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teac
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p
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ality
,
p
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f
ess
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al,
an
d
s
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s
k
ills
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
in
d
ev
el
o
p
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co
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tr
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4
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[
6
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.
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b
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8
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,
[
9
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.
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A
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[
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Ped
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Pro
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m
a
y
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
eliv
er
co
n
ten
t,
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
cr
itica
l
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ph
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
f
ac
es
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
es
in
en
h
an
cin
g
teac
h
er
s
'
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
R
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
m
an
y
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
m
aster
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
to
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
ev
er
-
ch
an
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
o
licies
co
m
p
licate
teac
h
er
s
'
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
y
n
am
ic
n
atio
n
al
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
1
5
]
.
Wh
ile
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ar
e
in
p
lace
,
th
e
lack
o
f
o
n
g
o
in
g
tr
a
in
in
g
an
d
p
er
io
d
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
s
h
as
h
in
d
er
ed
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
[
1
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
e
is
an
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
to
en
h
an
ce
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
an
d
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
,
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
ef
o
r
m
o
f
t
h
e
teac
h
e
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
al
o
n
g
with
tar
g
eted
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
tr
ain
i
n
g
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t is m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
.
W
h
en
teac
h
er
s
lac
k
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
h
allen
g
es
ca
n
ar
is
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
m
ay
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
less
o
n
m
ater
ial,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
lo
w
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
'
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
is
im
p
e
r
ativ
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
an
d
o
p
tim
al
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
lies
in
it
s
ev
alu
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
teac
h
er
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
c
h
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
with
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
n
o
t
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
r
ese
ar
ch
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
clea
r
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
n
th
e
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
m
ay
s
er
v
e
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
in
d
esig
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
a
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
iv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
v
o
lv
ed
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=
1
2
0
)
an
d
a
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
n
=1
2
0
)
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
r
is
ed
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
two
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Per
s
o
n
n
el
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
I
n
s
titu
tes
(
L
T
PK)
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
teac
h
er
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
PP
G)
in
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
ar
ti
cip
ated
in
a
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
Ph
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
two
L
T
PKs
wh
o
h
ad
n
o
t
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
alo
n
g
with
r
an
d
o
m
g
r
o
u
p
d
iv
is
io
n
was a
im
ed
at
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
r
e
s
u
lts
.
Data
co
llectio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
a
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
ese
test
s
wer
e
a
d
m
in
is
ter
ed
b
o
th
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
Data
co
llectio
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
test
s
,
ea
ch
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
4
5
item
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
o
t
h
v
alid
it
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
ten
d
ed
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
f
o
r
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
test
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
2
1
to
0
.
6
5
,
1
wh
ile
th
o
s
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
test
r
an
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
3
5
1
to
0
.
5
4
1
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
test
was
0
.
9
3
1
,
a
n
d
th
at
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
test
was
0
.
8
9
1
,
b
o
th
f
allin
g
with
i
n
th
e
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
T
h
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
test
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
ex
is
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
[
2
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
test
ch
an
g
es
in
two
p
air
ed
s
ets
o
f
d
ata,
n
am
ely
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
to
ass
ess
wh
eth
er
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
teac
h
er
s
'
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
af
ter
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
test
an
d
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
,
th
e
teac
h
er
'
s
ab
ilit
ie
s
in
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
wer
e
v
is
u
alize
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
to
o
l
allo
ws
a
cle
ar
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
n
h
an
c
em
en
t
in
teac
h
er
s
'
p
ed
ag
o
g
ica
l
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
af
te
r
th
eir
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t p
r
o
g
r
am
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
2
9
0
-
2
3
0
3
2292
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
ar
e
t
wo
cr
itical
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
an
d
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
6
]
.
