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T
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Th
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f
ec
tiv
e
en
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
ad
eq
u
ate
leg
al
an
d
r
e
g
u
l
ato
r
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
cy
b
er
cr
im
e
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
b
r
ea
ch
es,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
co
o
p
er
atio
n
to
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
ese
g
lo
b
al
ch
allen
g
es [
9
]
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
-
in
cl
u
d
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
to
o
ls
—
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
im
p
er
ati
v
e
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
es
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
E
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
,
i
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
e
n
ab
ler
f
o
r
SME
s
,
a
llo
win
g
th
em
to
c
o
m
p
ete
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
with
lar
g
er
en
te
r
p
r
is
es
wh
ile
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
jo
b
cr
ea
tio
n
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
Asi
a
-
Pacif
ic
r
eg
io
n
,
SME
s
co
n
s
titu
te
9
7
%
o
f
all
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
es
an
d
em
p
lo
y
m
o
r
e
th
an
h
alf
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
l
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
f
u
r
th
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
in
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
j
o
b
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
tim
es
o
f
cr
is
is
.
A
s
u
r
v
ey
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
f
r
o
m
2
2
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
f
o
u
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
t
o
o
ls
f
o
r
v
ir
tu
al
m
ee
t
in
g
s
,
r
em
o
te
wo
r
k
,
an
d
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
B
u
s
in
ess
es e
x
p
ec
t o
n
lin
e
m
ee
tin
g
s
an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
d
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
tr
av
el
to
r
em
ain
co
m
m
o
n
p
o
s
t
-
p
an
d
em
ic.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
i
d
en
tifie
d
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
d
ig
itizatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
wid
e
r
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
t
o
ex
am
i
n
e
h
o
w
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic
h
as
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
as a
cr
itical
d
r
iv
er
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
will a
ch
iev
e
th
is
b
y
:
−
An
aly
s
in
g
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
i
m
p
ac
t o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
c
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
.
−
Ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ad
o
p
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
u
n
tr
ies.
−
Pro
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
p
o
licies
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
s
elec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
f
o
s
ter
SME
r
esil
ien
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
C
h
in
a,
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
Ger
m
an
y
,
an
d
Ma
lay
s
ia,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
en
ef
its
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
b
r
in
g
s
t
o
ea
ch
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
ec
o
n
o
m
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
p
a
p
er
aim
s
to
clar
if
y
e
x
is
tin
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
ap
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
est
p
o
ten
tial
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
in
th
is
cr
u
cial
f
ield
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
g
en
er
al
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
SME
s
to
co
n
tex
tu
alize
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
co
u
n
tr
y
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
aly
s
is
.
Sec
tio
n
4
ex
am
in
es
th
e
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
th
e
ch
o
s
en
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic.
Sectio
n
5
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
th
e
k
ey
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
p
o
licy
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
6
co
n
cl
u
d
es th
e
p
ap
er
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ass
ess
e
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
p
o
licy
,
d
ig
ital
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
I
t
aim
s
to
id
e
n
tify
k
e
y
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
lim
itatio
n
s
,
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
f
o
u
r
-
p
h
ase
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
:
d
esig
n
in
g
s
ea
r
ch
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
co
llectin
g
r
esear
c
h
r
esu
lts
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
a
d
ataset,
o
u
tlin
in
g
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
an
d
an
aly
zi
n
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
es
u
s
in
g
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
lik
e
“
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
,
”
“
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
”
“
liter
atu
r
e,
”
“r
ev
iew,
”
“p
o
licy
,
”
“d
ig
ital,”
an
d
“e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
”
alo
n
g
wi
th
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
s
a
n
d
r
elate
d
ter
m
s
,
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
.
B
o
o
lean
o
p
er
ato
r
s
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
:
th
e
AND
o
p
er
at
o
r
en
s
u
r
es
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
ar
e
co
v
er
e
d
,
wh
ile
th
e
OR
o
p
er
ato
r
c
o
n
n
ec
t
s
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
a
n
d
s
im
ilar
ter
m
s
,
b
r
o
a
d
en
in
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
te
r
m
s
lik
e
“Co
v
id
-
1
9
”
OR
“c
o
r
o
n
av
ir
u
s
”
OR
“p
an
d
em
ic”
ar
e
co
m
b
in
ed
with
“
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
”
OR
“o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
”
OR
“d
ig
ital m
ar
k
etp
la
ce
,
”a
n
d
s
o
o
n
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
p
h
r
ase
will
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
r
esear
ch
d
atab
ases
lik
e
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
an
d
Sco
p
u
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
E
n
g
lis
h
-
lan
g
u
ag
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
4
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
el
ev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
will
in
clu
d
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
ats
s
u
ch
as
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ti
cles,
r
ev
iew
p
ap
er
s
,
b
o
o
k
c
h
ap
ter
s
,
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
s
,
an
d
p
aten
ts
[
1
6
]
.
Du
p
licates
an
d
ir
r
elev
a
n
t
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
will
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
,
leav
in
g
a
f
in
al
d
ataset
o
f
1
,
2
9
8
d
is
tin
ct
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tag
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
o
u
tlin
in
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
s
in
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
to
o
ls
.
Usi
n
g
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
th
ir
d
s
tag
e.
B
ased
o
n
r
elev
an
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tu
d
y
th
em
es,
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
p
u
b
lic
atio
n
y
ea
r
,
an
d
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
o
cu
s
,
th
e
g
ath
er
e
d
d
ata
will
b
e
a
r
r
an
g
e
d
a
n
d
class
if
ied
.
T
h
e
R
s
tatis
tical
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
wo
r
k
,
n
am
ely
t
h
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ix
p
ac
k
a
g
e
[
1
7
]
an
d
b
ib
lio
s
h
in
y
,
its
o
n
lin
e
a
p
p
licat
io
n
.
