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1.
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m
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[
3
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M
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q
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[
4
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,
[
5
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T
h
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[
6
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,
[
7
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.
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a
v
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8
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.
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in
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[
9
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,
[
1
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M
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[
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1
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[
1
2
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Var
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p
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ies
[
1
3
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–
[
1
5
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h
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1
6
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1
7
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f
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r
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1
8
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[
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9
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h
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I
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8
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Th
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s
tu
d
e
n
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
m
o
tiv
ati
o
n
asp
ec
ts
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
ap
in
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
er
e
is
lim
ited
clar
ity
o
n
h
o
w
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
o
tiv
es
s
u
ch
as
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
af
f
iliatio
n
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
e
n
t
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
B
y
d
elv
in
g
in
to
th
e
n
u
an
ce
d
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
ese
m
o
tiv
es,
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
b
etter
tailo
r
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
m
ax
im
iz
in
g
th
eir
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
o
ten
tial a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
ely
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Mc
C
le
lla
n
d
’
s
n
e
ed
t
h
e
o
r
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
e
r
s
p
ec
t
iv
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
i
ch
o
n
e
ca
n
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
h
o
w
l
ea
d
er
m
o
t
iv
es
f
o
s
te
r
p
o
s
iti
v
e
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
a
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
d
is
cu
s
s
es
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
s
tr
ate
g
ies
f
o
r
id
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
an
d
n
u
r
t
u
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
f
f
ili
ati
o
n
,
an
d
p
o
we
r
m
o
ti
v
es,
as
wel
l
as
p
o
te
n
t
i
al
i
m
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
le
ad
er
s
h
i
p
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
a
n
d
o
u
tc
o
m
es
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
lea
d
er
s
[
2
4
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
R
esea
r
c
h
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
th
a
t
th
ese
t
h
r
ee
m
o
ti
v
es
c
an
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
ly
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
a
n
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
’
s
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
etti
n
g
s
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
e
d
u
ca
t
i
o
n
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
2
2
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
Un
d
e
r
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
t
h
ese
m
o
ti
v
es
ca
n
h
el
p
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
an
d
i
n
s
t
it
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
d
e
v
e
lo
p
s
tr
ate
g
i
es
t
h
at
al
ig
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
ir
g
o
als
a
n
d
o
b
j
ec
ti
v
es
an
d
to
m
o
tiv
ate
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
t
th
ei
r
b
es
t
[
2
5
]
.
O
v
e
r
al
l,
t
h
e
le
a
d
e
r
m
o
ti
v
e
p
r
o
f
il
e
ca
n
p
r
e
d
ic
t
t
h
ei
r
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
n
ess
in
s
it
u
a
ti
o
n
s
w
h
e
r
e
lea
d
e
r
s
m
u
s
t
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
a
n
d
m
o
ti
v
at
e
o
t
h
er
s
t
o
ac
ce
p
t
a
n
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
t
h
o
s
e
d
ec
is
i
o
n
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Desp
ite
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
a
d
ea
r
th
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
lea
d
er
m
o
ti
v
es
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
(
SLR)
aim
s
t
o
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
s
y
n
th
esizin
g
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
e
v
alen
ce
an
d
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
lead
er
m
o
tiv
e
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
B
y
ex
am
in
in
g
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
s
ch
o
lar
ly
liter
atu
r
e,
th
is
r
ev
iew
s
ee
k
s
to
elu
cid
ate
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
in
s
h
a
p
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
s
o
cial
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
p
e
cif
ic
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
we
h
a
v
e
id
en
tifie
d
a
r
e
:
i)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
lea
d
er
m
o
tiv
es
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Mc
C
lellan
d
’
s
n
ee
d
s
th
eo
r
y
,
as e
v
id
en
ce
d
in
i
n
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
i
es a
n
d
d
atab
ases
?
ii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
liv
es,
as
co
n
c
ep
tu
alize
d
b
y
Mc
C
lellan
d
’
s
n
ee
d
th
eo
r
y
?