Pr
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
ete
n
c
e
in
clu
d
es
in
-
d
e
p
th
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
u
b
ject
m
atte
r
,
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
esig
n
r
el
ev
an
t
an
d
en
g
ag
in
g
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
u
s
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
o
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
2
7
]
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
with
g
o
o
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
ca
n
d
eliv
er
m
ater
ial
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
an
d
in
s
p
ir
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
in
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Fit
s
tatis
tics
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
I
t
e
m
P
e
r
so
n
I
t
e
m
P
e
r
so
n
M
e
a
n
0
.
0
0
0
.
3
6
0
.
0
0
0
.
8
2
M
e
a
su
r
e
-
1
.
8
9
-
1
.
6
1
-
1
.
6
2
-
3
.
2
3
-
2
.
7
3
-
1
.
2
0
-
1
.
0
9
-
3
.
9
6
SD
0
.
6
9
0
.
9
7
0
.
6
8
0
.
8
8
M
e
a
n
o
u
t
f
i
t
(
M
n
S
q
)
1
.
0
2
-
0
.
0
4
1
.
0
0
0
.
2
1
M
e
a
n
o
u
t
f
i
t
(
ZS
t
d
)
0
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0
6
1
.
0
2
-
0
.
1
1
0
.
9
2
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
4
.
4
2
3
.
0
7
4
.
1
7
2
.
1
0
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
0
.
9
5
0
.
9
0
0
.
9
5
0
.
8
1
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
a
l
p
h
a
0
.
9
1
0
.
8
1
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tatis
tical
f
it
test
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
in
d
icate
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
q
u
alit
y
b
ased
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tatis
tical
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
v
al
u
e
s
(
m
ea
n
)
f
o
r
item
s
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
s
a
r
e
0
.
0
0
an
d
0
.
3
6
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
b
al
an
ce
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
v
alu
es
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
item
s
s
p
an
s
f
r
o
m
-
1
.
8
9
to
1
.
6
1
,
wh
ile
th
at
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
is
f
r
o
m
-
1
.
6
2
to
3
.
2
3
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
at
t
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
wid
e
-
s
co
p
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
ab
i
liti
es.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
item
s
(
0
.
6
9
)
a
n
d
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
(
0
.
9
7
)
s
u
g
g
est
s
r
elativ
ely
co
n
s
is
ten
t
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ex
p
er
tis
e
ass
es
s
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
o
u
tf
it
Mn
Sq
in
d
ex
f
o
r
item
s
is
1
.
0
2
an
d
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
,
it
is
-
0
.
0
4
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
o
u
tf
it
Z
Std
is
0
.
0
6
f
o
r
item
s
an
d
1
.
0
2
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
h
ib
it
an
y
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ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ev
iatio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
v
alu
es
f
o
r
item
s
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
ar
e
4
.
4
2
an
d
3
.
0
7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lev
els
o
f
a
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
i
s
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
alp
h
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
9
1
f
o
r
item
s
an
d
0
.
9
0
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
its
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics tea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
e
r
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
ig
h
q
u
ality
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
es
(
m
ea
n
)
f
o
r
item
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
0
.
0
0
an
d
0
.
8
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
a
b
alan
ce
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
v
al
u
es
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ten
d
en
cy
in
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
a
b
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
item
s
s
p
an
s
f
r
o
m
-
2
.
7
3
to
1
.
2
0
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
is
f
r
o
m
-
1
.
0
9
to
3
.
9
6
,
i
n
d
icati
n
g
th
at
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
es
a
b
r
o
a
d
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
o
f
a
b
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
f
o
r
item
s
(
0
.
6
8
)
an
d
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
(
0
.
8
8
)
s
u
g
g
est
co
n
s
is
ten
t
v
ar
iati
o
n
in
th
e
lev
els
o
f
ex
p
er
tis
e
ass
ess
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
o
u
tf
it
Mn
Sq
in
d
ex
f
o
r
item
s
i
s
1
.
0
0
a
n
d
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
,
it
is
0
.
2
1
,
wh
ile
th
e
m
ea
n
o
u
tf
it
Z
Std
is
-
0
.
1
1
f
o
r
item
s
an
d
f
o
r
0
.
