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is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
is
alwa
y
s
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
wh
ic
h
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
tea
ch
er
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
eir
lear
n
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
c
r
itically
[
1
5
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
teac
h
er
s
k
n
o
w
th
e
way
to
u
s
e
L
L
M
an
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
,
th
ey
ar
e
in
a
b
etter
p
o
s
itio
n
t
o
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Similar
ly
,
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
d
ata
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
C
h
in
a,
m
an
y
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
u
s
in
g
L
L
M
f
o
r
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
th
e
y
e
x
ten
d
ed
its
u
s
e
to
e
v
alu
ate
o
v
er
all
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
teac
h
er
s
to
u
tili
ze
L
L
M
in
a
p
r
o
p
er
way
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
th
e
way
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
7
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
er
e
is
litt
le
k
n
o
wn
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
co
n
ten
t k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
AI
i
n
C
h
in
a.
T
h
e
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
L
L
M
b
ased
AI
to
o
ls
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
[
1
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
Sh
a
r
ad
g
a
h
an
d
Sa
’
d
i
[
1
1
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
wh
e
n
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
k
n
o
w
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
u
s
e
o
f
AI
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
by
J
u
an
an
d
W
ei
[
1
9
]
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
w
h
en
teac
h
e
r
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
tr
ai
n
ed
f
o
r
it
a
n
d
t
h
ey
k
n
o
w
th
e
eth
ical
u
s
e
o
f
it.
Ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
Dai
an
d
Ke
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
L
L
M
f
o
r
b
etter
lear
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
af
ter
d
esig
n
in
g
t
h
e
c
lass
r
o
o
m
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
is
s
till
ch
allen
g
in
g
wh
ic
h
n
ee
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
p
aid
b
y
th
e
tea
ch
er
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Alam
[
2
1
]
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
AI
u
s
e
wh
ich
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
J
o
ch
im
an
d
L
en
z
-
Kesek
am
p
[
2
2
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
is
h
el
p
f
u
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
b
u
t
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
eth
ical
u
s
e
o
f
it,
b
ec
au
s
e
u
n
eth
ical
u
s
e
ca
n
lead
t
o
m
is
lead
in
g
d
ata
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
lim
ited
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Hen
c
e,
th
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e
g
a
p
n
ee
d
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
an
d
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
is
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
:
Ho
w
th
e
teac
h
er
s
b
eliev
e
o
f
L
L
M
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
th
eir
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
?
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
q
u
esti
o
n
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
test
h
o
w
teac
h
e
r
s
b
eliev
e
L
L
M
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
th
eir
d
ata
d
r
iv
e
n
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Fo
r
th
is
o
b
jectiv
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
u
s
e
o
n
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
in
v
esti
g
a
tes
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
eth
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
p
r
im
ar
y
d
ata
an
d
co
llected
d
ata
f
r
o
m
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
teac
h
er
s
to
ac
h
iev
e
its
o
b
jectiv
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
u
s
e
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
teac
h
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
m
o
d
er
atin
g
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
o
f
eth
i
cs
in
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
i
s
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
n
o
v
el
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
as
f
in
d
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ev
alu
atio
n
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
u
s
e
L
L
M
f
u
r
th
er
in
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
I
t
ca
n
lead
to
a
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ch
an
g
e
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ec
tio
n
wh
er
e
d
ata
d
r
i
v
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
h
elp
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
s
tu
d
y
is
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
th
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
liter
atu
r
e,
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
,
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
ata,
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
im
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ir
e
ctio
n
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
b
y
teac
h
er
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
ab
o
u
t
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
5
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
m
o
tiv
ated
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
ey
u
s
e
L
L
M
o
r
o
th
er
AI
b
ased
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
class
.
T
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
also
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
wh
er
e
th
ey
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
way
o
f
e
x
p
ec
tin
g
o
u
tc
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
elp
s
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
t
h
eir
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
s
t
u
d
en
ts
.
I
t
h
elp
s
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
o
v
er
all
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
also
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
t
o
m
o
tiv
ate
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
b
ased
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
th
eir
lea
r
n
in
g
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
class
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
.