Nu
m
e
r
o
u
s
a
n
aly
s
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
as
r
ef
er
en
ce
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
,
c
o
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
co
r
p
u
s
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
ar
e
m
a
d
e
ea
s
ier
b
y
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
Data
s
ets f
r
o
m
W
o
S a
n
d
Sco
p
u
s
wer
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
94
6
-
1
95
6
1948
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
i
b
lio
m
etr
ix
p
ac
k
a
g
e’
s
m
er
g
eDb
So
u
r
ce
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
in
g
le,
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
ataset
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
“r
em
o
v
e.
d
u
p
licated
”
v
ar
iab
le
was set to
“T
r
u
e
”
to
au
to
m
atica
lly
elim
in
ate
d
u
p
licate
r
ec
o
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
last
s
tag
e
i
s
th
e
co
llecte
d
liter
atu
r
e
will
b
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
an
aly
s
is
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
o
id
en
tify
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ey
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esear
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clu
s
ter
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en
d
s
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an
d
p
atter
n
s
,
th
e
b
ib
lio
m
etr
ic
r
ev
iew
m
eth
o
d
ex
am
in
es
k
ey
wo
r
d
co
-
o
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
,
c
i
t
a
ti
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
s
e
a
r
ch
t
h
e
m
e
s
o
v
e
r
t
i
m
e
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
te
x
t
o
f
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
’
s
im
p
ac
t
o
n
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
,
p
o
lic
y
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
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v
er
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iew
o
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r
r
en
t r
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h
,
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ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
k
ey
f
o
c
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s
ar
ea
s
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d
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o
ten
tial f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
in
s
el
ec
ted
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fo
u
r
-
p
h
ase
b
ib
lio
m
e
tr
ic
an
aly
s
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
2
.
1
.
SM
E
:
a
g
ener
a
l o
v
er
v
ie
w
T
h
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
a
n
SME
in
C
h
in
a
is
co
m
p
lex
an
d
d
ep
en
d
s
o
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th
e
in
d
u
s
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y
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ec
to
r
as
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n
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ac
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lik
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u
m
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er
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e
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lo
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al
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u
e,
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tal
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ets.
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h
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r
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m
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n
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o
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(
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0
0
3
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h
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lis
h
es
g
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i
d
elin
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o
r
class
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y
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,
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
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o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
is
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
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r
s
m
all
an
d
m
ed
i
u
m
-
s
ized
b
u
s
in
ess
es
(
SME
s
)
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
,
an
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a
b
u
s
in
ess
with
f
ewe
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th
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n
2
0
0
em
p
lo
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d
a
m
an
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f
ac
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r
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g
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er
o
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n
o
m
o
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an
R
M5
0
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illi
o
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Sm
all
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s
ized
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s
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ess
,
7
5
f
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ll
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em
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lo
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r
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atin
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er
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ice
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d
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f
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tu
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g
s
ec
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s
.
a
s
m
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u
s
in
ess
with
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n
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al
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ales
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o
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e
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h
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iv
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i
f
f
er
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ep
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d
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g
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th
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co
m
p
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y
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th
e
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er
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ices
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d
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ea
s
.
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wev
er
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S
ME
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ar
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is
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g
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is
h
ed
f
o
r
th
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er
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ices
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d
o
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s
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ies
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ased
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eith
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n
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al
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ales
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er
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t
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ce
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m
illi
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n
)
OR
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e
n
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m
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f
em
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lo
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(
n
o
t
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ce
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d
7
5
)
.
Sales
r
ev
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n
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e
f
o
r
s
m
all
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s
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o
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m
o
r
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th
an
R
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m
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o
n
OR
a
p
er
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n
el
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d
co
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n
t o
f
n
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3
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[
2
1
]
.
I
n
E
u
r
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atio
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er
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el
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ai
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ts
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izatio
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.
A
m
ed
iu
m
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ized
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2
4
9
f
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s
m
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r
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icr
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ized
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e
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ax
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m
n
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m
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tim
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a
n
d
th
e
b
alan
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s
h
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d
€
2
m
illi
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n
[
2
2
]
.
2
.
2
.
SM
E
s
a
nd
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
du
ring
CO
VI
D
-
1
9
:
a
re
v
iew
o
f
ex
perience
s
Chin
a
W
ith
4
,
6
3
4
f
atalities
an
d
8
3
,
5
6
5
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
ca
s
es
to
d
ate,
C
h
in
a
was
th
e
f
ir
s
t
n
atio
n
to
an
n
o
u
n
ce
a
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
lo
ck
d
o
wn
[
2
3
]
.
M
en
tio
n
th
at
r
ep
o
r
ts
m
en
tio
n
th
at
ad
d
itio
n
al
ca
s
es h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
,
with
f
r
esh
ca
s
es
s
u
r
f
ac
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
eijin
g
m
ar
k
et
[
2
3
]
.
Strict
s
tep
s
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
b
en
d
th
e
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
c
u
r
v
e
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d
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tally
s
to
p
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
v
ir
u
s
.
T
h
e
C
h
i
n
ese
au
th
o
r
ities
im
p
o
s
ed
a
t
o
tal
lo
ck
d
o
w
n
o
n
th
e
city
o
f
W
u
h
an
o
n
J
an
u
ar
y
2
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
All
m
ajo
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th
o
r
o
u
g
h
f
a
r
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s
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,
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d
elev
en
m
illi
o
n
p
eo
p
le
wer
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q
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ar
an
tin
e
d
.