9
2
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t a
lig
n
s
well
with
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
m
o
d
el
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
ex
h
ib
it
an
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ev
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
s
ep
ar
atio
n
v
alu
es
o
f
4
.
1
7
f
o
r
item
s
an
d
2
.
1
0
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ab
ilit
y
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
A
g
o
o
d
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
alp
h
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
0
.
8
1
f
o
r
item
s
an
d
0
.
8
1
f
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
r
elied
o
n
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics tea
ch
er
s
ac
cu
r
ately
an
d
co
n
s
is
te
n
tly
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Dif
f
er
ence
s
o
n
pro
f
ess
io
na
l sk
ills
a
bil
it
ies o
f
pro
s
pe
ct
iv
e
ph
y
s
ics
t
ea
cher
s
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
,
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
o
n
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
ese
an
aly
s
es
was
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
er
th
e
r
e
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
s
k
ill
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
f
o
ll
o
win
g
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
test
was
u
s
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
s
co
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
two
u
n
p
ai
r
ed
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
b
o
t
h
b
ef
o
r
e
(
p
r
etest)
an
d
af
te
r
(
p
o
s
ttes
t)
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
was
ap
p
lied
to
ex
am
in
e
ch
a
n
g
es
in
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
with
in
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
an
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
k
ills
wer
e
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tatis
tica
l
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
er
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
t
s
in
to
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
o
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
s
2
an
d
3
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
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8
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ma
n
in
g
tya
s
)
2293
T
ab
le
2
.
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
U
test
r
esu
lts
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
i
n
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
Te
st
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
U
p
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
-
0
.
1
7
(
-
1
.
5
2
–
0
.
9
0
)
-
0
.
4
0
(
-
1
.
6
2
–
0
.
9
0
)
1
3
4
7
.
5
0
0
0
.
0
1
7
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
1
.
6
5
(
0
.
5
9
–
3
.
2
3
)
0
.
3
6
(
-
0
.
7
4
–
1
.
6
2
)
1
8
3
.
5
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
T
ab
le
3
.
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
r
esu
lts
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
in
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
G
r
o
u
p
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
Z
p
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
-
0
.
1
7
(
-
1
.
5
2
–
0
.
9
0
)
1
.
6
5
(
0
.
5
9
–
3
.
2
3
)
-
6
.
7
3
6
0
.
0
0
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
-
0
.
4
0
(
-
1
.
6
2
–
0
.
9
0
)
0
.
3
6
(
-
0
.
7
4
–
1
.
6
2
)
-
6
.
4
3
5
0
.
0
0
0
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
e
y
test
,
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
,
in
d
icate
a
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
etest
a
n
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
etest
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
U
v
alu
e
was
1
3
4
7
.
5
0
0
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
Af
ter
th
e
i
n
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
th
e
p
o
s
ttes
t
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
a
U
v
alu
e
o
f
1
8
3
.
5
0
0
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
h
a
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
i
lls
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
r
esu
lts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
,
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
t
h
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
r
e
s
u
lt
s
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
Z
-
v
alu
e
was
-
6
.
7
3
6
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
an
d
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
Z
-
v
alu
e
was
-
6
.
4
3
5
,
with
th
e
s
am
e
p
-
v
alu
e.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
af
ter
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
c
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
wed
h
i
g
h
er
g
ain
s
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
eten
c
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
n
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
teac
h
e
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ed
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
teac
h
i
n
g
q
u
ality
an
d
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
teac
h
e
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
P
ro
f
ess
io
na
l
s
k
ills
o
f
p
ro
s
pect
iv
e
ph
y
s
ics t
ea
cher
s
ba
s
ed
o
n c
o
ntr
o
l a
nd
ex
perim
ent
a
l c
la
s
s
T
o
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
,
an
in
-
d
ep
th
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
d
ata
was
co
n
d
u
cted
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
an
aly
s
is
was
th
e
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
,
wh
ich
v
is
u
alize
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
s
k
ill
lev
els
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
clea
r
d
ep
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ab
ilit
ies
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
B
y
m
ap
p
in
g
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ill
attain
m
en
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
u
ld
b
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
elp
s
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
a
b
ilit
ies
b
u
t
also
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ch
an
g
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es 1
an
d
2
.