I
t
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ich
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
v
er
tim
e
[
2
6
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
a
r
e
u
s
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
an
aly
ze
it,
s
h
o
u
l
d
u
s
e
L
L
M
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
ffective
n
ess
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
a
n
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f la
r
g
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
el
in
d
a
t
a
-
d
r
iven
tea
c
h
in
g
…
(
B
in
r
u
i J
ia
n
g
)
2265
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
[
2
7
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
d
ata
is
an
aly
ze
d
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
an
d
av
ailab
le
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
wh
ic
h
h
elp
s
to
d
ea
l
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
[
2
8
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
o
tiv
ated
to
u
s
e
AI
p
r
o
p
er
ly
,
wh
ich
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
in
m
o
d
er
n
tim
es
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H1
)
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
:
th
er
e
is
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
a
p
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
a
n
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
co
n
t
en
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
,
wh
ich
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
ir
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
b
ased
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
is
h
elp
f
u
l f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
a
p
p
ly
t
h
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
to
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
s
ch
ed
u
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
tea
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
r
elate
d
h
e
lp
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
to
m
o
tiv
ate
th
em
f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
wh
ich
h
a
s
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
also
h
elp
f
u
l
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
teac
h
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
ass
is
t
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
esig
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
is
also
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
ad
v
an
ce
th
eir
t
ea
ch
in
g
s
k
ills
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
n
ew
id
ea
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
1
]
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
f
air
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
,
it
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
eir
wo
r
k
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
r
elate
d
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
th
e
class
wh
ich
h
elp
s
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
d
ec
id
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
c
o
n
ten
t
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
er
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
u
r
s
e
co
n
ten
t
to
ad
v
an
ce
its
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H2
)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
:
th
er
e
is
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
co
n
te
n
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
e
n
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
clu
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
n
ten
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
th
e
t
ea
ch
er
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
3
]
.
W
h
en
th
e
teac
h
er
s
a
r
e
h
ig
h
ly
m
o
tiv
ated
,
th
ey
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
is
also
im
p
r
o
v
ed
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
4
]
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
to
c
o
llectiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
w
h
ich
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
I
t
i
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
u
s
e
L
L
M
o
r
o
th
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
r
elate
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
7
]
.
As
f
ar
as
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
m
o
tiv
ated
to
u
s
e
AI
r
elate
d
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
AI
r
elate
d
to
o
ls
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
to
ar
r
an
g
e
th
e
d
ata
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
3
8
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
co
n
te
n
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
ei
r
lear
n
in
g
as
it
h
as
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
.
W
h
er
ea
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
eir
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
ich
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
teac
h
e
r
s
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
[
4
0
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t sh
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
ain
in
g
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
th
ir
d
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
H3
)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
:
th
er
e
is
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
a
p
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
a
n
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
b
ased
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
b
ased
o
n
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les wh
ich
is
h
elp
f
u
l in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
I
t is n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
er
tr
ain
in
g
ab
o
u
t th
e
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les f
o
r
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ati
v
e
L
L
M
r
elate
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
in
a
m
is
lead
in
g
way
wh
ich
h
as
n
o
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
to
wo
r
k
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
L
L
M.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
s
o
m
eti
m
es,
th
ey
h
av
e
lim
ited
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
in
a
ca
d
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
e
[
4
2
]
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
b
u
t
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
llo
win
g
all
t
h
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
A
u
s
ef
u
l
w
ay
o
f
f
o
llo
win
g
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
w
o
u
ld
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
way
f
o
r
war
d
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
er
s
[
4
3
]
.
I
t
is
im
p
er
a
tiv
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
to
wo
r
k
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
th
e
d
is
cip
lin
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
b
u
t
t
h
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
ain
ed
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es
wh
ich
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
em
.
B
y
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
L
L
M
in
a
f
air
way
[
4
4
]
.
I
t
wo
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
wo
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l f
o
r
t
h
e
teac
h
er
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
le
ar
n
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
wh
ich
i
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ased
o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
b
e
h
av
io
r
[
4
5
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
t
r
ain
ed
to
f
o
llo
w
eth
ical
p
r
in
cip
les
wh
ile
d
ea
lin
g
with
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
o
th
er
class
r
o
o
m
ac
tiv
ities
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
em
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
wh
ic
h
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
le
v
el
o
f
wo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
L
L
M
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
m
o
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
eth
ics
in
it.
