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.
8
6
%,
with
o
n
ly
3
0
.
2
1
%
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ass
in
g
th
e
Div
is
io
n
Ach
iev
em
en
t
T
est
in
Ag
u
s
an
d
el
No
r
te,
in
d
icatin
g
p
o
ten
tial
is
s
u
es
w
ith
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
q
u
ality
o
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
t
ar
g
eted
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
r
e
q
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
7
]
.
L
o
w
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
n
atio
n
ally
an
d
lo
ca
lly
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
en
t
d
is
in
ter
est,
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
,
an
d
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
[
7
]
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
a
r
elian
ce
o
n
lectu
r
e
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
in
g
en
er
al
b
io
lo
g
y
[
8
]
,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
h
in
d
e
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
eten
cies a
n
d
lea
d
to
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tc
o
m
es [
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
ev
ailin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
g
e
n
er
al
b
io
lo
g
y
in
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
,
lectu
r
es
d
o
m
in
ate
as
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
ten
f
ails
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
c
o
h
er
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
p
o
ten
tially
lead
in
g
to
s
u
b
o
p
t
im
al
ac
ad
em
ic
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
9
]
.
I
n
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
e
r
s
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
em
p
lo
y
lectu
r
e
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
[
1
0
]
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
p
ass
iv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
o
te
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
r
ath
er
th
an
en
g
ag
in
g
with
th
e
s
u
b
jec
t
m
atter
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
o
s
ter
in
-
d
ep
t
h
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
eten
tio
n
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
ab
s
tr
ac
t
to
p
ics
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
er
e'
s
a
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
ad
o
p
t
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
th
at
alig
n
with
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
th
e
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
n
en
h
an
cin
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
cy
cle
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
am
o
n
g
g
r
a
d
e
1
1
s
cien
ce
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
an
d
m
ath
em
atics
(
STE
M)
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
Ag
u
s
an
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
–
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
t
h
is
to
p
ic
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
2
0
2
1
an
d
2
0
2
2
MPS
an
d
item
an
aly
s
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
am
o
n
g
g
r
ad
e
1
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
Ag
u
s
an
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
–
Sen
i
o
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
at
th
e
m
aster
y
le
v
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
ce
ll
cy
cle
is
c
u
r
r
e
n
tly
at
7
4
.
1
4
%,
a
n
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
it
s
tan
d
s
at
7
3
.
6
1
%.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
b
u
r
ea
u
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ass
ess
m
en
t
(
B
E
A)
,
th
ese
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
f
all
b
elo
w
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
ted
s
tan
d
ar
d
m
aster
y
lev
el
o
f
7
5
%
h
en
ce
,
th
e
least
lear
n
ed
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
s
ee
k
s
to
id
en
tify
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
s
an
d
is
s
u
es
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
in
s
tr
u
c
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
an
ed
u
tain
m
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
v
er
s
u
s
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lectu
r
es
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
g
r
asp
o
f
g
e
n
er
al
b
io
lo
g
y
co
u
r
s
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
wh
ile
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
c
o
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
v
ar
iab
les,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
2
.
1
.
M
a
t
er
ia
l
T
h
er
e
wer
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
its
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
i
lity
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
th
e
g
r
ad
e
1
1
STE
M
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
T
i
m
b
er
C
ity
Aca
d
em
y
cu
r
r
en
tly
en
r
o
lled
in
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ea
r
2
0
2
3
-
2
0
2
4
.
