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s
ia
n J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l En
g
ineering
a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
Science
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
3
,
J
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e
2
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2
5
,
p
p
.
1
431
~
1
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9
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1431
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//ij
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cs.ia
esco
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co
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Predic
tive mo
deli
ng
of elec
tric
v
ehi
cle loa
ds throug
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driv
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beha
v
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r ana
ly
sis
Deba
ni P
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Art
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nfo
AB
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RAC
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A
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ticle
his
to
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y:
R
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J
u
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23
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4
R
ev
is
ed
No
v
28
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Feb
27
,
2
0
2
5
El
e
c
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
(EVs)
c
a
n
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
ll
y
b
e
i
n
teg
ra
ted
in
t
o
m
icr
o
g
ri
d
s
v
ia
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
g
rid
(V2
G
)
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
s
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
sy
ste
m
'
s
sta
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
d
u
ra
b
il
i
ty
.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
ro
v
id
e
s
a
n
in
-
d
e
p
t
h
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
V2
G
in
te
g
ra
ti
o
n
i
n
m
icro
g
ri
d
sy
ste
m
s.
It
a
n
a
l
y
se
s
t
h
e
p
re
se
n
t
sta
te
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
a
s
we
ll
a
s
p
o
ss
ib
le
u
se
s,
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
d
irec
ti
o
n
s
fo
r
V
2
G
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
t
h
e
f
u
tu
re
.
Th
is
a
rt
icle
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
th
e
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l,
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic,
a
n
d
re
g
u
lato
r
y
a
sp
e
c
ts
o
f
imp
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
V2
G
a
n
d
p
ro
v
i
d
e
s
c
a
se
stu
d
ies
a
n
d
p
il
o
t
p
ro
jec
ts
to
s
h
e
d
li
g
h
t
o
n
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
l
b
e
n
e
fit
s
a
n
d
b
a
rriers
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
with
it
s
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
h
o
w
V2
G
c
o
n
tri
b
u
tes
t
o
m
o
re
e
fficie
n
t
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s,
g
ri
d
sta
b
i
li
z
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
o
st
sa
v
in
g
s
fo
r
EV
o
w
n
e
rs.
It
a
lso
a
d
d
re
ss
e
s
th
e
late
st
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
ts
i
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
p
ro
p
o
se
d
law
s a
ime
d
a
t
e
n
c
o
u
ra
g
i
n
g
g
ro
wi
n
g
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
o
f
V2
G
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
atter
y
DC
f
ast ch
ar
g
in
g
Gr
id
to
v
eh
icle
R
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
Veh
icle
to
g
r
id
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
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SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
r
en
d
er
R
ed
d
y
Salk
u
ti
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
R
ailr
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ad
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d
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
W
o
o
s
o
n
g
Un
iv
er
s
ity
J
ay
an
g
-
d
o
n
g
,
D
o
n
g
-
g
u
,
Dae
jeo
n
-
3
4
6
0
6
,
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Ko
r
ea
E
m
ail: su
r
en
d
er
@
wsu
.
ac
.
k
r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Dy
n
am
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
eir
c
o
m
p
lex
b
eh
av
io
r
s
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
er
ati
n
g
c
o
n
d
iti
o
n
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
E
Vs
em
er
g
e
as
a
cr
u
cial
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
v
eh
icles,
m
itig
atin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
e
r
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
en
ca
p
s
u
late
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
n
atu
r
e
o
f
E
Vs,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
p
o
wer
tr
ain
s
,
b
atter
ies,
an
d
v
eh
icle
d
y
n
am
i
cs.
Star
tin
g
with
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
in
EV
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
,
th
e
p
ap
er
will
d
elin
ea
te
th
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
E
Vs
f
r
o
m
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
[
1
]
.
