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ts
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d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dig
ital d
esig
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s
k
ills
I
m
p
ac
t
I
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n
o
v
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tech
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Sh
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[
1
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[
2
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.
Mo
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Prim
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A
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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J
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Vo
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14
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No
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3
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J
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20
25
:
2
3
8
9
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2
3
9
9
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ter
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[
4
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,
[
5
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.
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tan
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lem
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g
in
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alize
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o
r
s
ev
er
al
y
ea
r
s
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
m
p
ile
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
b
y
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
an
y
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ar
e
n
o
t
ad
eq
u
ately
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
t
o
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
lack
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
co
m
p
et
en
cies,
an
d
attitu
d
es to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital to
o
ls
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ely
.
T
h
is
p
r
esen
ts
a
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
b
u
t
also
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
ex
ce
llen
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
r
eth
i
n
k
an
d
r
ed
esig
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
DDS
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
n
ee
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
lea
r
n
e
r
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
eir
DDS
th
r
o
u
g
h
au
t
h
en
tic
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
jects
m
ig
h
t
in
clu
d
e
cr
ea
tin
g
d
ig
ital
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
s
o
lv
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
o
r
p
ar
ticip
ati
n
g
in
o
n
lin
e
co
m
m
u
n
ities
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
v
ali
d
an
d
r
eliab
le
to
o
ls
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
m
o
s
t
ex
is
tin
g
to
o
ls
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
o
ld
er
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
r
ad
u
lts
an
d
o
f
ten
h
a
v
e
a
n
ar
r
o
wer
s
co
p
e
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
ch
an
g
es
at
th
e
m
ac
r
o
-
lev
el,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
n
atio
n
al
p
o
licies
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
;
th
e
m
es
o
-
lev
el,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
r
eg
io
n
al
a
n
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
;
an
d
th
e
m
icr
o
-
lev
el,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
p
r
ac
tices
with
i
n
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
ti
o
n
s
[
6
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
ely
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
lack
o
f
f
o
cu
s
ed
r
esear
ch
o
n
DDS
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
.
Mo
s
t
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
h
asize
b
asic
d
ig
ital
li
ter
ac
y
b
u
t
f
ail
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
o
r
e
cr
e
ativ
e
an
d
co
m
p
lex
s
k
ills
lik
e
d
esig
n
th
in
k
in
g
,
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
n
t
en
t
cr
ea
t
io
n
at
an
ea
r
ly
a
g
e
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
a
g
ap
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
h
ap
in
g
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
DDS.
T
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
o
f
ten
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
g
en
er
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
b
u
t
lack
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
d
esig
n
s
o
f
twar
e,
d
ig
ital
s
to
r
y
tellin
g
p
l
atf
o
r
m
s
,
o
r
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
ca
n
s
tim
u
late
co
g
n
iti
v
e
g
r
o
wth
a
n
d
cr
ea
ti
v
ity
in
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
er
s
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
.
D
esp
ite
th
e
p
u
s
h
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
t
h
e
class
r
o
o
m
,
f
ew
th
eo
r
etica
l
m
o
d
els
ex
p
lain
h
o
w
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
b
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
to
en
h
an
c
e
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
leav
es
a
g
ap
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
s
u
ch
in
teg
r
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
ea
r
ly
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
W
h
ile
g
l
o
b
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
p
r
im
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
t
h
er
e
is
lim
ited
em
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
co
u
n
tr
ies
lik
e
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
o
n
h
o
w
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
af
f
ec
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
DDS
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Giv
en
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
o
n
g
o
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
ef
o
r
m
s
an
d
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
m
o
d
e
r
n
ize
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
ills
a
cr
u
cial
g
ap
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
r
eg
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
ig
h
ts
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
e
m
p
ir
ical
g
ap
is
th
e
s
ca
r
city
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
u
s
e
a
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
d
ir
ec
t im
p
ac
t o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
DDS
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Ma
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
r
ely
o
n
o
b
s
er
v
a
tio
n
al
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
d
ata,
leav
in
g
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
th
at
co
m
p
ar
es
o
u
tco
m
es
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
th
o
s
e
n
o
t
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
is
litt
le
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
o
n
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
s
k
ills
ac
q
u
ir
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
r
e
r
etain
ed
o
v
e
r
tim
e.
Mo
s
t
r
ese
ar
ch
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
o
u
tco
m
es
with
o
u
t
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
wh
eth
er
th
ese
s
k
ills
lead
to
s
u
s
tain
ed
co
g
n
itiv
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
o
r
co
n
tin
u
ed
u
s
e
o
f
d
i
g
ital
d
esig
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
o
g
r
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
th
eo
r
etica
l
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
g
ap
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
DDS
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
b
u
t
also
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
ea
r
ly
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
to
o
ls
ca
n
s
h
ap
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
i
es
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
e
th
e
m
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ex
am
in
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
DDS
an
d
ex
am
in
es
h
o
w
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
ese
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
p
o
s
its
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
will
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
DDS
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
cr
u
cial
p
r
er
eq
u
is
ite
f
o
r
s
h
ap
i
n
g
o
v
er
all
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
(
R
Q)
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
f
o
r
m
u
lated
as
:
Do
es
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
l
ea
r
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
v
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t e
f
f
ec
t o
n
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
DDS
?