T
h
e
u
n
i
q
u
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
th
e
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
lead
e
r
m
o
tiv
e
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
p
o
wer
,
an
d
af
f
iliatio
n
,
s
h
ap
e
s
tu
d
en
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
elv
es
in
to
h
o
w
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
b
ey
o
n
d
th
eir
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
ty
le
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
clim
a
te
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
liv
es
s
h
ap
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
b
ey
o
n
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
;
th
u
s
,
th
ey
lear
n
to
al
ig
n
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
with
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
an
d
lead
er
s
h
i
p
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
was
a
SLR
.
Sy
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
th
e
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
a
p
a
r
ticu
lar
to
p
ic
b
u
t
also
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
r
esear
ch
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
to
b
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
r
ev
iew
,
th
e
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
an
d
th
e
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
ad
ap
ted
to
a
n
s
wer
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
b
eg
a
n
b
y
id
e
n
tif
y
in
g
ar
ticles
o
n
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
d
atab
ase
r
elev
an
t
to
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
ec
u
ted
a
f
o
u
r
-
s
tag
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
its
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tag
es
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t,
an
d
f
in
al
in
clu
s
io
n
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ev
alu
atin
g
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
elev
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
f
o
r
th
eir
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
u
ll th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
s
tep
s
to
o
b
t
ain
r
elev
an
t r
esu
lts
.
2
.
2
.
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
in
clu
d
ed
th
r
ee
s
ets
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
item
s
s
u
ch
as
‘
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es’,
‘
Mc
C
lellan
d
’
s
th
eo
r
y
o
f
n
ee
d
s
’
,
a
n
d
‘
lea
d
er
m
o
tiv
es
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
’
B
o
o
lean
co
n
n
ec
t
o
r
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
n
a
r
r
o
w
d
o
wn
an
d
d
elim
it
th
e
o
b
ject
o
f
s
tu
d
y
as
p
r
ec
is
ely
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
A
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
s
ch
o
l
ar
ly
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as Pr
o
Qu
est,
Pu
b
Me
d
,
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
J
STORE,
E
R
I
C
,
an
d
E
B
SC
O
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
.
2
.
3
.
I
nclus
io
n a
nd
ex
clus
io
n
I
n
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
s
tag
e,
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
e
n
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
elev
a
n
t
ar
ticles
to
alig
n
with
th
e
s
co
p
e
a
n
d
o
b
je
ctiv
es
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
First,
th
e
a
r
ticles
th
at
wer
e
s
ea
r
ch
ed
wer
e
o
n
l
y
f
r
o
m
r
ep
u
ted
s
ch
o
lar
ly
d
atab
a
s
es.
Seco
n
d
,
to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
ar
ticles
in
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
ly
d
atab
ases
was
aid
ed
b
y
m
u
ltip
le
to
o
ls
,
in
clu
d
in
g
Pu
b
lis
h
o
r
Per
is
h
7
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
1
4
4
-
2
1
5
3
2146
Me
n
d
eley
,
VOS
Viewe
r
,
an
d
NViv
o
1
2
Plu
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
was
lim
ited
to
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
0
7
t
o
2
0
2
4
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
th
e
ar
ticles
wer
e
s
ea
r
c
h
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
s
u
itab
ilit
y
with
th
e
th
em
e
an
d
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic
to
alig
n
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
cu
s
.
Fifth
,
r
ep
o
r
ts
wer
e
lim
ited
to
s
ch
o
lar
ly
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
E
n
g
lis
h
.
An
in
itial
s
ea
r
ch
id
en
tifie
d
m
a
n
y
r
elate
d
liter
atu
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
at
ab
ases
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
ar
ticles
wh
ich
wer
e
n
o
t r
elate
d
to
lea
d
er
m
o
tiv
es b
ased
o
n
n
ee
d
th
eo
r
y
wer
e
e
x
clu
d
ed
.
2
.
4
.
Scre
ening
a
nd
elig
ibi
lity
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
s
cr
ee
n
ed
u
s
in
g
p
r
ed
ef
i
n
ed
elig
ib
ilit
y
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
(
n
=5
4
3
)
p
ap
e
r
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
titl
es,
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
an
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
u
p
l
icate
th
em
es
wer
e
elim
in
ated
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
(
n
=1
6
)
ar
ticles
f
o
r
th
e
SLR
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
ar
ticles
wer
e
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
an
d
elig
ib
ilit
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
tag
es
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
E
ac
h
ar
ti
cle’
s
th
em
es
wer
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
e
x
am
in
ed
,
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
titl
e
to
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
Af
ter
th
is
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
e
n
ter
ed
in
t
o
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
in
-
d
ep
th
a
n
aly
s
is
[
3
4
]
.