I
t
will
p
r
o
g
r
ess
to
a
p
p
r
aise
v
ar
io
u
s
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
em
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
io
n
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
i
n
tr
icate
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
v
eh
icle
d
y
n
am
ics,
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
p
o
wer
tr
ain
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
,
it
will
d
is
s
ec
t
v
eh
icle
d
y
n
am
ics,
ex
p
licatin
g
th
e
h
an
d
lin
g
a
n
d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
E
V
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
B
atter
y
m
o
d
elin
g
will
b
e
ass
e
s
s
ed
f
o
r
its
cr
itica
l
r
o
le
in
r
an
g
e
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
a
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
o
wer
t
r
ain
in
tr
icac
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
will
also
s
cr
u
tin
ize
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
I
t
will
cu
lm
in
ate
in
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
,
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
th
at
p
av
e
th
e
way
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
in
E
V
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
,
u
ltima
tel
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ati
v
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
i
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
le
f
u
tu
r
e.
L
ately
,
E
Vs
h
av
e
attr
ac
ted
m
u
ch
in
ter
est
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
in
ter
n
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
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I
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d
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J
E
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E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
4
3
1
-
1
4
3
9
1432
co
m
b
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s
tio
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e
n
g
in
e
v
eh
icles
[
4
]
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
p
o
p
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lar
b
ec
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s
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less
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cr
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Vs
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ely
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ter
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n
g
in
e
v
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icles
[
5
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T
h
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a
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s
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r
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ey
co
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p
o
n
en
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
elec
tr
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p
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o
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ls
io
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.
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h
ese
c
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e
elem
en
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in
clu
d
e
an
en
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g
y
s
to
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ag
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ev
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(
b
atter
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)
,
an
elec
tr
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m
o
to
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f
o
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p
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p
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tr
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er
g
y
d
e
n
s
ity
,
p
o
wer
d
e
n
s
ity
,
an
d
ex
ten
d
ed
cy
cle
life
.
T
h
ese
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
tr
an
s
late
to
g
r
ea
t
er
d
r
iv
i
n
g
r
an
g
e
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
E
Vs.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
ies
b
o
ast
a
lig
h
tweig
h
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
p
o
s
itiv
e
ly
to
o
v
er
al
l
v
e
h
icle
weig
h
t
an
d
u
ltima
tely
,
d
r
iv
in
g
r
an
g
e
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
ac
t
s
as
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
u
n
it,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
s
to
r
ed
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
a
tter
y
in
to
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
r
o
tatio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
ellin
g
th
e
v
eh
icle.
T
wo
p
r
im
ar
y
m
o
to
r
ty
p
es
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
E
Vs:
alt
er
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
m
o
t
o
r
s
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
m
o
to
r
s
.
Per
m
an
en
t
m
ag
n
et
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
o
to
r
s
(
PMSMs),
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ty
p
e
o
f
A
C
m
o
to
r
,
ar
e
f
av
o
r
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
s
u
p
er
io
r
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
DC
m
o
to
r
s
.
PMSMs
d
eliv
er
ex
ce
p
ti
o
n
al
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tin
g
to
en
h
an
ce
d
o
v
er
all
v
e
h
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
i
cs
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
m
an
ag
i
n
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
with
in
th
e
E
V
p
o
wer
tr
ain
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
it
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
p
o
wer
d
el
iv
er
ed
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
,
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
an
d
to
r
q
u
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
af
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
b
y
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
o
v
er
h
ea
tin
g
,
th
er
eb
y
s
af
eg
u
a
r
d
in
g
its
lo
n
g
ev
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
n
E
Vs
t
y
p
ic
a
l
l
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
r
c
o
u
n
t
e
r
p
a
r
t
s
i
n
g
as
o
l
i
n
e
v
eh
i
c
l
e
s
.
E
V
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
e
n
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
ti
o
n
,
s
i
m
p
l
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
ai
n
an
d
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
w
e
i
g
h
t
.
T
h
i
s
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
s
p
e
e
d
d
es
i
g
n
m
i
n
i
m
i
z
es
p
o
w
e
r
l
o
s
s
es
a
s
s
o
c
ia
t
e
d
w
it
h
m
u
l
t
i
-
g
e
a
r
s
e
t
u
p
s
,
u
lt
i
m
a
te
l
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
n
g
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
r
a
n
g
e
.
V
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
e
x
is
t
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
alm
o
f
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
i
n
E
Vs
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
n
i
c
k
e
l
-
m
a
n
g
a
n
e
s
e
-
c
o
b
a
lt
(
N
MC
)
a
n
d
l
it
h
i
u
m
i
r
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
a
t
e
(
L
F
P
)
b
a
t
t
e
r
ie
s
.
