
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
cr
ea
tin
g
b
atter
y
-
p
o
wer
ed
to
o
ls
ar
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
ar
ticle,
with
p
ar
ticu
lar
atten
tio
n
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
m
o
to
r
d
r
i
v
e
co
n
tr
o
llab
ilit
y
an
d
lim
ited
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e.
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
r
s
ar
e
s
witch
in
g
to
p
er
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es,
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
th
e
d
esire
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
b
u
t
ca
ll
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
I
t
is
v
ital
to
m
ai
n
tain
s
af
ety
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
k
ee
p
in
g
a
n
ey
e
o
n
t
h
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
in
v
er
ter
s
witch
es
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
a
r
ticle
s
u
g
g
ests
a
s
o
f
twar
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
esti
m
a
tio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
in
p
lace
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
n
e
g
ativ
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
NT
C
)
r
esis
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
lo
wer
s
p
r
ices
an
d
p
r
in
ted
cir
cu
it
b
o
a
r
d
(
PC
B
)
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
b
y
s
af
ety
ce
r
tific
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
b
atter
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
au
to
m
o
b
ile
s
tar
ter
b
atter
ies,
wh
ic
h
i
s
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tar
tin
g
th
e
e
n
g
in
e
an
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
th
e
ca
r
,
is
th
e
m
ain
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
d
ea
ls
w
ith
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
b
atter
ies
d
eter
io
r
atin
g
an
d
f
ail
in
g
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
v
o
l
tag
e
d
r
o
p
s
d
u
r
in
g
en
g
in
e
c
r
an
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
y
s
tem
ev
alu
ates
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
co
n
d
itio
n
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
y
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
u
s
in
g
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
n
a
n
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
-
Un
o
R
3
b
o
a
r
d
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
n
o
tifie
s
th
e
d
r
iv
er
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
s
tat
e
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
l
o
s
s
to
a
p
r
eset
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
wh
ich
m
a
y
h
elp
to
a
v
er
t
u
n
a
n
ticip
ated
f
a
ilu
r
es.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
b
y
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
u
s
in
g
two
b
atter
ies,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
r
iv
er
s
with
ea
r
l
y
war
n
in
g
s
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
in
g
b
atte
r
y
p
r
o
b
lem
s
s
o
t
h
ey
m
ay
tak
e
p
r
o
m
p
t a
ctio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
escr
ib
es
a
wir
eless
b
atter
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
W
B
MS)
wi
th
a
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
en
t,
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
f
o
cu
s
th
at
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
m
atch
in
g
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
an
An
d
r
o
id
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e,
a
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
an
d
a
B
lu
eto
o
th
m
o
d
u
le.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
ar
o
u
n
d
a
n
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
AT
m
e
g
a3
2
8
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
-
U
no
)
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
g
ath
er
s
b
atter
y
s
tatis
tics
an
d
s
en
d
s
th
em
to
d
is
p
lay
d
ev
ices
u
s
in
g
B
lu
eto
o
th
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
L
ab
VI
E
W
s
o
f
twar
e,
th
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
s
h
o
w
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
atter
y
d
ata
o
n
a
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
(
PC
)
an
d
an
A
n
d
r
o
i
d
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
e
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
s
af
ety
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
b
y
e
n
ab
lin
g
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ts
a
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
e
d
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
s
in
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
,
o
r
e
-
v
eh
icles.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
c
r
u
cial
it
is
t
o
d
o
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
in
atio
n
an
d
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
o
f
tr
ac
tio
n
b
atter
ies
in
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
m
ain
tain
th
eir
h
ea
lt
h
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ca
lcu
late
m
etr
i
cs
s
u
ch
as
s
tate
-
of
-
ch
ar
g
e
(
S
OC
)
,
s
tate
-
of
-
h
ea
lth
(
SOH)
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate,
an
d
r
e
m
ain
in
g
u
s
ef
u
l
life
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
m
ea
s
u
r
es
b
atter
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
lo
ad
v
o
ltag
e,
n
o
-
lo
a
d
v
o
ltag
e,
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
an
d
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
[
2
1
]
.
