I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
,
p
p
.
2197
~
2
2
0
6
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
14
i
3
.
3
2
5
4
0
2197
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Desig
ning
a co
mp
utatio
na
l t
hin
kin
g
mo
dule f
o
r STE
M
t
ea
chers:
a
desig
n and
deve
lo
pment appro
a
c
h
Sa
nu
ra
J
a
y
a
1
,
Ro
zniza
Z
a
ha
rudin
1
,
P
a
rv
ind
er
Si
ng
h s/
o
Am
a
r
Sin
g
h
2
1
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
G
e
l
u
g
o
r
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
2
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
,
S
EA
M
EO
R
EC
S
A
M
,
Je
l
u
t
o
n
g
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
23
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Feb
7
,
202
5
Acc
ep
ted
Mar
4
,
202
5
Th
is
stu
d
y
in
v
e
stig
a
tes
th
e
n
e
c
e
ss
it
y
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
(
CT)
sk
il
ls
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
sc
ien
c
e
,
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(
S
TE
M
)
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
rs,
fo
c
u
sin
g
o
n
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
M
c
o
d
E
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
m
o
d
u
le
fo
r
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
h
e
a
t
in
so
lar
stil
l
p
r
o
jec
ts.
Util
izin
g
a
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
(DD
R)
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
th
e
re
se
a
rc
h
a
ime
d
to
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
a
CT
m
o
d
u
le
tail
o
re
d
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
tea
c
h
e
rs
’
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
stra
teg
ies
i
n
s
o
lar
st
il
l
p
r
o
jec
t.
T
h
e
c
a
se
stu
d
y
wa
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
with
32
S
T
EM
se
c
o
n
d
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
rs,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
rp
o
siv
e
sa
m
p
li
n
g
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
ted
in
th
e
stu
d
y
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
h
e
ir
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
i
n
teg
ra
ti
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
to
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
.
A
p
re
-
tes
t
a
n
d
p
o
st
-
tes
t
d
e
sig
n
wa
s
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
tw
o
-
d
a
y
wo
rk
s
h
o
p
to
a
ss
e
ss
th
e
p
a
rti
c
ip
a
n
ts
’
CT
sk
il
ls
b
e
f
o
re
a
n
d
a
fter
th
e
in
terv
e
n
t
io
n
.
An
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
o
p
e
n
-
e
n
d
e
d
i
n
terv
iew
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
m
o
n
g
th
re
e
tea
c
h
e
rs
to
su
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
d
a
ta.
T
h
e
re
su
lt
s
re
v
e
a
led
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
in
v
a
ri
o
u
s
a
sp
e
c
ts
o
f
C
T
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
su
b
sta
n
ti
a
l
i
n
c
re
a
se
s
in
tea
c
h
e
rs
’
a
b
il
it
ies
to
in
teg
ra
t
e
CT
in
to
th
e
ir
tea
c
h
in
g
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s.
Th
e
m
e
a
n
fo
r
p
re
-
tes
t
sc
o
re
wa
s
4
3
.
2
5
,
wh
ich
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
i
n
c
re
a
se
d
to
6
7
.
3
7
in
t
h
e
p
o
st
-
tes
t,
in
d
ica
ti
n
g
a
m
a
rk
e
d
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
CT
sk
il
ls.
T
h
e
t
-
tes
t
sta
ti
stics
f
o
r
th
e
p
re
-
tes
t
(t=3
1
.
0
4
,
d
f=
3
1
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
a
n
d
p
o
st
-
tes
t
(t=4
9
.
9
4
,
d
f=
3
1
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
c
o
n
firme
d
a
h
i
g
h
l
y
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
d
iffere
n
c
e
s
b
e
twe
e
n
th
e
p
re
-
tes
t
a
n
d
p
o
st
-
tes
t
sc
o
re
s.
Th
e
o
p
e
n
-
e
n
d
e
d
in
ter
v
iew
a
lso
s
h
o
w
e
d
th
e
str
o
n
g
in
tere
st
a
n
d
n
e
c
e
ss
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
CT
m
o
d
u
le
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
re
sp
o
n
d
e
n
ts.
Th
e
stu
d
y
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
s
th
a
t
th
e
re
is
a
c
rit
ica
l
n
e
e
d
fo
r
CT
m
o
d
u
le am
o
n
g
S
TE
M
tea
c
h
e
rs t
o
b
e
tt
e
r
p
re
p
a
re
stu
d
e
n
ts
fo
r
th
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
S
T
E
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
th
in
k
i
n
g
Desig
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
r
esear
ch
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
Ped
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
San
u
r
a
J
ay
a
Sch
o
o
l o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Stu
d
ies,
Un
iv
er
s
iti Sain
s
Ma
lay
s
ia
Un
iv
er
s
iti s
tr
ee
t,
1
1
7
0
0
Gelu
g
o
r
,
Pen
an
g
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: san
u
r
ajay
a@
s
tu
d
en
t.u
s
m
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Sin
ce
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
in
teg
r
ated
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
th
in
k
i
n
g
(
C
T
)
in
to
its
Natio
n
al
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
MO
E
)
h
as
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
th
is
in
itiativ
e
to
en
h
an
ce
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
b
jects,
in
itially
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cien
ce
an
d
g
r
ad
u
al
ly
ex
p
an
d
in
g
to
o
th
er
d
is
cip
li
n
es
[
2
]
,
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
th
e
MO
E
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
o
n
th
e
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
C
T
.
T
h
is
in
itiativ
e
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
B
lu
ep
r
in
t
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
2
5
,
wh
ich
is
cu
r
r
en
t
ly
in
its
th
ir
d
wav
e
(
2
0
2
0
-
2
0
2
5
)
.
T
h
e
B
lu
ep
r
in
t
em
p
h
asizes
d
ig
ital
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
E
co
n
o
m
ic
B
lu
ep
r
in
t
2
0
2
1
[
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
ic
f
o
c
u
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
c
o
u
n
tr
y
’
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
1
9
7
-
2
2
0
6
2198
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
a
d
ig
ital
f
u
tu
r
e
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
C
T
.
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
m
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
(
S
T
E
M
)
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
’
s
i
n
t
e
r
d
is
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
n
a
t
u
r
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
at
e
s
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
ti
n
g
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
d
i
s
c
i
p
li
n
e
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
o
f
ST
E
M
e
d
u
c
at
io
n
o
f
t
e
n
l
e
a
d
s
t
o
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
al
i
d
e
n
t
it
y
c
o
n
f
l
i
ct
s
a
m
o
n
g
t
e
ac
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
m
a
y
b
e
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
i
n
o
n
e
o
r
t
w
o
a
r
e
as
b
u
t
s
t
r
u
g
g
l
e
t
o
t
e
ac
h
a
c
r
o
s
s
a
l
l
S
T
E
M
f
i
el
d
s
.
C
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
g
u
i
d
e
li
n
e
s
ca
n
b
r
i
d
g
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
y
g
a
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
a
n
d
l
e
s
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
S
T
E
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
[
4
]
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
es
c
a
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
r
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
[
5
]
.