A
to
tal
o
f
3
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
s
wer
ed
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
-
m
ad
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
Fo
r
t
h
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
o
f
teac
h
in
g
,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
th
e
g
r
ad
e
1
1
STE
M
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
f
Ag
u
s
an
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
–
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
cu
r
r
en
tly
en
r
o
lled
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ea
r
2
0
2
3
-
2
0
2
4
with
a
to
tal
o
f
5
7
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
two
s
ec
tio
n
s
:
2
5
m
ales
an
d
3
2
f
em
ales.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
lled
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
will
b
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
b
y
th
e
lectu
r
e
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
i
le
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
will b
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
ed
u
tai
n
m
en
t m
eth
o
d
o
f
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
test
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
v
alid
ated
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
T
h
e
v
alid
ated
test
q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
e
co
m
p
r
is
ed
3
0
m
u
ltip
le
-
c
h
o
ice
item
s
,
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
e
n
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
an
e
d
u
tain
m
en
t
v
alid
atio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
its
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
s
u
itab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
v
alid
ated
b
y
t
h
r
ee
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
4
0
0
-
2
4
0
8
2402
ex
p
er
t
s
cien
ce
teac
h
er
s
ass
ig
n
ed
as
co
n
ten
t
m
ater
ial
v
alid
ato
r
s
;
I
T
s
p
ec
ialis
t
s
f
r
o
m
Ag
u
s
an
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l to
b
e
ass
ig
n
ed
as m
ed
i
a
v
alid
ato
r
s
; a
n
d
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
as lan
g
u
ag
e
v
alid
at
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
C
lass
cr
af
t
v
.
4
.
2
.
6
s
o
f
twar
e
was
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ed
u
tain
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
to
p
ic
ce
ll
cy
cle
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
o
r
r
u
n
o
f
f
lin
e
an
d
o
n
lin
e
.
T
h
e
C
lass
cr
af
t
v
.
4
.
2
.
6
ca
n
b
e
f
r
ee
ly
d
o
wn
lo
ad
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ices
o
r
co
m
p
u
ter
s
.
T
o
c
ater
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
d
id
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
s
m
ar
t
d
ev
ices,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
av
ailab
le
5
0
tab
let
co
m
p
u
ter
s
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
es
First,
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
es
test
s
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ality
a
n
d
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
i
n
g
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
th
r
ee
s
tatis
tical
tes
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
ass
es
s
ed
th
e
co
n
s
is
t
en
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
test
ite
m
s
in
b
o
th
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
al
b
io
l
o
g
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Hig
h
al
p
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
0
s
u
g
g
est
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
W
ith
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
,
s
tatis
tical
test
s
co
m
p
ar
e
p
r
etest
a
n
d
p
o
s
ttes
t
s
co
r
es
to
e
v
alu
at
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
el
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
lectu
r
e
an
d
ed
u
tain
m
e
n
t m
eth
o
d
s
.
W
ilco
x
o
n
s
ig
n
ed
r
a
n
k
test
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
l
ev
el
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
g
en
er
al
b
io
lo
g
y
(
p
r
etest
an
d
p
o
s
ttes
t)
g
iv
en
th
e
lectu
r
e
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
T
-
T
est
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
q
u
an
titativ
ely
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es
o
f
th
e
two
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
(
lectu
r
e
an
d
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
)
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
s
tatis
tica
l
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
wh
et
h
er
an
y
o
b
s
er
v
ed
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
is
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
a
r
ea
l
e
f
f
ec
t
o
r
if
it
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
r
an
d
o
m
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
te
ac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
ev
alu
ated
.
I
f
o
n
e
m
eth
o
d
lead
s
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
es,
it
m
ay
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
i
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
lear
n
in
g
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Va
lid
a
t
io
n o
f
eduta
inm
ent
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
q
u
esti
o
n
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
af
f
ec
t
ed
u
tain
m
en
t's
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
g
r
asp
o
f
t
h
e
ce
ll
cy
cle
an
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
clu
d
e
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
wo
r
th
in
ess
,
wh
ich
e
v
alu
ates
its
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
alu
e,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
lo
o
k
s
at
its
p
r
ac
ticali
ty
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
clar
ity
an
d
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
ab
les
1
-
3
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
c
o
m
p
lete
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
e
d
u
tain
m
e
n
t
as
a
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
d
u
tain
m
en
t w
o
r
th
in
ess
v
alid
atio
n
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
M
e
a
n
s
c
o
r
e
R
e
mar
k
s
1.
Th
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
o
p
i
c
s.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
2.
Th
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
t
v
a
r
i
o
u
s l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
st
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
l
e
v
e
l
s.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
3.
