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p
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-
aid
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d
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p
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s
s
o
f
th
is
d
is
ci
p
lin
e
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
in
n
o
v
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h
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r
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p
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[
5
]
–
[
9
]
.
I
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r
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in
ac
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[
10
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12
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d
m
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3
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17
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.
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19
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.
Sp
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[
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20
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–
[
23
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.
I
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r
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
we
s
t
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
t
o
o
l
s
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
T
h
e
r
a
p
i
d
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
ir
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
a
n
d
a
g
i
le
u
p
d
a
t
i
n
g
o
f
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
a
t
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
s
h
a
v
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
a
n
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
a
t
e
s
k
i
ll
s
.
C
o
n
t
r
a
r
y
t
o
w
h
a
t
is
i
n
d
i
c
at
e
d
i
n
s
p
e
ci
a
liz
e
d
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
t
h
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
i
t
i
s
e
q
u
a
l
l
y
v
i
t
a
l
t
o
u
p
d
a
t
e
s
t
u
d
y
p
l
a
n
s
t
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
a
u
g
m
e
n
t
e
d
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
ti
v
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
.
I
t
i
s
ess
en
t
i
a
l
t
o
a
d
j
u
s
t
t
h
i
s
v
e
r
s
i
o
n
t
o
m
ee
t
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
th
e
m
a
r
k
e
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
ta
n
t
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
t
h
is
a
r
e
a
[
28
]
–
[3
1
]
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
i
s
p
r
es
e
n
t
e
d
as
k
e
y
t
o
t
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
as
i
n
g
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
k
i
l
ls
i
n
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
f
ie
l
d
s
,
p
a
r
ti
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
f
a
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
es
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
b
y
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
4
.
0
[3
2
]
,
[
33
]
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
g
l
o
b
a
l
c
r
i
s
is
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
th
e
n
e
e
d
t
o
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
a
d
j
u
s
t
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
ti
o
n
,
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
tin
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
n
o
n
-
f
a
c
e
-
to
-
f
a
c
e
m
o
d
a
l
i
ti
e
s
[
29
]
,
[
34
]
,
[
35
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
o
u
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
s
ee
k
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
ass
i
s
ted
d
esi
g
n
s
o
f
twar
e
in
tech
n
ical
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
s
tu
d
i
es
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
d
esig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
with
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
la
[
36
]
–
[
38
]
.
An
o
t
h
er
asp
ec
t
is
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
ati
o
n
o
f
h
o
w
a
d
ap
tin
g
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
s
c
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
in
v
ir
tu
al
an
d
non
-
f
a
ce
-
to
-
f
ac
e
co
n
tex
ts
,
a
n
ee
d
th
at
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
u
r
g
en
t
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
r
ec
e
n
t
g
lo
b
al
ch
allen
g
es
[
39
]
–
[
43
]
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
latest tr
en
d
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
eir
ap
p
lic
atio
n
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
t,
an
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
g
u
id
e
d
th
is
r
ev
iew
wer
e:
i)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t r
ec
en
t tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
?
ii)
Ho
w
ar
e
th
ese
n
ew
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies b
ein
g
ap
p
lied
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
?
iii)
W
h
at
b
en
ef
its
d
o
th
ey
o
f
f
e
r
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
n
d
s
k
ill ac
q
u
is
itio
n
?
iv
)
W
h
at
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
d
o
es
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
em
er
g
in
g
C
AD
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
im
p
ly
in
teac
h
in
g
?
v)
W
h
at
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
?
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
q
u
esti
o
n
u
s
ed
th
e
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
et
a
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA)
m
eth
o
d
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
ct
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
[
44
]
,
[
45
]
.
T
h
e
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
is
in
ter
n
atio
n
ally
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
y
s
te
m
atic
r
ev
iews
[
46
]
.
Fo
llo
win
g
PR
I
SMA
g
u
id
elin
es,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
s
ev
er
a
l
s
tag
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
id
en
tific
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies,
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
r
esu
lts
[
47
]
.
As
a
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
o
f
ter
m
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
:
(
C
AD
an
d
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
)
,
C
AD
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
AND
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
AND
ed
u
ca
tio
n
;
k
ey
wo
r
d
:
“
C
o
m
p
u
ter
-
ai
d
ed
d
e
s
ig
n
”
.
Ar
ticles
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
with
o
u
t
d
is
tin
ctio
n
in
lan
g
u
ag
es
in
2
0
1
9
an
d
2
0
2
3
wer
e
r
ev
iewe
d
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
in
clu
d
e
d
p
ee
r
-
r
e
v
iewe
d
s
tu
d
ies
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
in
s
cien
tific
jo
u
r
n
als.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
l
d
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
AD
s
o
f
twar
e
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
-
lev
el
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Stu
d
y
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
r
f
ac
u
lty
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
ies
m
u
s
t
d
escr
ib
e
o
r
ev
al
u
ate
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
u
s
e
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
R
esu
lt
s
r
elate
d
to
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
AD
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
will
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
s
u
c
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
lear
n
in
g
,
d
esig
n
s
k
ills
,
o
r
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
th
is
r
ev
iew,
s
tu
d
ie
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
2
0
1
9
ar
e
e
x
clu
d
ed
to
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ec
en
t
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t
r
esear
c
h
.