M
a
n
y
S
T
E
M
’
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
e
x
h
ib
i
t
a
l
ac
k
o
f
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
s
e
o
u
ts
i
d
e
t
h
e
i
r
s
p
e
c
i
al
i
z
e
d
s
u
b
j
e
ct
s
,
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
h
i
n
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
d
e
l
iv
e
r
y
o
f
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
S
T
E
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
l
a
ck
o
f
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
s
o
f
t
e
n
d
u
e
t
o
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
t
h
at
d
o
n
o
t
a
d
e
q
u
a
t
e
l
y
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
te
a
c
h
e
r
s
f
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
t
e
ac
h
e
r
s
w
h
o
a
r
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
is
ts
i
n
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
m
a
y
f
i
n
d
i
t
c
h
al
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
C
T
-
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
te
d
l
e
s
s
o
n
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
e
n
g
i
n
e
er
i
n
g
o
r
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
i
s
w
e
a
k
n
e
s
s
is
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
a
p
i
d
p
a
c
e
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
ad
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
at
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
t
o
k
e
e
p
t
e
a
ch
e
r
s
’
s
k
il
l
s
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
u
p
t
o
d
a
t
e
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
u
les
o
f
ten
f
ail
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
te
g
r
ate
CT
in
to
co
n
ten
t,
s
u
ch
as
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
m
is
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
f
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
th
e
h
ea
t
to
p
ic
is
we
ll
-
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
[
1
0
]
an
d
is
ex
ac
er
b
ated
b
y
a
lack
o
f
em
b
e
d
d
ed
C
T
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
lik
e
th
e
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
h
o
w
th
is
o
v
er
s
ig
h
t
lim
its
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
in
STE
M
to
p
ics.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
u
les
d
o
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ately
f
o
s
ter
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
k
ills
[
1
3
]
h
in
d
er
in
g
te
ac
h
er
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
u
tili
ze
em
e
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
er
e
is
an
u
r
g
en
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
at
e
C
T
s
ea
m
les
s
ly
to
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
icac
y
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
co
m
p
lex
c
h
allen
g
es,
u
ltima
tely
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
aim
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
to
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
Mco
d
E
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le
b
ased
o
n
CT
s
k
ills
f
o
cu
s
in
g
in
to
p
ic
h
ea
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
s
till
p
r
o
ject.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
esig
n
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
th
e
Mco
d
E
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le
b
ased
o
n
CT
s
k
ills
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
h
e
at
f
o
r
s
o
lar
s
till
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
e
is
t
o
id
en
tify
t
h
e
n
ee
d
o
f
CT
s
k
ills
in
th
e
to
p
ic
h
ea
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
s
till
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ee
k
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
to
id
en
tify
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
C
T
s
k
ills
in
th
e
to
p
ic
h
ea
t f
o
r
s
o
lar
s
till
p
r
o
jects?
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
CT
s
k
ills
r
e
q
u
ir
e
t
ea
c
h
er
s
t
o
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
f
r
o
m
a
C
T
p
e
r
s
p
ec
ti
v
e
a
n
d
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
s
h
o
w
th
is
C
T
p
e
r
s
p
e
cti
v
e
ca
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
t
ea
ch
in
g
a
n
d
le
a
r
n
in
g
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
W
i
n
g
[
1
6
]
C
T
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
tau
g
h
t
as
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
ta
l
s
k
ill
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
.
Ho
we
v
e
r
,
t
ea
ch
er
s
o
f
ten
s
t
r
u
g
g
l
e
wit
h
m
is
c
o
n
c
ep
ti
o
n
s
w
h
e
n
a
li
g
n
in
g
C
T
s
k
ills
wit
h
S
T
E
M
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
[
1
3
]
.
Va
r
i
o
u
s
t
ea
ch
in
g
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
u
les
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
d
e
v
el
o
p
e
d
a
n
d
i
m
p
lem
en
te
d
in
a
n
ew
S
T
E
M
c
o
u
r
s
e
at
t
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
le
v
el
[
1
7
]
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
ti
n
g
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
k
e
y
el
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
C
T
s
k
il
ls
s
u
c
h
as
d
e
co
m
p
o
s
iti
o
n
,
p
att
er
n
r
ec
o
g
n
iti
o
n
,
a
b
s
t
r
a
cti
o
n
,
a
n
d
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
i
n
t
o
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
les
r
e
m
ai
n
s
in
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
[
1
0
]
.
D
ec
o
m
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
is
t
h
e
ab
ili
t
y
t
o
d
is
s
e
ct
a
la
r
g
e
an
d
/
o
r
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
r
o
b
lem
in
to
m
o
r
e
m
an
a
g
ea
b
le
p
a
r
ts
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
te
ac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t
em
b
e
d
t
h
e
C
T
s
k
i
lls
i
n
t
o
th
e
s
u
b
ject
b
ased
to
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
to
le
a
r
n
a
b
s
t
r
a
ct
,
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
ic
a
n
d
l
o
g
i
ca
l
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
an
d
b
e
p
r
e
p
a
r
e
d
to
s
o
l
v
e
c
o
m
p
lex
a
n
d
o
p
e
n
-
e
n
d
e
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
Me
s
eg
u
er
an
d
S
er
r
a
n
o
[
1
9
]
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
t
ea
c
h
er
’
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ic
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
t
o
C
T
i
n
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
le
ar
n
i
n
g
r
e
m
ai
n
s
ca
r
c
e
an
d
r
e
f
l
ec
t
th
e
l
ac
k
o
f
c
o
n
s
e
n
s
u
s
o
n
its
d
ef
in
iti
o
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
Ma
n
y
r
ese
ar
c
h
e
r
s
h
a
v
e
s
t
u
d
ie
d
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
C
T
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
d
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
b
o
tics
is
an
id
e
al
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
d
in
g
a
n
d
r
o
b
o
tic
m
u
s
t
b
e
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
an
d
alig
n
with
s
u
b
ject
co
n
ten
ts
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
ele
m
en
ts
o
f
C
T
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le
ar
e
cr
u
cial.
Dec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
is
s
ec
t
a
lar
g
e
an
d
/o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
o
s
s
ib
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
p
r
o
b
lem
in
to
m
o
r
e
m
an
a
g
ea
b
l
e
p
ar
ts
[
1
8
]
.
W
h
en
cr
ea
tin
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
ex
p
lic
it
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
n
h
o
w
to
b
r
ea
k
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ased
o
n
STE
M
co
n
te
n
ts
in
to
s
m
aller
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
p
iece
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
t
h
e
teac
h
er
g
u
id
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
s
m
aller
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
k
n
o
wn
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
an
d
g
u
id
e
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t'
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Yasin
an
d
Nu
s
an
tar
a
[
2
4
]
,
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
in
C
T
ca
n
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
:
i)
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
c
o
n
tex
t
;
ii
)
m
atch
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
a
s
im
ilar
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
in
d
(
p
ast
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
;
iii
)
e
x
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
’
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
;
iv
)
lo
o
k
in
g
f
o
r
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
r
esu
lts
;
v
)
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
r
esu
lts
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Desig
n
in
g
a
c
o
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l th
in
kin
g
mo
d
u
le
fo
r
S
TEM
tea
ch
ers
:
a
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
…
(
S
a
n
u
r
a
Ja
y
a
)
2199
f
in
d
a
r
eg
u
lar
it
y
;
vi
)
esti
m
atin
g
th
e
p
atter
n
s
f
r
o
m
all
c
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
o
f
ex
tr
ac
ted
r
esu
lts
;
an
d
v
ii
)
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
p
atter
n
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
r
ec
ast r
esu
lts
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Ab
s
tr
ac
tin
g
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
wh
at
is
ess
en
tial
wh
i
le
ig
n
o
r
in
g
wh
at
is
n
o
t
[
1
8
]
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
b
r
ea
k
in
g
d
o
wn
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
to
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
ess
en
tial
elem
e
n
ts
,
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
zi
n
g
t
h
e
m
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
all
y
.
M
o
d
u
l
a
r
iz
in
g
i
s
a
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
s
t
r
ate
g
y
t
h
at
c
o
m
p
le
m
e
n
ts
a
b
s
t
r
ac
ti
o
n
b
y
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
in
to
d
is
t
in
ct
,
s
el
f
-
c
o
n
tai
n
ed
m
o
d
u
l
es.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Sj
ö
d
a
h
l
a
n
d
E
c
k
e
r
t
[
1
8
]
,
le
v
e
l
o
f
t
h
e
a
b
s
t
r
ac
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
le
v
e
l
o
f
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
s
.
Al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
al
lo
w
f
o
r
c
r
e
ati
n
g
a
s
te
p
-
by
-
s
te
p
p
r
o
ce
s
s
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
th
at
r
e
p
e
at
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
[
1
8
]
.