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f in
n
o
va
tive
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
s
h
a
p
in
g
d
i
g
ita
l d
esi
g
n
s
kills
in
p
r
ima
r
y
…
(
S
a
lta
n
a
t A
n
a
p
iy
a
ye
va
)
2391
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
On
e
o
f
th
e
g
o
als
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
e
s
ig
n
is
to
i
n
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
t
o
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
ev
elo
p
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[2
6]
,
[
2
7
]
,
teac
h
er
s
'
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
d
ig
ital
co
n
c
ep
ts
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
s
u
ch
a
s
m
em
o
r
y
,
em
o
tio
n
an
d
co
n
te
x
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
allo
w
s
th
em
to
p
lan
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
a
ter
ial
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
in
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
o
r
d
er
.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
esear
ch
b
y
Go
tts
ch
alk
a
n
d
W
eise
[
2
8
]
i
n
d
icate
th
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
ar
e
u
n
ab
le
t
o
d
e
f
in
itiv
ely
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
at
th
e
tr
u
e
“
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
”
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
,
wh
et
h
er
o
r
n
o
t
d
ig
ital
s
cien
ce
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
i
d
en
tify
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
h
o
w
an
d
u
n
d
er
wh
at
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
th
e
th
eo
r
y
ca
n
b
e
t
ested
in
ch
ild
r
en
'
s
class
r
o
o
m
s
an
d
wh
at
th
e
lim
it
atio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
im
ag
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
teac
h
in
g
in
class
r
o
o
m
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
Similar
ly
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
2
9
]
–
[
31]
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
e
ar
ly
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
DDS
.
R
esear
ch
by
Au
d
r
in
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
claim
ed
t
h
at
th
e
ca
te
g
o
r
y
“
DDS
”
was
d
ef
in
ed
af
ter
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es to
d
ef
in
in
g
th
e
ter
m
“
s
k
ill
.
”
S
tu
d
y
by
Selwy
n
et
a
l.
[3
3
]
co
m
p
ar
ed
“
D
DS
”
with
ca
teg
o
r
ies
s
u
ch
as
“
r
esear
c
h
b
eh
av
io
r
,
”
“
d
ig
ital
ac
tiv
ity
,
”
a
n
d
“
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ity
.
”
S
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
es
[
3
4
]
,
[3
5
]
b
eliev
e
th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
ca
teg
o
r
ies
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
is
o
p
tim
al.
Hu
m
an
r
esear
ch
,
i
n
its
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
lo
g
y
,
is
b
ased
o
n
r
ese
ar
ch
b
eh
av
io
r
,
w
h
ich
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
;
s
ea
r
ch
ac
tiv
ity
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
r
ese
ar
ch
b
e
h
av
io
r
an
d
d
i
g
ital
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ity
.
Le
[3
6
]
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ju
n
io
r
s
ch
o
o
lch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
DDS
at
th
r
ee
lev
els:
ad
ap
ti
v
e,
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
e,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
Şen
g
ü
l
a
n
d
T
ü
r
el
[3
7
]
a
r
g
u
e
th
at
attem
p
ts
to
class
if
y
th
e
DDS
o
f
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
f
ail
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
eir
ag
e
-
r
elate
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
d
id
ac
tic
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
.
D
esp
ite
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
DDS
an
d
s
h
ar
in
g
id
ea
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
c
ep
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ity
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
s
er
io
u
s
d
o
u
b
ts
ab
o
u
t te
ac
h
er
s
'
ab
ilit
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
ese
g
o
als
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
tag
e
-
by
-
s
tag
e
(
p
lan
n
ed
)
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
m
en
t
al
ac
tio
n
s
is
cr
u
cial
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
DDS
,
as
it
o
u
tlin
es
in
d
etail
all
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
tag
es
f
o
r
f
o
r
m
in
g
ac
tio
n
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
B
ea
r
m
an
et
a
l.
[3
8
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
DDS
in
clu
d
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
a
b
ilit
ies,
as
well
as
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
to
lear
n
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
g
en
e
r
al
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
d
esig
n
ab
ilit
ies.
Ass
im
ilat
io
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
to
o
lk
it
f
o
r
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
tal
ac
tiv
ities
o
cc
u
r
wh
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
g
en
u
in
e
n
ee
d
to
u
s
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ea
n
s
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
ese
ac
tiv
ities
.
Al
-
Ad
wan
et
a
l.
[
39
]
p
o
s
it
th
at
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t'
s
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ity
in
v
o
l
v
es
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
(
b
u
ild
in
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
)
,
m
o
d
elin
g
,
a
n
d
im
p
l
em
en
tin
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ac
tio
n
s
,
as
well
as
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
r
esear
ch
b
eh
av
i
o
r
.