2
.
5
.
P
RIS
M
A
T
h
e
s
e
le
c
t
e
d
a
r
t
i
cl
e
s
w
e
r
e
o
b
ta
i
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
s
c
r
ee
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
e
li
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
e
a
r
c
h
es
w
a
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
f
r
o
m
(
n
=
1
,
0
9
6
)
t
o
(
n
=
1
6
)
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
l
p
a
p
e
r
s
a
n
d
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
n
g
d
u
p
l
i
c
at
e
s
.
P
r
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
i
t
e
m
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
ti
c
r
e
v
ie
ws
a
n
d
m
et
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
(
P
R
I
S
M
A
)
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
we
r
e
u
s
e
d
.
T
h
e
d
e
t
a
i
ls
a
r
e
i
n
f
e
r
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
a
n
d
il
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
P
R
I
SM
A
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
wch
ar
t
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
o
f
a
n
i
n
-
d
e
p
t
h
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
ti
c
l
es
i
s
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
d
to
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
z
e
t
h
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
d
e
a
l
t
wi
t
h
t
h
e
r
el
e
v
a
n
t
q
u
es
t
i
o
n
s
r
e
l
at
e
d
t
o
l
ea
d
e
r
m
o
t
i
v
es
i
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
'
li
v
e
s
.
F
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
o
ta
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
i
t
i
al
l
y
r
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t
r
i
e
v
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d
f
r
o
m
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h
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
(
n
=
1
,
0
9
6
)
,
a
f
t
e
r
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
e
d
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
te
r
i
a
,
(
n
=
1
6
)
a
r
t
i
c
l
es
m
e
t
t
h
e
es
ta
b
l
is
h
e
d
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
cr
i
t
e
r
i
a
a
n
d
w
e
r
e
d
e
e
m
e
d
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
t
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b
le
t
h
e
m
e
.
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t
o
t
al
o
f
(
n
=
1
,
0
8
0
)
a
r
t
i
c
l
es
we
r
e
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
l
i
t
e
r
at
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
b
as
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
e
s
ta
b
l
is
h
e
d
c
r
i
te
r
i
a
,
as
il
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
A
f
t
e
r
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
r
ti
c
l
es
,
d
u
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
t
e
x
ts
(
n
=
5
5
3
)
we
r
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
o
n
a
s
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
c
r
it
e
r
i
o
n
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
e
x
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
m
a
d
e
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
t
i
t
l
e
s
a
n
d
a
b
s
t
r
ac
ts
,
e
l
i
m
in
a
t
i
n
g
(
n
=
5
2
7
)
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
.
A
f
t
e
r
a
l
l
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
x
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
s
,
(
n
=
1
6
)
a
r
ti
c
l
es
w
e
r
e
f
i
n
a
l
l
y
s
e
le
c
t
e
d
f
o
r
i
n
c
l
u
s
io
n
i
n
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
at
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
.
3
.
1
.
E
x
plo
ra
t
i
o
n o
f
lea
der
mo
t
iv
es f
ro
m
t
he
co
nte
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
tr
en
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
atab
ase,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
s
s
elec
ted
in
th
is
SLR
wer
e
f
r
o
m
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
(
5
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
;
3
1
.
2
5
%),
Pro
Q
u
est
L
ib
r
ar
y
(
3
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
;
1
8
.
7
5
%),
J
STORE
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
(
n
=
1
6
)
F
u
l
l
-
t
e
x
t
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
(
n
=
5
2
7
)
S
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
R
e
a
s
o
n
s f
o
r
e
x
c
l
u
s
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o
n
N
o
n
sc
h
o
l
a
r
l
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n
t
e
x
t
(
n
=
1
0
2
)
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o
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l
e
v
a
n
c
e
t
o
c
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n
t
e
x
t
(
n
=
2
2
6
)
N
o
r
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s
e
mb
l
a
n
c
e
t
o
sea
r
c
h
t
e
r
ms
(
n
=
8
9
)
O
u
t
s
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d
e
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
t
i
me
f
r
a
m
e
{
2
0
0
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t
o
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2
4
} (
n
=
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1
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R
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A
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I
n
c
l
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e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
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&
R
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d
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f le
a
d
er mo
tives i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
(
A
n
il DCo
s
ta
)
2147
(
3
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
;
1
8
.