C
o
m
p
u
te
r
izi
n
g
s
m
a
lle
r
p
ie
ce
s
o
f
s
o
l
u
t
io
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
e
r
ies
o
f
o
r
d
e
r
ed
s
te
p
s
ca
n
s
im
p
lify
th
e
m
o
s
t
c
o
m
p
le
x
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
[
2
6
]
.
N
o
t
a
ll
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
;
t
h
e
t
ea
c
h
er
s
h
o
u
l
d
h
el
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
t
h
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
'
s
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
ess
[
2
7
]
.
B
ec
a
u
s
e
CT
is
c
r
o
s
s
-
c
u
r
r
ic
u
la
r
,
an
y
s
u
b
j
ec
t
ca
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
ate
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
p
illar
s
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
T
o
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
b
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
t
h
e
el
em
e
n
ts
o
f
C
T
s
k
il
ls
in
M
co
d
E
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
m
o
d
u
l
e
in
a
s
o
l
ar
s
till
p
r
o
jec
t,
t
h
e
r
ese
a
r
c
h
e
r
was
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
ed
f
a
ce
ts
o
f
CT
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
te
ac
h
e
r
s
ca
n
d
e
co
m
p
o
s
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
in
to
s
m
a
lle
r
t
ask
s
,
d
e
f
i
n
e
t
h
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
s
te
p
s
,
a
n
d
ap
p
l
y
co
n
d
iti
o
n
a
l
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
o
r
lo
o
p
s
as
n
ee
d
e
d
.
B
y
te
ac
h
i
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
c
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
t
ea
ch
er
s
e
n
ab
l
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
t
o
t
h
i
n
k
lo
g
ic
all
y
,
p
la
n
s
y
s
te
m
a
tic
ally
,
an
d
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
.
T
h
is
s
k
il
l
is
cr
u
cia
l
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
t
o
a
p
p
ly
CT
in
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
d
an
d
o
r
g
an
ize
d
m
an
n
e
r
.
I
n
d
e
v
el
o
p
in
g
th
e
M
co
d
E
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
m
o
d
u
l
e,
t
h
e
r
esea
r
c
h
er
was
co
n
s
o
li
d
a
ti
n
g
t
h
es
e
C
T
s
k
ill
e
l
em
e
n
ts
,
as
ill
u
s
t
r
a
te
d
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
s
o
lid
atio
n
o
f
C
T
s
k
ill
s
elem
en
ts
in
Mco
d
E
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
1
9
7
-
2
2
0
6
2200
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
i
ter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
,
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
,
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
c
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
in
th
e
Mco
d
E
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le,
a
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
ese
C
T
s
k
ills
en
co
m
p
ass
:
−
Dec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
:
th
is
in
v
o
lv
es
b
r
ea
k
in
g
d
o
wn
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
p
r
o
ject
in
to
s
m
aller
,
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as
d
esig
n
,
m
ater
ials
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
s
cien
tific
p
r
in
cip
les,
an
d
co
d
in
g
asp
ec
ts
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
ac
ilit
ates
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ea
ch
s
m
aller
p
ar
t in
d
iv
id
u
ally
.
−
Patter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
:
u
tili
zin
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
co
llect
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ata,
t
h
is
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
d
ata
t
o
id
en
tify
tr
en
d
s
an
d
p
atter
n
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
t
h
en
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
o
p
tim
ize
t
h
e
s
o
lar
s
till
's
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
R
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
ese
p
atter
n
s
is
v
ital f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
th
at
ca
n
b
e
tr
an
s
f
e
r
r
ed
to
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
2
8
]
.
−
Ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
:
th
is
s
im
p
lifie
s
co
m
p
lex
s
cien
tific
p
r
in
cip
les lik
e
h
ea
t tr
an
s
f
er
,
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
ab
le
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
B
y
d
o
in
g
s
o
,
it
aid
s
th
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
ject
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
−
Alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
th
in
k
in
g
:
th
is
in
v
o
lv
es
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
c
o
d
in
g
co
m
m
an
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
au
to
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
p
r
o
ject
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
.
I
t
r
e
q
u
ir
es
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
et
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
th
at
th
e
m
ic
r
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
ex
ec
u
te
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
e
r
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
b
o
th
s
cien
tific
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
1
]
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
C
T
f
ac
et
s
,
th
e
Mco
d
E
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
g
u
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
b
r
ea
k
in
g
d
o
wn
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
d
e
f
in
in
g
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
s
tep
s
,
a
n
d
ap
p
ly
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
al
c
o
m
m
an
d
s
o
r
lo
o
p
s
as
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
s
ter
s
lo
g
ical
th
in
k
in
g
,
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
l
an
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
a
p
p
ly
in
g
C
T
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
o
r
g
an
ized
m
an
n
e
r
.
2
.
1
.
Nee
d
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase
o
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
r
esear
ch
(
DDR)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
is
p
h
ase,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
d
ete
r
m
in
e
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
s
am
p
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
an
d
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
m
o
d
el
to
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
a
r
e
ess
en
tial
to
alig
n
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
aim
ed
at
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
e
Mco
d
E
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le,
wh
ich
is
b
ased
o
n
CT
s
k
ills
f
o
r
a
s
o
lar
s
till
p
r
o
ject.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
p
h
ase
in
v
o
lv
es
id
en
tify
in
g
an
d
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
a
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
as
well
as
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
h
as
e
r
elies
o
n
s
ev
er
al
estab
lis
h
ed
m
o
d
els.
a.
Dis
cr
ep
an
cy
m
o
d
el:
it
is
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
th
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
o
r
g
a
p
m
o
d
el
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
n
ee
d
s
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
em
p
h
asizes
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
ex
p
e
ctatio
n
s
an
d
in
v
o
lv
es
th
r
ee
p
h
ases
:
i)
go
al
s
ettin
g
,
id
en
tify
in
g
wh
at
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
;
ii)
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
wh
at
is
;
an
d
iii)
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
,
o
r
d
er
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
wh
at
o
u
g
h
t t
o
b
e
a
n
d
wh
at
is
.
b.
M
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
:
t
h
is
m
o
d
e
l
e
m
p
h
a
s
i
z
es
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
s
a
n
d
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
u
s
e
d
b
y
a
n
i
n
s
t
it
u
t
i
o
n
o
r
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
s
s
es
s
t
h
e
c
u
s
t
o
m
e
r
'
s
n
e
e
d
s
.
T
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
s
t
h
r
e
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
th
i
n
g
s
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
:
−
Selectin
g
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
(
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
)
in
v
o
lv
es
a
tar
g
et
with
a
h
ig
h
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
an
d
th
en
m
ak
in
g
ch
an
g
es r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
y
cu
s
to
m
er
s
o
r
u
s
er
s
.
−
Qu
an
tific
atio
n
:
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
ev
alu
atin
g
cu
s
to
m
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
a
n
d
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
'
s
in
ter
est in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
s
er
v
ice.
−
Sy
n
th
esis
:
th
is
p
h
ase
in
v
o
lv
e
s
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
an
in
d
e
x
o
f
n
ee
d
s
th
at
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
b
y
an
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
.
T
h
is
in
d
e
x
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
r
elate
d
to
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
y
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
u
s
ed
th
e
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
m
o
d
el
a
s
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
o
d
el
in
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
p
h
ase
b
ec
au
s
e
th
is
m
o
d
el
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
in
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
ass
ess
m
en
t.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
id
en
tifie
s
f
iv
e
s
tep
s
in
n
ee
d
s
a
n
aly
s
is
:
a.
Step
1
:
id
en
tify
u
s
er
s
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
.
−
T
h
e
u
s
er
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
ac
h
er
s
an
d
STE
M
ex
p
er
ts
.
−
Nee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
will f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
en
ter
tain
ed
.
b.
Step
2
:
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
−
T
h
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
s
in
Pen
an
g
an
d
STE
M
ex
p
er
ts
.
I
t
is
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
d
esire
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia)
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tu
d
y
.
c.
Step
3
:
id
en
tif
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
le.