R
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
f
o
r
m
o
r
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
—
wh
eth
er
in
d
iv
id
u
al,
g
r
o
u
p
,
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
f
r
o
n
t
o
f
th
e
e
n
tire
class
—
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
c
h
ild
r
en
d
em
an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al,
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t f
r
o
m
th
e
teac
h
er
,
with
a
less
er
ex
ten
t o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Z
am
ir
i
a
n
d
E
s
m
ae
ili
[
40
]
,
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
b
est
u
n
d
e
r
s
to
o
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
i
ts
p
r
in
cip
les:
f
r
ee
ch
o
ice
(
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
th
ei
r
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
ty
p
e
o
f
ac
tiv
ity
,
an
d
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
p
ar
tic
ip
atio
n
in
co
llectiv
e
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
)
,
o
b
jectiv
e
u
n
iq
u
en
ess
,
in
t
er
ac
tio
n
s
(
f
o
s
ter
in
g
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
in
jo
in
t a
ctiv
ities
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
tr
ateg
ies f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
d
esire
d
o
u
tco
m
es),
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
m
f
o
r
t
(
em
p
ath
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
ad
u
lts
an
d
ch
ild
r
e
n
,
e
lim
in
atin
g
s
tr
ess
)
.
Mh
lo
n
g
o
et
a
l.
[
41
]
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ca
n
e
n
ab
le
lear
n
er
s
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
n
ew
m
o
d
es
o
f
r
esear
ch
ac
tio
n
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
p
r
esen
tin
g
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
,
as
well
as
h
elp
teac
h
er
s
b
u
ild
a
co
g
n
itiv
e
tr
ajec
to
r
y
f
o
r
ea
ch
ch
ild
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
co
r
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lea
r
n
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
t
h
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
in
s
till
DDS
in
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
in
Kaz
ak
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
i
n
its
co
n
c
ep
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
DDS
as
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
claim
th
at
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
a
k
ey
d
eter
m
in
an
t
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
DDS
am
o
n
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l stu
d
en
ts
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
d
esig
n
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
,
d
etailin
g
th
e
m
a
in
s
tag
es,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
ia,
an
d
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
f
o
r
d
at
a
co
llectio
n
an
d
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
An
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
esig
n
was
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
c
h
an
g
es
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
in
v
o
lv
e
d
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
two
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
E
G)
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
C
G)
.
I
t
was
es
s
en
tial
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
ese
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
s
im
ilar
in
k
ey
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
e.
g
.
,
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
p
lace
o
f
r
esid
en
ce
,
an
d
p
r
io
r
t
r
ain
in
g
)
,
e
x
ce
p
t
f
o
r
th
e
v
a
r
iab
le
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
(
i.e
.
,
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
3
8
9
-
2
3
9
9
2392
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
)
.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
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e
ch
a
n
g
es
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
wer
e
d
r
awn
b
y
co
m
p
a
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
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esu
lts
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etwe
en
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e
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G
an
d
C
G.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
'
s
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
DDS
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
clea
r
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
a
b
le
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
h
o
w
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
DDS,
h
elp
in
g
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
3
.
2
.
Co
llect
i
o
n o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h sa
m
ples
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
Seco
n
d
ar
y
Sch
o
o
l
No
.
4
9
an
d
Gy
m
n
asiu
m
No
.
1
5
9
Y.
A
lty
n
s
ar
in
,
Alm
aty
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
T
o
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
:
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
CG
,
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
as
th
e
EG
.
I
n
to
tal,
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
in
v
o
lv
e
d
1
2
0
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
eq
u
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ain
tai
n
in
g
b
alan
ce
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
an
eq
u
al
a
g
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
h
elp
s
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
ag
e
-
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
th
em
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
E
G
a
n
d
C
G.
T
h
e
E
G
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
Seco
n
d
ar
y
Sch
o
o
l
No
.
4
9
,
wh
il
e
th
e
C
G
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
Gy
m
n
asiu
m
No
.
1
5
9
Y.
Alty
n
s
ar
in
.
T
h
is
d
is
tin
ctio
n
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
-
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
ig
h
t
af
f
ec
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
o
u
tco
m
es.
All
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ar
e
f
o
u
r
th
-
g
r
a
d
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
lev
el
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
is
cr
u
c
ial
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ately
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
a
r
e
sp
o
n
d
e
n
t
's
Q
u
a
n
t
i
t
y
S
a
mp
l
e
(
%)
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
64
1
0
0
M
a
l
e
56
1
0
0
A
g
e
10
-
S
e
p
1
2
0
1
0
0
C
l
a
s
sr
o
o
m
4
t
h
g
r
a
d
e
1
2
0
1
0
0
EG
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
S
c
h
o
o
l
n
o
.
4
9
60
50
M
a
l
e
22
26
F
e
mal
e
38
74
CG
G
y
mn
a
si
u
m N
o
.
1
5
9
Y
.
A
l
t
y
n
sari
n
60
50
M
a
l
e
26
28
F
e
mal
e
34
72
3
.
3
.
T
he
pro
ce
du
re
o
f
t
he
ex
perim
ent
3
.