7
5
%),
Pu
b
Me
d
(
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
;
1
2
.
5
%)
E
R
I
C
(
2
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
;
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2
.
5
%),
an
d
E
B
SC
O
(
1
p
u
b
licatio
n
;
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.
2
5
%).
I
t
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o
ted
th
at
d
esp
ite
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iv
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er
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d
s
p
an
n
in
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f
r
o
m
2
0
0
7
t
o
2
0
2
4
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
ev
ea
led
a
lim
ited
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
ar
ticles
s
p
ec
if
ically
o
n
th
e
t
h
em
e
o
f
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ettin
g
a
n
d
b
ased
o
n
n
ee
d
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
e
s
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ted
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n
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6
)
a
r
ticles
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
Pu
b
lis
h
o
r
Per
is
h
7
,
Me
n
d
el
ey
,
VOS
Viewe
r
,
an
d
NViv
o
1
2
Plu
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
q
u
alitativ
e
o
r
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
th
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies
b
ased
o
n
R
Q1
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
p
atter
n
o
f
lead
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r
m
o
tiv
es a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
T
ab
le
1
.
Su
m
m
a
r
y
o
f
th
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies
No
S
t
u
d
y
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
/
sa
mp
l
e
si
z
e
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
P
a
t
t
e
r
n
o
f
l
e
a
d
e
r
mo
t
i
v
e
s
S
t
u
d
y
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
1
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
t
e
a
ms
-
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N=
1
,
0
8
8
)
;
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
a
d
u
l
t
s,
(
N
=
4
6
6
)
i
n
C
a
n
a
d
a
.
C
a
n
a
d
a
P
o
w
e
r
mo
t
i
v
e
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
u
l
t
r
a
-
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
c
e
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s
,
p
r
e
s
t
i
g
i
o
u
s
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s
,
a
n
d
w
e
a
k
s
o
c
i
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
m
o
t
i
v
e
p
r
o
f
i
l
e
s
p
l
a
y
a
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
r
o
l
e
i
n
s
h
a
p
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
t
e
a
m
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
a
n
d
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
t
y
t
r
a
i
t
s
.
[
3
7
]
2
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N
=
8
9
)
w
h
o
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
l
i
v
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
(
L3
C
)
a
t
Te
x
a
s A
&
M
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
.
U
S
A
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
s
Th
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
w
e
r
e
t
h
e
mo
s
t
c
o
mm
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
s
f
o
r
j
o
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
o
l
u
n
t
a
r
y
,
r
e
si
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
.
[
3
8
]
3
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N
=
3
2
2
)
[
1
7
5
f
e
ma
l
e
,
1
4
7
m
a
l
e
]
i
n
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
c
l
a
ss
e
s
a
t
a
M
i
d
si
z
e
d
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
U
S
A
A
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
w
i
t
h
a
d
i
s
m
i
s
s
i
n
g
a
t
t
a
c
h
m
e
n
t
s
t
y
l
e
s
c
o
r
e
d
l
o
w
e
r
o
n
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
d
i
m
e
n
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
a
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
s
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
e
d
b
y
s
e
c
u
r
e
,
f
e
a
r
f
u
l
,
o
r
p
r
e
o
c
c
u
p
i
e
d
a
t
t
a
c
h
m
e
n
t
s
t
y
l
e
s
.
[
3
9
]
4
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N
=
2
6
6
)
i
n
C
h
i
n
a
a
n
d
(
N
=
2
5
5
)
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
U
S
A
C
h
i
n
a
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
,
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
s
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
t
i
v
e
t
h
a
n
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
b
u
t
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
s
h
o
w
e
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
h
i
g
h
e
r
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
i
v
e
.
[
4
0
]
5
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
st
u
d
e
n
t
s (
N
=
1
9
6
)
f
r
o
m a
D
u
t
c
h
Te
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
.