−
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
will
id
en
tify
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
r
ev
ea
led
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
with
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
On
e
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
an
d
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
i
n
ter
v
iews
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
ase
1
,
n
ee
d
an
aly
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Desig
n
in
g
a
c
o
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l th
in
kin
g
mo
d
u
le
fo
r
S
TEM
tea
ch
ers
:
a
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
…
(
S
a
n
u
r
a
Ja
y
a
)
2201
−
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
in
f
o
r
m
an
ts
.
T
h
ei
r
co
m
m
en
ts
,
id
ea
s
,
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
will
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
o
th
ex
p
licit
n
ee
d
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
an
d
im
p
lic
it
n
ee
d
s
th
at
m
ay
em
er
g
e
in
d
ir
ec
tly
.
−
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
will
u
s
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
o
n
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
to
g
ai
n
a
h
o
lis
tic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
n
e
ed
s
.
d.
Step
4
:
ass
ess
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
s
.
−
T
h
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
in
f
o
r
m
an
ts
will
b
e
ev
alu
ated
o
n
ce
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
th
eir
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
.
e.
Step
5
:
co
m
m
u
n
icate
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
al
y
s
is
.
−
T
h
e
n
ee
d
s
r
esu
lts
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
er
s
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
to
u
s
er
s
an
d
r
ele
v
an
t
au
d
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
s
a
n
aly
s
is
will
b
e
an
aly
s
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
th
em
es,
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
r
ec
u
r
r
in
g
n
ee
d
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
n
ts
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
in
p
h
ase
o
n
e
DDR
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
n
ee
d
s
a
n
aly
s
is
as
th
e
in
itial
s
tep
to
id
en
tify
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
alig
n
s
wi
th
Mc
Killip
’
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
also
k
n
o
wn
as
p
r
o
b
le
m
an
aly
s
is
wh
er
e
is
s
u
es
ar
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
an
d
ev
al
u
ated
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
u
ltip
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
d
ata
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
[
3
3
]
.
Sam
p
le
s
ize
s
in
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
ty
p
ically
s
m
all
an
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
a
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
b
e
b
o
th
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
with
th
e
s
am
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
3
2
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
ac
h
e
r
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
Selectio
n
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
ed
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
etailed
d
ata,
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
in
m
an
ag
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
STE
M
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
et
b
y
th
e
MO
E
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
ch
o
s
en
to
m
ee
t
ce
r
tain
cr
iter
ia
as
in
d
icate
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
ey
wer
e
all
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
STE
M
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ad
h
er
ed
t
o
th
e
f
o
l
lo
win
g
cr
iter
ia
:
i
)
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
s
p
ec
ializin
g
i
n
STE
M
s
u
b
jects
;
ii
)
ea
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
t
h
ad
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
two
y
e
ar
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
teac
h
in
g
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el
;
an
d
iii
)
all
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
p
o
s
s
es
s
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
o
n
e
-
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
d
esig
n
in
a
two
-
d
a
y
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Plan
n
in
g
a
n
d
R
esear
ch
Div
is
io
n
(
E
R
PD)
an
d
th
e
Pen
an
g
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Dep
ar
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
aim
ed
to
ass
ess
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
CT
s
k
ills
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
a
f
ter
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Pre
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
9
.
0
with
a
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
s
am
p
les
t
-
test
to
id
en
tify
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
wer
e
g
ath
er
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
in
ter
v
iews
with
s
elec
ted
STE
M
teac
h
er
s
,
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
eir
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
C
T
s
k
ill
s
an
d
m
o
d
u
le
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
au
d
io
-
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
,
tr
an
s
cr
ib
e
d
,
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
ch
e
ck
lis
t
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
v
ali
d
ity
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
was
r
e
v
iewe
d
b
y
th
r
ee
ex
p
er
ts
in
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
etr
ic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tics
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
f
o
r
m
at,
a
n
d
v
ar
iab
le
s
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
alig
n
m
en
t w
ith
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
o
b
jectiv
es [
3
3
]
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
t
es
t
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
te
s
t
r
e
s
u
lt
s
r
ev
ea
ls
a
s
i
g
n
if
ic
an
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
b
a
s
ic
CT
s
k
il
l
s
o
f
S
T
E
M
s
e
co
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
te
ac
h
er
s
.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
in
v
e
s
tig
at
es
th
e
n
ee
d
o
f
CT
s
k
i
ll
s
i
n
th
e
to
p
i
c
h
ea
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
s
ti
ll
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
am
o
n
g
S
T
E
M
s
e
co
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
t
ea
c
h
e
r
s
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
r
e
-
te
s
t
s
co
r
e
o
f
4
3
.
2
5
i
l
lu
s
tr
at
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
i
s
e
to
6
7
.
3
7
in
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
te
s
t
,
r
ef
l
ec
tin
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
ti
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
CT
s
k
i
ll
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
On
e
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
Te
st
v
a
l
u
e
=
0
t
df
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
M
e
a
n
9
5
%
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
O
n
e
-
si
d
e
d
p
Tw
o
-
si
d
e
d
p
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
M
e
a
n
p
r
e
-
t
e
s
t
3
1
.
0
4
31
<
.
0
0
1
<
.
0
0
1
4
3
.
2
5
4
0
.
4
1
4
6
.
0
9
M
e
a
n
p
o
st
-
t
e
s
t
4
9
.
9
4
31
<
.
0
0
1
<
.
0
0
1
6
7
.
3
7
6
4
.
6
2
7
0
.
1
3
T
ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ated
th
e
t
-
test
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
d
esig
n
in
d
icate
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
CT
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
ati
n
g
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
e
was
4
3
.
2
5
,
with
a
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
4
0
.
4
1
to
4
6
.
0
9
.
T
h
is
s
co
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
with
a
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
6
7
.
3
7
an
d
a
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
ter
v
al
f
r
o
m
6
4
.
6
2
to
7
0
.
1
3
.
T
h
e
t
-
test
s
tatis
tics
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
e
-
test
(
t=3
1
.
0
4
,
d
f
=3
1
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
(
t=4
9
.
9
4
,
d
f
=
3
1
,
p
<.
0
0
1
)
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
e
-
t
est
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
1
9
7
-
2
2
0
6
2202
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
h
ad
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
teac
h
er
s
'
C
T
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
CT
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l te
ac
h
er
s
.
As s
h
o
wn
in
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
Su
r
y
an
i
et
a
l.
[
3
5
]
,
C
T
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
el
h
as
p
r
o
v
e
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
en
h
an
cin
g
C
T
b
y
b
r
ea
k
in
g
d
o
wn
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
to
m
an
ag
ea
b
le
s
u
b
-
g
o
als.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
also
co
n
d
u
cted
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
i
n
ter
v
iew
with
th
r
ee
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
i
n
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
d
ata.
T
wo
b
r
o
ad
th
e
m
es e
m
er
g
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
an
aly
s
i
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
th
em
es
B
ased
o
n
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
f
in
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
th
r
ee
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
R
1
,
R
2
,
an
d
R
3
it wa
s
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
lac
k
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
CT
in
th
eir
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
R
1
,
R
2
,
an
d
R
3
all
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
C
T
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
ac
ti
v
ities
an
d
less
o
n
p
lan
s
.
T
h
is
is
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
u
e
to
a
lack
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
to
in
teg
r
ate
C
T
s
k
ill
s
an
d
th
e
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
ap
p
licatio
n
in
to
t
h
eir
less
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
in
ter
v
i
ew
f
o
r
R
1
,
R
2
,
an
d
R
3
ar
e
as st
ated
:
R
1
:
“
I
n
ee
d
mo
r
e
ex
p
lo
s
u
r
e
o
n
th
e
co
n
ten
ts
o
f
co
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l
t
h
in
kin
g
.
B
esid
es
,
I
a
ls
o
w
a
n
t
to
kn
o
w
o
th
er w
a
ys h
o
w
to
in
teg
r
a
te
co
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l th
in
kin
g
in
my
less
o
n
.
”
[
I
n
ter
v
iew:1
7
.
4
.