I
n
th
is
way
,
it
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
th
e
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
th
at
wo
u
ld
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l
in
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
[
4
7
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
io
r
itized
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
it
is
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
to
tr
ai
n
th
e
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
wh
ich
ca
n
b
o
o
s
t
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
b
ased
ap
p
licatio
n
s
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
tim
e,
b
u
t
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
wo
r
k
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
n
o
n
o
r
m
s
r
elate
d
to
ac
ad
e
m
i
c
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
v
io
lated
[
4
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
it
wo
u
ld
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
a
b
etter
way
[
5
0
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
et
h
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
f
air
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
n
ex
t
h
y
p
o
th
eses
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
:
th
er
e
i
s
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
im
p
ac
t
o
f
eth
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
etwe
e
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
2
6
3
-
2
2
7
7
2266
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
a
p
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
(
H4
);
th
er
e
is
a
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
im
p
ac
t
o
f
eth
i
cs
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
a
p
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
i
v
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
(
H5
);
th
er
e
is
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
im
p
ac
t
o
f
eth
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
etwe
en
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
a
p
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
a
n
d
d
ata
d
r
i
v
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
(
H6
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
tu
d
y
is
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
p
r
im
ar
y
d
ata
to
ac
h
iev
e
its
o
b
jectiv
e.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
ata
co
llected
was
co
llected
o
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e.
T
h
er
e
w
er
e
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
c
o
llect
th
e
d
ata.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
ata
d
r
iv
e
n
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
was
test
ed
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
u
s
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
was
test
ed
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
te
ac
h
er
s
f
o
r
AI
h
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Similar
ly
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
was
test
ed
o
n
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
AI
h
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
L
L
M
ap
p
licat
io
n
test
ed
h
o
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
an
d
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
f
o
r
AI
h
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Fin
ally
,
eth
ic
s
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
was
test
ed
h
o
w
teac
h
er
s
k
n
o
w
an
d
f
o
llo
w
th
e
eth
ics o
f
u
s
in
g
AI
.
T
h
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
7
]
,
[
5
1
]
a
n
d
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
liter
atu
r
e
also
u
s
ed
an
d
v
alid
ated
th
ese
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
llected
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
v
ar
iab
l
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
o
f
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
wer
e
th
e
teac
h
er
s
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
lo
ca
ted
in
C
h
en
g
d
u
,
Sich
u
a
n
,
C
h
in
a.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
s
u
r
v
ey
b
ased
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
co
llect
d
ata
as
it
is
h
elp
f
u
l
to
s
av
e
th
e
tim
e
an
d
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
et
h
o
d
t
o
co
llect
d
a
ta.
Du
r
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
,
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
wh
o
wer
e
u
s
in
g
L
L
M
b
ased
A
I
in
t
h
eir
teac
h
in
g
we
r
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ata.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Me
m
o
n
et
a
l.
[
5
2
]
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
g
en
er
a
lizatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
W
h
er
ea
s
Hair
et
a
l.
[
5
3
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
3
0
0
r
esp
o
n
s
es
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
r
ea
ch
at
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
r
v
ey
ed
4
0
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
am
o
n
g
th
e
teac
h
er
s
t
o
co
llect
th
e
d
ata.
Ho
wev
er
,
3
2
2
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
co
llected
b
ac
k
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ested
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ata
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
as
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
r
elate
d
to
th
em
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
elim
in
ar
y
a
n
aly
s
is
,
3
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
d
elete
d
as
th
ey
wer
e
n
o
t
f
it
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
3
1
9
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
was
f
in
alize
d
f
o
r
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
.
Fo
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
co
llected
d
ata,
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
Sm
ar
t
PLS
4
.
T
h
is
s
o
f
twar
e
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
e
–
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as
u
s
ed
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
ac
t
o
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
,
v
ar
ian
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
s
(
VI
F)
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
d
is
cr
im
i
n
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
,
ef
f
ec
t size
,
an
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
an
ce
.
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
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h
I
d
i
s
c
u
ss t
h
e
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m.
I
u
se
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
sy
s
t
e
m w
h
e
n
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
a
c
e
o
f
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
d
i
s
c
u
ss
i
o
n
.
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r
e
f
e
r
t
o
t
e
s
t
d
a
t
a
w
h
e
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
sk
i
l
l
s
o
r
t
o
p
i
c
s t
h
a
t
n
e
e
d
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
l
a
ss.