Du
p
licates
an
d
m
u
ltip
le
v
e
r
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
s
tu
d
y
will
b
e
d
is
ca
r
d
e
d
,
an
d
c
o
n
f
er
e
n
ce
s
,
n
o
n
-
ac
ad
em
ic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
tech
n
ical
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
r
b
lo
g
s
will
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Stu
d
ies
th
at
lack
r
elev
a
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
r
esu
lts
,
o
r
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
will
b
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ev
iew.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wer
e
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
ea
r
ch
o
f
ar
ticles p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
9
a
n
d
2
0
2
3
in
th
e
Sco
p
u
s
,
W
iley
,
an
d
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t d
at
ab
ase.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
ies
y
ield
ed
3
,
1
1
0
r
ef
er
en
c
es.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
3
,
0
4
1
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
i
ter
ia
wer
e
elim
in
ated
af
ter
r
e
v
iewin
g
th
e
titl
e
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
(
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
)
.
T
h
e
6
9
s
elec
ted
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
r
e
ad
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
elig
ib
ilit
y
(
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
)
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
On
ce
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
co
m
p
le
ted
,
1
1
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
.
R
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
6
9
s
elec
ted
f
u
ll
-
tex
t
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
ex
cl
u
s
io
n
o
f
5
8
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
id
n
o
t m
ee
t
o
u
r
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
r
em
ain
i
n
g
1
1
s
tu
d
ies ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
elo
w
in
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
m
an
n
er
,
s
in
ce
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies d
o
es n
o
t a
llo
w
an
y
o
t
h
er
ty
p
e
o
f
a
n
aly
s
is
.
L
ik
ewise,
T
ab
le
1
(
s
ee
Ap
p
e
n
d
ix
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
a
co
n
cise m
an
n
e
r
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
0
4
-
1
81
4
1806
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
wch
ar
t [
2
4
]
3
.
1
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics o
f
t
he
inclu
ded st
ud
ies
T
h
e
elev
en
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
e
d
i
n
th
is
r
ev
iew
wer
e
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
9
an
d
2
0
2
3
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
C
AD
in
th
e
f
ie
ld
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
en
co
m
p
ass
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
to
o
ls
,
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PB
L
)
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
tr
en
d
s
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
i
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
ei
r
ap
p
licatio
n
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
t a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
,
an
s
wer
in
g
th
e
f
iv
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
f
o
r
m
u
lated
in
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Wha
t
a
re
t
he
la
t
est
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ica
l t
re
nd
s
a
nd
inn
o
v
a
t
io
ns
in t
he
f
ield o
f
CAD
s
y
s
t
em
s
?
R
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
tr
en
d
s
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
s
ee
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ev
o
lu
tio
n
,
r
a
n
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
v
ir
t
u
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
to
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Den
g
et
a
l
.
[
48
]
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
tab
le
tr
en
d
s
is
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
v
ir
t
u
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
in
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
C
AD,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
team
wo
r
k
in
C
AD
.
I
n
a
s
im
ilar
v
ei
n
,
R
am
atset
s
e
et
a
l
.
[
49
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
t
o
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
s
u
ch
a
s
3
D
C
AD
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
tep
to
war
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
in
C
AD
to
o
ls
.
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
h
a
v
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
to
en
r
ich
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
C
AD
d
esig
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
g
r
o
win
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
in
to
th
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fo
r
th
eir
p
a
r
t,
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
51
]
h
av
e
ap
p
lied
C
AD
-
b
ased
m
u
ltiv
alu
ed
co
lo
r
im
ag
e
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
s
m
ar
t
class
r
o
o
m
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
C
AD
is
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
C
er
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
30
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
in
to
C
AD
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Au
to
C
AD,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
an
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
to
war
d
s
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
R
am
o
n
ell
an
d
C
h
ac
ó
n
[
52
]
d
escr
ib
e
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
w
-
co
s
t
t
er
r
estrial
laser
s
ca
n
n
er
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
v
ir
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
g
eo
m
etr
ic
en
titi
es
in
AE
C
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
s
,
ev
id
en
cin
g
th
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
n
ew
f
ield
s
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Ass
af
an
d
Vac
ca
[
53
]
p
r
esen
t
a
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
t
r
ain
er
f
o
r
th
e
f
lu
i
d
p
o
wer
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
r
ep
licatin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ex
p
e
r
ien
c
es
o
n
a
v
ir
tu
al
p
latf
o
r
m
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
a
m
o
v
em
e
n
t
to
war
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
an
d
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
W
o
n
g
an
d
Sh
ih
[
54
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
to
in
teg
r
ate
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
an
d
C
AD
in
to
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
u
n
ites
d
esig
n
,
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
an
d
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
Gad
o
la
et
a
l
.