E
ac
h
t
y
p
e
o
f
f
e
r
s
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
a
d
v
a
n
tag
e
s
:
NM
C
b
at
t
e
r
ie
s
a
r
e
f
a
v
o
r
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
s
u
p
e
r
i
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
p
as
s
e
n
g
e
r
E
V
s
,
w
h
i
le
L
F
P
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
e
x
c
e
l
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
l
o
n
g
e
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
a
r
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
l
y
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
E
V
a
p
p
l
i
c
at
i
o
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
o
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
E
V
p
o
w
e
r
t
r
ai
n
,
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
ie
s
a
r
e
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
.
P
u
l
s
e
w
i
d
t
h
m
o
d
u
l
a
ti
o
n
(
P
W
M
)
a
n
d
f
i
e
l
d
-
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
F
O
C
)
a
r
e
t
w
o
p
r
o
m
i
n
e
n
t
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
s
.
PW
M
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
e
s
m
o
t
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
b
y
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
i
d
t
h
o
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
p
u
l
s
e
s
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
m
o
t
o
r
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
F
OC
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
c
is
e
le
v
e
l
o
f
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
v
e
r
t
o
r
q
u
e
a
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
b
y
r
e
g
u
l
at
i
n
g
m
o
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
.
U
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
is
es
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
d
e
s
ig
n
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
u
s
ta
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
V
s
c
a
p
a
b
l
e
o
f
m
ee
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
n
e
e
d
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
prepro
ce
s
s
ing
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t step
in
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
E
V
lo
ad
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
i
v
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
al
y
s
is
is
th
e
a
cq
u
is
itio
n
an
d
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
g
ath
er
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
r
iv
i
n
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
v
eh
icle
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
GPS
d
e
v
ice
s
,
an
d
d
r
iv
e
r
b
e
h
av
io
r
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Data
co
llectio
n
u
s
u
ally
in
clu
d
es
v
eh
icle
s
p
ee
d
,
ac
ce
ler
atio
n
,
d
e
ce
ler
atio
n
,
d
is
tan
ce
t
r
av
elled
,
r
o
u
tes
tak
en
,
an
d
b
atter
y
s
tate
o
f
ch
a
r
g
e
(
So
C
)
.
I
t
is
th
en
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
aim
ed
at
elim
in
atin
g
n
o
is
e,
o
u
tlier
s
,
an
d
in
co
n
s
is
t
en
cies
b
ef
o
r
e
it
is
u
s
ed
in
b
u
ild
in
g
m
o
d
els
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
task
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
m
a
y
in
cl
u
d
e
clea
n
in
g
u
p
d
ata
as
well
as
n
o
r
m
alizin
g
th
e
m
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
w
h
a
t
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
a
r
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
s
o
t
h
a
t
w
e
c
a
n
h
a
v
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
ass
u
r
e
d
n
e
s
s
in
o
u
r
d
a
t
a
s
e
ts
[
1
6
]
.
2
.
2
.
Vehicle
dy
na
m
ics mo
delin
g
Veh
icle
d
y
n
am
ics
m
o
d
elin
g
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
cr
ea
te
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
a
m
o
to
r
ca
r
i
f
we
wan
t
to
lear
n
h
o
w
elec
tr
ic
ca
r
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
wh
en
th
ey
a
r
e
d
r
i
v
en
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
ter
r
ain
s
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
s
im
u
latin
g
th
e
h
an
d
l
in
g
,
tr
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
E
Vs
u
s
in
g
m
a
th
em
atica
l
m
o
d
els.
Dep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
E
V
(
e.
g
.
,
p
u
r
e
elec
tr
ic,
h
y
b
r
i
d
,
p
lu
g
-
in
h
y
b
r
i
d
)
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
d
elin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
m
ay
b
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
t
h
eir
u
n
iq
u
e
d
y
n
am
ics
ac
cu
r
ately
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
p
u
r
e
E
Vs
m
ay
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
d
y
n
am
ics,
b
atter
y
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs,
an
d
r
e
g
en
er
ativ
e
b
r
a
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Div
er
s
ely
,
h
y
b
r
id
v
eh
icles
in
v
o
lv
e
m
o
d
e
lin
g
o
f
b
o
t
h
th
e
p
o
we
r
p
lan
t
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
e
in
te
r
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
o
th
er
[
1
9
]
.