T
h
e
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
Fig
u
r
e
1
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
a
p
s
h
o
ws
th
at
b
o
t
h
item
s
an
d
p
e
o
p
le
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
a
f
air
ly
wid
e
r
an
g
e.
Mo
s
t
v
alu
es
clu
s
t
er
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
ea
n
s
with
s
o
m
e
item
s
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
s
b
ein
g
less
o
r
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
th
an
th
at
v
alu
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
2
4
C
OY,
wh
ich
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
in
d
icate
s
th
at
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
v
er
y
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
p
r
io
r
to
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
v
alu
es
b
etwe
en
-
1
an
d
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
lo
wer
to
m
o
d
er
ate
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
is
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
r
ef
lects
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
s
k
ill
lev
els am
o
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
t
h
e
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
r
ev
ea
ls
a
n
o
t
icea
b
le
s
h
if
t
in
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
s
co
r
es
to
war
d
s
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es,
th
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
r
e
m
ain
at
lo
wer
s
k
ill
lev
els.
T
h
i
s
s
h
o
ws
th
at
d
esp
ite
th
e
g
en
er
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
,
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
d
id
n
o
t
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
lev
el
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
h
if
t su
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t,
alb
eit
n
o
t u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
ac
r
o
s
s
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
f
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
r
ev
ea
ls
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
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[
3
2
]
.
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3
3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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2
2
I
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t
J
E
v
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d
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Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
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2
9
0
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3
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3
2296
3
.
1
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3
.
Dif
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d
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tr
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wh
ich
d
id
n
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t
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
test
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to
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etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
with
in
-
g
r
o
u
p
ch
a
n
g
es
o
v
e
r
two
tim
e
p
o
in
ts
—
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
a
f
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
[
3
5
]
.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
th
ese
an
aly
s
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
in
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics tea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
b
o
th
s
tatis
tical
test
s
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
T
ab
le
s
4
an
d
5
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
U
test
r
esu
lts
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
(
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
Te
st
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
U
p
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
0
.
6
4
(
-
0
.
7
2
–
1
.
6
8
)
0
.
3
1
(
-
1
.
2
7
–
1
.
1
4
)
1
2
7
4
.
5
0
0
0
.
0
0
6
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
1
.
9
0
(
0
.
2
7
–
4
.
1
6
)
0
.
4
8
(
-
1
.
2
9
–
2
.
1
2
)
4
2
1
.
5
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
T
ab
le
5
.
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
r
esu
lts
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
G
r
o
u
p
P
r
e
t
e
s
t
P
o
st
t
e
s
t
Z
p
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
0
.
6
4
(
-
0
.
7
2
–
1
.
6
8
)
1
.
9
0
(
0
.
2
7
–
4
.
1
6
)
-
6
.
7
2
9
0
.
0
0
0
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
0
.
3
1
(
-
1
.
2
7
–
1
.
1
4
)
0
.
4
8
(
-
1
.
2
9
–
2
.
1
2
)
-
2
.
7
2
1
0
.
0
0
6
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
i
tn
ey
test
(
T
ab
le
4
)
r
ev
ea
l
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
t
h
e
p
r
etest
(
U=
1
2
7
4
.
5
0
0
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
(
U=
4
2
1
.
5
0
0
,
p
<
0
.
0
5
)
r
esu
lts
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
test
,
a
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
ta
tis
tical
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
in
g
two
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
a
p
p
lied
to
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
led
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
h
ad
a
tan
g
ib
le
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
r
esu
lts
(
T
ab
le
5
)
f
u
r
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
r
e
v
ea
lin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
in
b
o
t
h
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
Z
=
-
6
.