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
,
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
s
B
a
si
c
h
u
ma
n
m
o
t
i
v
e
s
o
f
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
a
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
g
o
a
l
-
st
r
i
v
i
n
g
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
u
t
c
o
mes
i
n
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
se
t
t
i
n
g
.
[
4
1
]
6
A
d
u
l
t
st
u
d
e
n
t
s (
N
=
3
6
4
)
a
t
a
H
i
sp
a
n
i
c
-
S
e
r
v
i
n
g
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
(
H
S
I
)
,
U
S
A
U
S
A
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
s
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
s
d
r
i
v
e
s
a
n
d
m
o
t
i
v
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
a
l
l
a
d
u
l
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
n
o
t
a
b
l
e
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
H
i
s
p
a
n
i
c
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
H
i
s
p
a
n
i
c
a
d
u
l
t
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
[
4
2
]
7
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N
=
3
1
1
)
i
n
a
s
t
a
t
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
i
n
C
a
v
i
t
e
,
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
s
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
,
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
a
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
s
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s,
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s
c
o
u
l
d
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
e
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
m
a
y
b
e
w
e
a
k
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
o
se
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
a
n
t
.
[
4
3
]
8
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
sc
h
o
o
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N
=
1
3
8
)
,
1
0
7
f
e
ma
l
e
s
a
n
d
3
1
mal
e
s
.
C
z
e
c
h
R
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
mo
t
i
v
e
Th
e
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
z
e
d
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
l
a
ss
a
n
d
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
m
e
n
t
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
o
n
l
y
p
a
r
t
l
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
.
[
4
4
]
9
C
h
i
n
e
se
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
(
N
=
3
0
2
)
w
h
o
e
n
r
o
l
l
e
d
i
n
a
n
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
s
h
i
p
c
o
u
r
se
C
h
i
n
a
A
f
f
i
l
i
a
t
i
o
n
mo
t
i
v
e
P
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
a
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
t
u
d
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
-
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
a
r
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
i
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
s
e
l
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
[
4
5
]
10
P
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N
=
1
5
0
)
(
8
6
%
f
e
ma
l
e
s)
.
G
e
r
man
y
A
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
mo
t
i
v
e
Ex
p
l
i
c
i
t
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
me
a
su
r
e
s
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
e
d
t
o
o
n
e
l
a
t
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
,
r
e
g
a
r
d
l
e
ss
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
u
n
d
e
r
l
y
i
n
g
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
s
[
4
6
]
11
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
(
N
=
1
4
9
)
o
f
N
a
n
y
a
n
g
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
.
S
i
n
g
a
p
o
r
e
P
o
w
e
r
mo
t
i
v
e
n
P
o
w
w
a
s
p
o
s
i
t
i
v
e
l
y
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
b
o
t
h
e
n
t
r
e
p
r
e
n
e
u
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
c
a
r
e
e
r
c
h
o
i
c
e
.
[
4
7
]
12
P
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
(
N
=
4
0
0
)
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s.
U
S
A
P
o
w
e
r
mo
t
i
v
e
T
h
e
t
e
st
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
o
f
s
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.
[
4
8
]
13
S
t
u
d
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n
t
s
(
N
=
3
3
6
)
f
r
o
m f
o
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mi
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me
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t
.
[
4
9
]
14
Li
t
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r
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t
u
r
e
st
u
d
y
-
1
:
(
N
=
1
3
9
p
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s)
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(
N
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3
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(
N
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1
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6
)
b
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s
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s
f
r
o
m G
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ma
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y
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man
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ss
o
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t
h
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f
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w
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r
s.
[
5
0
]
15
S
t
u
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n
t
s
(
N
=
1
5
)
[
9
f
e
ma
l
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]
f
r
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sn
a
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g
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d
2
0
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29
G
e
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man
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A
c
h
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me
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mo
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I
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h
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p
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[
5
1
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16
G
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man
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[
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[
5
2
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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m
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g
ap
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an
d
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k
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tan
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h
e
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m
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an
d
p
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tiv
es,
b
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o
n
t
h
e
in
clu
d
ed
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
p
o
ten
tial
g
ap
s
i
n
r
esear
ch
th
at
m
a
y
war
r
an
t
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
All 1
6
p
ap
er
s
em
p
lo
y
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
th
e
r
e
v
iew.