”
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
test
ed
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t stag
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
T
ab
le
2
,
4
1
%
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
tea
ch
in
g
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
,
1
9
%
w
er
e
teac
h
in
g
p
u
r
e
s
cien
ce
s
,
3
0
%
wer
e
teac
h
in
g
m
ath
em
atics
wh
ile
1
0
%
wer
e
teac
h
in
g
o
th
er
d
is
cip
lin
es
s
u
b
jects.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
5
1
%
wer
e
m
ale
wh
ile
4
9
%
wer
e
f
em
ales.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
9
%
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
h
ad
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
less
th
an
th
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
,
5
4
%
h
ad
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
etwe
en
3
–
5
y
ea
r
s
wh
er
ea
s
3
7
%
h
ad
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
m
o
r
e
th
an
5
y
ea
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
2
0
%
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
th
e
y
u
s
ed
AI
r
a
r
ely
b
u
t
8
0
%
d
i
s
cu
s
s
ed
th
ey
u
s
ed
AI
e
v
er
y
d
ay
.
Fin
ally
,
6
3
%
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
th
ey
lik
e
to
u
s
e
AI
,
2
7
%
r
em
ain
ed
n
eu
tr
al
a
n
d
1
1
%
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
li
k
e
to
u
s
e
AI
.
T
h
ese
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
e
x
p
lain
ed
ab
o
u
t th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sar
s
ted
t
et
a
l.
[
5
4
]
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
a
r
y
to
test
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
ea
ch
s
ca
le
wh
ic
h
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
th
em
f
o
r
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
I
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
v
a
lu
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
0
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
ca
le
is
v
alid
[
5
4
]
.
All
s
ca
le
item
s
ac
h
iev
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
it
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
all
s
ca
les
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias
in
th
e
d
ata
was
ch
ec
k
ed
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
VI
F.
I
t
is
test
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
d
ata.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
VI
F
b
elo
w
3
.
3
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
n
o
b
ias
in
d
a
ta
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
n
o
v
alu
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
ca
le
item
was a
b
o
v
e
3
.
3
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
er
e
was n
o
v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
ar
e
r
e
p
o
r
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
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I
n
t
J
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&
R
es E
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c
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Vo
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14
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No
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3
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u
n
e
20
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2
6
3
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7
2268
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ab
le
2
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
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n
=3
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V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
Le
v
e
l
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r
e
q
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e
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y
P
r
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p
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t
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o
n
(
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u
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t
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41
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u
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62
19
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a
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t
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t
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31
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n
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r
s
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54
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o
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37
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r
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M
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se
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l
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t
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a
m n
e
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t
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11
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ab
le
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.
Facto
r
l
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ad
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g
s
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d
VI
Fs
O
b
serv
e
d
v
a
r
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a
b
l
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DDDM
ELU
TC
K
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TPC
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1
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
wer
e
test
ed
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
f
it
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
a
ch
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
wer
e
test
ed
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
0
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
ata
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
b
o
th
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
wer
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata
was sig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
av
er
a
g
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
to
test
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
i
n
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
e
x
tr
ac
ted
ab
o
v
e
0
.
5
0
ar
e
ac
ce
p
ted
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
[
5
4
]
.
T
ab
le
4
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata
was sig
n
if
ican
tly
ac
h
iev
ed
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
wer
e
test
ed
at
th
e
n
ex
t
s
tag
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
h
eter
o
tr
ait
-
m
o
n
o
tr
ait
(
HT
MT
)
r
atio
wa
s
test
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Hen
s
eler
et
a
l.
[
5
5
]
,
HT
MT
r
a
tio
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
less
th
an
0
.
8
5
f
o
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
n
o
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
T
ab
le
5
d
is
clo
s
ed
th
at
th
er
e
was n
o
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
in
th
e
d
ata.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
ffective
n
ess
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
a
n
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f la
r
g
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
el
in
d
a
t
a
-
d
r
iven
tea
c
h
in
g
…
(
B
in
r
u
i J
ia
n
g
)
2269
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
ass
es
s
m
en
t
T
ab
le
4
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
i
ty
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s a
l
p
h
a
C
o
m
p
o
si
t
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
v
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
t
e
d
DDDM
0
.
9
5
6
0
.
9
5
6
0
.
6
7
3
ELU
0
.
8
6
4
0
.
8
7
5
0
.
7
0
8
TC
K
LA
0
.
8
5
4
0
.
8
5
6
0
.
6
9
6
TPC
K
LA
0
.
9
2
1
0
.
9
2
5
0
.
6
7
9
TPK
LA
0
.
9
1
6
0
.
9
1
7
0
.