7
2
9
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
Z
=
-
2
.
7
2
1
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
As
a
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
etr
ic
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
W
ilco
x
o
n
test
is
u
s
ed
to
c
o
m
p
ar
e
two
s
ets
o
f
p
air
ed
d
at
a:
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
r
es
u
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
i
ca
te
th
at
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
was
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
Ov
er
all,
th
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
i
n
d
icat
e
th
at
th
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
im
p
r
o
v
ed
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
g
r
ea
ter
g
ain
s
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
r
m
eth
o
d
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
th
e
cr
itical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
elev
ate
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ca
n
m
a
k
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
q
u
ality
[
3
7
]
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
P
eda
g
o
g
ica
l
s
k
ills
o
f
p
ro
s
pect
iv
e
ph
y
s
ics t
ea
cher
s
ba
s
ed
o
n c
o
ntr
o
l c
la
s
s
a
nd
e
x
perim
ent
a
l c
la
s
s
T
h
is
m
ap
p
in
g
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
v
is
u
al
r
ep
r
es
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
’
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
th
e
test
item
s
.
T
h
is
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
ch
a
n
g
es
in
s
k
ill
lev
els
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
t
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
e
W
r
ig
h
t
Ma
p
an
al
y
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
d
ata
o
n
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
in
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
I
n
ter
p
r
et
in
g
th
ese
r
esu
lts
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
o
f
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
p
r
o
v
id
es
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
o
r
ch
an
g
es
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ab
ilit
ies
af
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
e
ctiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
3
a
n
d
4
.
W
r
ig
h
t
Ma
p
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
r
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
in
b
o
th
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
etailed
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
ab
ilit
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
item
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
.
I
n
th
e
W
r
ig
h
t
Ma
p
o
f
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
s
an
d
item
s
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
at
th
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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(
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2297
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h
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ic
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g
o
g
ical
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k
ills
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ile
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e
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e
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e
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a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
m
id
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le
o
f
th
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T
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Fig
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I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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I
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20
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2298
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.
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v
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ills
o
f
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ated
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m
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m
th
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is
,
it
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e
d
th
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ter
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s
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ter
im
p
r
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v
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en
ts
in
th
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s
k
ills
o
f
p
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s
p
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p
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teac
h
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s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
co
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tr
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l g
r
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p
[
3
8
]
.
T
h
e
W
r
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m
ap
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th
ab
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ib
u
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
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va
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terven
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…
(
Dia
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A
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)
2299
an
d
item
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if
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lty
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r
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im
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ta
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ag
o
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q
u
ality
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f
p
r
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s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
[
3
9
]
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
P
ro
f
ess
io
na
l
s
k
ills
o
f
p
ro
s
pect
iv
e
ph
y
s
ics t
ea
cher
s
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
ar
e
an
in
te
g
r
al
asp
ec
t
f
o
r
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
,
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
th
e
m
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
ei
r
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
in
g
r
o
les.
T
h
ese
s
k
ills
ex
ten
d
b
ey
o
n
d
m
aster
y
o
f
a
ca
d
em
ic
m
ater
ials
,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
iv
er
s
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
en
g
ag
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
m
an
ag
e
class
r
o
o
m
d
y
n
am
ics
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
A
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
with
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
s
k
ills
ca
n
em
p
lo
y
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ad
m
in
is
ter
f
air
an
d
o
b
jectiv
e
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
co
lleag
u
es,
an
d
o
t
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l stak
eh
o
ld
er
s
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
s
k
il
ls
ar
e
r
e
f
l
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
a
te
a
c
h
e
r
’
s
c
o
m
m
i
t
m
e
n
t
t
o
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
e
l
f
-
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
,
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
o
r
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
i
s
c
a
p
ac
i
t
y
e
n
a
b
l
es
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
t
o
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
l
at
es
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
t
h
ei
r
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
es
,
u
l
ti
m
a
t
el
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
a
li
t
y
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
es
[
5
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
e
v
a
l
u
at
i
o
n
as
p
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
ese
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
s
k
i
ll
s
o
f
t
e
n
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
o
ls
,
s
u
c
h
as
v
a
l
id
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
es
t
s
,
a
l
o
n
g
s
i
d
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
y
m
a
p
p
i
n
g
,
t
o
a
s
s
ess
t
h
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
p
r
o
s
p
e
c
ti
v
e
p
h
y
s
i
cs
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
m
et
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
ed
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
f
i
e
l
d
[
4
5
]
.