3
.
2
.
T
he
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
o
f
need
t
heo
ry
wit
h lea
der
m
o
t
iv
es in student
s
Hattie
et
a
l.
[
4
]
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
n
ee
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
an
in
ter
n
al
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y
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ce
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ir
ec
ts
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eh
av
i
o
r
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s
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m
ea
n
in
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ep
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ee
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s
.
I
n
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C
lellan
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’
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n
ee
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th
eo
r
y
o
f
m
o
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n
in
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ed
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t
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p
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o
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ce
.
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r
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ter
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en
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(
R
Q
2
)
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
T
he
a
chiev
em
ent
need
a
s
a
lea
der
m
o
t
iv
e
a
m
o
ng
s
t
ud
ent
s
T
h
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
f
iv
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
in
th
e
in
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
m
o
tiv
es
[
4
4
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
s
u
g
g
ests
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
em
p
h
asis
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
u
r
s
u
its
.
Mo
o
r
e
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
r
e
p
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
tr
o
n
g
d
esire
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
s
o
m
eth
in
g
t
o
u
g
h
,
attain
h
ig
h
s
u
cc
ess
,
an
d
m
as
ter
co
m
p
lex
task
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
iv
o
tal
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ach
iev
em
en
t
m
o
tiv
e
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
a
d
etailed
r
e
v
iew
o
f
th
ese
wo
r
k
s
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
u
s
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
esire
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o
r
s
u
cc
ess
,
m
aster
y
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
in
s
p
ir
in
g
th
em
to
s
et
attain
ab
le
g
o
als
an
d
s
tr
iv
e
f
o
r
e
x
ce
llen
ce
w
h
ile
em
b
r
ac
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
m
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
[
5
3
]
.
Fo
s
ter
in
g
a
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
v
alu
es
in
d
iv
id
u
al
g
r
o
wth
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
tak
e
r
is
k
s
an
d
l
ea
r
n
f
r
o
m
s
etb
ac
k
s
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
6
]
.
An
o
th
er
e
x
citin
g
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
r
ea
lis
tic
b
u
t
ch
allen
g
in
g
g
o
als.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
ev
er
y
s
tu
d
en
t
an
d
s
ets
h
ig
h
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
po
wer
need
a
s
a
lea
der
m
o
t
iv
e
a
m
o
ng
s
t
ud
ent
s
A
n
o
tab
le
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
tu
d
y
in
g
p
o
wer
m
o
tiv
es
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
is
ev
id
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
th
r
ee
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
is
to
p
ic
[
3
7
]
,
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
p
o
wer
m
o
tiv
e
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
in
v
o
lv
es
em
p
o
wer
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
ex
er
cise le
ad
er
s
h
ip
an
d
m
ak
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
as we
ll a
s
to
s
o
ciety
[
2
7
]
.
Nee
d
p
o
wer
i
n
s
till
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
tak
e
in
itiativ
e,
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
an
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
em
p
o
we
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
g
i
v
in
g
th
e
m
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
m
ak
e
ch
o
ices
an
d
tak
e
o
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
Pr
o
v
id
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
to
tak
e
o
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
w
ith
in
th
e
clas
s
r
o
o
m
,
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
f
u
r
t
h
er
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
all
-
r
o
u
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
4
3
]
.
Oth
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
o
in
te
d
o
u
t
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
en
c
o
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
in
k
cr
it
ically
ab
o
u
t
p
o
wer
d
y
n
am
ics,
s
o
cial
j
u
s
tice,
an
d
eq
u
ity
is
s
u
es
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
er
s
o
ciety
.