R
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
an
aly
s
is
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
u
s
in
g
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ata
th
at
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
to
a
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ig
ital
(
SD
)
ca
r
d
m
o
d
u
l
e.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t,
lig
h
tweig
h
t,
an
d
p
o
r
tab
le
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
th
is
r
esear
ch
ad
v
an
c
es
b
atter
y
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
in
th
e
e
-
v
eh
icle
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
T
h
is
ess
ay
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
t
h
ey
ca
n
h
el
p
c
u
t
d
o
wn
o
n
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
h
o
w
cr
u
cia
l
a
s
tr
o
n
g
B
MS
is
to
p
r
eser
v
in
g
b
atter
y
h
ea
lth
b
y
av
er
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
lik
e
m
is
u
s
e
an
d
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
-
Un
o
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
in
th
e
B
MS
d
esig
n
,
to
g
eth
er
with
th
e
A
C
S7
1
2
-
3
0
A
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
DS1
8
B
2
0
wate
r
p
r
o
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
m
o
d
u
l
e
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
[
2
2
]
.
Vo
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
is
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
iv
id
er
cir
c
u
it.
E
x
a
m
in
in
g
ea
ch
m
o
d
u
le'
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
co
n
t
r
asti
n
g
m
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ltime
ter
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d
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d
u
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o
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ata
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ar
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f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
B
a
tter
y
temp
era
tu
r
e
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
u
s
in
g
A
r
d
u
in
o
(
B
o
d
d
ir
ed
d
y
S
r
u
ja
n
a
)
55
th
e
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
'
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
ate
is
g
r
ea
t,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
ca
lc
u
latin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
9
7
%).
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ted
p
o
wer
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
.
W
h
en
th
e
B
MS
is
co
n
n
e
cted
to
a
co
m
p
u
ter
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
also
b
e
s
ee
n
o
n
a
s
er
ial
m
o
n
ito
r
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
y
b
a
n
k
s
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
e
-
v
eh
icles)
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
wo
r
k
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
b
atter
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
,
it
in
clu
d
es
d
iag
n
o
s
tic,
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
er
e
is
a
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tr
ac
tio
n
b
atter
y
r
esear
ch
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
lig
h
ter
,
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
Usi
n
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
an
d
r
eg
r
e
s
s
io
n
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
eter
m
in
es
th
e
SOC
,
S
OH
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
r
ate,
an
d
r
em
ai
n
in
g
u
s
ef
u
l
life
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
m
etr
ics
s
to
r
ed
in
an
SD
ca
r
d
m
o
d
u
le
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
al
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
in
th
e
e
-
v
eh
icle
in
d
u
s
tr
y
b
y
ad
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
b
atter
y
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tics
.
2.
B
AT
T
E
RY
T
E
M
P
E
RA
T
UR
E
M
O
N
I
T
O
R
I
NG
B
L
O
CK
DIAG
RA
M
A
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
,
DS1
8
B
2
0
o
r
L
M3
5
,
g
au
g
es
th
e
b
atte
r
y
'
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
em
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
s
en
t
to
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
B
MS
s
y
s
tem
.
Mic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
t
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
p
r
o
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s
s
in
g
u
n
it,
g
et
s
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
.
I
t
an
al
y
ze
s
th
is
d
ata
an
d
,
u
n
d
er
s
p
ec
if
ied
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
ac
tio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
p
lan
n
ed
.
T
e
m
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
er
in
ter
f
ac
e
ar
e
g
r
ap
h
ically
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
a
d
is
p
lay
m
o
d
u
le,
s
u
ch
as
a
l
iq
u
id
-
cr
y
s
tal
d
is
p
l
ay
(
L
C
D
)
s
cr
ee
n
o
r
a
lig
h
t
-
em
itti
n
g
d
io
d
e
(
L
E
D
)
d
is
p
lay
.
Op
ti
o
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
o
d
u
le:
th
is
m
o
d
u
le
,
wh
ich
is
a
n
o
th
e
r
o
p
tio
n
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t,
p
er
m
its
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
with
s
y
s
tem
s
o
r
d
ev
ices o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
a
g
lo
b
al
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
(
GSM
)
m
o
d
u
le,
B
lu
eto
o
th
,
o
r
W
i
-
Fi
m
o
d
u
le
th
at
en
ab
les
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
r
r
em
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Po
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
:
a
n
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
,
s
u
c
h
as
a
b
atter
y
o
r
r
eg
u
lated
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
p
o
wer
s
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
an
d
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
f
am
ily
'
s
m
o
s
t
wel
l
-
k
n
o
wn
an
d
o
f
ten
-
u
s
ed
m
icr
o
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
b
o
a
r
d
s
i
s
th
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
-
Un
o
.