6
6
6
T
ab
le
5
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
i
ty
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
DDDM
ELU
TC
K
LA
TPC
K
LA
TPK
LA
DDDM
ELU
0
.
3
3
4
TC
K
LA
0
.
5
1
3
0
.
4
5
3
TPC
K
LA
0
.
5
1
8
0
.
3
0
9
0
.
4
3
0
TPK
LA
0
.
5
2
5
0
.
3
6
2
0
.
4
9
1
0
.
4
3
4
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
p
ath
co
ef
f
ic
ien
ts
wer
e
test
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Sar
s
ted
t
et
a
l.
[
5
4
]
,
th
e
p
v
alu
e
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
a
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
Dis
cu
s
s
in
g
H1
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
R
eg
a
r
d
in
g
H2
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
a
p
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Dis
cu
s
s
in
g
H3
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
a
p
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
e
n
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
.
T
esti
n
g
H4
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
et
h
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
et
wee
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
R
eg
a
r
d
in
g
H5
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
eth
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
a
ta
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Fin
ally
,
test
in
g
H6
,
it
i
s
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
eth
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
etwe
en
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
c
o
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
e
n
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
T
a
b
le
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
2
6
3
-
2
2
7
7
2270
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
s
q
u
ar
e
wer
e
test
ed
to
ch
ec
k
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
C
o
h
en
[
5
6
]
,
ef
f
ec
t size
f
in
d
in
g
s
ab
o
v
e
0
.
0
2
ar
e
s
m
all,
ab
o
v
e
0
.
1
5
is
m
ed
iu
m
wh
er
ea
s
ab
o
v
e
0
.
3
5
is
lar
g
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
all
th
r
ee
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
was
s
m
all
o
n
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
les.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
also
d
escr
ib
ed
in
T
a
b
le
6
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Path
co
e
f
f
icien
t a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
t size
P
a
t
h
s
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
s
a
mp
l
e
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
T
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
P
v
a
l
u
e
s
Ef
f
e
c
t
si
z
e
TPK
LA
-
>
D
D
D
M
0
.
2
3
1
0
.
0
5
2
4
.
4
3
7
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
7
2
TC
K
LA
-
>
D
D
D
M
0
.
1
5
1
0
.
0
5
3
2
.
8
4
8
0
.
0
0
4
0
.
0
2
9
TPC
K
LA
-
>
D
D
D
M
0
.
2
1
6
0
.
0
5
1
4
.
2
4
6
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
6
5
ELU
x
TP
K
LA
-
>
D
D
D
M
0
.
1
4
4
0
.
0
5
0
2
.
9
0
4
0
.
0
0
4
ELU
x
T
C
K
LA
-
>
D
D
D
M
0
.
1
1
8
0
.
0
5
6
2
.
1
2
8
0
.
0
3
3
ELU
x
TPC
K
LA
-
>
D
D
D
M
0
.
1
3
6
0
.
0
5
4
2
.
5
0
2
0
.
0
1
2
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
ass
ess
m
en
t
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
r
e
lev
an
ce
wer
e
test
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
wer
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sar
s
ted
t
et
a
l.
[
5
4
]
,
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
(
Q2
)
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Q2
ar
e
0
.
3
2
0
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
is
clo
s
ed
th
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
3
0
%
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
7
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
test
ed
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
em
p
ir
ically
b
ased
o
n
s
tatis
tical
ev
id
en
ce
.
Dis
cu
s
s
in
g
H1
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
i
v
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Fu
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
eir
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
p
e
r
tain
in
g
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
L
L
M
an
d
o
th
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
b
ased
o
n
AI
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
b
y
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
m
o
tiv
ated
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
h
ile
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[
4
9
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
d
o
with
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
ar
e
p
lan
n
e
d
with
th
e
h
elp
o
f
L
L
M.
T
h
is
allo
ws
th
em
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
th
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
,
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
co
n
te
n
t,
an
d
th
e
w
ay
in
wh
ich
t
h
ey
an
ticip
ate
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
th
eir
p
u
p
ils
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
ffective
n
ess
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
a
n
d
a
p
p
lica
tio
n
o
f la
r
g
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
mo
d
el
in
d
a
t
a
-
d
r
iven
tea
c
h
in
g
…
(
B
in
r
u
i J
ia
n
g
)
2271
T
ab
le
7
.
Pre
d
ictiv
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
SSO
SSE
Q
² (=1
-
S
S
E/
S
S
O
)
DDDM
3
8
2
8
2
6
7
1
.