[
55
]
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
an
in
teg
r
ated
d
esig
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
au
to
m
o
tiv
e
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
d
esig
n
,
co
v
er
in
g
ev
er
y
th
in
g
f
r
o
m
ea
r
ly
k
in
em
atics
to
C
AD
v
eh
icle
d
y
n
am
ics
s
im
u
latio
n
s
a
n
d
FEM
m
o
d
eli
n
g
.
Alv
es
an
d
Pu
tn
ik
[
56
]
a
d
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
b
ased
o
n
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
u
s
in
g
an
e
x
p
er
ien
tia
l le
ar
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
to
teac
h
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
in
in
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Fin
ally
,
B
er
s
elli
et
a
l
.
[
57
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
teg
r
ate
d
C
AD/
co
m
p
u
ter
-
aid
e
d
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
(
C
AE
)
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
m
ec
h
an
ical
d
ev
ice
s
in
a
s
in
g
le
p
ar
am
etr
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wh
ich
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
T
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
tr
e
n
d
s
r
ef
lect
a
clea
r
d
ir
ec
tio
n
to
w
ar
d
s
im
p
lific
atio
n
o
f
m
o
d
elin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
ass
o
ciate
d
tim
e
a
n
d
c
o
s
t.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
d
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
f
ield
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
it to
m
ee
t th
e
ch
alle
n
g
es o
f
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
with
g
r
ea
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Tr
i
a
g
e
El
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
I
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
S
t
u
d
i
e
s i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
sy
n
t
h
e
si
s
R
e
c
o
r
d
s i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
a
t
a
b
a
se
se
a
r
c
h
Te
x
t
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
,
w
i
t
h
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
R
e
c
o
r
d
s
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
Ex
c
l
u
d
e
d
r
e
c
o
r
d
s
F
u
l
l
t
e
x
t
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
d
f
o
r
e
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
N
=
2
1
1
0
5
N
=
3
1
1
0
N
=
6
9
N
=
1
1
N
=
3
0
4
1
N
=
5
8
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
in
n
o
va
tio
n
s
in
co
mp
u
ter a
id
e
d
d
esig
n
in
…
(
Ma
r
g
a
r
ita
F
.
Mu
r
illo
Ma
n
r
iq
u
e
)
1807
3
.
1
.
2
.
H
o
w
a
re
t
hes
e
new
CAD
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies being
a
pp
lie
d in e
ng
ineering
educa
t
io
na
l e
nv
ir
o
nm
ent
s
?
I
n
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
n
e
w
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
m
ar
k
i
n
g
a
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
Den
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
48
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
th
e
in
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
MU
C
AD
-
C
L
F
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
i
n
g
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
,
ap
p
lied
in
a
co
lla
b
o
r
ativ
e
d
esig
n
ch
allen
g
e
with
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
ese
to
o
ls
to
f
o
s
ter
team
wo
r
k
an
d
cr
ea
ti
v
ity
in
d
esig
n
p
r
o
jects.
R
am
atsets
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
49
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
esig
n
(
E
GD)
in
en
h
an
cin
g
cr
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
u
s
in
g
ar
t
a
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
f
o
r
t
h
eir
p
a
r
t,
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
C
AD
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
allo
win
g
teac
h
in
g
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
te
d
t
o
th
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
r
ates
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
e
n
t.
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
51
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
h
o
w
C
AD
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
f
u
n
ct
io
n
ality
o
f
s
m
ar
t
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
in
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
p
ac
e.
C
er
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
30
]
co
m
b
in
e
PB
L
with
s
e
lf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
in
C
AD,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
r
ich
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
.
R
am
o
n
ell
a
n
d
C
h
ac
ó
n
[
52
]
u
s
in
g
ter
r
estrial
laser
s
ca
n
n
in
g
(
T
L
S)
i
n
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
to
teac
h
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
r
ea
l
-
t
im
e
p
o
in
t
clo
u
d
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
b
r
in
g
s
a
p
r
ac
tical,
ap
p
lied
d
im
en
s
io
n
to
en
g
in
e
er
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
L
i
k
ewise,
Ass
af
an
d
Vac
ca
[
53
]
a
p
p
l
y
v
ir
t
u
al
r
ea
lity
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
lo
g
is
tical
an
d
s
af
et
y
ch
allen
g
es,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
s
af
e
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
way
to
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
with
co
m
p
lex
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
W
o
n
g
an
d
Sh
ih
[
54
]
s
u
g
g
es
t
th
e
i
n
t
eg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
C
AD
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
d
esi
g
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
i
n
t
o
S
T
E
M
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
,
t
h
u
s
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
h
o
lis
t
ic
a
n
d
m
u
lti
d
is
ci
p
lin
ar
y
le
ar
n
i
n
g
.