T
h
e
city
o
f
W
u
h
an
’
s
r
esid
en
ts
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
y
f
ac
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
icu
lties
as
a
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
th
e
60
-
d
a
y
lo
c
k
d
o
wn
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ck
d
o
wn
im
m
ed
iately
cu
t
o
f
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
r
e
g
u
lar
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
,
b
u
t
it
also
s
p
ar
k
ed
an
e
x
ce
llen
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
f
r
o
m
C
h
in
a’
s
r
etail
b
e
h
em
o
th
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
b
y
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
d
e
p
l
o
y
ed
,
s
k
ills
lev
er
ag
ed
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
u
s
ed
,
an
d
th
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices o
f
f
er
ed
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
s
u
e
an
d
en
s
u
in
g
d
if
f
icu
lties
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
C
h
in
a’
s
SME
s
,
a
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
o
f
th
e
Asi
a
Paci
f
ic
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o
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
ex
p
o
s
ed
a
wea
k
n
ess
in
th
e
C
h
in
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o
n
o
m
y
,
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o
tab
ly
th
e
f
a
ct
th
at
t
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
SME
s
th
er
e
lac
k
th
e
f
in
an
cial
f
lo
w
n
ee
d
ed
to
last
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
r
ee
m
o
n
t
h
s
[
1
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
esti
m
ates,
lo
s
in
g
th
ese
tin
y
f
ir
m
s
m
ig
h
t
ca
u
s
e
u
p
t
o
7
0
%
o
f
C
h
in
a’
s
g
r
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s
s
d
o
m
esti
c
p
r
o
d
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ct
(
GDP
)
to
d
is
ap
p
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r
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic,
C
h
in
ese
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-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
b
e
h
em
o
th
s
Ali
b
ab
a
an
d
J
D.
co
m
s
tep
p
ed
in
to
h
elp
th
ese
s
m
aller
b
u
s
in
ess
es
[
1
4
]
.
E
-
c
o
m
m
e
r
ce
co
m
p
an
ies
o
f
f
er
all
-
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
g
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b
ey
o
n
d
a
s
im
p
le
p
latf
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m
to
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elp
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ch
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ts
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n
ter
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ak
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cr
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cial
tr
an
s
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tio
n
f
r
o
m
o
f
f
lin
e
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f COVI
D
-
1
9
o
n
e
-
co
mme
r
ce
:
a
cro
s
s
-
n
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tio
n
a
l
a
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lysi
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(
Jia
Qi
C
h
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n
g
)
1949
o
n
lin
e
b
u
s
in
ess
es
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
a
les
o
f
o
n
lin
e
r
etail
item
s
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
ab
les
(
h
o
m
e
n
ec
ess
ities
)
h
av
e
q
u
a
d
r
u
p
led
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
i
o
d
last
y
ea
r
o
n
J
D.
co
m
,
C
h
in
a’
s
lar
g
est
o
n
lin
e
r
etailer
.
Peo
p
le
ar
e
s
p
en
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
m
o
n
ey
t
h
r
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u
g
h
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
c
h
a
n
n
el
o
n
av
er
ag
e
b
y
1
0
% to
3
0
%,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
p
o
ll b
y
e
n
g
i
n
e
[
6
]
.
Fo
r
s
m
all
f
ir
m
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
clo
s
e,
th
e
d
r
o
p
i
n
s
ales
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
is
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
o
s
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
t
o
h
an
d
le
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
e
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
m
ar
k
et
ar
e
in
a
g
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ea
t
p
o
s
itio
n
to
s
u
r
v
i
v
e
th
e
ep
id
em
ic
[
7
]
.
E
v
e
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
id
d
le
lo
c
k
d
o
wn
i
n
W
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h
an
,
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
co
m
p
an
ies
in
C
h
in
a
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
cr
u
cial
p
ar
t
in
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
ai
n
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
eir
cu
s
to
m
er
s
with
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
[
8
]
.
B
ig
d
ata,
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
,
cl
o
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
an
d
o
th
er
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
b
ein
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
C
h
in
ese
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t to
tr
ac
k
p
a
n
d
em
ic
s
,
id
en
tify
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
f
in
d
cu
r
es f
o
r
illn
ess
es,
an
d
g
et
p
eo
p
le
b
ac
k
to
wo
r
k
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
tellig
en
t
lo
g
is
tics
s
y
s
tem
s
a
d
v
an
ce
d
eliv
e
r
y
lo
g
is
tics
b
y
au
to
m
atica
lly
r
er
o
u
tin
g
d
is
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
v
e
h
icles
v
ia
lo
ck
o
u
t
zo
n
es
an
d
in
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
least
co
n
g
ested
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
d
eliv
er
y
tim
es
at
cr
u
cial
p
o
in
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t th
e
cr
is
is
.
An
t
F
in
an
cial
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
b
l
o
ck
ch
ain
-
b
ased
v
ir
t
u
al
o
n
lin
e
ten
d
er
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
Gan
s
u
Pro
v
in
ce
to
g
iv
e
SME
s
a
d
is
tan
t
co
m
p
an
y
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
p
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
t
b
r
ea
k
.
B
lo
ck
ch
ain
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
en
d
er
s
ce
r
tain
ten
d
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
t
am
p
er
-
p
r
o
o
f
,
g
u
ar
an
teein
g
th
e
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
an
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
is
tan
t
p
ar
tic
ip
atio
n
[
2
3
]
.
Alib
ab
a
o
wes
m
u
ch
o
f
its
ea
r
ly
s
u
cc
ess
to
its
th
r
iv
in
g
B
2
B
b
az
aa
r
,
an
d
th
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
h
as
co
n
tin
u
ed
with
an
em
p
h
asis
o
n
its
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
to
s
m
all
e
n
ter
p
r
is
es.
Alib
ab
a
an
n
o
u
n
ce
d
its
2
0
2
0
Sp
r
in
g
T
h
u
n
d
e
r
I
n
itiativ
e
in
Ap
r
il,
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
x
p
o
r
t
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
SME
s
in
b
r
ea
k
in
g
in
to
n
ew
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
v
ia
its
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
well
-
k
n
o
wn
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
AliEx
p
r
ess
,
L
az
ad
a,
an
d
T
m
al
l Wo
r
ld
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
m
an
y
s
u
b
s
id
iar
ies,
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
er
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
u
p
p
lier
s
an
d
i
n
ter
n
et
g
ian
ts
ar
e
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ig
ital
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
in
itiativ
es
f
o
r
SME
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
in
itiativ
es
in
clu
d
e
wo
r
k
in
g
with
u
p
to
1
,
0
0
0
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
f
ac
ilit
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
ig
itizatio
n
o
f
th
eir
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
s
an
d
m
ac
h
in
er
y
an
d
estab
lis
h
in
g
1
,
0
0
0
Alib
ab
a
d
ig
itized
ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
al
ce
n
ter
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
C
h
in
a
[
1
4
]
.