Th
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
t
i
mu
l
a
t
e
u
ser
e
n
g
a
g
e
men
t
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
4.
Th
e
u
s
e
r
's i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
s e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
d
r
a
w
n
i
n
a
n
d
h
e
l
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
5.
A
n
e
n
g
a
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
t
r
i
g
u
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
i
s
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
6.
Th
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
's
p
l
o
t
o
r
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
a
n
d
w
e
l
l
-
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
7.
Th
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
s
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
o
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
r
e
p
e
a
t
e
d
u
se.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
8.
Th
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
's
u
s
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
f
a
c
e
(
U
I
)
i
s si
m
p
l
e
t
o
u
s
e
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
s s
t
r
a
i
g
h
t
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
9.
Th
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
l
y
r
e
c
o
r
d
s t
h
e
u
ser's
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
s f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
1
0
.
Th
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
d
j
u
st
s
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
s a
n
d
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
o
f
e
a
c
h
u
ser
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
M
e
a
n
4
.
9
2
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
(
D
F
L
R
)
.
R
a
n
g
e
o
f
me
a
n
s
:
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
8
0
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
)
;
1
.
8
1
-
2
.
6
0
(
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
)
;
2
.
6
1
-
3
.
4
0
(
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
)
;
3
.
4
1
-
4
.
2
0
(
ag
r
e
e
)
;
4
.
2
0
-
5
.
0
0
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
)
.
E
v
alu
ato
r
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
en
d
o
r
s
ed
th
e
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
co
n
ten
t
wit
h
an
av
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
o
f
4
.
9
2
,
in
d
icatin
g
alig
n
m
en
t
with
p
r
ed
ef
in
e
d
v
a
lid
ity
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
tailo
r
ed
to
lear
n
er
s
'
n
ee
d
s
an
d
in
ter
ests
en
h
an
ce
s
it
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
u
itab
ilit
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
p
r
o
cu
r
i
n
g
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
ten
t
to
elev
ate
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
[
1
3
]
.
Ma
ter
ial
wo
r
th
in
ess
in
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
is
in
teg
r
al
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
an
i
n
clu
s
iv
e,
en
g
ag
in
g
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
ca
t
er
s
to
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
4
]
.
I
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
ten
t
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
ter
tain
in
g
b
u
t
also
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
l,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
wer
e
m
atch
ed
with
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
te
n
ts
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
wh
o
we
r
e
m
is
m
atch
ed
o
r
n
o
t
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
an
y
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
ten
ts
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
m
atch
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
a
ter
ials
to
lear
n
er
s
'
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f e
d
u
ta
in
men
t in
tea
ch
in
g
ce
ll c
yc
le
a
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d
tr
a
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p
o
r
t m
ec
h
a
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is
ms (
E
mma
n
A
.
Lit
era
)
2403
asp
ec
t
o
f
m
ater
ial
wo
r
th
i
n
ess
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
en
s
elec
tin
g
an
d
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
wo
r
l
d
wid
e
web
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
f
ea
tu
r
es
to
co
n
s
id
er
is
co
n
ten
t,
it
m
u
s
t
ex
p
licitly
ar
ticu
late
its
o
b
jectiv
es
o
r
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
clar
ity
is
es
s
en
tial
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
v
ar
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les
an
d
in
tellig
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
A
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
s
et
o
f
o
b
jectiv
es
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ial
ca
ter
s
to
d
iv
e
r
s
e
way
s
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
8
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
f
ea
s
ib
ili
ty
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
M
e
a
n
s
c
o
r
e
R
e
mar
k
s
1.
Th
e
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
s
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
st
a
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
g
o
a
l
s
o
r
o
u
t
c
o
me
s.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
2.
Th
e
su
b
j
e
c
t
s
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
r
e
p
e
r
t
i
n
e
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
3.
Th
e
p
l
a
n
n
e
d
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
s
k
i
l
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
a
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
4.
Th
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
s
s
u
c
c
e
ssf
u
l
l
y
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
u
si
n
g
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
5.