3
.
1
.
P
re
pa
ra
t
i
o
n pha
s
e
T
ea
ch
er
s
wer
e
e
n
co
u
r
ag
ed
to
ex
p
er
im
en
t
with
v
a
r
io
u
s
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
s
h
ar
e
th
eir
e
x
p
er
i
en
ce
s
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
with
c
o
lleag
u
e
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
ee
r
-
r
e
v
iew
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
e
d
f
o
s
ter
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
f
u
r
th
er
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
teac
h
e
r
s
wer
e
g
iv
en
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
r
ec
eiv
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
lin
e
f
o
r
u
m
s
an
d
o
n
e
-
on
-
o
n
e
c
o
n
s
u
ltatio
n
s
with
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
ey
f
elt
c
o
n
f
id
en
t
a
n
d
well
-
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
t
h
ese
to
o
ls
in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
a
ctice
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
in
to
teac
h
in
g
:
−
Selectio
n
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
:
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
Gy
m
n
asiu
m
No
.
1
5
9
an
d
Seco
n
d
ar
y
Sch
o
o
l
No
.
4
9
wo
u
ld
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
ites
.
−
T
r
ain
in
g
f
o
r
teac
h
e
r
s
:
co
n
d
u
c
ted
a
t
r
ain
in
g
s
ess
io
n
f
o
r
tea
ch
er
s
o
n
u
s
in
g
d
i
g
ital
d
esig
n
s
o
f
twar
e
a
n
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
it in
to
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
was im
p
lem
en
ted
o
v
er
two
m
o
n
t
h
s
,
with
s
ess
io
n
s
s
ch
ed
u
led
af
ter
s
ch
o
o
l h
o
u
r
s
an
d
o
n
wee
k
en
d
s
to
ac
c
o
m
m
o
d
ate
teac
h
er
s
'
av
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
tim
e
f
r
am
e
allo
wed
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
k
ey
to
p
ics,
p
r
ac
tical
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
also
in
clu
d
e
d
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
less
o
n
p
lan
n
in
g
s
e
s
s
io
n
s
,
wh
er
e
teac
h
er
s
cr
ea
ted
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
tailo
r
ed
to
th
eir
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
s
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
was
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
teac
h
er
s
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
an
d
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
in
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
ig
ital to
o
ls
with
in
r
ea
l c
lass
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
B
a
s
eline
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
e
s
ig
n
to
o
ls
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
allo
wed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
en
h
an
ci
n
g
th
ei
r
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
.
As
th
e
p
r
o
ject
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ed
,
teac
h
er
s
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
a
n
o
ticea
b
le
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
as
well
as
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
u
s
in
g
d
esig
n
s
o
f
twar
e.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
d
ig
ital d
esig
n
in
te
g
r
atio
n
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f in
n
o
va
tive
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
s
h
a
p
in
g
d
i
g
ita
l d
esi
g
n
s
kills
in
p
r
ima
r
y
…
(
S
a
lta
n
a
t A
n
a
p
iy
a
ye
va
)
2393
−
Pre
-
s
tu
d
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
:
p
r
i
o
r
to
th
e
co
m
m
en
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
y
,
b
o
th
t
h
e
E
G
(
n
=
6
0
)
an
d
th
e
C
G
(
n
=
6
0
)
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
t
h
e
in
itial
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
p
h
ase
was
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
b
o
th
th
e
CG
an
d
E
Gs
wer
e
b
alan
ce
d
in
all
r
elev
a
n
t in
d
icato
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t b
eg
a
n
.
−
I
n
itial
s
k
ill
ass
es
s
m
en
t:
h
ad
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
m
p
lete
a
s
im
p
le
d
i
g
ital
d
esig
n
task
to
estab
lis
h
a
b
aselin
e
f
o
r
th
eir
s
k
ills
.
3.
3
.
3
.
I
m
plem
ent
a
t
i
o
n pha
s
e
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
a
v
e
an
eq
u
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
b
alan
ce
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
all
o
win
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
f
r
am
e.
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
s
am
e
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
tim
e.
E
G
r
ec
eiv
es
d
ed
icate
d
tim
e
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
,
wh
i
le
C
G
f
o
llo
ws
th
e
r
eg
u
lar
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
E
G
b
e
n
e
f
its
f
r
o
m
d
ir
ec
t
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
to
o
ls
,
wh
ile
C
G
d
o
es
n
o
t.
E
G
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
e
s
k
ill
-
b
u
ild
in
g
in
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
,
wh
ile
C
G
co
n
tin
u
es
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
less
o
n
s
in
th
e
E
G
we
r
e
tied
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
aim
e
d
at
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
DDS
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
.
E
ar
ly
s
ess
io
n
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
b
asic
to
o
l
u
s
ag
e
,
s
u
ch
as
n
av
i
g
atin
g
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
war
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
an
d
cr
ea
tin
g
s
im
p
le
d
esig
n
s
.