Du
o
-
c
h
ai
n
,
a
b
lo
ck
ch
ain
-
p
o
wer
ed
f
in
an
cial
p
latf
o
r
m
cr
ea
ted
b
y
An
t
Fin
an
cial,
h
elp
ed
m
an
y
S
ME
s
in
lo
a
n
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
b
a
n
k
s
b
y
a
d
o
p
tin
g
th
eir
r
ec
eiv
a
b
les
f
r
o
m
b
ig
b
u
s
in
ess
es
as
co
llater
al
an
d
r
elea
s
in
g
cr
u
cial
f
in
an
cial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
ca
s
h
-
s
tr
ap
p
e
d
SME
s
[
2
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
b
en
ef
it
ed
co
m
p
an
ies
th
at
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
f
ac
ed
f
in
an
cial
d
if
f
icu
lties
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
“ten
s
o
f
m
illi
o
n
s
”
o
f
s
m
all
a
n
d
m
icr
o
b
u
s
in
ess
es
with
m
u
ch
-
n
ee
d
ed
lo
an
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
v
ir
tu
al
m
er
c
h
an
t
b
an
k
[
1
4
]
.
All
s
m
all
b
u
s
in
ess
es
s
u
f
f
er
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
u
tb
r
ea
k
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
v
ir
tu
al
m
er
ch
a
n
t
b
an
k
,
th
ey
h
a
v
e
g
i
v
en
“ten
s
o
f
m
illi
o
n
s
”
o
f
tin
y
an
d
m
icr
o
b
u
s
in
ess
es
m
u
ch
-
n
ee
d
ed
lo
an
s
[
1
4
]
.
All
SME
s
ac
r
o
s
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
wer
e
s
ev
e
r
ely
im
p
ac
te
d
b
y
t
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
e
p
id
em
ic,
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
p
r
o
v
id
es th
em
with
a
s
af
e
r
ef
u
g
e
to
wea
th
er
th
e
s
to
r
m
.
T
h
e
v
ice
-
c
h
air
m
an
o
f
t
h
e
C
h
in
a
C
en
ter
f
o
r
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
co
n
o
m
ic
E
x
ch
an
g
es
claim
s
th
at
C
h
in
a’
s
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
will
b
e
aid
ed
b
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
er
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
.
Sti
ll,
it
o
f
f
er
s
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
f
r
esh
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
C
h
in
ese
b
u
s
in
es
s
p
ar
tn
er
s
f
r
o
m
all
o
v
er
th
e
w
o
r
ld
wo
u
ld
h
a
v
e
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
cr
o
s
s
-
b
o
r
d
e
r
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
d
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
lo
b
aliza
tio
n
[
2
5
]
.
J
D
also
ass
is
ts
o
f
f
lin
e
s
eller
s
b
y
g
i
v
in
g
t
h
em
ea
s
ier
ac
ce
s
s
to
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
g
o
o
d
s
v
alu
ed
at
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
R
MB5
0
b
illi
o
n
(
ab
o
u
t $
7
b
illi
o
n
)
,
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
th
an
4
,
0
0
0
c
o
m
b
in
ed
war
eh
o
u
s
es a
n
d
1
0
,
0
0
0
s
u
p
p
lier
s
n
ea
r
b
y
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
co
v
er
th
e
e
n
tire
c
o
m
p
an
y
life
cy
cle
a
n
d
h
elp
f
ir
m
s
au
to
m
a
te
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
itu
atio
n
,
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
y
o
f
s
m
all
s
talls
a
n
d
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
ca
n
g
r
o
w
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
d
y
n
am
ic,
b
r
in
g
in
g
n
ew
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
th
e
m
ar
k
et
an
d
p
r
eser
v
in
g
j
o
b
s
[
1
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
r
ep
o
r
t
b
y
[
2
7
]
,
C
h
in
a’
s
State
C
o
u
n
cil
u
r
g
e
d
p
r
iv
ate
b
an
k
s
to
d
elay
l
o
an
i
n
ter
est
an
d
p
r
in
cip
al
r
ep
ay
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
s
m
a
ll
b
u
s
in
ess
es
f
ac
in
g
ca
s
h
f
lo
w
is
s
u
es.
I
n
ea
r
l
y
2
0
2
0
,
s
tate
-
o
wn
ed
b
an
k
s
wer
e
task
ed
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
m
all
f
ir
m
len
d
in
g
b
y
3
0
%,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
o
licy
b
an
k
s
allo
ca
te
d
R
MB
3
5
0
b
illi
o
n
(
$
4
9
.
7
b
illi
o
n
)
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
clu
d
e
d
r
en
t
ex
em
p
tio
n
s
,
tax
cu
ts
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
o
cial
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
m
all
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
2
.
3
.
Unite
d St
a
t
es
E
-
co
m
m
er
ce
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
p
en
d
in
g
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
th
e
Un
ited
States
,
with
o
n
lin
e
r
etail
s
a
les
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
]
as
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
em
b
r
ac
e
th
e
co
n
v
en
ie
n
ce
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
Am
er
ican
s
p
lan
n
in
g
to
m
ak
e
an
o
n
lin
e
p
u
r
ch
ase
h
as
b
ee
n
7
.
2
%.
Ho
we
v
er
,
d
ata
o
n
o
v
er
all
r
etail
s
ales
s
h
o
w
th
at
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
’
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
g
r
ad
u
ally
r
is
in
g
,
f
r
o
m
1
0
.
8
p
e
r
ce
n
t
i
n
Q2
2
0
1
9
to
1
6
.