Th
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
mat
e
r
i
a
l
i
n
c
r
e
a
ses
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
6.
Th
e
g
a
d
g
e
t
s
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
n
e
e
d
e
d
t
o
a
c
c
e
ss t
h
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
a
r
e
e
a
s
i
l
y
a
c
c
e
ssi
b
l
e
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
7.
Le
a
r
n
e
r
s
c
a
n
e
a
si
l
y
a
c
c
e
s
s t
h
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
men
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
8.
Th
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
's
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s a
r
e
c
o
m
p
a
t
i
b
l
e
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms
a
n
d
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
i
n
u
se.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
9.
Th
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
c
a
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
ssary
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
su
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
.
4
.
8
3
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
1
0
.
Th
e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
s
s
c
a
l
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
c
a
n
a
c
c
o
mm
o
d
a
t
e
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
n
u
mb
e
r
s o
f
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
m
e
a
n
4
.
9
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
D
F
LR
.
R
a
n
g
e
o
f
me
a
n
s
:
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
8
0
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
)
;
1
.
8
1
-
2
.
6
0
(
d
i
sa
g
r
e
e
)
;
2
.
6
1
-
3
.
4
0
(
u
n
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
)
;
3
.
4
1
-
4
.
2
0
(
a
g
r
e
e
)
;
4
.
2
0
-
5
.
0
0
(
st
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
).
I
n
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
al
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
t
h
e
e
v
alu
at
o
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
ed
a
r
eso
u
n
d
in
g
ag
r
ee
m
en
t,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ati
o
n
with
an
av
er
ag
e
r
atin
g
o
f
4
.
9
0
.
T
h
eir
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
em
p
h
a
s
izes
th
at
th
e
to
o
l'
s
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial te
ac
h
e
r
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
o
b
jectiv
ity
to
b
e
n
o
tab
ly
h
ig
h
.
T
h
is
attests
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
th
e
e
d
u
tain
m
en
t,
wh
er
e
its
p
r
ac
ticality
an
d
v
ia
b
ilit
y
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ex
ec
u
ted
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
esire
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es with
in
th
e
g
iv
e
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t [
1
9
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
p
r
ac
tical
elem
en
t
s
lik
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
v
is
u
a
ls
in
to
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
im
p
ac
ts
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
cien
tific
liter
ac
y
,
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
s
cien
tific
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
elem
en
ts
s
u
c
h
as
an
im
atio
n
an
d
m
u
s
ic,
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
en
g
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
en
r
ich
in
g
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ato
r
s
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
d
o
n
t
h
e
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ed
u
tain
m
e
n
t
m
ater
ial,
n
o
tin
g
its
ab
ilit
y
to
b
o
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
d
u
r
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
2
2
]
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
u
b
jects
an
d
ass
er
ts
th
at
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
is
a
v
alu
a
b
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
2
3
]
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
p
o
ten
tial a
lter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
ad
it
io
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
T
ab
le
3
.
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
e
lig
ib
ilit
y
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
M
e
a
n
s
c
o
r
e
R
e
mar
k
s
1.
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
is
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
of
t
h
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
u
ser
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
2.
V
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
l
e
v
e
l
i
s a
d
a
p
t
e
d
t
o
t
a
r
g
e
t
r
e
a
d
e
r
’
s e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
3.
Le
n
g
t
h
of
se
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
is
su
i
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
of
t
a
r
g
e
t
r
e
a
d
e
r
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
4
.
S
e
n
t
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
a
g
r
a
p
h
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
r
e
v
a
r
i
e
d
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
r
e
a
d
e
r
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
5
.
V
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
u
se
d
i
s s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
o
t
h
e
t
a
r
g
e
t
r
e
a
d
e
r
.
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
6.
Th
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
n
e
e
d
sp
e
c
i
a
l
p
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
s
t
o
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
is
u
n
c
o
mf
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
to
t
h
e
u
n
f
a
mi
l
i
a
r
w
o
r
d
s
5
.
0
0
S
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
7.