2
4
]
R
2
:
“
La
ck
o
f
kn
o
w
led
g
e
in
meth
o
d
s
/w
a
ys
to
c
r
ea
te
tea
ch
in
g
a
id
s
a
n
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
a
te
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
elem
en
ts
in
to
th
e
less
o
n
co
n
te
n
t.
”
[
I
n
ter
v
iew:1
7
.
4
.
2
4
]
R
3
:
“
B
ec
au
s
e
co
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l
th
in
k
in
g
is
a
p
p
lied
in
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lvin
g
r
ela
ted
to
a
n
is
s
u
e,
b
u
t
th
e
flo
w
ch
a
r
t
fo
r
‘
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
th
i
n
kin
g
’
is
o
n
ly
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject
A
S
K
(
B
a
s
ic
S
cien
ce
C
o
mp
u
ter).
”
[
I
n
ter
v
iew:1
7
.
4
.
2
4
]
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
a
cr
itic
al
n
ee
d
f
o
r
C
T
m
o
d
u
les
am
o
n
g
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
t
ea
ch
er
s
,
as
m
an
y
lack
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
C
T
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
lim
ited
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
to
i
n
teg
r
ate
C
T
s
k
ills
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
ed
b
y
C
o
zz
en
s
a
n
d
C
ar
p
en
ter
[
3
6
]
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
a
s
izes
th
at
m
an
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
in
teg
r
ate
C
T
in
to
th
eir
less
o
n
s
d
u
e
to
a
lack
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
g
u
id
e
i
n
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
[
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
C
T
m
o
d
u
les
to
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
er
s
'
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
y
L
ap
awi
an
d
Hu
s
n
in
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e
,
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
Mco
d
E
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le,
is
ess
en
tial.
T
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
will
in
clu
d
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
h
el
p
teac
h
er
s
in
teg
r
ate
C
T
s
k
ills
in
to
th
eir
less
o
n
p
lan
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
illu
s
tr
ated
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
u
n
an
im
o
u
s
ly
in
d
icate
d
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
C
T
m
o
d
u
les
r
elat
ed
to
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
s
cien
ce
,
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
d
in
g
with
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
in
p
r
o
jects
lik
e
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
i
n
ter
v
iew
f
r
o
m
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
t
1
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
2
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
3
ar
e
as st
ated
:
R
1
:
“
B
ec
a
u
s
e
to
ma
ke
s
le
a
r
n
in
g
mo
r
e
in
teres
tin
g
a
n
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
r
ig
h
t
w
a
ys
a
n
d
meth
o
d
to
in
crea
s
e
o
u
r
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
in
g
.
C
h
a
n
g
in
g
fr
o
m
tr
a
d
itio
n
a
l
w
a
ys
to
d
ig
ita
liz
a
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
in
g
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e.
”
[
I
n
ter
v
iew:1
7
.
4
.
2
4
]
R
2
:
“
Meth
o
d
s
fo
r
u
tili
z
in
g
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
a
n
d
a
lter
n
a
tive
p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
r
ep
la
cin
g
b
a
tter
ies,
to
fa
cilita
te
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
clea
n
w
a
ter
in
th
e
s
o
la
r
s
ti
ll
p
r
o
ject.
”
[
I
n
ter
v
iew:1
7
.
4
.
2
4
]
R
3
:
“
I
n
th
e
tea
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
lea
r
n
a
b
o
u
t
d
iffer
en
t
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
fer
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
a
t a
ffect
temp
era
tu
r
e
ch
a
n
g
es.
”
[
I
n
ter
v
iew:1
7
.
4
.
2
4
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Desig
n
in
g
a
c
o
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l th
in
kin
g
mo
d
u
le
fo
r
S
TEM
tea
ch
ers
:
a
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
…
(
S
a
n
u
r
a
Ja
y
a
)
2203
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
t
h
e
h
ig
h
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
C
T
m
o
d
u
les
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
Ma
g
n
etc
o
d
e
an
d
h
ea
t
to
p
ics
d
ir
ec
tly
alig
n
s
with
th
e
ar
ticl
e'
s
o
b
jectiv
e
to
id
en
tify
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
u
ch
m
o
d
u
les
am
o
n
g
STE
M
teac
h
er
s
.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
C
T
m
o
d
u
les
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
to
p
ics
lik
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
c
es.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Me
n
s
an
et
a
l.
[
3
7
]
,
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le
s
h
o
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
to
f
o
s
ter
d
ee
p
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t [
1
0
]
,
[
3
8
]
–
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
in
ter
v
iew
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
a
clea
r
a
n
d
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
CT
m
o
d
u
les
am
o
n
g
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
th
em
es
r
ev
ea
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
ap
s
in
STE
M’
s
teac
h
er
s
p
r
io
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
CT
.
Similar
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
R
ah
m
a
wati
an
d
Fau
zi
[
4
1
]
u
tili
ze
d
C
T
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
t
r
ateg
ies
wh
er
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
n
ee
d
ed
g
u
id
a
n
ce
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
C
T
in
to
p
ed
ag
o
g
ica
l
s
tr
ateg
ies
[
3
5
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
est
in
C
T
m
o
d
u
les
r
elate
d
t
o
Ma
g
n
etco
d
e
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
cie
n
tific
to
p
ics
lik
e
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
er
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
u
ch
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
to
o
ls
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
alig
n
w
ith
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
CT
m
o
d
u
les
am
o
n
g
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
Mco
d
E
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
m
o
d
u
le
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
g
ap
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
p
r
ac
tical,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
,
eth
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
C
T
s
k
ills
in
to
v
ar
io
u
s
teac
h
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
S
T
E
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
f
o
r
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
c
h
allen
g
es o
f
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
2
2
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
ti
n
g
C
T
m
o
d
u
le
to
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
e
STE
M
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
h
allen
g
es.
T
h
e
Mco
d
E
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
o
d
u
le,
with
its
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
r
a
ctica
l,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
teac
h
e
r
s
'
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
CT
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
eq
u
ip
p
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
with
th
e
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
u
ltima
tely
lead
i
n
g
to
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
b
etter
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
s
in
ce
r
e
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Un
iv
e
r
s
iti
Sain
s
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
U
SM)
an
d
th
e
Hu
m
an
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
(
J
E
PeM
-
USM)
f
o
r
th
eir
eth
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
W
e
also
ex
ten
d
o
u
r
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
to
SEAM
E
O
R
E
C
SAM
f
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
as
s
i
s
tan
ce
an
d
to
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
o
r
th
eir
v
alu
a
b
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
Sp
ec
ial
th
a
n
k
s
to
co
lleag
u
es
an
d
r
ev
iewe
r
s
f
o
r
th
eir
in
s
ig
h
tf
u
l
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
wh
ich
h
as
e
n
h
an
ce
d
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
San
u
r
a
J
ay
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
R
o
zn
iza
Z
ah
ar
u
d
i
n
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Par
v
in
d
er
Sin
g
h
s
/o
Am
ar
Sin
g
h
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
1
9
7
-
2
2
0
6
2204
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
er
e
is
n
o
co
n
f
lict
o
f
in
ter
est
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
a
r
ticle.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
,
an
d
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
f
i
n
an
cial,
p
er
s
o
n
al,
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
co
u
ld
i
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
wo
r
k
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
All
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
h
av
e
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
f
in
al
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
cc
o
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
eth
ical
g
u
i
d
elin
es
an
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
Hu
m
an
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Sain
s
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
J
E
PeM
-
USM)
.
Prio
r
t
o
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wer
e
f
u
lly
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
je
ctiv
es,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
p
o
ten
tial
r
is
k
s
,
an
d
b
en
ef
its
.