Mid
-
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
ess
io
n
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
d
esig
n
c
o
n
ce
p
ts
,
lik
e
lay
er
in
g
,
co
lo
r
th
eo
r
y
,
an
d
s
p
atial
awa
r
en
ess
(
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
3
D
d
esig
n
)
.
Fin
al
s
ess
io
n
s
ch
allen
g
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
m
p
lete
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
p
r
o
jects,
wh
er
e
th
ey
ap
p
lied
th
e
s
k
ills
lear
n
ed
in
ea
r
lier
s
ess
io
n
s
to
cr
e
ate
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
s
.
Du
r
in
g
ea
ch
s
ess
io
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
e
d
in
g
u
id
ed
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
p
r
o
jects.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
jects
wer
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
to
g
r
ad
u
ally
b
u
ild
t
h
eir
s
k
ills
,
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
b
asic
task
s
(
e.
g
.
,
cr
ea
tin
g
s
im
p
le
s
h
ap
es
an
d
lay
o
u
ts
)
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
g
to
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
d
esig
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
3
D
m
o
d
elin
g
in
T
in
k
er
ca
d
o
r
cr
ea
t
in
g
in
f
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
in
C
an
v
a)
.
T
h
e
s
o
f
twar
e
in
clu
d
e
d
b
u
ilt
-
i
n
tu
to
r
ials
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
;
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ab
le
to
f
o
llo
w
alo
n
g
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
tly
.
T
h
e
tu
to
r
ials
wer
e
ag
e
-
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate,
tailo
r
ed
t
o
th
e
s
k
ill
lev
el
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
S
tu
d
en
ts
wo
r
k
ed
o
n
tab
lets
o
r
la
p
to
p
s
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
esig
n
s
o
f
twar
e
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t
h
ad
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
d
ed
icate
d
d
ev
ice
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
ed
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
o
f
twar
e
lik
e
T
in
k
er
ca
d
f
o
r
3
D
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
C
an
v
a
f
o
r
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
esig
n
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
th
eir
in
tu
itiv
e
in
ter
f
ac
es
an
d
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
r
e
DDS
in
a
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l settin
g
.
3
.
3
.
4
.
Descript
io
n o
f
ex
periment
a
l c
o
nd
it
io
ns
B
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
6
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
3
2
class
h
o
u
r
s
;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
eir
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
d
if
f
e
r
ed
.
T
h
e
EG
en
g
ag
e
d
in
two
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
ac
tice
s
ess
io
n
s
p
er
wee
k
,
ea
ch
last
in
g
4
5
m
in
u
tes,
wh
er
e
d
ig
ital
d
es
ig
n
p
r
o
jects
wer
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
i
n
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
CG
f
o
llo
wed
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
with
o
u
t a
d
d
itio
n
al
d
ig
ital d
esig
n
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
p
lay
e
d
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
h
e
E
G
r
ec
eiv
e
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
less
o
n
s
th
at
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
s
o
f
twar
e,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
g
u
id
ed
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
aim
ed
at
b
u
ild
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
C
G
co
n
t
in
u
ed
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
less
o
n
s
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
b
aselin
e
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
en
ab
led
an
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
h
o
w
d
ig
ital d
esig
n
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
k
ills
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
3
.
3
.
5
.
M
o
nito
ring
a
nd
s
up
po
rt
W
ee
k
ly
ch
ec
k
-
in
s
:
co
n
d
u
cted
b
r
ief
wee
k
ly
ch
ec
k
-
in
s
with
teac
h
er
s
to
d
is
cu
s
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
an
y
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
ese
m
ee
tin
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
an
y
tech
n
ical
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
,
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
wa
s
b
ein
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
,
an
d
o
f
f
er
a
d
d
itio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wh
er
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
s
h
ar
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
s
k
ill d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
tim
e
ly
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
to
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ese
s
ess
io
n
s
f
o
s
ter
ed
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
t
o
ex
ch
an
g
e
b
est p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
r
e
f
in
e
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
p
e
r
io
d
.
3
.
3
.
6
.
P
o
s
t
-
i
m
plem
ent
a
t
io
n p
ha
s
e
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
s
u
r
v
ey
an
d
s
k
il
l a
s
s
e
s
s
m
en
ts
a
llo
wed
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
to
o
ls
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
s
'
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
B
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
s
tu
d
y
r
es
u
lts
,
it
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ci
es
an
d
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
h
elp
ed
id
en
tify
a
r
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
ain
in
g
n
ee
d
s
.
E
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
d
ig
ital d
esig
n
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
:
−
Po
s
t
-
s
tu
d
y
s
u
r
v
ey
:
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
a
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
e
asu
r
e
ch
an
g
es
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
f
am
iliar
ity
an
d
co
m
f
o
r
t w
ith
d
i
g
ital d
esig
n
to
o
ls
.
−
Fin
al
s
k
ill
ass
ess
m
en
t:
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
E
G
co
m
p
leted
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
task
to
ass
ess
s
k
ill
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
3
8
9
-
2
3
9
9
2394
3
.
4
.