Th
e
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
c
h
o
i
c
e
o
f
w
o
r
d
s
is
f
r
e
e
f
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2
4
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2404
Gr
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s
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lead
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am
b
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ity
i
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co
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v
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d
m
ea
n
in
g
s
[
2
5
]
.
E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
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o
m
m
u
n
icatio
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r
elies
h
ea
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en
s
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ag
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elig
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atter
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ce
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u
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tial
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o
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f
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er
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an
d
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ig
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s
co
m
m
u
n
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n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
ts
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
g
r
am
m
ar
in
e
d
u
tain
m
en
t
is
cr
itical,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
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im
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lear
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e
r
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
[
2
7
]
.
Pro
p
e
r
g
r
am
m
ar
u
s
a
g
e
en
s
u
r
es
clar
ity
an
d
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t,
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ak
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lear
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etain
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lear
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tio
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in
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[
27
].
Mo
r
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th
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m
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ex
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f
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lear
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p
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s
[
28
]
.
I
n
ed
u
tain
m
en
t,
w
h
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th
e
f
u
s
io
n
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ter
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n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
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co
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m
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[
29
]
.
I
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at
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[
3
1
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3
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2
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[
3
2
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,
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[
33
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.
T
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T
h
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s
u
p
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r
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u
ca
tio
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ly
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m
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in
en
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p
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r
m
a
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ce
ac
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s
s
u
b
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l
ik
e
s
cien
ce
[
3
3
]
.
E
d
u
tain
m
en
t
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as
b
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8
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2
2
Th
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effec
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f e
d
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t in
tea
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ll c
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tr
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p
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ec
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a
n
is
ms (
E
mma
n
A
.
Lit
era
)
2405
b
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lectu
r
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in
im
p
r
o
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in
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s
tu
d
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n
t
lear
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tc
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s
s
v
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in
clu
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T
h
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s
u
g
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ests
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at
in
co
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p
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atin
g
ed
u
tain
m
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tio
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lectu
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e
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b
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m
eth
o
d
s
.
E
d
u
tain
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
b
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
cien
ce
liter
ac
y
an
d
s
p
ar
k
in
g
in
ter
est
in
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
an
i
m
atio
n
s
in
e
d
u
tain
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
h
elp
ed
to
s
im
p
lify
co
m
p
lex
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
h
av
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
a
n
d
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
with
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
g
am
e
-
lik
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
ed
u
tain
m
e
n
t
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
v
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ab
le
to
o
l
in
f
o
s
ter
in
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s
cien
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liter
ac
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an
d
g
en
er
atin
g
in
ter
est
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
.
3
.
3
.
T
he
cha
lle
ng
es
a
nd
i
s
s
ues
f
a
ce
d
by
t
he
s
t
ud
ent
s
in
t
he
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
e
du
t
a
inm
ent
ins
t
ruct
io
na
l t
ec
hn
i
qu
e
E
d
u
tain
m
en
t,
as
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
m
er
g
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
e
n
ter
tain
m
en
t,
h
o
ld
s
g
r
ea
t
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
le
ar
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
r
ev
ea
ls
s
ev
er
al
c
h
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
i
n
g
with
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
a
n
d
th
ese
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
an
d
co
llated
in
to
d
is
tin
ct
th
em
es,
s
h
e
d
d
in
g
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
is
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
.
Ov
er
all,
th
er
e
a
r
e
two
m
ajo
r
th
em
es
ar
o
s
e
o
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
ese
ar
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
b
a
r
r
ier
s
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
o
v
er
s
tim
u
latio
n
wh
ich
ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
6
.
As
o
u
tlin
ed
in
T
ab
le
6
,
a
k
e
y
o
b
s
tacle
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
o
f
e
d
u
tain
m
en
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
ev
o
lv
es
ar
o
u
n
d
g
u
ar
a
n
teein
g
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
d
ig
ital
er
a,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
l
e
in
d
eliv
er
in
g
e
d
u
tain
m
en
t
c
o
n
ten
t.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
a
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
ar
is
es,
as
n
o
t
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ac
c
ess
to
d
ev
ices
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
e
t.