I
t
is
an
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
elec
tr
o
n
ics
p
latf
o
r
m
b
u
ilt
o
n
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
h
ar
d
war
e
a
n
d
s
o
f
twar
e
th
at
aim
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ac
ce
s
s
i
b
ilit
y
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
e
AT
m
eg
a
3
2
8
P,
an
8
-
b
it
AVR
-
R
I
SC
m
icr
o
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
,
is
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
c
h
ip
o
f
th
e
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
-
Un
o
.
I
t
h
as
two
KB
o
f
S
R
AM
,
o
n
e
KB
o
f
E
E
PR
OM
,
an
d
3
2
KB
o
f
f
lash
m
em
o
r
y
f
o
r
s
to
r
in
g
co
d
e
(
o
f
wh
ich
th
e
b
o
o
tlo
ad
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u
s
es
0
.
5
KB
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
b
o
ar
d
r
u
n
s
at
5
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it
ca
n
b
e
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
an
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
th
at
h
as
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
7
t
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2
0
V
o
r
b
y
a
USB
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
.
Dig
ital
in
p
u
t/o
u
tp
u
t
(
I
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)
p
i
n
s
r
an
g
e
in
n
u
m
b
er
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
B
MS
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
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N
R
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Fig
u
r
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2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
MA
T
L
A
B
s
im
u
latio
n
d
iag
r
am
o
f
B
MS
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
u
tp
u
t
b
lo
c
k
s
s
im
u
latio
n
d
iag
r
am
a
r
e
o
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t,
u
n
d
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
a
n
d
o
v
er
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jectiv
e
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
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r
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
T
h
e
o
v
er
an
d
u
n
d
er
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
2
7
0
0
to
3
2
0
0
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
o
v
er
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tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
a
n
d
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n
d
er
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e
b
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.
T
h
e
wav
ef
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r
m
ha
s
th
r
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co
lo
r
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r
ed
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r
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n
d
icate
s
th
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lo
wer
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r
e,
an
d
y
ello
w
co
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in
d
icate
s
th
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b
atter
y
o
p
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atin
g
co
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itio
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4
in
d
icate
s
th
e
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t w
av
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
h
a
v
e
a
c
h
ar
g
in
g
lim
it
an
d
a
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
lim
it.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
1
,
Ma
r
c
h
2
0
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5
:
53
-
59
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Fig
u
r
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2
.
B
atter
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p
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an
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t
m
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ito
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g
MA
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Ou
t
p
u
t w
av
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o
r
m
o
f
b
atter
y
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
B
atter
y
cu
r
r
en
t w
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ad
v
Ap
p
l Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
1
4
B
a
tter
y
temp
era
tu
r
e
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
s
ystem
u
s
in
g
A
r
d
u
in
o
(
B
o
d
d
ir
ed
d
y
S
r
u
ja
n
a
)
57
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
atter
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
d
ia
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
d
iag
r
am
was
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
an
d
test
ed
in
T
in
k
er
ca
d
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
nt
s
o
f
th
e
d
iag
r
am
ar
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
,
b
atter
y
,
d
is
p
lay
,
tr
an
s
is
to
r
,
an
d
DC
f
an
.
T
h
e
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
m
ain
l
y
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
p
u
ls
e,
t
h
e
DC
f
an
is
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ad
,
d
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p
lay
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
tem
p
er
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r
e.
R
esis
to
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
ar
e
p
r
o
tectin
g
d
e
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ice
s
.
Fig
u
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6
s
h
o
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e
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ar
d
w
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e
d
iag
r
am
o
f
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b
atter
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ito
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.
W
e
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e
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e
b
atter
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p
er
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r
e
in
th
e
d
i
s
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lay
.
T
h
e
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elay
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectin
g
d
ev
ice
s
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th
e
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h
e
b
atter
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s
ar
e
c
o
n
n
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ted
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n
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ies in
a
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
atter
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p
e
r
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r
e,
v
o
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e
,
a
n
d
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r
r
en
t m
o
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ito
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h
ar
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it
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
O
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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1
1
]
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-
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.
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m
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W
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2
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.
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5
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1
6
]
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[
1
7
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[
1
8
]
A
.
A
.
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u
ssei
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,
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2
0
2
3
I
E
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Ap
p
l
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(
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1
9
]
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.
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.
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2
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6
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0
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2
0
]
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.
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.
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b
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,
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EEE,
M
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