1
p
er
ce
n
t
in
Q
2
2
0
2
0
(
f
o
o
d
s
er
v
ices
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
)
,
with
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
co
n
tex
t ser
v
in
g
as th
e
m
aj
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
d
r
o
v
e
a
9
7
%
s
u
r
g
e
i
n
W
alm
ar
t’
s
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
s
ales,
s
ettin
g
a
n
ew
r
ec
o
r
d
f
o
r
s
am
e
-
d
a
y
d
eliv
er
y
o
r
d
er
s
.
Am
az
o
n
also
s
aw
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
g
r
o
wth
,
with
a
4
0
%
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
n
et
s
ales,
b
en
ef
itin
g
g
r
ea
tly
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
lo
b
al
s
h
if
t to
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Am
az
o
n
is
lau
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3
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2
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4
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G
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Ger
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s
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[
3
3
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-
[
3
5
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.
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taly
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ig
itizatio
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with
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Mittelst
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Mic
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Saty
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Nad
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Ger
m
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e
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2
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2
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2
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5
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T
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C
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p
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er
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[
3
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]
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Du
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[
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ticle
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Dig
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ty
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f
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t
d
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well
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th
is
d
if
f
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v
ir
o
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m
en
t
[
4
2
]
d
esp
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th
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
cr
is
is
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
C
ar
o
u
s
ell’
s
co
u
n
tr
y
h
ea
d
f
o
r
Ma
lay
s
ia,
T
an
g
Siew
W
ei,
h
ad
ac
ce
ler
ated
t
h
e
s
h
i
f
t
in
cu
s
to
m
er
s
’
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
h
a
b
its
,
an
d
it
was
an
ticip
ated
t
h
at
it
wo
u
ld
s
o
o
n
b
ec
o
m
e
th
e
n
ew
n
o
r
m
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
T
o
r
ec
o
v
er
r
ev
e
n
u
e
lo
s
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ch
an
n
els,
b
u
s
in
ess
es
ar
e
ad
o
p
tin
g
d
ig
ital
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
o
s
e
th
at
r
esis
t
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
will
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
s
u
r
v
iv
e
as
m
o
r
e
b
u
s
in
ess
es
s
h
if
t
o
n
lin
e
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ec
to
r
em
b
r
ac
ed
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
MCO,
with
C
am
er
o
n
Hig
h
lan
d
s
f
ar
m
e
r
s
s
ellin
g
7
0
to
n
n
es o
f
cr
o
p
s
o
n
lin
e
v
ia
L
az
ad
a
in
th
r
ee
wee
k
s
af
ter
lo
g
is
tical
is
s
u
es
in
itially
led
to
wasted
h
ar
v
ests
[
3
9
]
.
E
v
en
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
er
v
ices lik
e
air
co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
r
ep
air
s
,
C
C
T
V
in
s
tallatio
n
,
an
d
Ma
lay
s
ian
m
am
a
k
f
o
o
d
b
o
o
th
s
ar
e
n
o
w
av
ailab
le
o
n
lin
e
v
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
C
ar
o
u
s
ell
[
4
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f COVI
D
-
1
9
o
n
e
-
co
mme
r
ce
:
a
cro
s
s
-
n
a
tio
n
a
l
a
n
a
lysi
s
o
f
…
(
Jia
Qi
C
h
eo
n
g
)
1951
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
wav
e
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
th
r
ea
ten
s
o
v
e
r
a
q
u
ar
ter
o
f
SME
s
,
r
is
k
in
g
th
eir
clo
s
u
r
e
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
PR
I
HAT
I
N
p
ac
k
ag
e
m
o
r
ato
r
iu
m
en
d
ed
o
n
Ap
r
il
1
af
ter
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
,
an
d
ar
o
u
n
d
3
%
o
f
th
e
R
M3
0
0
b
illi
o
n
in
SME
lo
a
n
s
ar
e
i
n
d
ef
au
lt,
to
talin
g
R
M1
0
0
m
illi
o
n
[
4
4
]
.
A
p
latf
o
r
m
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ir
t
u
al
p
r
esen
ce
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
o
n
e
’
s
b
r
a
n
d
o
r
item
s
a
n
d
to
i
n
s
p
ir
e
tr
u
s
t
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
4
3
]
.
Gan
esh
Ku
m
ar
B
an
g
ah
,
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
e
r
an
d
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
ch
air
m
a
n
o
f
th
e
lo
g
is
tics
co
m
p
an
y
,
cl
aim
ed
th
at
lo
g
is
tics
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
s
er
v
ices
wer
e
cr
u
cial
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
b
y
ass
u
r
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
d
aily
d
eliv
er
ies
to
cu
s
to
m
er
s
[
4
2
]
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es in
ad
o
p
tin
g
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
,
SME
s
t
h
at
h
av
e
in
teg
r
ated
it
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
en
o
u
g
h
to
f
u
lly
o
f
f
s
et
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
[
4
5
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
c
o
s
ts
an
d
co
m
p
le
x
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
ed
icate
d
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
p
latf
o
r
m
s
h
av
e
led
m
an
y
SME
s
to
a
d
o
p
t
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
as
a
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
s
ales
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
lim
ited
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
s
m
all
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
lar
g
er
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
s
,
o
f
te
n
h
in
d
er
t
h
e
ir
ab
ilit
y
to
a
d
ap
t
to
ch
an
g
in
g
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic
ex
ac
er
b
ates
ca
p
ital
an
d
liq
u
id
ity
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
SME
s
.
A
s
t
u
d
y
[
4
7
]
s
u
g
g
ests
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
lik
e
tr
ad
e
cr
ed
its
an
d
alter
n
ativ
e
f
u
n
d
in
g
m
o
d
els,
wh
ile
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
at
cr
is
es
ca
n
p
r
esen
t
u
n
iq
u
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
SME
s
to
lev
er
ag
e
th
eir
a
g
ilit
y
an
d
c
u
s
to
m
er
p
r
o
x
im
ity
.