5
8
2
0
.
3
0
2
ELU
1
2
7
6
1
2
7
6
0
TC
K
LA
1
2
7
6
1
2
7
6
0
TPC
K
LA
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
0
TPK
LA
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
0
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pre
d
ictiv
e
r
ele
v
an
ce
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
Naz
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
in
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
c
u
ltiv
ate
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
eir
p
u
p
ils
,
it
is
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
th
em
to
h
av
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
teac
h
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Hwa
n
g
et
a
l.
[
5
0
]
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
g
ain
a
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
an
d
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
as
a
wh
o
le
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
.
I
t
is
also
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
e
th
eir
p
u
p
ils
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
AI
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
an
d
p
ar
ti
cip
atin
g
in
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Yağ
cı
[
4
0
]
,
it
h
as
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
k
id
s
'
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
ich
is
s
tead
ily
g
ettin
g
b
etter
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
ar
e
an
aly
zin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
d
a
ta
s
h
o
u
ld
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
d
ata
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
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p
u
p
ils
.
W
h
er
ea
s
Ma
n
d
in
ac
h
a
n
d
Sch
ild
k
am
p
[
4
6
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
th
e
d
ata
is
p
r
o
p
er
ly
an
aly
ze
d
an
d
m
ad
e
av
ailab
le
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
ich
in
t
u
r
n
h
e
lp
s
th
em
d
ea
l
with
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
o
b
s
tacle
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
teac
h
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s
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ee
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to
b
e
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s
p
ir
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to
a
p
p
ly
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in
an
ap
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r
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r
iate
m
an
n
er
,
wh
ich
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
to
d
ay
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t tim
es.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
H2
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
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co
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ten
t
k
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o
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f
o
r
L
L
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ap
p
licati
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s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
i
v
en
d
ec
is
i
o
n
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
by
Sp
er
lin
g
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
a
s
o
lid
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial
co
v
er
ed
in
th
e
class
,
as
th
is
h
as
a
d
i
r
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
th
e
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
tak
e
p
lace
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
is
b
ased
o
n
L
L
M.
W
h
er
ea
s
Fu
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
h
elp
with
t
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
tim
etab
le
as
well
as
ass
i
s
tan
ce
with
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
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g
y
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
tili
z
atio
n
o
f
L
L
M.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Kim
[
3
1
]
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
g
o
al
,
it
is
v
ital
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
teac
h
er
s
with
tr
ain
in
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in
o
r
d
er
t
o
u
r
g
e
th
em
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o
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ak
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s
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o
f
tech
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o
lo
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y
,
wh
ich
h
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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&
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Vo
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14
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No
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3
,
J
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n
e
20
25
:
2
2
6
3
-
2
2
7
7
2272
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
T
an
[
5
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
it
h
elp
s
with
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
esig
n
s
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
AI
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
is
also
b
en
ef
ici
al
in
ter
m
s
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
AI
is
also
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
,
as
it
en
ab
les
th
em
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
b
y
g
e
n
er
atin
g
f
r
esh
i
d
ea
s
th
at
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
L
i
an
d
Su
[
4
4
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
'
wo
r
k
an
d
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ai
n
tain
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
b
o
th
im
p
r
o
v
ed
wh
en
th
ey
ar
e
ab
le
to
m
ak
e
f
air
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Yan
g
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
-
r
elate
d
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
h
el
p
f
u
l
in
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
d
ata
lin
k
ed
to
t
h
e
class
,
wh
ich
ass
i
s
ts
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
in
m
ak
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
ater
i
al
f
o
r
t
h
e
co
u
r
s
e.
T
o
s
u
m
u
p
,
th
e
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
is
o
f
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
its
ap
p
licatio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
im
p
r
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v
in
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s
tu
d
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'
lear
n
in
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p
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f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Dis
cu
s
s
in
g
H3
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
a
t
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
tec
h
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o
lo
g
ical
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
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u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
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d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Hem
ac
h
an
d
r
an
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
,
it is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
p
lay
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
teac
h
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
im
p
ar
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Su
an
d
Yan
g
[
4
5
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
e
n
teac
h
e
r
s
a
r
e
h
ig
h
ly
d
r
iv
en
,
th
e
y
ar
e
ab
l
e
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
u
p
ils
with
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
AI
is
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
en
h
an
ce
d
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
r
a
g
g
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
to
wo
r
k
to
g
et
h
er
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
ei
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
as
th
is
h
as
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
ea
r
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
t
h
at
th
e
y
m
a
k
e.