Resea
rc
h
i
ns
t
rum
ent
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
i
n
itial
lev
el
o
f
DDS
an
d
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ics
o
f
th
eir
f
o
s
ter
in
g
,
two
s
ep
ar
ate
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
: o
n
e
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
o
n
e
f
o
r
tea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
ed
f
am
iliar
ity
,
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
to
o
ls
,
wh
ile
th
e
teac
h
er
v
e
r
s
io
n
ass
es
s
ed
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
to
o
ls
.
B
o
th
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
in
clu
d
e
d
a
m
ix
o
f
clo
s
ed
an
d
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
to
allo
w
f
o
r
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
e
r
t
r
ev
iew
an
d
p
ilo
ted
with
a
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
to
en
s
u
r
e
clar
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
3
.
4
.
1
.
Student
qu
estio
nn
a
ire
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
aim
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
tech
n
ical
ab
ilit
ies
b
u
t
also
th
ei
r
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
in
lear
n
in
g
co
n
te
x
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llected
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
tici
p
atio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
−
DDS
:
a
s
s
e
s
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
i
n
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
to
o
ls
(
e.
g
.
,
d
r
a
win
g
s
o
f
twa
r
e,
m
u
ltime
d
ia
cr
ea
tio
n
t
o
o
ls
)
.
−
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e:
ev
al
u
ated
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
a
n
d
ty
p
es o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
−
E
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
:
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
in
ter
est an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital d
esig
n
to
o
ls
.
3
.
4
.
2
.
T
ea
cher
qu
estio
nn
a
ire
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
g
ap
s
in
teac
h
er
s
'
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
in
u
s
in
g
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
th
eir
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
I
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ty
p
es
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
teac
h
er
s
f
ee
l
th
ey
n
ee
d
,
wh
eth
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
d
itio
n
al
tr
a
in
in
g
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
o
r
tim
e
f
o
r
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
−
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
:
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
ex
ten
t
a
n
d
way
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
−
T
r
ain
in
g
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t: e
v
alu
ate
d
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t p
r
o
g
r
am
s
aim
ed
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
teac
h
in
g
.
B
o
th
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
les
(
e.
g
.
,
1
=stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
to
5
=
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
)
to
q
u
an
tif
y
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
tatis
tic
al
an
aly
s
is
.
3
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
s
tu
d
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
an
d
s
k
ill
ass
ess
m
en
ts
u
s
in
g
s
tatis
t
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
h
an
g
es
in
D
DS.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
t
-
te
s
ts
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOVA
)
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
co
m
p
ar
e
DDS
an
d
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ag
e
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
E
G
v
s
.
C
G)
.
Statis
tical
d
ata
wer
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
S
tatis
t
ics (
v
er
s
io
n
2
6
.
0
f
o
r
W
in
d
o
ws).
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ch
an
g
es
in
DDS.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
esu
lts
clea
r
ly
p
r
esen
t
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
ad
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
DDS
in
E
G.
W
h
ile
C
G
also
s
h
o
wed
s
o
m
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t,
it
was
m
u
ch
less
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
E
G.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
u
s
ed
with
th
e
E
G
wer
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
en
h
an
cin
g
DDS
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
ANOV
A.
T
h
e
ANOV
A
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
e
twee
n
E
G
an
d
C
G
ac
r
o
s
s
all
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
ar
iab
les:
i)
E
G
s
tu
d
en
t
s
ex
h
ib
ited
h
ig
h
er
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
(
DDS
)
;
ii)
E
G
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
(
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ag
e
)
;
iii)
E
G
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
en
g
ag
ed
an
d
m
o
tiv
ate
d
(
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
)
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
a
s
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
DDS
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
lear
n
er
s
'
DDS
,
th
er
eb
y
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
p
u
t f
o
r
wa
r
d
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
r
e
-
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
G
r
o
u
p
Te
st
M
e
a
n
(
M
)
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
S
D
)
M
e
a
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
EG
Pre
-
t
e
st
2
.
5
0
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6
1
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7
1
5
.
3
0
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0
.
0
0
1
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
4
.
2
0
.
5
-
-
-
CG
Pre
-
t
e
st
2
.
4
0
.
7
0
.
5
4
.
2
0
<
0
.
0
0
1
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
2
.
9
0
.
6
-
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n
t
J
E
v
al
&
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es E
d
u
c
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
imp
a
ct
o
f in
n
o
va
tive
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
s
h
a
p
in
g
d
i
g
ita
l d
esi
g
n
s
kills
in
p
r
ima
r
y
…
(
S
a
lta
n
a
t A
n
a
p
iy
a
ye
va
)
2395
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
AN
OVA
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
G
r
o
u
p
S
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
e
s (S
S
)
D
e
g
r
e
e
s
o
f
f
r
e
e
d
o
m (d
f
)
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
(
M
S
)
F
-
v
a
l
u
e
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
DDS
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
1
5
.
7
5
1
1
5
.
7
5
2
7
.
9
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
6
6
.
3
0
1
1
8
0
.
5
6
2
7
To
t
a
l
8
2
.
0
5
1
1
9
-
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
sa
g
e
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
1
9
.