2
.
3
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
m
o
delin
g
Mo
d
elin
g
b
atter
ies
is
ess
en
ti
al
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
th
e
r
an
g
e,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs.
Var
io
u
s
m
o
d
elin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
av
ailab
le,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
m
o
d
els,
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
els,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
P
r
ed
ictive
mo
d
elin
g
o
f e
lectric v
eh
icle
lo
a
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
ivin
g
b
eh
a
vio
r
a
n
a
lysi
s
(
Deb
a
n
i
P
r
a
s
a
d
Mis
h
r
a
)
1433
th
er
m
al
m
o
d
els
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
h
elp
s
im
u
late
t
h
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
E
lectr
o
ch
em
ical
m
o
d
els
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
ch
em
ical
p
r
o
c
ess
es
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
s
id
e
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
lls
,
wh
ile
eq
u
iv
alen
t
ci
r
cu
it
m
o
d
els
o
f
f
er
a
m
o
r
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
r
e
p
r
ese
n
tatio
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
m
al
m
o
d
els
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
h
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
d
i
s
s
ip
atio
n
in
th
e
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t in
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as we
ll a
s
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
its
s
af
e
u
s
ag
e
[
2
3
]
.
2
.
4
.
P
o
wer
t
ra
in
mo
delin
g
Po
wer
tr
ain
m
o
d
elin
g
is
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
s
im
u
latin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
,
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics,
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
in
E
Vs
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
m
o
d
elin
g
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
-
s
p
e
ed
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
s
,
th
e
e
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
p
o
wer
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
an
d
t
h
e
g
ea
r
r
atio
s
i
n
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
.
B
y
ac
cu
r
ately
m
o
d
el
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
tr
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
n
d
d
r
iv
ab
ilit
y
o
f
E
Vs
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
e
s
f
in
e
-
tu
n
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
m
o
to
r
t
o
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
r
eg
en
e
r
ativ
e
b
r
ak
in
g
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
esire
d
o
b
jectiv
es
s
u
ch
as
m
ax
im
izin
g
r
an
g
e
o
r
m
in
im
izin
g
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
2
.
5
.
Co
ntr
o
l
s
y
s
t
em
des
ig
n a
nd
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ar
e
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
ts
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
E
V
l
o
ad
s
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
v
eh
icle
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
tr
ac
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
,
to
r
q
u
e
v
ec
to
r
in
g
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t.
Op
tim
izin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
d
ee
p
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
v
eh
icle
d
y
n
am
ics,
b
atter
y
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
an
d
p
o
wer
t
r
ain
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
eh
icle
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
an
d
s
af
ety
,
we
em
p
l
o
y
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
ad
a
p
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
as
well
as
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lea
r
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
as
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
a
f
lo
wch
ar
t
o
u
tlin
in
g
a
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
E
V
lo
ad
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
iv
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tar
ts
with
d
ata
co
llectio
n
a
n
d
p
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
v
eh
icle
d
y
n
am
ics,
b
atter
y
,
an
d
p
o
we
r
tr
ain
.
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
d
ata
,
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
e
d
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tco
m
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
4
3
1
-
1
4
3
9
1434
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
E
V
lo
ad
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
iv
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
es
d
ata
co
llect
io
n
,
p
r
ep
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
v
e
h
icle
d
y
n
am
ics
m
o
d
elin
g
,
b
atter
y
m
o
d
elin
g
,
p
o
wer
tr
ai
n
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
2
9
]
.