Fo
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
p
er
tain
s
to
t
h
e
p
u
p
ils
,
it
is
ess
en
tial f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M
o
r
o
th
er
a
p
p
s
th
at
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
B
r
ag
g
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
also
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
in
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
p
u
p
ils
,
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
ex
tr
em
ely
m
o
tiv
ated
to
m
ak
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
AI
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
e
p
p
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
to
o
ls
th
at
ar
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
AI
i
s
h
elp
f
u
l
in
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
e
d
ata
o
f
p
u
p
ils
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Du
e
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
it
h
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
th
at
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
m
ak
e,
h
av
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
is
also
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
em
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
C
h
iu
[
3
7
]
,
t
h
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
L
L
M
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
th
ey
n
ee
d
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
w
h
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
W
h
il
e
Z
h
an
g
[
3
9
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
it
is
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
s
to
m
ak
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
L
L
M,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
i
es
th
at
th
ey
em
p
lo
y
m
o
r
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
g
o
al,
th
e
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
u
g
h
t to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
t
r
ain
in
g
th
at
is
b
o
th
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
.
T
esti
n
g
H4
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
m
o
d
er
ati
n
g
r
o
le
o
f
eth
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
iv
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
H5
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
er
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
eth
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
etwe
en
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
i
v
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
Fin
ally
,
test
in
g
H6
,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
o
d
e
r
atin
g
r
o
le
o
f
eth
ics
in
L
L
M
u
s
e
b
etwe
en
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
o
r
L
L
M
ap
p
licatio
n
u
s
e
an
d
d
ata
d
r
i
v
en
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ho
o
d
a
et
a
l.
[
4
8
]
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
is
b
ased
o
n
AI
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
ed
o
n
eth
ica
l
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
b
en
ef
ic
ial
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
C
elik
[
4
7
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
it
i
s
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
r
ec
eiv
e
ad
eq
u
ate
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
n
th
e
eth
ical
n
o
r
m
s
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
f
o
llo
wed
wh
e
n
u
tili
zin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
th
at
teac
h
er
s
will
u
tili
ze
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ass
o
ciate
d
with
g
e
n
er
ativ
e
L
L
M
in
a
m
a
n
n
er
th
a
t
is
d
ec
ep
tiv
e,
wh
ich
will
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
n
y
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
th
at
teac
h
er
s
will u
s
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
by
L
e
p
p
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
it is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
s
u
g
g
ested
t
h
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
p
u
t
in
a
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
ef
f
o
r
t
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
L
L
M.
Similar
ly
,
t
h
er
e
a
r
e
in
s
tan
ce
s
wh
en
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
litt
le
awa
r
en
ess
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
AI
in
ac
ad
em
ic
d
is
cip
lin
es,
d
esp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
th
ey
h
a
v
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
co
n
te
n
t
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
to
b
eg
i
n
with
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ga
o
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
,
it
is
ad
v
is
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
eir
u
s
e
o
f
AI
in
th
is
m
an
n
e
r
;
h
o
wev
e
r
,
th
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
ad
h
e
r
e
to
all
o
f
th
e
eth
ical
cr
iter
ia.
W
h
er
ea
s
Sp
er
lin
g
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
ad
h
e
r
in
g
to
et
h
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
h
u
g
e
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
f
o
r
th
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
to
d
ev
o
te
a
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
th
eir
tim
e
an
d
en
er
g
y
to
th
e
f
ield
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
ey
n
ee
d
also
to
r
ec
eiv
e
tr
ain
in
g
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
ey
a
d
h
er
e
t
o
th
e
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
n
o
r
m
s
t
h
at
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
th
em
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Atif
et
a
l.
[
3
4
]
,
th
e
lectu
r
er
s
ar
e
ab
le
to
u
s
e
L
L
M
in
a
f
air
m
an
n
er
if
th
e
y
tak
e
th
e
eth
ical
cr
iter
ia
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
s
wo
u
ld
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
eir
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
icial.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Kim
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
e
n
ef
icial
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
as
it
wo
u
ld
h
elp
th
em
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
L
u
o
a
n
d
C
h
en
g
[
8
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
at
d
esp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
a
t
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ar
e
ed
u
ca
ted
to
a
d
h
er
e
to
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
wh
en
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.