2
3
1
1
9
.
2
3
3
5
.
6
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
6
3
.
7
0
1
1
8
0
.
5
3
9
8
To
t
a
l
8
2
.
9
3
1
1
9
-
En
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
B
e
t
w
e
e
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
2
0
.
0
7
1
2
0
.
0
7
3
8
.
5
7
<
0
.
0
0
1
W
i
t
h
i
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
6
1
.
4
3
1
1
8
0
.
5
2
0
6
To
t
a
l
8
1
.
5
0
1
1
9
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
RQ
th
at
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
D
DS
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
o
v
er
all
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Giv
en
th
ese
r
esu
lts
,
a
tar
g
eted
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
f
o
s
ter
DD
S
in
ju
n
i
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
c
h
ild
r
en
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
d
u
r
in
g
class
tim
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
E
G
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
in
itiativ
e
to
c
u
ltiv
ate
th
eir
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
m
eth
o
d
allo
wed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
ac
h
iev
e
d
i
d
ac
tic
g
o
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
etailed
p
r
o
b
lem
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
p
r
ac
tical,
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
id
ac
tic
g
am
e
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ically
co
m
f
o
r
ta
b
le
an
d
em
o
tio
n
ally
p
o
s
itiv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
d
ig
ital d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
E
G
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
is
ag
r
ee
s
with
wh
at
was r
ep
o
r
ted
in
ea
r
l
ier
r
esear
ch
[
4
3
]
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
ca
s
e
m
eth
o
d
,
r
esear
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wer
e
cr
af
ted
to
allo
w
ex
p
er
im
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
id
en
tify
th
e
ess
en
ce
o
f
a
p
r
o
b
lem
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
p
o
te
n
tial
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
elec
t
th
e
b
est
o
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
alig
n
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[4
4
]
,
[4
5
]
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
E
G
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
less
o
n
r
esear
ch
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
am
es,
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
jects,
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
en
ce
s
,
all
u
tili
zin
g
m
o
d
er
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
f
lex
ib
le
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tiated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
tailo
r
ed
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
r
esear
ch
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ap
p
lied
th
e
s
k
ills
th
ey
lear
n
ed
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
iti
es,
wh
ich
was
ev
id
en
t
in
th
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es:
i)
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
u
s
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
s
as
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
;
ii)
q
u
ick
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
;
iii)
a
d
h
er
e
n
ce
to
s
af
e
ty
r
u
les
a
n
d
p
r
i
n
cip
les
wh
en
wo
r
k
in
g
with
n
etwo
r
k
r
eso
u
r
c
es
;
an
d
i
v
)
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
y
n
am
ics in
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
co
g
n
itiv
e
ac
tiv
ity
.
F
o
r
DDS
,
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
s
q
u
a
r
es
(
SS
)
b
et
wee
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
was
1
5
.
7
5
,
wit
h
an
F
-
v
a
lu
e
o
f
2
7
.
9
2
a
n
d
a
p
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
i
n
d
ic
ati
n
g
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
twe
en
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Si
m
i
la
r
l
y
,
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
we
r
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
F=
3
5
.
6
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
a
n
d
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
o
ti
v
at
io
n
(
F=3
8
.
5
7
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
ese
r
es
u
lts
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
th
at
t
h
e
E
G
b
e
n
ef
ite
d
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
ly
m
o
r
e
f
r
o
m
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
te
g
r
a
ti
o
n
th
a
n
C
G.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
DD
S
,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
EG
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
p
o
s
t
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
te
s
ts
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
CG
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
DDS
is
s
h
o
wn
to
b
e
a
cr
u
cial
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
o
v
er
all
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
as
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
is
p
lay
ed
en
h
a
n
ce
d
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
g
r
o
w
th
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
v
alid
ates
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
to
f
o
s
ter
b
o
th
s
k
ill
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
d
b
r
o
ad
e
r
co
g
n
itiv
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
y
o
u
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
.
5
.
1
.
Study
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
es
1
2
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
two
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Alm
aty
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
m
ay
lim
it
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
R
esu
lts
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
f
u
lly
ap
p
licab
le
to
all
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
r
u
r
al
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
d
ar
ea
s
th
at
m
ay
n
o
t
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
s
am
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
DDS
o
v
er
a
r
elativ
ely
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
is
m
ay
lim
it
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ass
e
s
s
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ed
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
b
e
y
o
n
d
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
h
ase.
Desp
ite
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
b
alan
c
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
a
n
d
E
Gs
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
,
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ce
s
s
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
at
h
o
m
e,
p
r
io
r
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
d
i
g
ital to
o
ls
,
an
d
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
c
o
u
l
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
DDS,
p
o
ten
tially
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
et
o
f
DDS,
wh
ich
m
a
y
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
f
u
ll
b
r
ea
d
th
o
f
co
m
p
ete
n
c
ies
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
to
d
ay
’
s
d
ig
ital
w
o
r
ld
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
m
ay
o
n
ly
p
ar
tially
r
ef
lect
h
o
w
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
b
r
o
ad
er
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
o
r
o
th
er
cr
ea
tiv
e
a
b
ilit
ies.