Desp
ite
th
eir
v
ital
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
o
le,
SME
s
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
t
o
cr
is
es
lik
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
d
u
e
to
th
eir
o
f
ten
-
p
r
ec
ar
io
u
s
f
in
an
cia
l
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
o
r
g
r
en
an
d
W
illi
am
s
[
4
8
]
Swed
is
h
SME
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
y
ad
a
p
te
d
b
y
cu
ttin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
d
elay
i
n
g
in
v
estme
n
ts
,
wh
ile
av
o
id
i
n
g
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
d
e
b
t.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
with
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
in
an
cial
aid
an
d
wag
e
s
u
b
s
id
ies.
T
h
e
C
an
ad
ian
Fed
er
atio
n
o
f
I
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
B
u
s
in
ess
e
s
(
C
FI
B
)
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
tailo
r
ed
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
g
u
id
a
n
c
e
to
r
eg
io
n
al
s
m
all
b
u
s
in
ess
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
[
4
9
]
.
T
h
e
C
an
ad
ian
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
is
b
o
o
s
tin
g
in
v
estme
n
t
in
f
ed
er
al
len
d
in
g
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
B
u
s
in
ess
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
B
an
k
o
f
C
an
ad
a
a
n
d
E
x
p
o
r
t
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
C
an
ad
a,
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tim
u
lu
s
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
p
o
te
n
tial c
r
ed
it tig
h
ten
in
g
.
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
5
0
]
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
esil
ien
ce
,
ag
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
en
tr
e
p
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
in
b
u
s
in
ess
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
cr
is
is
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
its
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
t
an
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
r
esear
ch
,
b
u
s
in
ess
,
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
u
p
p
ly
c
h
ain
d
is
r
u
p
ti
o
n
s
.
Sev
er
al
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
B
r
az
il,
Fra
n
ce
,
Ger
m
an
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
I
taly
,
Me
x
ico
,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
,
Per
u
,
Sin
g
ap
o
r
e,
So
u
th
Ko
r
ea
,
T
u
r
k
e
y
,
an
d
th
e
Un
ited
Kin
g
d
o
m
,
ar
e
c
o
m
m
itted
to
m
ain
tain
in
g
in
te
r
n
atio
n
al
t
r
ad
e
an
d
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
lin
k
s
f
o
r
ess
en
tial
g
o
o
d
s
to
m
in
im
ize
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
es
an
d
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ities
is
ess
en
tial,
as
b
u
s
in
ess
g
r
o
wth
in
v
o
l
v
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
v
esto
r
s
b
u
t
also
s
ta
k
eh
o
ld
er
s
lik
e
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
s
u
p
p
lier
s
,
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
,
wh
o
o
f
ten
f
o
r
m
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
[
5
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
5
2
]
ex
am
i
n
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
o
n
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
SME
s
an
d
s
u
g
g
ests
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
s
u
r
v
iv
al
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
in
te
r
n
atio
n
aliz
atio
n
,
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
f
o
r
SM
E
g
r
o
wth
.
I
t
also
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
o
licies
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
in
e
q
u
alities
am
o
n
g
SME
s
,
m
o
v
in
g
b
ey
o
n
d
a
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
A
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
ter
n
et
-
b
ased
m
ar
k
etin
g
s
tr
a
teg
y
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
b
u
s
in
ess
es
to
m
ee
t
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
n
lin
e
d
em
an
d
,
c
o
v
er
i
n
g
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
,
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
,
an
d
lo
g
is
tics
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
f
in
an
cial,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
v
estme
n
ts
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ca
n
b
e
c
h
allen
g
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
tar
t
-
u
p
s
an
d
s
m
all
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
k
ey
to
n
av
ig
atin
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
cr
is
is
.
W
an
g
et
a
l.
[
5
3
]
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
C
h
in
ese
b
u
s
in
ess
es
in
n
o
v
ate
th
eir
m
ar
k
etin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
ad
o
p
ted
,
in
f
lu
en
c
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
ar
k
etin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
r
v
iv
al
an
d
r
ec
o
v
er
y
.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
in
f
u
tu
r
e
m
ar
k
etin
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
r
esear
ch
.
7
8
%
o
f
Am
er
ican
SME
s
cr
ea
t
ed
web
s
ites
p
r
im
ar
ily
to
attr
ac
t
n
ew
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
m
o
r
e
o
n
lo
ca
l
an
d
r
eg
i
o
n
al
m
ar
k
et
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
th
an
g
lo
b
al
r
ea
c
h
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
4
]
.
Key
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
SME
s
in
c
lu
d
e
g
r
o
win
g
th
eir
cu
s
to
m
er
b
ase
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
an
d
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
an
d
v
ar
iety
[
4
9
]
.
Dig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
elp
ed
SME
s
s
tay
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
u
r
i
n
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
y
en
a
b
lin
g
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
an
d
ag
ile
wo
r
k
[
5
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
IT
)
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
th
e
UK
an
d
I
r
elan
d
,
h
in
d
e
r
e
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
o
n
SME
s
’
ev
o
lv
in
g
wo
r
k
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
2
6
]
h
o
w
d
i
g
italizatio
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
C
h
in
ese
SME
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
d
r
ess
s
o
cieta
l
ch
allen
g
es,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
th
at
d
ig
i
talizatio
n
en
h
an
ce
s
SME
s
’
d
y
n
am
ic
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
en
ab
lin
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
p
u
b
lic
co
n
ce
r
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
Dig
italizatio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
v
ital
f
o
r
SME
s
in
n
av
ig
atin
g
g
lo
b
al
cr
is
es.
SME
s
th
at
ad
o
p
t
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
els
ar
e
b
etter
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
em
er
g
en
cies.