B
y
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
th
ese
elem
en
ts
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
cr
ea
te
p
r
ec
is
e
a
n
d
d
ep
e
n
d
ab
le
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
E
V
lo
ad
s
ac
r
o
s
s
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
r
iv
in
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
ef
f
o
r
t sig
n
if
ican
tly
aid
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
E
V
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes its
b
r
o
ad
er
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
M
o
del
ef
f
ica
c
y
a
nd
v
a
li
da
t
io
n
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
els
d
ev
elo
p
ed
ex
h
ib
ited
h
ig
h
f
id
elity
in
s
i
m
u
latin
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
E
Vs u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Valid
atio
n
ag
ain
s
t e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
s
h
o
wed
s
tr
o
n
g
co
r
r
e
latio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
v
eh
icle
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
b
att
er
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
Dis
cr
ep
an
cies
b
etwe
en
m
o
d
eled
an
d
ac
tu
al
b
atter
y
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
u
n
d
er
ex
tr
e
m
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
ef
in
e
d
th
er
m
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t
m
o
d
els.
Me
an
wh
ile,
p
o
wer
tr
ain
s
im
u
latio
n
s
clo
s
ely
m
atch
ed
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
v
ali
d
atin
g
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
d
e
p
ictin
g
m
o
to
r
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
Sen
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
r
e
v
ea
led
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
p
atter
n
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
f
o
r
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
els
wer
e
also
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
id
en
tify
in
g
o
p
tim
al
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
lead
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
with
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
d
iag
r
am
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
co
m
p
a
r
es
p
r
ed
icted
an
d
ac
tu
al
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
o
f
an
E
V
o
v
er
tim
e
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
y
-
a
x
is
s
h
o
ws
lo
ad
i
n
u
n
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
i
s
s
h
o
ws
tim
e
s
tep
s
,
also
in
u
n
s
p
ec
if
ied
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
m
u
ltip
le
p
lo
ts
lik
ely
r
ep
r
esen
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
r
iv
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
icted
lo
ad
clo
s
ely
f
o
llo
ws th
e
ac
tu
al
lo
ad
,
wh
ile
in
o
th
er
s
th
er
e
is
a
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dy
n
am
ic
v
e
h
icle
lo
a
d
an
aly
s
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
P
r
ed
ictive
mo
d
elin
g
o
f e
lectric v
eh
icle
lo
a
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
r
ivin
g
b
eh
a
vio
r
a
n
a
lysi
s
(
Deb
a
n
i
P
r
a
s
a
d
Mis
h
r
a
)
1435
3
.
2
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
life
a
nd
perf
o
rm
a
nce
ins
ig
hts
L
o
n
g
-
ter
m
s
im
u
latio
n
s
p
r
ed
ic
ted
b
atter
y
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
,
with
a
n
o
ted
im
p
ac
t
o
n
r
an
g
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
v
er
t
h
e
v
eh
icle’
s
life
cy
cle.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
y
n
am
ic
b
atter
y
m
o
d
elin
g
in
life
cy
cle
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
war
r
an
ty
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
E
Vs.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
r
iv
in
g
cy
cles
in
to
th
e
b
atter
y
m
o
d
els,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
illu
s
tr
ated
v
ar
y
in
g
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
So
C
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
r
at
es,
o
f
f
er
in
g
cr
u
cial
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
b
atter
y
d
esig
n
a
n
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t c
h
a
r
g
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
b
att
er
y
life
.
3
.
3
.
Co
ntr
o
l
s
y
s
t
em
o
ptim
iz
a
t
io
n o
utc
o
m
es
C
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
r
ef
in
e
m
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
eg
e
n
er
ativ
e
b
r
ak
in
g
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
to
r
q
u
e
v
ec
to
r
in
g
,
r
esu
lted
in
an
av
e
r
ag
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
u
p
to
1
5
%,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
tellig
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
o
n
E
V
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
s
h
ed
lig
h
t
o
n
t
h
e
tr
ad
e
-
of
f
s
b
etwe
en
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
u
s
er
co
m
f
o
r
t,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
v
alu
ab
le
d
ata
to
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els
wer
e
p
iv
o
tal
in
tu
n
in
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
b
alan
ce
th
at
m
ax
im
izes
ef
f
icien
cy
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
ri
d
e
q
u
ality
.
3
.
4
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
i
o
ns
f
o
r
E
V
des
ig
n a
nd
po
licy
T
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
o
u
tco
m
es
s
u
g
g
ested
d
esig
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
E
V
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
p
o
wer
t
r
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
izin
g
an
d
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
atio
n
to
m
ax
im
ize
r
a
n
g
e
an
d
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
.