I
t
also
h
elp
s
to
en
g
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
civ
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
citizen
s
h
ip
,
th
er
eb
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
in
g
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
with
in
th
e
l
ar
g
er
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
4
7
]
,
[
4
8
]
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
T
he
a
f
f
ilia
t
io
n nee
d a
s
a
lea
der
m
o
t
iv
e
a
m
o
ng
s
t
ud
e
nts
T
h
er
e
is
a
r
elativ
ely
lim
ited
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
tu
d
y
in
g
af
f
iliatio
n
m
o
tiv
es
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
y
o
f
o
n
ly
two
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
o
n
th
is
s
u
b
ject
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
lead
e
r
m
o
tiv
es
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
cu
ltiv
ates
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
n
u
r
t
u
r
es
s
o
cial
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
,
f
o
s
ter
s
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
elo
n
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
en
co
u
r
ag
es
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
p
ee
r
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
m
o
tes
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
an
d
team
w
o
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
v
e
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
class
r
o
o
m
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
w
h
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
ee
l
v
alu
ed
,
ac
ce
p
ted
,
an
d
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
b
o
th
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
[
3
8
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
s
ter
s
a
s
en
s
e
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
b
elo
n
g
in
g
b
y
em
b
r
ac
in
g
d
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
em
p
at
h
y
,
k
in
d
n
ess
,
an
d
m
u
tu
al
r
esp
ec
t
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
cu
ltiv
a
te
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
p
ee
r
s
an
d
m
e
n
to
r
s
with
in
an
d
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
estab
lis
h
es
a
welc
o
m
in
g
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
class
r
o
o
m
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
ea
c
h
s
tu
d
e
n
t
f
ee
ls
ap
p
r
ec
iated
a
n
d
r
esp
ec
ted
.
A
s
tr
o
n
g
em
p
h
asis
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f le
a
d
er mo
tives i
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
:
a
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
(
A
n
il DCo
s
ta
)
2149
af
f
iliatio
n
m
o
tiv
es
am
o
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
ca
n
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
s
o
cial
-
em
o
tio
n
al
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
ac
ad
e
m
ic
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
well
-
b
ein
g
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
5
]
.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
B
ased
o
n
two
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
is
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
an
d
th
eir
r
esu
lts
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
o
u
tco
m
es.
All
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
ce
ed
e
d
af
ter
th
e
ca
r
ef
u
l
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
b
r
ief
ly
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
,
an
d
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
a
r
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
in
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
liv
es
with
in
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
is
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
[
5
4
]
.
L
ea
d
er
m
o
tiv
es
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
p
o
wer
,
a
n
d
af
f
i
liatio
n
n
ee
d
s
,
h
av
e
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
f
o
r
th
e
f
ield
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
2
1
]
.
B
y
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
in
to
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices,
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
c
r
ea
te
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
t
h
at
n
u
r
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
e
th
e
m
to
b
ec
o
m
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
an
d
en
g
ag
e
d
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
s
o
cie
ty
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
an
ce
s
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
eq
u
ip
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
ith
th
e
v
alu
es
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
n
ee
d
ed
to
th
r
iv
e
as
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
lead
er
s
in
an
ev
er
-
ch
an
g
in
g
wo
r
ld
[
1
2
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
lear
n
to
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
th
er
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
n
av
ig
at
e
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als
b
y
en
g
a
g
in
g
i
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les
an
d
ac
tiv
ities
[
5
5
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
to
s
et
a
m
b
itio
u
s
y
et
attain
a
b
le
g
o
als
f
o
r
th
e
m
s
elv
es
an
d
w
o
r
k
to
war
d
s
r
ea
lizin
g
th
eir
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
o
n
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
b
u
t
also
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
em
p
o
wer
ed
to
m
a
k
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
ities
an
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
at
lar
g
e
[
5
6
]
.
R
ev
i
ewi
n
g
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
3
]
,
t
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
er
s
f
e
lt
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
i
le
n
e
ed
s
o
f
ea
c
h
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
s
tu
d
e
n
t
i
n
e
x
e
c
u
ti
n
g
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
r
o
l
es
a
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
[
5
7
]
.
L
ea
d
e
r
m
o
ti
v
es
ar
e
n
o
t
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
i
ly
ti
ed
to
p
o
s
iti
o
n
al
p
o
s
ts
;
i
n
s
t
ea
d
,
t
h
e
y
ca
n
b
e
v
i
ew
ed
as
th
e
d
es
ir
e
a
n
d
w
illi
n
g
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
e
r
v
ic
e
t
o
o
t
h
e
r
s
a
n
d
en
r
i
c
h
lea
r
n
i
n
g
an
d
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
[
5
8
]
.