F
u
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
lar
g
ely
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
h
o
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
it
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
Var
iatio
n
s
i
n
teac
h
er
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
q
u
ality
o
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
3
8
9
-
2
3
9
9
2396
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
co
u
ld
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
i
n
co
n
s
is
ten
cies
in
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
ea
ch
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
m
ay
also
im
p
ac
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
b
u
t
wer
e
n
o
t
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
to
o
ls
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
DDS
m
ay
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
in
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
c
r
e
ativ
e
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
ar
ea
s
.
W
h
ile
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
c
er
tain
n
u
an
ce
s
in
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
m
ig
h
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
q
u
alitativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
L
astl
y
,
t
h
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ex
am
i
n
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
with
g
lo
b
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
m
in
d
,
b
u
t
its
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
lar
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
co
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
its
ef
f
icac
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
cu
ltu
r
al
b
iases
in
h
o
w
DDS
ar
e
tau
g
h
t
o
r
ev
alu
ated
.
5
.
2
.
R
ec
o
mm
enda
t
io
ns
f
o
r
f
urt
her
re
s
ea
rc
h
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
n
o
v
el
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
to
f
o
s
ter
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
DDS.
W
h
ile
we
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ex
am
in
e
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
teac
h
i
n
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
tr
ain
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
DDS,
s
e
v
er
al
g
ap
s
r
em
ain
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
u
ld
a
d
d
r
ess
th
ese
g
ap
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
o
u
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
r
ef
i
n
e
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
:
−
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
c
o
u
ld
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
DDS
in
y
o
u
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
,
b
o
th
d
u
r
in
g
class
an
d
in
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
ac
tiv
ities
.
−
Ad
d
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
w
o
r
k
is
n
ee
d
e
d
to
en
h
an
ce
s
u
b
j
ec
t
m
aster
y
b
y
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
'
s
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t a
ctio
n
s
u
s
in
g
h
eu
r
is
tic
co
g
n
itiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
DD
S
an
d
h
o
w
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
af
f
ec
ts
th
ese
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
DDS
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
a
n
d
test
in
g
o
f
th
e
au
th
o
r
'
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
with
E
G
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
s
th
at
u
s
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
DD
S.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
DDS,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
h
ap
in
g
o
v
er
all
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
.
T
h
e
ch
an
g
es
m
ad
e
to
th
e
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
y
s
tem
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
co
n
ten
t,
m
ea
n
s
,
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
s
u
b
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
a
llo
wed
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
to
i
n
ter
ac
t
b
o
th
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ial,
as
well
as
th
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
New
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
ev
en
ts
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
(
s
em
in
ar
s
an
d
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
s
o
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
;
o
r
g
an
izin
g
I
n
ter
n
et
co
n
f
e
r
en
ce
s
;
m
aster
in
g
web
in
a
r
to
o
ls
f
o
r
te
x
t,
au
d
io
,
an
d
v
id
e
o
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
;
u
s
in
g
p
r
esen
tatio
n
m
ater
ials
;
h
o
ld
in
g
m
aster
class
es
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
er
s
in
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
)
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
izin
g
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
l
ea
r
n
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
a
well
-
f
o
u
n
d
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
DDS
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
lear
n
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
r
e
v
ea
led
,
s
e
r
v
in
g
as a
cr
u
cial
p
r
er
e
q
u
is
ite
f
o
r
s
h
ap
in
g
o
v
er
all
co
g
n
itiv
e
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
s
p
ec
if
i
c
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
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a
u
th
o
r
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h
ip
d
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p
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a
n
d
f
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r
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.
All
au
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s
c
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eq
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e
co
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ce
p
tio
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an
d
d
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f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Na
m
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f
Aut
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So
Va
Fo
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Vi
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8
8
2
2
Th
e
imp
a
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f in
n
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va
tive
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
s
h
a
p
in
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d
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g
ita
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s
kills
in
p
r
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r
y
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(
S
a
lta
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a
t A
n
a
p
iy
a
ye
va
)
2397
CO
NF
L
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C
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Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
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co
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f
in
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est.
E
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I
CAL AP
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h
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th
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C
o
m
m
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f
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Aca
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C
o
u
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cil,
A
b
ai
Kaz
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h
Natio
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al
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a
g
o
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Un
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s
ity
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4
Sep
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r
2
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2
3
(
R
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)
.
DATA AV
AI
L
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L
I
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h
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r
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RE
F
E
R
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NC
E
S
[
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b
a
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,
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O
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h
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s:
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t
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y
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Fr
o
n
t
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s
i
n
Ed
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c
a
t
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n
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v
o
l
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[
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S
.
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b
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:
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o
u
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I
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Z.
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o
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t
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r
s:
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t
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r
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,
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o
rl
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o
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rn
a
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E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
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T
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h
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y
:
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s
,
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.
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1
3
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2
.
5
6
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9
.
[
4
]
S
.
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8
]
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:
As
s_
9
5
k
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.
ru
.
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