W
r
itten
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t w
as o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
eir
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
y
wer
e
ass
u
r
ed
o
f
th
eir
an
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
co
n
f
id
e
n
tiality
,
an
d
th
ey
r
et
ain
ed
th
e
r
ig
h
t
to
with
d
r
aw
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
at
an
y
s
tag
e
with
o
u
t
an
y
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
llo
wed
th
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
Dec
lar
atio
n
o
f
Helsin
k
i,
I
n
t
er
n
atio
n
al
C
o
n
f
e
r
en
ce
o
n
H
ar
m
o
n
izatio
n
(
I
C
H)
Gu
id
eli
n
es,
Go
o
d
C
lin
ical
Pra
ctice
(
GC
P)
Stan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
d
C
o
u
n
cil
f
o
r
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Or
g
an
izatio
n
s
o
f
Me
d
ical
Scien
ce
s
(
C
I
OM
S)
Gu
id
elin
es.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
was
r
ev
iewe
d
an
d
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
Hu
m
an
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Sain
s
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
J
E
PeM
-
USM)
u
n
d
er
th
e
et
h
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
al
co
d
e
USM/JEPeM
/
PP
/2
4
0
8
0
7
0
8
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
v
al
is
v
alid
f
r
o
m
4
th
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
4
u
n
til
3
r
d
Octo
b
er
2
0
2
5
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
lies
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
a
n
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
Stan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
O
p
er
at
io
n
al
Gu
id
a
n
ce
f
o
r
E
th
ics
R
ev
iew
o
f
Hea
lth
-
R
elate
d
R
esear
ch
,
an
d
f
o
llo
ws
eth
ical
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
b
y
USM.
An
y
am
en
d
m
en
ts
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
r
ad
v
er
s
e
ev
en
ts
we
r
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
J
E
PeM
-
USM
as
p
er
th
e
eth
ical
g
u
id
elin
es.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
All
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
in
clu
d
e
d
i
n
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
No
a
d
d
itio
n
al
d
ata
ar
e
av
ailab
le
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
M
.
Y
u
s
o
f
,
H
.
A
.
J
a
l
i
l
,
a
n
d
T.
P
e
r
u
ma
l
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
r
o
b
o
t
i
c
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
i
n
g
i
n
p
r
i
mar
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
,
”
Asi
a
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
–
132
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
3
9
/
a
ss.
v
1
7
n
1
1
p
1
2
2
.
[
2
]
N
.
A.
W
a
h
a
b
,
O
.
Ta
l
i
b
,
F
.
R
a
z
a
l
i
,
a
n
d
N
.
K
a
mar
u
d
i
n
,
“
Th
e
b
i
g
w
h
y
o
f
i
mp
l
e
me
n
t
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
S
TEM
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
sy
st
e
mat
i
c
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
Ma
l
a
y
si
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
(
M
J
S
S
H
)
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
–
2
8
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
7
4
0
5
/
mj
ss
h
.
v
6
i
3
.
7
0
6
.
[
3
]
M
y
D
I
G
I
TA
L,
Ma
l
a
y
s
i
a
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
Ec
o
n
o
m
y
Bl
u
e
p
ri
n
t
.
P
u
t
r
a
j
a
y
a
:
E
c
o
n
o
mi
c
P
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
U
n
i
t
,
P
r
i
me
M
i
n
i
st
e
r
’
s De
p
a
r
t
men
t
,
2
0
1
8
.
[
4
]
N
.
M
.
N
a
sr
i
,
N
.
N
a
sr
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
A
.
Ta
l
i
b
,
“
T
o
w
a
r
d
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
S
TEM
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
:
e
a
r
l
y
f
r
a
me
w
o
r
k
,
”
U
n
i
v
e
rs
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
7
–
3
0
8
4
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
1
8
9
/
u
j
e
r
.
2
0
2
0
.
0
8
0
7
3
6
.
[
5
]
R
.
I
d
r
i
s,
P
.
G
o
v
i
n
d
a
sa
my
,
a
n
d
S
.
N
a
c
h
i
a
p
p
a
n
,
“
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
a
n
d
o
b
st
a
c
l
e
s
o
f
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
A
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
R
e
se
a
rc
h
i
n
B
u
si
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
8
2
0
–
8
2
8
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
6
0
0
7
/
I
JA
R
B
S
S
/
v
1
3
-
i
4
/
1
6
6
7
6
.
[
6
]
A
.
A
.
R
a
ml
i
,
N
.
H
.
I
b
r
a
h
i
m,
J.
S
u
r
i
f
,
M
.
A
.
H
.
B
u
n
y
a
mi
n
,
R
.
J
a
ma
l
u
d
d
i
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
“
Te
a
c
h
e
r
s’
r
e
a
d
i
n
e
ss
i
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
S
TEM
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
M
a
n
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
9
7
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
3
4
3
–
3
5
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
7
]
H
.
S
u
s
i
l
o
a
n
d
A
.
K
.
S
u
d
r
a
j
a
t
,
“
S
TE
M
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
t
s
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
:
t
h
e
c
a
se
o
f
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
M
a
l
a
n
g
C
i
t
y
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
ri
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
6
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
4
2
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
5
6
3
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
4
2
.
[
8
]
M
.
A
.
H
.
B
u
n
y
a
m
i
n
a
n
d
F
.
N
.
F
i
n
l
e
y
,
“
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
:
r
e
v
i
e
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m,”
i
n
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
f
Ass
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
T
e
a
c
h
e
r E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
9
]
B
.
A
w
u
d
i
a
n
d
S
.
D
a
n
s
o
,
“
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
e
a
t
t
r
a
n
sf
e
r
u
si
n
g
d
e
mo
n
s
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
met
h
o
d
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
T
e
a
c
h
e
r
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
e
m
0
3
7
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
3
3
3
/
m
a
t
h
sc
i
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
/
1
3
1
6
4
.
[
1
0
]
N
.
La
p
a
w
i
a
n
d
H
.
H
u
s
n
i
n
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
m
o
d
u
l
e
o
n
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
sci
e
n
c
e
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
mo
d
u
l
e
s
o
n
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
sc
i
e
n
c
e
,
”
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
6
4
–
1
7
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
2
8
/
s
e
i
.
v
3
1
.
i
2
.
5
.
[
1
1
]
I
.
A.
H
a
mi
d
,
W
.
A
.
W.
Y
a
h
a
y
a
,
a
n
d
H
.
R
a
h
i
m,
“
A
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
a
m
o
n
g
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
o
n
c
l
i
mat
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
,
”
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
(
MJ
S
S
H
)
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
5
9
–
2
6
4
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
7
4
0
5
/
m
j
ssh
.
v
6
i
6
.
8
2
9
.
[
1
2
]
N
.
K
a
r
i
m
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
l
i
m
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
g
e
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
a
l
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
4
,
p
.
1
6
6
1
8
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
4
2
4
1
6
6
1
8
.
[
1
3
]
M
.
N
.
A
u
f
a
,
S
.
H
a
d
i
,
S
.
S
y
a
h
m
a
n
i
,
R
.
R
u
s
ma
n
sy
a
h
,
M
.
H
a
s
b
i
e
,
a
n
d
I
.
I
sn
a
w
a
t
i
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
sc
i
e
n
c
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
o
n
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
t
o
p
i
c
s
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
k
i
l
l
s,
”
Be
rk
a
l
a
I
l
m
i
a
h
Pe
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
Fi
s
i
k
a
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
2
8
5
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
5
2
7
/
b
i
p
f
.
v
9
i
3
.
1
1
1
4
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Desig
n
in
g
a
c
o
mp
u
ta
tio
n
a
l th
in
kin
g
mo
d
u
le
fo
r
S
TEM
tea
ch
ers
:
a
d
esig
n
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
men
t
…
(
S
a
n
u
r
a
Ja
y
a
)
2205
[
1
4
]
X
.
P
.
V
o
o
n
,
S
.
L
.
W
o
n
g
,
L.
H
.
W
o
n
g
,
M
.
N
.
M
.
K
h
a
m
b
a
r
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
I
.
S
.
S
y
e
d
-
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
p
r
e
-
serv
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
h
y
b
r
i
d
i
sa
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
l
u
g
g
e
d
a
n
d
u
n
p
l
u
g
g
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s,
”
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Pra
c
t
i
c
e
i
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
p
.
0
0
6
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
8
4
5
9
/
r
p
t
e
l
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
8
0
0
6
.