G
a
d
o
la
et
a
l
.
[
55
]
d
es
cr
i
b
e
t
h
e
ap
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
i
n
te
g
r
at
e
d
d
e
s
ig
n
to
o
l
i
n
te
ac
h
i
n
g
au
to
m
o
ti
v
e
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
d
esi
g
n
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
c
o
r
in
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
p
r
ac
tic
al
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
c
e
i
n
en
g
in
e
e
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
.
Al
v
es
an
d
Pu
tn
ik
[
56
]
im
p
l
em
e
n
t
a
n
ex
p
e
r
i
en
tial
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
t
h
e
in
te
r
o
p
er
a
b
ili
ty
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
a
n
i
n
d
u
s
tr
i
al
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
c
o
u
r
s
e,
u
s
i
n
g
a
p
r
o
j
ec
t
-
b
ase
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
j
u
s
t
-
in
-
ti
m
e
l
ea
r
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
c
o
ll
a
b
o
r
a
ti
o
n
an
d
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
lea
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
a
s
o
cia
l
n
e
tw
o
r
k
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
,
p
r
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
c
h
a
lle
n
g
es
o
f
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
4
.
0
.
Fin
ally
,
B
er
s
elli
et
a
l
.
[
57
]
d
e
tail
ed
a
C
AD/
C
AE
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ject
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Gen
o
a
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
wo
r
k
i
n
g
in
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
a
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ject
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
,
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
an
d
c
r
ea
tiv
e
ch
allen
g
es.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
an
d
ap
p
ly
th
ei
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
u
t
also
h
o
w
th
e
y
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
a
n
d
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
wo
r
ld
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
Wha
t
benef
it
s
do
t
hey
o
f
f
er
i
n t
er
m
s
o
f
lea
rning
ex
perience
a
nd
s
k
ills
a
cquis
it
io
n?
T
h
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
e
w
C
AD
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
c
e
a
n
d
s
k
i
ll
a
c
q
u
is
it
i
o
n
.
Ac
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
D
e
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
[
48
]
,
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
m
u
l
t
i
-
u
s
e
r
C
A
D
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
ac
t
i
v
el
y
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
r
e
al
-
t
im
e
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
ti
o
n
,
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
b
o
o
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
e
a
m
w
o
r
k
s
k
i
l
ls
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
v
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
a
m
o
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
t
h
u
s
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
at
i
n
g
d
e
e
p
e
r
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
c
o
ll
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
e
d
u
c
at
i
o
n
a
l
f
ie
l
d
o
f
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
.
R
a
m
at
s
e
t
s
e
e
t
a
l
.
[
49
]
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
i
ti
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
r
a
w
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
t
o
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
3
D
C
A
D
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
m
p
l
ie
s
a
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
in
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
u
t
t
i
n
g
-
ed
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
a
t
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
with
C
AD
d
esig
n
is
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
l
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
a
h
ig
h
l
y
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
d
y
n
am
icall
y
ad
ap
ts
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
ee
d
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
ac
e
o
f
ea
c
h
s
tu
d
en
t,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
esig
n
.
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
51
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
C
AD
-
b
ased
m
u
lti
-
v
alu
e
d
c
o
lo
r
im
ag
e
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
m
ar
t
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
in
te
r
ac
tiv
e
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
is
alg
o
r
i
th
m
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
teac
h
e
r
wo
r
k
lo
ad
b
y
2
0
%
an
d
r
aisi
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
2
0
%
as
well.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
is
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
s
m
ar
t
class
r
o
o
m
s
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
g
r
ea
ter
co
m
p
u
ter
izatio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
class
r
o
o
m
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
ef
f
icien
cy
.
C
er
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
30
]
s
tan
d
o
u
t
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
in
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
u
ch
as
T
r
ain
C
AD
f
o
r
Au
to
C
AD,
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
b
en
ef
its
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
s
k
ills
.
I
n
th
eir
s
t
u
d
y
with
1
9
1
f
ir
s
t
-
y
ea
r
m
ec
h
an
ical
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
to
o
ls
in
a
PB
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
esu
lted
in
n
o
tab
le
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
u
s
in
g
PB
L
alo
n
e
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
cr
itical
r
ef
lectio
n
,
allo
win
g
th
em
to
r
ec
eiv
e
im
m
ed
iate
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
c
r
u
ci
al
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
r
ea
l
tim
e,
o
p
tim
izin
g
C
AD
teac
h
in
g
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
b
u
t
also
p
r
ep
ar
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
d
esig
n
ch
allen
g
es,
ev
id
en
ci
n
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
52
]
,
[
53
]
ex
p
an
d
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
v
ir
tu
al
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
r
ich
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
tial
lear
n
in
g
an
d
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
co
m
p
lex
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
th
is
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
n
d
d
ir
ec
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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5
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I
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t
J
E
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&
R
es E
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c
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Vo
l
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14
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No
.