Dig
italizatio
n
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
g
en
er
ic
c
r
is
is
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
tr
ateg
ies,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
SME
s
’
cr
is
is
m
an
ag
em
en
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
-
wid
e
i
n
itiativ
es
b
en
ef
it
SME
s
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
38
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
94
6
-
1
95
6
1952
s
h
ar
in
g
,
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
b
ar
r
ier
s
.
T
h
ey
also
en
a
b
le
SME
s
to
ca
p
italize
o
n
in
v
estme
n
ts
m
ad
e
b
y
lar
g
er
co
m
p
an
ies th
r
o
u
g
h
n
et
wo
r
k
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
elief
f
o
r
m
icr
o
,
s
m
all,
an
d
m
ed
iu
m
-
s
ized
en
ter
p
r
is
es
(
MSM
E
s
)
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
esp
ec
ially
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
its
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
ac
ts
[
5
6
]
.
APEC
em
p
h
asize
s
MSM
E
d
ig
italizatio
n
f
o
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
r
ec
o
v
e
r
y
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
I
C
T
an
d
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
B
o
r
ac
ay
Actio
n
Ag
en
d
a
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
MSM
E
g
lo
b
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
[
5
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
ac
ce
ler
ated
o
n
lin
e
s
p
en
d
in
g
,
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
in
co
n
s
u
m
er
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ac
tiv
ity
.
T
o
s
tay
co
m
p
etitiv
e,
MSM
E
s
m
u
s
t
ad
ap
t
to
ch
an
g
in
g
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
b
y
a
d
o
p
t
in
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es [
5
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
is
e
in
o
n
lin
e
tr
ad
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
i
c
in
APEC
ec
o
n
o
m
ies
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
im
p
a
ct
o
f
th
e
cr
is
is
[
5
8
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
5
8
]
ex
am
in
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
n
d
em
ic
o
n
Ger
m
an
o
n
lin
e
g
r
o
ce
r
y
r
etail
u
s
in
g
Gee
ls
’
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
c
r
e
ase
in
o
n
lin
e
g
r
o
ce
r
y
s
ales
b
u
t
n
o
tes
th
at
th
e
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
to
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
was
lim
ited
,
as
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic’
s
ef
f
ec
ts
wer
e
s
ee
n
as
ab
r
u
p
t
a
n
d
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
.
Mi
n
im
izin
g
h
u
m
an
-
to
-
h
u
m
an
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
cr
ea
ted
ch
alle
n
g
es
in
ac
ce
s
s
in
g
ess
en
tial
g
o
o
d
s
,
esp
ec
ially
g
r
o
ce
r
ies.
E
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
an
d
l
o
g
is
tics
d
ig
italizatio
n
h
elp
ed
b
u
s
in
ess
es
en
s
u
r
e
tim
ely
d
e
liv
er
ies
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
co
s
ts
d
u
r
in
g
lo
c
k
d
o
wn
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
r
e
g
u
lato
r
y
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
to
m
o
v
em
en
t a
n
d
m
ig
r
atio
n
r
em
ain
e
d
.
SME
s
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
jec
ts
th
at
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
en
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ex
c
h
an
g
e,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
,
lead
in
g
to
co
s
t
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
e
in
itiativ
es
b
o
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
e
n
h
an
cin
g
o
v
e
r
all
in
d
u
s
tr
y
c
o
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
.
A
n
o
tab
le
ex
a
m
p
le
is
th
e
J
ap
an
ese
f
is
h
in
g
b
o
at
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
wh
ich
u
s
es
a
web
-
b
ased
s
er
v
er
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
h
ar
i
n
g
[
5
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
5
9
]
e
x
p
lo
r
es
h
o
w
B
r
az
ilian
b
u
s
in
ess
es
in
th
e
f
o
o
d
s
er
v
ice,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
etail,
an
d
B
2
B
s
ec
to
r
s
ad
ap
ted
to
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic,
u
s
in
g
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
r
o
m
web
in
ar
s
.
Key
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
clu
d
ed
b
u
s
in
ess
m
o
d
el
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
,
ch
an
g
es
to
s
u
p
p
lier
-
te
n
an
t
c
o
n
tr
ac
ts
,
an
d
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
m
ai
n
tain
cu
s
to
m
er
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
team
wo
r
k
,
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
in
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
f
r
a
n
ch
is
in
g
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
e
d
ad
v
a
n
tag
eo
u
s
f
o
r
ad
a
p
tatio
n
,
e
v
en
a
m
id
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic’
s
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
[
6
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
o
n
o
n
lin
e
f
o
o
d
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
in
C
h
in
a,
u
s
in
g
a
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
v
ar
ia
b
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
t
o
W
u
h
an
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
h
ig
h
er
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
o
f
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
ca
s
es
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
’
willin
g
n
ess
to
b
u
y
f
o
o
d
o
n
lin
e,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
er
in
d
i
v
id
u
als,
t
h
o
s
e
p
er
ce
iv
i
n
g
lo
we
r
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
u
r
b
an
r
esid
en
ts
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
ca
ll
f
o
r
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
ac
tio
n
to
en
h
an
ce
o
n
lin
e
f
o
o
d
d
eliv
er
y
s
af
ety
,
p
r
o
tect
d
eliv
er
y
wo
r
k
er
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
d
ig
ital d
iv
id
e
b
y
h
el
p
in
g
th
o
s
e
with
lim
ited
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
k
ills
.
4.
L
I
M
I
T
AT
I
O
NS A
N
D
F
UT
U
RE
RE
SE
ARCH
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
two
m
ain
lim
itatio
n
s
:
it
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ly
o
n
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
s
ev
en
m
ajo
r
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
jo
u
r
n
als f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
2
4
,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
lim
it th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ly
,
wh
ile
co
-
wo
r
d
an
al
y
s
is
was
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
r
esear
ch
,
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
also
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
co
-
au
th
o
r
an
d
c
o
-
citatio
n
an
aly
s
is
to
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
r
esear
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s
,
jo
u
r
n
als,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
u
n
t
r
ies.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
e
r
ce
in
b
u
s
in
ess
s
u
r
v
iv
al
an
d
h
as a
cc
eler
ated
its
ad
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
d
ig
ital tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
b
u
s
in
ess
es.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
s
wif
t
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
f
in
an
cial
aid
to
SME
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
r
is
is
,
in
clu
d
in
g
tax
d
ef
e
r
r
als,
lo
a
n
s
,
g
r
a
n
ts
,
an
d
wag
e
s
u
b
s
id
ies,
f
o
llo
win
g
a
“g
i
v
e
m
o
n
e
y
n
o
w,
v
er
if
y
later
”
s
tr
ateg
y
.