Un
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
is
s
u
e
with
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
in
g
lim
ited
o
r
n
o
ac
ce
s
s
to
co
m
p
u
ter
s
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
et
at
h
o
m
e
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
n
o
tab
le
is
s
u
e
o
f
u
n
eq
u
al
ac
c
ess
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
3
6
]
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
t
o
lim
ited
o
r
n
o
ac
ce
s
s
to
co
m
p
u
ter
s
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
et
at
h
o
m
e.
T
h
is
d
ig
ital
d
iv
id
e
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
d
is
p
ar
ities
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
p
o
t
en
tially
af
f
ec
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
f
u
lly
en
g
ag
e
in
m
o
d
er
n
lear
n
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
[
36
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
t
h
is
is
s
u
e
is
cr
u
cial
to
en
s
u
r
e
eq
u
al
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
all
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
Usi
n
g
ed
u
tain
m
en
t
in
e
d
u
c
atio
n
ca
n
r
is
k
d
is
tr
ac
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
if
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
o
v
er
s
h
ad
o
ws
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
ten
t.
W
h
ile
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
elem
en
ts
ca
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
u
s
e
ca
n
lead
to
d
is
t
r
ac
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
[
37
]
as
to
o
m
u
ch
m
u
ltime
d
ia
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
o
v
er
lo
a
d
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
alan
ce
en
ter
tain
m
en
t
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
alu
e,
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
s
elec
tin
g
ed
u
tain
m
en
t c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
ad
ju
s
tin
g
it to
m
ain
tain
s
t
u
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t w
ith
o
u
t o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
th
em
.
T
ab
le
6
.
C
h
allen
g
es a
n
d
is
s
u
es f
ac
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
tain
m
en
t in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
e
I
ssu
e
s/
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
R
e
s
p
o
n
se
s
M
e
a
n
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
b
a
r
r
i
e
r
s
“
D
i
l
i
k
a
a
y
o
k
o
b
a
t
i
d
sa
t
e
k
n
o
l
o
h
i
y
a
,
u
g
n
a
p
ro
b
l
e
m
a
k
o
s
a
p
a
g
h
u
n
a
h
u
n
a
k
o
n
u
n
s
a
o
n
p
a
g
g
a
m
i
t
a
n
g
m
g
a
i
n
t
e
ra
c
t
i
v
e
n
g
a
b
a
h
i
n
s
a
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
m
e
n
t
p
l
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t
f
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rm
.
”
(
i
n
F
i
l
i
p
i
n
o
)
(
I
'm
n
o
t
v
e
r
y
t
e
c
h
-
s
a
v
v
y
,
a
n
d
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'm
h
a
v
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n
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t
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f
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t
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w
t
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se
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
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v
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f
e
a
t
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f
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e
e
d
u
t
a
i
n
me
n
t
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
.
)
13
4
3
.
3
3
“
W
a
l
a
k
o
y
a
c
c
e
ss
sa
u
s
a
k
a
p
e
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l
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d
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t
o
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v
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c
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m
a
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m
b
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m
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m
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t
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t
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a
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a
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n
.
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(
i
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F
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p
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)
(
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'
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a
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l
.
)
9
3
0
.
0
0
D
i
st
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t
i
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(
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F
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p
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(
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n
t
i
o
n
.
)
14
4
6
.
6
7
“
S
a
m
t
a
n
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n
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m
g
a
m
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e
ry
a
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ra
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.
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(
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n
F
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l
i
p
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o
)
(
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si
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g
t
r
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c
k
o
f
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me
.
)
16
5
3
.
3
3
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
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e
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f
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s
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t
to
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h
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ce
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1
1
STE
M
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
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ce
ll
cy
cle
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d
tr
a
n
s
p
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m
e
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m
s
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lectu
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
4
0
0
-
2
4
0
8
2406
m
eth
o
d
.