[
1
5
]
L.
-
L.
U
n
g
,
J
.
L
a
b
a
d
i
n
,
a
n
d
F
.
S
.
M
o
h
a
ma
d
,
“
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s:
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
l
o
c
a
l
i
s
e
d
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
sy
s
t
e
m
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
& E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
7
,
p
.
1
0
4
3
7
9
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
o
mp
e
d
u
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
4
3
7
9
.
[
1
6
]
J.
M
.
W
i
n
g
,
“
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
AC
M
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
–
3
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
1
1
1
8
1
7
8
.
1
1
1
8
2
1
5
.
[
1
7
]
L.
G
o
o
v
a
e
r
t
s,
M
.
d
e
C
o
c
k
,
K
.
S
t
r
u
y
v
e
n
,
a
n
d
W
.
D
e
h
a
e
n
e
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
a
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
t
h
e
r
mo
d
y
n
a
mi
c
s i
n
a
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
w
a
y
t
o
1
6
y
e
a
r
o
l
d
p
u
p
i
l
s
,
”
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
T
E
M
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
8
9
7
/
e
j
s
t
e
me/
3
9
6
4
.
[
1
8
]
A
.
S
j
ö
d
a
h
l
a
n
d
A
.
Ec
k
e
r
t
,
“
A
b
st
r
a
c
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
c
o
mp
o
s
i
n
g
i
n
a
v
i
su
a
l
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
h
i
l
d
-
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
6
,
p
.
1
0
0
5
7
3
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
c
c
i
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
0
5
7
3
.
[
1
9
]
G
.
O
.
M
e
s
e
g
u
e
r
a
n
d
J.
L.
S
e
r
r
a
n
o
,
“
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
i
mary
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
i
n
c
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
:
a
sy
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
(
i
n
S
p
a
n
i
sh
)
,
RI
ED
-
Re
v
i
st
a
I
b
e
ro
a
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
a
d
e
E
d
u
c
a
c
i
ó
n
a
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
–
2
8
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
9
4
4
/
r
i
e
d
.
2
7
.
1
.
3
7
5
7
2
.
[
2
0
]
N
.
O
.
E
z
e
a
m
u
z
i
e
,
“
A
b
st
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
-
b
a
se
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
:
d
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
,
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
,
c
r
e
a
t
e
,
a
n
d
a
ss
e
m
b
l
e
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
Re
sea
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
6
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
6
0
5
–
6
3
8
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
7
3
5
6
3
3
1
2
2
1
1
3
4
4
2
3
.
[
2
1
]
W
.
Le
p
u
sc
h
i
t
z
,
M
.
M
e
r
d
a
n
,
G
.
K
o
p
p
e
n
s
t
e
i
n
e
r
,
R
.
B
a
l
o
g
h
,
a
n
d
D
.
O
b
d
r
ž
á
l
e
k
,
R
o
b
o
t
i
c
s
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
l
a
t
e
s
t
res
u
l
t
s
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
.
C
h
a
m:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
319
-
6
2
8
7
5
-
2.
[
2
2
]
N
.
F
.
A
.
Z
a
i
n
a
l
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
o
b
o
t
i
c
p
r
o
t
o
t
y
p
e
a
n
d
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
i
n
c
r
e
a
si
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
U
AE)
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
6
–
2
9
0
,
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
4
4
1
9
/
i
j
e
t
.
v
7
i
3
.
2
5
.
1
7
5
8
3
.
[
2
3
]
K
.
K
w
o
n
a
n
d
J.
C
h
e
o
n
,
“
Ex
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
d
e
c
o
m
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
b
l
o
c
k
-
b
a
se
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
S
c
h
o
o
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
–
1
6
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
5
8
5
/
i
j
c
s
e
s.
v
3
i
1
.
5
4
.
[
2
4
]
M
.
Y
a
si
n
a
n
d
T
.
N
u
sa
n
t
a
r
a
,
“
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
s
o
f
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
i
n
c
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
i
n
AI
P
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
.
0
4
0
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
6
3
/
5
.
0
1
1
2
1
7
1
.
[
2
5
]
F
.
N
.
K
u
m
a
l
a
,
A
.
D
.
Y
a
sa,
A
.
b
i
n
H.
J
a
i
t
,
A
.
P
.
W
i
b
a
w
a
,
a
n
d
L
.
H
i
d
a
y
a
h
,
“
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
p
r
o
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
i
n
s
c
i
e
n
c
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
g
e
n
d
e
r
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
st
u
d
i
e
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
m
e
n
t
a
ry
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
6
4
6
–
6
5
6
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
3
8
8
7
/
i
j
e
e
.
v
7
i
4
.
6
8
6
1
1
.
[
2
6
]
F
.
K
.
C
a
n
su
a
n
d
S
.
K
.
C
a
n
s
u
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
r
v
i
e
w
o
f
c
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
S
c
h
o
o
l
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
7
–
3
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
5
8
5
/
i
j
c
s
e
s.
v
3
i
1
.
5
3
.
[
2
7
]
J.
K
r
a
u
ss
a
n
d
K
.
P
r
o
t
t
sm
a
n
,
C
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
:
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r’
s
g
e
t
t
i
n
g
-
s
t
a
r
t
e
d
g
u
i
d
e
,
1
st
e
d
.
Th
o
u
s
a
n
d
O
a
k
s
,
C
A
:
C
o
r
w
i
n
P
r
e
ss
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
8
]
P
.
J.
R
i
c
h
,
G
.
E
g
a
n
,
a
n
d
J
.
El
l
sw
o
r
t
h
,
“
A
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
d
e
c
o
mp
o
si
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
i
n
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
1
9
AC
M
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
4
1
6
–
4
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
3
3
0
4
2
2
1
.
3
3
1
9
7
9
3
.
[
2
9
]
Ü
.
Ç
a
k
i
r
o
ğ
l
u
a
n
d
İ
.
Ç
e
v
i
k
,
“
A
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
me
a
su
r
i
n
g
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
su
b
-
sk
i
l
l
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
b
l
o
c
k
-
b
a
se
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
me
n
t
s
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
7
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
9
4
5
5
–
9
4
8
4
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
6
3
9
-
022
-
1
1
0
1
9
-
2.
[
3
0
]
M
.
A
.
A
d
e
o
y
e
a
n
d
E
.
F
.
P
r
a
st
i
k
a
w
a
t
i
,
“
S
i
mp
l
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
u
z
z
l
e
:
h
o
w
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
b
st
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
h
e
l
p
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
c
o
n
q
u
e
r
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
i
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
4
0
–
1
4
8
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
8
7
7
/
i
j
r
e
.
v
4
i
1
.
1
7
4
8
7
.
[
3
1
]
S
.
N
i
t
a
a
n
d
S
.
K
a
r
t
i
k
a
w
a
t
i
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
met
h
o
d
,
p
se
u
d
o
c
o
d
e
a
n
d
f
l
o
w
c
h
a
r
t
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
mm
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
c
o
u
r
ses,
”
I
O
P
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s:
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
8
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
4
4
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
5
7
-
8
9
9
X
/
8
3
5
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
4
4
.
[
3
2
]
S
.
S
i
r
a
j
,
N
.
A
l
i
a
s,
D
.
D
e
W
i
t
t
,
a
n
d
Z.
H
u
ssi
n
,
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
res
e
a
r
c
h
:
e
m
e
r
g
e
n
t
t
re
n
d
s
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
res
e
a
rc
h
.
K
u
a
l
a
L
u
m
p
u
r
:
P
e
a
r
so
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
2
0
1
3
.
[
3
3
]
K
.
S
c
h
o
c
h
,
“
C
a
s
e
st
u
d
y
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
”
i
n
R
e
se
a
rc
h
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
s:
An
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
g
u
i
d
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
l
a
r
-
p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
,
G
.
J.
B
u
r
k
h
o
l
d
e
r
,
K
.
A
.
C
o
x
,
L.
M
.
C
r
a
w
f
o
r
d
,
J
.