SME
s
m
u
s
t
p
u
r
s
u
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wh
ile
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
e
n
in
g
cy
b
e
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
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p
r
o
tectio
n
s
to
a
d
d
r
ess
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
ch
allen
g
es.
C
h
in
a’
s
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ig
ital
lo
g
is
tics
an
d
last
-
m
ile
d
eliv
er
y
f
o
r
r
esil
ien
t
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
s
.
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h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
e
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
p
r
i
v
ate
-
s
ec
to
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
u
b
lic
p
o
licies ad
d
r
ess
in
g
m
ar
k
et
g
ap
s
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
i
g
ital e
n
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
ac
ce
ler
ate
d
g
lo
b
al
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
s
u
s
tain
its
g
r
o
wth
am
id
s
t
o
n
g
o
in
g
c
h
allen
g
es.
T
o
m
itig
at
e
r
is
k
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
r
esil
ien
ce
,
b
u
s
in
ess
es
s
h
o
u
ld
d
iv
er
s
if
y
th
eir
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
ly
ch
ain
s
.
A
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
s
tr
ateg
y
in
v
o
lv
e
s
an
ticip
atin
g
r
is
k
s
,
p
lan
n
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
etail
with
cu
s
to
m
er
-
ce
n
tr
ic
s
o
lu
tio
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s
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o
p
er
atio
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al
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f
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,
an
d
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m
an
a
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y
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g
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ter
m
s
u
cc
ess
.
Go
v
er
n
m
e
n
ts
ca
n
aid
th
e
s
h
i
f
t
to
a
d
ig
ital
ec
o
n
o
m
y
b
y
s
i
m
p
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g
le
g
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
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o
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er
v
ices.
Pro
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r
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u
b
s
id
ized
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
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ices
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telec
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m
m
u
n
icatio
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a
n
d
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
ca
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
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J
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&
C
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m
p
Sci
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N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f COVI
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-
1
9
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-
co
mme
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ce
:
a
cro
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tio
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lysi
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(
Jia
Qi
C
h
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n
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)
1953
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
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t
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u
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in
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ies.
T
h
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m
en
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in
itiativ
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to
cr
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web
s
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v
ir
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v
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p
r
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g
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el
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h
ile
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awa
r
en
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ab
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t
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ec
u
r
ity
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
au
th
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n
ticity
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f
o
n
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u
r
ch
ases
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v
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m
en
ts
ca
n
p
r
o
m
o
te
ca
s
h
less
p
ay
m
en
t
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
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g
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
co
n
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tr
an
s
ac
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s
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d
en
s
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r
in
g
f
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in
s
titu
tio
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s
s
u
p
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t
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
o
f
ca
s
h
-
on
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d
eliv
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n
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co
m
m
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d
er
s
co
r
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f
in
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h
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as
3
1
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o
f
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lts
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lo
b
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lac
k
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k
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p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
b
r
i
d
g
e
th
e
d
ig
ital d
iv
id
e.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
b
y
e
x
p
lo
r
es
th
e
e
v
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lu
tio
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f
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its
k
ey
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o
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th
e
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o
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m
ies
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f
C
h
in
a,
th
e
U.
S.,
Ger
m
a
n
y
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an
d
Ma
lay
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I
t
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
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f
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esp
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ially
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u
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e
C
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-
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p
an
d
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ic.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
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im
p
o
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tan
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f
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f
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n
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
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R
M
A
T
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h
e
au
th
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s
d
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y
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r
g
an
izatio
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f
o
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th
e
s
u
b
m
itted
wo
r
k
.
AUTHO
R
CO
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B
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NS ST
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Na
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f
Aut
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So
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Vi
Su
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Fu
J
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Qi
C
h
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n
g
✓
✓
✓
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✓
✓
✓
✓
W
o
n
g
Ho
ck
T
s
en
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Sam
s
u
l
Ar
if
f
in
Ab
d
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l K
ar
im
✓
✓
J
ef
f
r
ey
S.
S.
C
h
ea
h
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
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a
l
i
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t
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M
:
M
e
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h
o
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So
:
So
f
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w
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Va
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Va
l
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d
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t
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Fo
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Fo
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y
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s
I
:
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n
v
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R
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so
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:
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Fu
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h
e
au
th
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s
h
av
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co
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f
lict o
f
in
ter
est to
d
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at
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el
ev
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ti
cle.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
av
ailab
ilit
y
is
n
o
t
a
p
p
li
ca
b
le
to
th
is
p
ap
er
as
n
o
n
e
w
d
ata
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e
c
r
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ted
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r
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al
y
ze
d
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
S
.
D
a
v
i
d
a
n
d
L.
T
o
n
y
,
“
H
o
w
c
o
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n
a
v
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r
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s
(
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
)
i
s
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mp
a
c
t
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g
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c
o
mm
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c
e
,
”
RO
I
R
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v
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l
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n
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
O
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l
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n
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]
.
A
v
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:
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:
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.
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.
c
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A
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:
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1
,
2
0
2
3
)
.
[
2
]
O
.
A
b
a
n
m
a
i
,
“
T
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mp
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”
S
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Fi
n
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n
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F
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,
2
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0
.
[
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l
i
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e
]
.
A
v
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b
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e
:
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0
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2
6
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2
7
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B
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2
9
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.
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.
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c
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h
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.
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