3
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J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
0
4
-
1
81
4
1808
s
tu
d
ies.
Ass
af
an
d
Vac
ca
[
53
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
v
ir
t
u
al
r
ea
lity
to
o
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
lu
id
p
o
wer
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
in
ter
ac
t
with
h
y
d
r
au
lic
cir
cu
its
r
ea
lis
tically
in
a
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
,
s
h
o
win
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
ac
ce
p
tan
c
e
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
ac
q
u
ir
ed
s
k
ills
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
R
am
o
n
ell
an
d
C
h
ac
ó
n
[
52
]
p
r
esen
t
an
o
p
e
n
-
s
o
u
r
ce
ter
r
estrial
laser
s
ca
n
n
er
f
o
r
th
e
v
ir
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
g
eo
m
etr
ic
en
titi
es
in
AE
C
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
c
o
m
p
l
ex
g
eo
m
etr
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
o
f
d
ata
i
n
r
ea
l
tim
e.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ca
n
n
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
lea
r
n
in
g
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
t
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
ak
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
b
u
t
also
d
ee
p
e
n
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
.
W
o
n
g
an
d
Sh
ih
[
54
]
em
p
h
a
s
ize
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
ity
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
an
d
C
AD
in
to
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
h
o
lis
ti
c
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
b
u
t
also
en
co
u
r
ag
es
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ga
d
o
la
et
a
l
.
[
55
]
o
f
f
er
a
p
r
a
ctica
l
an
d
d
etailed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
d
esig
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
r
ea
lis
tic
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
m
ec
h
an
ical
d
esig
n
.
Fin
ally
,
o
t
h
er
r
esear
ch
[
56
]
,
[
57
]
ex
p
an
d
th
ese
b
en
ef
its
b
y
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
elf
-
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
lea
r
n
in
g
,
an
d
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
k
ills
in
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
C
AD/C
AE
to
o
ls
.
R
esear
ch
by
Alv
es
a
n
d
Pu
tn
ik
[
56
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
in
an
in
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wh
ile
B
er
s
elli
e
t
a
l
.
[
57
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
s
tr
ateg
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ills
in
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
d
esig
n
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
t
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ar
e
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
izin
g
th
e
way
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
cr
itical
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
f
u
t
u
r
e,
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
t
h
em
f
o
r
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es a
n
d
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
Wha
t
lim
it
a
t
io
ns
a
nd
cha
lleng
es
do
es
t
he
inte
g
ra
t
io
n
o
f
t
hes
e
em
er
g
ing
CAD
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies
into
t
ea
ching
ent
a
il?
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
em
er
g
in
g
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
en
g
in
e
er
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
c
o
m
es
with
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
t
h
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
atten
tio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Den
g
et
a
l
.
[
48
]
d
o
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
etail
lim
itatio
n
s
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
in
f
e
r
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
k
ills
g
ap
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
R
am
atset
s
e
et
a
l
.
[
49
]
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
th
e
n
ee
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
p
ati
al
an
d
v
is
u
al
s
k
ills
in
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
to
ad
ap
t
t
o
n
ew
d
esig
n
to
o
ls
.
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
co
llectio
n
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata,
as
well
as
t
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
t
em
s
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
c
o
n
t
ex
t.
Fo
r
th
eir
p
ar
t,
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
51
]
i
d
en
tify
s
p
e
cif
ic
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
h
ig
h
i
n
v
estme
n
t
co
s
t,
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
co
s
ts
ass
o
ciate
d
with
s
m
ar
t c
lass
r
o
o
m
s
.
C
er
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
30
]
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
m
en
tio
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
c
h
allen
g
es
in
clu
d
e
th
e
n
ee
d
to
a
d
ap
t
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
th
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
to
o
ls
av
ailab
le.
T
h
is
ad
ap
tatio
n
is
cr
u
cial
to
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
r
e
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
p
o
t
en
tials
o
f
em
e
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
S
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
es
[
52
]
,
[
53
]
m
en
tio
n
th
e
co
s
t
an
d
lo
g
is
tics
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
wh
ich
m
ay
b
e
an
im
p
ed
im
en
t
to
t
h
eir
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
W
o
n
g
an
d
Sh
ih
[
54
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
C
AD
s
o
f
twar
e,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
le
teac
h
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Gad
o
la
et
a
l
.