As
a
c
o
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clu
s
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as
ed
o
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f
in
d
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s
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t
h
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ta
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m
en
t
m
eth
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r
p
ass
es
th
e
tr
ad
itio
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lectu
r
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m
eth
o
d
in
im
p
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v
in
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tu
d
e
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t
s
’
co
m
p
r
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e
n
s
io
n
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f
th
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ce
ll
cy
cle
an
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
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m
ec
h
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i
s
m
s
.
T
h
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p
o
s
itiv
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esu
lts
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f
ir
m
th
e
ef
f
icien
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o
f
ed
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tain
m
en
t
as
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
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ap
p
r
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h
.
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p
ite
its
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f
icien
cy
,
ch
allen
g
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s
u
ch
as
tech
n
o
lo
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ar
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ier
s
an
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tr
ac
tio
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s
wer
e
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o
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,
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ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
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ca
r
e
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
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tu
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ar
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
p
lo
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e
s
tr
ateg
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to
m
itig
ate
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im
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m
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u
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o
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tex
ts
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d
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a
lly
,
it
is
s
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g
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ested
f
o
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f
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t
u
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ch
t
o
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am
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ty
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en
h
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g
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ts
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t
co
n
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n
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is
e
q
u
ally
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f
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ce
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ts
.
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d
y
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if
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er
en
t
t
y
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es
(
e.
g
.
,
g
am
es,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
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ter
a
ctiv
e
v
id
eo
s
)
h
el
p
s
id
en
tify
wh
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o
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m
ats
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est
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p
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o
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tific
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ce
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ts
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o
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e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
ass
es
s
th
e
co
s
t
-
ef
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o
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r
atin
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t
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o
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e
cu
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r
icu
l
u
m
to
en
s
u
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e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
s
u
s
tain
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ilit
y
.
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h
is
h
elp
s
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
a
d
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p
t a
n
d
m
ain
tain
ed
u
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m
en
t
in
itiativ
es o
v
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th
e
lo
n
g
ter
m
.
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NO
WL
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DG
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M
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NT
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h
e
r
esear
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s
ex
p
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ess
g
r
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v
alid
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s
,
s
tatis
ti
cian
s
,
teac
h
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s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
Ag
u
s
an
Natio
n
al
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
Sen
io
r
Hig
h
Sch
o
o
l
f
o
r
th
eir
p
ar
tic
ip
atio
n
in
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
c
o
m
p
letio
n
wh
ich
wer
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
i
d
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o
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r
ec
ei
v
e
a
n
y
f
i
n
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
E
m
m
an
A.
L
iter
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Min
ie
L
.
B
u
lay
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
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z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
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n
v
e
s
t
i
g
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:
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e
so
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D
:
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r
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t
i
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g
-
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r
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r
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&
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p
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r
o
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t
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a
t
i
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Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
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o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
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T
ST
A
T
E
M
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NT
T
h
e
au
th
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s
d
ec
lar
e
n
o
p
o
t
en
tial
co
n
f
licts
o
f
i
n
ter
est
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
a
u
th
o
r
s
h
ip
,
o
r
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
f
u
lly
in
f
o
r
m
ed
a
b
o
u
t t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
an
d
th
eir
r
ig
h
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
co
n
s
en
t.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
C
ar
ag
a
State
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
,
Gr
ad
u
ate
Sch
o
o
l
an
d
a
d
h
er
e
d
to
all
r
elev
an
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies an
d
n
atio
n
al
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
at
all
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle.
Data
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
E
.
L
iter
a
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
effec
tiven
ess
o
f e
d
u
ta
in
men
t in
tea
ch
in
g
ce
ll c
yc
le
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t m
ec
h
a
n
is
ms (
E
mma
n
A
.
Lit
era
)
2407
R
E
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
D
.
Jo
v
c
i
c
,
“
S
e
r
i
e
s
LC
D
C
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
b
r
e
a
k
e
r
,
”
H
i
g
h
V
o
l
t
a
g
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
–
1
3
7
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
h
v
e
.
2
0
1
9
.
0
0
0
3
.
[
2
]
A
.
H
a
l
e
e
m
,
M
.
J
a
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5
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1
6
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.
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,
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