A
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
s
k
il
ls
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
e
ct
iv
e
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
t
e
ac
h
e
r
s
c
a
n
b
e
ass
e
s
s
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
es
t
s
c
o
r
e
s
,
p
e
e
r
e
v
a
l
u
at
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
ei
r
ab
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
d
es
i
g
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
es
e
s
k
i
ll
s
i
s
c
r
u
c
i
al
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
f
o
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
b
u
t
a
ls
o
f
o
r
f
o
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
in
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
th
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
ec
t
u
a
l
a
n
d
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
P
eda
g
o
g
ica
l
s
k
ills
o
f
p
ro
s
pect
iv
e
ph
y
s
ics t
ea
cher
s
T
h
e
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
t
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
n
v
ey
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
b
o
th
in
te
r
est
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
4
7
]
.
Key
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ills
en
co
m
p
ass
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
e
s
ig
n
a
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
t
h
at
alig
n
s
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
s
elec
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les,
an
d
ad
ep
tly
u
tili
ze
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
o
th
er
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
4
8
]
.
Aca
d
em
ically
,
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
il
ls
o
f
ten
in
v
o
lv
es
d
i
r
ec
t
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
an
aly
s
is
o
f
teac
h
in
g
p
la
n
s
,
an
d
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
ass
ess
m
en
ts
th
at
r
e
f
lect
s
u
cc
ess
in
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es
[
4
9
]
.
B
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
,
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics tea
ch
er
s
ca
n
b
ec
o
m
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ag
en
ts
o
f
ch
a
n
g
e,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
in
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ities
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
with
r
ele
v
an
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
to
n
av
ig
ate
g
lo
b
al
c
h
allen
g
es [
5
0
]
–
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ica
l
s
k
ills
ty
p
ically
en
co
m
p
ass
es
d
ir
ec
t
class
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
an
aly
s
es
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
lan
s
,
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
f
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
th
a
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
u
cc
ess
in
m
ee
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
[
5
3
]
–
[
5
5
]
.
B
y
cu
lt
iv
atin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
,
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ag
e
n
ts
o
f
ch
an
g
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
th
eir
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
an
d
eq
u
i
p
p
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
with
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
r
elev
an
t to
ad
d
r
ess
g
l
o
b
al
ch
allen
g
es [
5
6
]
–
[
5
8
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
in
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
W
r
ig
h
t
’
s
m
ap
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
a
m
o
r
e
r
eg
u
lar
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
an
th
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t o
f
teac
h
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
an
aly
s
is
—
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
is
r
elativ
ely
r
ar
e
in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
r
esear
ch
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
—
s
er
v
es
as a
to
o
l f
o
r
d
ee
p
e
r
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
s
k
ill d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
co
n
s
id
er
im
p
l
em
en
tin
g
s
im
ilar
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
t
ea
ch
er
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
r
eg
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ica
l
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
p
h
y
s
ics
teac
h
er
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ad
ap
tatio
n
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
th
at
alig
n
with
l
o
ca
l
n
ee
d
s
an
d
e
v
o
lv
in
g
g
l
o
b
al
ch
allen
g
es.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
’
s
s
u
cc
ess
o
n
a
n
atio
n
al
s
ca
le,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esear
ch
s
u
b
jects
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ep
r
esen
t
all
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
es
n
o
v
el
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
teac
h
in
g
q
u
ality
,
b
u
t
als
o
en
co
u
r
ag
es
f
u
r
th
e
r
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