I
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
p
o
is
ed
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
o
licy
-
m
a
k
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
ettin
g
r
ea
li
s
tic
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
f
o
r
E
V
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
in
ce
n
tiv
izin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
E
Vs,
lik
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
tailo
r
e
d
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
p
atter
n
s
a
n
d
b
atter
y
n
ee
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws a
lin
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
a
v
eh
icle's v
elo
city
o
v
er
tim
e
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
titl
e
o
n
th
e
y
-
ax
is
i
s
"Ve
h
icle
Velo
city
"
with
u
n
its
in
k
ilo
m
eter
s
p
er
h
o
u
r
(
k
m
/h
)
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
titl
e
is
"T
im
e
Step
s
"
with
n
o
s
p
ec
if
ied
u
n
its
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
d
o
esn
'
t
s
h
o
w
a
s
ca
l
e
f
o
r
th
e
tim
e
s
tep
s
b
u
t
it
d
o
e
s
s
h
o
w
v
elo
city
v
alu
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
0
0
1
4
k
m
/h
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
win
g
in
to
a
b
atter
y
o
v
er
tim
e
s
tep
s
,
lik
ely
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
y
-
ax
is
s
h
o
ws
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
am
p
er
es
(
A)
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
s
h
o
ws
tim
e
s
tep
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
n
it
o
f
tim
e
is
n
'
t
lab
eled
.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
tar
ts
at
a
h
ig
h
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
tap
e
r
s
d
o
wn
o
v
er
tim
e,
wh
ich
is
ty
p
ical
o
f
b
atter
y
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
iles
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Veh
icle
v
elo
city
ag
a
in
s
t tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Veh
icle
c
u
r
r
e
n
t a
g
ai
n
s
t
tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
o
f
an
EV
an
d
th
e
tim
e
s
p
e
n
t
d
r
i
v
in
g
.
T
h
e
y
-
ax
is
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
in
w
atts
(
W
)
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
s
h
o
ws
tim
e
s
tep
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
n
it
s
h
o
ws
th
e
So
C
o
f
an
EV
s
b
atter
y
o
v
er
tim
e
s
tep
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws th
e
v
eh
icle
SOC
ag
ain
s
t
tim
e
.
T
h
e
y
-
ax
is
in
d
icate
s
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
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I
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J
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p
Sci
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Vo
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3
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20
25
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b
atter
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s
So
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as
a
u
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tag
e.
T
h
e
x
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ax
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s
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tim
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tep
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u
t
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ic
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it
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tim
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lab
eled
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h
e
g
r
ap
h
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g
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ests
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e
b
atter
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is
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
as
t
h
e
So
C
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
o
v
er
tim
e.
Fig
u
r
e
7
d
e
p
icts
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
E
V
lo
ad
s
b
ased
o
n
d
r
iv
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
e
y
-
ax
is
s
h
o
ws
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
o
to
r
to
r
q
u
e
in
New
to
n
-
m
eter
s
(N
-
m
)
.
T
h
e
x
-
ax
is
s
h
o
ws
tim
e
s
tep
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
u
n
it
o
f
tim
e
is
n
'
t
lab
eled
.
T
h
e
lin
e
d
ip
s
b
elo
w
ze
r
o
,
in
d
icatin
g
r
eg
e
n
er
ativ
e
b
r
ak
in
g
wh
er
e
th
e
m
o
to
r
ac
ts
as a
g
en
er
ato
r
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
e
n
er
g
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Veh
icle
b
atter
y
p
o
w
er
ag
ain
s
t tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Veh
icle
SOC
ag
ain
s
t tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Veh
icle
m
o
to
r
t
o
r
q
u
e
ag
ain
s
t tim
e
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ex
p
lo
r
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th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
E
Vs
,
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
s
h
if
t
to
war
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
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tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
f
ac
to
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s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
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p
er
f
o
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m
a
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ce
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r
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m
in
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i
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al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
to
in
teg
r
ated
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
a
m
ics.
So
p
h
is
ticated
d
y
n
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m
ic
m
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el
s
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le
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t
p
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ter
ac
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s
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atter
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b
e
h
av
io
r
,
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
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e
h
icle
d
y
n
am
ic
s
.