[
55
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
ter
f
a
ce
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
C
AD
s
o
f
twar
e
in
teac
h
in
g
,
w
h
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
ca
r
ef
u
l
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
f
ac
e
d
esig
n
an
d
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Alv
es
an
d
Pu
tn
ik
[
56
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
c
h
a
llen
g
es
in
teac
h
in
g
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
in
ter
o
p
e
r
ab
ilit
y
an
d
th
e
n
ee
d
to
a
d
ap
t
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
to
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fin
ally
,
B
er
s
elli
e
t
a
l
.
[
57
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ad
ap
ti
n
g
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
la
to
in
clu
d
e
tr
ain
in
g
i
n
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
v
i
r
tu
al
p
r
o
to
ty
p
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
alig
n
in
g
with
c
u
r
r
en
t
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
tr
en
d
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
wo
r
l
d
o
f
wo
r
k
.
3
.
1
.
5
.
Wha
t
re
co
mm
enda
t
io
ns
a
re
pro
po
s
ed
f
o
r
a
n e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
i
mp
lem
ent
a
t
io
n o
f
t
hes
e
inn
o
v
a
t
io
ns
?
Fo
r
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
er
ies
o
f
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
Den
g
et
a
l
.
[
48
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ac
tiv
ely
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
llab
o
r
ati
o
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
o
f
C
AD
s
k
ill,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
th
is
s
tr
ateg
y
h
as
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial
to
d
ee
p
en
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
a
r
ich
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
is
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
n
o
t
o
n
ly
allo
ws
less
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
ely
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ir
ec
t
g
u
id
an
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
an
ce
d
p
ee
r
s
b
u
t
also
g
iv
e
s
m
o
r
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
co
n
s
o
lid
ate
th
eir
o
wn
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
y
teac
h
in
g
o
th
er
s
,
th
u
s
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
y
o
u
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
s
k
ills
in
C
AD.
T
h
is
m
u
tu
al
ex
ch
an
g
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ac
ce
ler
ates
th
e
lear
n
in
g
o
f
n
ewb
ies,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
em
wit
h
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
ap
p
licab
le
ad
v
ice,
b
u
t
al
s
o
p
r
ep
ar
es
m
o
r
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
o
r
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
r
o
les
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
eir
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
asp
ec
ts
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
f
u
t
u
r
e.
R
am
atsets
e
et
a
l
.
[
49
]
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
s
ystema
tic
r
ev
ie
w
o
n
in
n
o
va
tio
n
s
in
co
mp
u
ter a
id
e
d
d
esig
n
in
…
(
Ma
r
g
a
r
ita
F
.
Mu
r
illo
Ma
n
r
iq
u
e
)
1809
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
d
ap
tin
g
teac
h
i
n
g
to
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
an
d
m
ar
k
et
d
em
a
n
d
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
cu
r
r
en
t p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ch
allen
g
es.
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
ca
r
e
f
u
l
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lea
r
n
in
g
in
to
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
,
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
to
p
er
s
o
n
alize
a
n
d
o
p
tim
iz
e
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
W
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
51
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
im
a
g
e
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
C
AD
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
wh
ich
im
p
lies
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
v
ir
t
u
al
an
d
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
er
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
30
]
ad
v
o
ca
te
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
P
B
L
alo
n
g
with
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
T
h
is
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
in
C
AD.
R
am
o
n
ell
a
n
d
C
h
ac
ó
n
[
52
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
l
o
w
-
co
s
t
ter
r
estrial
laser
s
ca
n
n
er
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
way
s
in
th
e
cla
s
s
r
o
o
m
,
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
s
an
d
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ex
er
cises
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
v
alu
ab
le
s
k
ills
in
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
g
e
o
m
etr
y
a
n
d
d
ig
itizatio
n
.
Ass
af
an
d
Vac
ca
[
53
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
s
im
u
lato
r
s
to
co
m
p
lem
en
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
s
af
e
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
to
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
an
d
lear
n
.
W
o
n
g
an
d
Sh
ih
[
54
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
an
d
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
f
ac
ilit
ate
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
i
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Gad
o
la
et
a
l
.
[
55
]
s
u
g
g
est
a
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
jects
an
d
d
esig
n
c
o
m
p
etitio
n
s
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
en
t
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
d
esig
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
l
em
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
in
a
r
ea
lis
tic
co
n
tex
t.
Alv
es
an
d
Pu
tn
ik
[
56
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
an
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
s
o
cial
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
teac
h
t
h
e
in
ter
o
p
e
r
ab
ilit
y
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
elf
-
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Fin
ally
,
B
er
s
elli
et
a
l
.
[
57
]
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
a
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
teg
r
ates
d
esig
n
an
d
s
im
u
la
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
C
AD/C
AE
s
o
f
twar
e
p
ac
k
ag
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
ab
ilit
y
to
s
o
lv
e
r
ea
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
wo
r
k
as
a
team
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
t
h
em
f
o
r
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
wo
r
k
.