L
i
zz
i
o
[
5
9
]
i
n
v
es
ti
g
at
e
d
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
e
n
s
e
o
f
id
e
n
t
if
ica
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
n
o
t
t
h
ei
r
le
v
el
o
f
ac
h
ie
v
em
en
t
m
o
ti
v
e
,
p
r
ed
i
ct
t
h
ei
r
wi
lli
n
g
n
ess
to
c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
te
an
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
i
n
t
h
e
a
ca
d
e
m
i
c
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
u
s
,
f
o
c
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
le
ad
er
m
o
ti
v
es
as
“
p
r
o
c
ess
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
a
p
o
s
iti
o
n
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s
co
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o
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ti
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g
r
o
w
th
.
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h
i
s
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
n
ee
d
s
c
a
n
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
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s
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le
le
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d
s
o
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ial
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o
t
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a
l
co
m
p
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e
s
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g
s
tu
d
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n
t
s
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h
i
s
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ea
r
ch
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h
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er
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t
io
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an
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o
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f
e
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r
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t
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ely
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m
p
r
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v
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u
al
an
d
in
s
t
itu
ti
o
n
a
l
o
u
tc
o
m
e
s
.
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h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
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v
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e
s
k
ey
r
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co
m
m
en
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at
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s
t
s
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ci
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o
s
it
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
m
o
t
iv
e
s
in
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
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h
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
s
h
ap
e
f
u
tu
r
e
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
tr
a
in
in
g
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
f
o
s
te
r
in
g
p
o
s
it
iv
e
lea
d
er
m
o
ti
v
e
s
in
t
ea
ch
er
s
an
d
a
d
m
in
i
s
t
r
a
to
r
s
,
wh
i
ch
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
t
u
d
en
t
s
’
m
o
tiv
at
io
n
a
n
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
u
cc
e
s
s
.
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h
ile
th
e
r
ev
iew
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
lead
e
r
m
o
ti
v
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as
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
th
e
b
alan
ce
o
r
im
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
e
n
th
ese
m
o
tiv
es
ca
n
lead
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
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n
d
ly
,
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
m
ay
h
av
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
im
p
licatio
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s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
r
e
g
io
n
al,
s
o
ci
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
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h
is
r
ev
iew
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
i
tiv
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
lead
e
r
m
o
tiv
e
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
f
elt
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
n
e
g
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
ce
r
tain
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
W
h
ile
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
f
er
s
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
in
teg
r
atin
g
Mc
C
lellan
d
’
s
n
ee
d
th
eo
r
y
in
to
lead
er
s
h
i
p
s
tr
ateg
ies,
it
leav
es
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
th
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
ap
p
lied
in
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
s
ettin
g
s
.
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h
is
SLR
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
o
n
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
b
u
t
its
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ca
p
tu
r
e
all
r
elev
an
t stu
d
ies o
r
r
e
f
lect
g
lo
b
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
T
h
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
r
ev
iew
an
d
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia
m
ay
lim
it th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
id
en
tifie
s
g
a
p
s
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
lim
ited
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
an
d
p
o
wer
m
o
tiv
es
as
well
as
af
f
iliatio
n
an
d
p
o
we
r
m
o
tiv
es.
Fu
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
ese
g
ap
s
an
d
d
ee
p
e
n
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es
in
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
.
I
t
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
e
r
e
p
licated
at
s
m
aller
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
ass
es
s
th
e
th
r
ee
n
ee
d
s
in
ex
p
l
o
r
in
g
th
e
lead
er
m
o
tiv
es.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Stu
d
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
a
n
d
af
f
iliatio
n
m
o
tiv
es
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
as
well
as
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
t
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
ev
id
en
t
th
at
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
Mc
C
lellan
d
’
s
n
ee
d
th
e
o
r
y
with
in
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
th
e
o
r
etica
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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a
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in
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d
i
f
f
er
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lea
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en
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m
o
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e
m
er
g
e
as
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
eh
av
io
r
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,
ac
a
d
em
ic
ac
co
m
p
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h
m
en
ts
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ca
r
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r
th
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h
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itiv
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i
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g
o
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tc
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m
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r
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