R
ig
o
r
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s
v
alid
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s
co
n
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ir
m
th
eir
r
ea
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wo
r
ld
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r
ac
y
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
em
r
eliab
le
to
o
ls
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
v
e
h
icle
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
as
izes
ad
v
an
ce
d
b
atter
y
m
o
d
el
in
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tech
n
iq
u
es,
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
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g
b
atter
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r
an
g
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ef
f
icien
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,
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d
life
cy
cle,
an
d
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
s
tr
at
eg
ies
to
ex
ten
d
b
atter
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life
.
Op
tim
ized
co
n
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o
l
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y
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tem
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,
s
u
ch
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a
p
tiv
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en
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ativ
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r
ak
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g
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
i
c
to
r
q
u
e
v
ec
to
r
in
g
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
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lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
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SS
N:
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-
4
7
5
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eh
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ter
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tu
re
a
n
d
d
e
d
ica
ti
o
n
to
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
lea
rn
i
n
g
m
a
k
e
h
im
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stro
n
g
a
ss
e
t
in
b
o
t
h
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
we
b
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
field
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
b
3
2
2
0
4
1
@
ii
i
t
-
b
h
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
Anu
r
a
g
S
i
n
g
h
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
u
n
d
e
rg
ra
d
u
a
te
stu
d
e
n
t
m
a
jo
rin
g
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
t
h
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r.
He
h
a
s
a
k
e
e
n
i
n
te
re
st
in
h
o
w
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
ters
e
c
ts
with
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
is
c
o
m
m
it
ted
to
d
isc
o
v
e
rin
g
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
wit
h
i
n
h
is
d
isc
ip
l
in
e
.
F
o
r
in
q
u
iri
e
s
o
r
f
u
rth
e
r
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
,
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
b
3
2
2
0
1
0
@i
ii
t
-
b
h
.
a
c
.
i
n
.
Ay
u
sh
K
u
m
a
r
is
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
a
n
d
e
n
th
u
sia
stic
stu
d
e
n
t
c
u
rr
e
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
t
t
h
e
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
stit
u
te
o
f
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
Bh
u
b
a
n
e
sw
a
r,
O
d
ish
a
,
In
d
ia
(Ba
tch
2
0
2
1
-
2
0
2
5
)
.
S
p
e
c
ializin
g
i
n
c
o
m
p
e
ti
ti
v
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
we
b
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
he
b
le
n
d
s
tec
h
n
ica
l
e
x
p
e
rti
se
with
c
re
a
ti
v
e
p
ro
b
lem
-
so
lv
i
n
g
.
His
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
e
x
ten
d
s
to
s
u
sta
in
a
b
le
tran
sp
o
rtatio
n
,
with
a
k
e
e
n
in
tere
st
in
th
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
EVs.
His
p
r
o
a
c
ti
v
e
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
c
o
u
p
le
d
with
a
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
lea
rn
in
g
m
in
d
se
t,
p
o
siti
o
n
s
h
im
a
s
a
v
a
lu
a
b
l
e
a
ss
e
t
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
we
b
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
b
3
2
1
0
4
6
@
ii
it
-
b
h
.
a
c
.
in
.
S
u
r
e
n
d
e
r
Re
d
d
y
S
a
l
k
u
ti
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
th
e
In
d
ian
I
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Ne
w
De
lh
i,
In
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
He
wa
s
a
p
o
std
o
c
to
ra
l
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
t
Ho
wa
rd
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Was
h
in
g
t
o
n
,
DC,
USA,
fro
m
2
0
1
3
to
2
0
1
4
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Ra
il
ro
a
d
a
n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
W
o
o
s
o
n
g
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Da
e
jeo
n
,
S
o
u
th
K
o
r
e
a
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
a
rk
e
t
c
lea
rin
g
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
o
u
rc
e
s,
d
e
m
a
n
d
re
sp
o
n
se
,
a
n
d
sm
a
rt
g
rid
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
wi
th
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
win
d
a
n
d
so
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
re
n
d
e
r@ws
u
.
a
c
.
k
r
.
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