T
o
g
eth
e
r
,
t
h
ese
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
p
o
in
t
t
o
war
d
s
C
AD
teac
h
in
g
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e,
an
d
alig
n
ed
with
cu
r
r
en
t
in
d
u
s
tr
y
tr
en
d
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
latest
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
n
o
v
el
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
c
h
as
liv
e
v
ir
tu
al
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
,
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
elin
g
,
an
d
s
i
m
u
lated
r
ea
lity
,
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
ir
r
o
le
in
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
tech
n
ical
an
d
team
wo
r
k
s
k
ills
.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
e
n
ew
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
b
u
t
a
ls
o
f
o
s
ter
a
h
ig
h
l
y
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l le
ar
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
d
r
iv
es
an
u
p
d
ated
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
s
allo
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
an
d
s
o
lv
e
co
m
p
lex
ch
allen
g
es,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
o
lid
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
to
d
ay
'
s
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
ey
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
en
h
an
cin
g
ess
en
tial sk
ills
f
o
r
to
d
ay
'
s
wo
r
ld
o
f
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
latest
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
ad
v
an
ce
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
c
o
llab
o
r
at
io
n
in
r
ea
l
tim
e
an
d
th
e
in
c
lu
s
io
n
o
f
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
in
d
esig
n
c
o
n
tex
t
s
.
Den
g
et
a
l
.
[
48
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
v
ir
tu
aliza
tio
n
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
C
AD
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
m
u
lti
-
u
s
er
s
o
f
twar
e
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
p
e
d
ag
o
g
y
in
th
is
ar
ea
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
R
am
atsets
e
et
a
l
.
[
49
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
d
esig
n
g
r
ap
h
i
cs
with
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
en
h
a
n
cin
g
t
h
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
to
wa
r
d
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
d
esig
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Fin
ally
,
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
le
ar
n
in
g
to
a
n
ticip
ate
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
d
esig
n
ac
tiv
ities
with
C
AD
s
o
f
twar
e,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
au
to
m
ated
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
tr
en
d
s
in
d
icate
a
m
o
v
em
en
t
to
war
d
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
d
esig
n
p
r
ac
tices,
en
ab
le
d
b
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
th
a
t
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
r
ea
ter
in
ter
ac
tio
n
an
d
team
wo
r
k
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
es
s
en
tial
to
co
n
d
u
ct
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
to
f
ill
th
ese
g
ap
s
an
d
d
is
co
v
er
n
ew
way
s
to
s
af
ely
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
tly
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
in
to
d
esig
n
to
f
u
lly
r
ea
lize
its
p
o
ten
tial
in
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
teac
h
in
g
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
T
h
e
MU
C
AD
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
teac
h
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Den
g
et
a
l.
[
48
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
c
o
o
p
e
r
atio
n
a
n
d
d
ig
italizatio
n
in
C
AD
teac
h
in
g
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
th
ese
to
o
ls
s
tim
u
late
in
v
en
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
I
n
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
y
,
R
am
atsets
e
et
a
l
.
[
49
]
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
E
GD
in
o
p
tim
i
zin
g
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
n
o
v
el
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
C
AD
to
o
ls
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
v
en
tiv
en
ess
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
esi
g
n
s
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
v
ein
,
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
ad
ap
tin
g
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
e
d
u
c
atio
n
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
ad
ju
s
ted
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
teac
h
i
n
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
0
4
-
1
81
4
1810
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
ele
v
an
t
s
k
ills
.
On
lin
e
co
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
in
d
i
v
id
u
alize
d
teac
h
in
g
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
b
y
Den
g
et
a
l
.
in
th
eir
MU
C
AD
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
[
48
]
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
C
AD
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
alizin
g
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
wh
ich
f
av
o
r
s
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
ted
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
i
n
g
.
L
i
k
ewise,
th
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
to
o
ls
an
d
im
m
er
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
C
er
r
a
et
a
l
.
[
30
]
en
r
ich
es
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
b
y
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
o
r
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
in
d
icate
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
teac
h
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
p
ar
tic
ip
atio
n
an
d
au
to
n
o
m
y
i
n
th
e
le
ar
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
W
h
en
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
n
o
v
el
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
ch
allen
g
es
ar
is
e
s
u
ch
a
s
u
p
d
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
d
is
p
a
r
ity
in
co
m
p
eten
cies,
an
d
r
ela
ted
ex
p
en
s
es.
I
t
is
ess
en
tial
to
ad
ju
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
o
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
in
t
u
n
e
with
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
th
ese
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies.
R
am
atsets
e
et
a
l
.
[
49
]
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
g
r
a
p
h
ics
an
d
lay
o
u
t
in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
B
er
s
elli
et
a
l
.