H
.
H
i
t
c
h
c
o
c
k
,
Ed
s
.,
T
h
o
u
sa
n
d
O
a
k
s,
C
A
:
S
A
G
E
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
I
n
c
.
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
–
2
5
8
.
[
3
4
]
L.
C
o
h
e
n
,
L.
M
a
n
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
K
.
M
o
r
r
i
so
n
,
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
8
t
h
e
d
.
Lo
n
d
o
n
:
R
o
u
t
l
e
d
g
e
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
3
2
4
/
9
7
8
1
3
1
5
4
5
6
5
3
9
.
[
3
5
]
K
.
S
u
r
y
a
n
i
,
K
.
K
h
a
i
r
u
d
i
n
,
A
.
F
.
R
a
h
mad
a
n
i
,
R
.
W
i
d
y
a
s
t
u
t
i
,
a
n
d
L
.
W
i
n
s
a
,
“
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
S
T
EM
-
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
M
EA
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
mo
d
e
l
t
o
i
mp
r
o
v
e
c
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
J
S
E)
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
–
1
3
5
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
6
0
0
3
/
j
se.
v
4
i
2
.
2
8
9
.
[
3
6
]
M
.
C
o
z
z
e
n
s
a
n
d
T.
C
a
r
p
e
n
t
e
r
,
“
Em
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
g
sc
i
e
n
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
”
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
7
7
1
–
1
7
8
3
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
c
e
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
5
9
1
0
8
.
[
3
7
]
T.
M
e
n
sa
n
,
K
.
O
sma
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
.
A
.
M
a
j
i
d
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
u
n
p
l
u
g
g
e
d
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
sci
e
n
c
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
t
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
sci
e
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
–
1
4
9
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
2
8
/
s
e
i
.
v
3
1
.
i
2
.
2
.
[
3
8
]
A
.
A
.
C
h
i
s
t
y
a
k
o
v
,
S
.
P
.
Zh
d
a
n
o
v
,
E
.
L.
A
v
d
e
e
v
a
,
E.
A
.
D
y
a
d
i
c
h
e
n
k
o
,
M
.
L
.
K
u
n
i
t
s
y
n
a
,
a
n
d
R
.
I
.
Y
a
g
u
d
i
n
a
,
“
Ex
p
l
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
sci
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
S
TEA
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
E
u
ra
s
i
a
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s,
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
.
e
m
2
2
5
6
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
3
3
3
/
e
j
ms
t
e
/
1
3
1
2
8
.
[
3
9
]
M
.
C
.
H
s
i
e
h
,
H
.
C
.
P
a
n
,
S
.
W
.
H
s
i
e
h
,
M
.
J.
H
s
u
,
a
n
d
S
.
W
.
C
h
o
u
,
“
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
:
a
S
TEM
-
b
a
s
e
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
w
i
t
h
t
a
n
g
i
b
l
e
r
o
b
o
t
s
o
n
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
u
r
s
e
s,”
Fro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
Psy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
p
.
8
2
8
5
6
8
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
s
y
g
.
2
0
2
1
.
8
2
8
5
6
8
.
[
4
0
]
H
.
S
h
e
r
w
o
o
d
,
A
.
K
a
i
s
e
r
,
C
.
F
e
r
g
u
s
o
n
,
A
.
N
e
g
r
o
n
,
R
.
F
e
r
r
e
r
,
a
n
d
D
.
La
b
o
n
t
e
,
“
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
e
a
r
l
y
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
5
5
t
h
AC
M
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
V.
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
1
4
–
1
8
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
4
5
/
3
6
2
6
2
5
3
.
3
6
3
5
5
4
0
.
[
4
1
]
S
.
N
.
R
a
h
maw
a
t
i
a
n
d
A
.
F
a
u
z
i
,
“
C
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
-
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
s
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
p
h
y
s
i
c
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
n
n
e
w
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
w
o
r
k
sh
e
e
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
J
u
rn
a
l
I
l
m
u
Pe
n
d
i
d
i
k
a
n
Fi
si
k
a
(
J
I
P
F)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
4
2
6
–
4
3
7
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
7
3
7
/
j
i
p
f
.
v
9
i
3
.
4
8
0
7
.
[
4
2
]
U
z
ma
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
D
e
h
r
a
j
,
“
P
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
b
a
s
e
d
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
y
i
mp
a
c
t
s
o
n
y
o
u
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
mes,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
o
n
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
ry
I
ss
u
e
s
i
n
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
9
7
3
–
9
8
0
,
2
0
2
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
1
9
7
-
2
2
0
6
2206
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
S
a
n
u
r
a
J
a
y
a
is
a
sp
e
c
ialist
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
t
S
EA
M
EO
RECS
AM,
h
o
l
d
s
a
M
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
a
n
d
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
a
P
h
.
D
.
fo
c
u
se
d
o
n
in
teg
ra
ti
n
g
M
a
g
n
e
tc
o
d
e
with
c
o
m
p
u
tati
o
n
a
l
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
stro
n
g
b
a
c
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ies
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
t
h
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
(DD
R)
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
.
S
h
e
s
p
e
c
ialize
s
in
a
p
p
ly
i
n
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
to
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
ig
i
talizin
g
lea
rn
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
s,
a
imin
g
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
il
ls
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
S
TE
M
-
b
a
se
d
tea
c
h
in
g
stra
t
e
g
ies
.
He
r
e
x
p
e
rti
se
li
e
s
i
n
c
u
rricu
lu
m
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t,
re
se
a
rc
h
,
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
c
u
tt
in
g
-
e
d
g
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sa
n
u
ra
jay
a
@s
tu
d
e
n
t.
u
sm
.
m
y
;
sa
n
u
r
a
jay
a
5
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ro
z
n
iza
Z
a
h
a
r
u
d
in
is
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
tu
d
ies
in
Un
iv
e
rsiti
S
a
in
s
M
a
lay
sia
,
P
e
n
a
n
g
.
He
r
e
x
p
e
rti
se
i
n
c
lu
d
e
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
S
p
e
c
ial
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
As
sistiv
e
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(AT)
f
o
r
S
p
e
c
ial
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
e
r
Do
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
De
g
re
e
(P
h
.
D
.
)
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
g
ra
p
h
ics
(3
D)
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ll
y
d
e
sig
n
e
d
fo
r
th
e
sp
e
c
ial
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
o
b
tain
e
d
b
o
th
M
.
Sc
.
(Ho
n
s)
De
g
re
e
a
n
d
B
.
Sc
.
(H
o
n
s)
d
e
g
re
e
in
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
c
e
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
g
ra
p
h
ics
(3
D).
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ro
z
@u
sm
.
m
y
.
Pa
r
v
in
d
e
r
S
in
g
h
s/o
A
m
a
r
S
i
n
g
h
is
a
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
sp
e
c
ialist
a
t
S
EAM
EO
RECS
AM,
P
e
n
a
n
g
,
wit
h
3
4
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
tea
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
n
d
a
n
Ed
.
D.
in
S
c
ien
c
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
He
sp
e
c
ialize
s
in
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ica
l
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
,
re
se
a
rc
h
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
wo
rk
sk
il
ls,
in
q
u
iry
-
b
a
se
d
sc
ien
c
e
c
u
rric
u
lu
m
,
a
n
d
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
His
f
o
c
u
s
is
o
n
fo
ste
rin
g
c
o
g
n
it
i
v
e
a
n
d
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
sk
il
ls
f
o
r
c
re
a
ti
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
so
l
v
in
g
.
Hi
s
re
c
e
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
v
o
lv
e
s
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
a
n
d
v
a
li
d
a
ti
n
g
i
n
stru
m
e
n
ts
to
m
e
a
su
re
in
v
e
n
ti
v
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
sk
il
ls
th
r
o
u
g
h
S
TE
M
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
a
n
d
e
x
a
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
se
sk
il
ls
a
m
o
n
g
stu
d
e
n
t
tea
c
h
e
rs.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
v
in
d
e
re
c
sa
m
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.