[
57
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
in
to
cu
r
r
icu
la
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
i
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
ject
-
b
a
s
ed
teac
h
in
g
with
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
C
AD/C
AE
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
o
v
e
r
co
m
i
n
g
lo
g
is
tical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
c
h
allen
g
es
is
r
aised
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
g
r
ea
ter
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
th
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
f
ield
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
ad
e
q
u
ate
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
n
ew
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
it is
ess
en
tia
l
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
k
ills
o
r
ab
ilit
ie
s
,
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
in
th
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
48
]
wh
ich
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
to
g
eth
er
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
C
AD
.
Sin
g
h
et
a
l
.
[
50
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ar
tifi
cial
in
tellig
en
ce
to
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ey
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
th
a
t th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
y
p
la
n
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
lear
n
in
g
th
at
is
m
o
r
e
ad
ju
s
ted
t
o
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
iti
es
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t.
L
ik
ewise,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
cr
u
cial
[
30
]
,
[
54
]
,
as
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
C
AD
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
STE
M
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
f
o
s
ter
in
g
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
m
ee
t
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
s
o
f
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
I
m
p
lem
en
ti
n
g
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
d
tactics
en
s
u
r
es
th
a
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
o
t
o
n
ly
g
ain
r
elev
an
t
C
AD
s
k
ills
b
u
t
also
cu
ltiv
ate
team
wo
r
k
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
cr
itical
to
th
eir
f
u
tu
r
e
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
av
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
an
d
th
o
s
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
la.
T
h
e
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
u
p
d
atin
g
an
d
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
cu
r
r
icu
la
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
C
AD
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
n
o
t
o
n
ly
as
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
u
t
as
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
elem
en
ts
o
f
teac
h
in
g
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
ey
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
v
estme
n
t
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
tea
ch
er
tr
ain
i
n
g
to
m
ax
im
ize
t
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
C
AD
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
n
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
v
ar
io
u
s
r
estrictio
n
s
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
,
s
u
ch
as th
e
co
n
s
tan
t r
eq
u
ir
ed
u
p
d
atin
g
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
s
.
Th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
o
lid
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
C
AD
to
o
ls
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
o
ex
p
an
d
th
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
it
wo
u
ld
b
e
wis
e
to
in
clu
d
e
in
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
th
at
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
o
b
s
o
lete
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ch
an
g
in
g
m
ar
k
et
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
cu
r
r
e
n
t
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
tr
en
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
th
r
ee
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
p
r
i
n
tin
g
,
an
d
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
C
AD
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ar
e
r
ep
lacin
g
to
o
ls
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es th
at
u
s
ed
t
o
b
e
co
m
m
o
n
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
t
is
es
s
en
tial
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
in
te
g
r
atin
g
th
e
la
test
C
AD
an
d
C
AE
to
o
ls
in
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ta
ctic
tu
r
n
s
o
u
t
to
b
e
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
tim
u
latin
g
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
i
n
g
,
allo
win
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
p
r
ac
tically
ap
p
ly
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
ce
p
ts
ac
q
u
ir
ed
i
n
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
n
o
t
o
n
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
tech
n
ical
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
m
o
tes
cr
itical
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
,
ess
e
n
tial
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
B
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
ese
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies,
it
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
aise
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
teac
h
in
g
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
to
f
ac
e
to
d
ay
'
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ch
allen
g
es with
s
k
ill an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was f
u
n
d
ed
with
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
’
o
wn
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
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SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
A
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n
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tio
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s
in
co
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n
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h
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m
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p
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r
ticip
an
ts
.
E
T
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CAL AP
P
RO
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h
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au
th
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r
s
d
ec
lar
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th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
i
d
n
o
t i
n
v
o
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v
e
h
u
m
an
o
r
an
im
al
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
a
v
ailab
l
e
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
[
M
F
MM
]
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
F
.
M
.
C
a
m
p
o
s,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
:
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
a
c
a
d
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
i
n
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
ssi
g
n
m
e
n
t
s,
”
i
n
2
0
2
1
4
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
Po
r
t
u
g
u
e
s
e
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
f
o
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
(
C
I
S
PEE)
,
I
EEE,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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I
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P
EE4
7
7
9
4
.
2
0
2
1
.
9
5
0
7
2
3
9
.
[
2
]
M
.
D
.
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
a
n
d
R
.
P
.
D
i
w
a
k
a
r
a
n
,
“
A
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
x
e
r
c
i
s
e
e
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
m
o
d
e
l
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
c
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
l
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
A
D
m
o
d
e
l
s
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
s
&
E
d
u
c
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t
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o
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,
v
o
l
.
5
7
,
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o
.
2
,
p
p
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9
–
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.
0
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8
.
[
3
]
T.
K
ö
sa
a
n
d
F
.
K
a
r
a
k
u
ş
,
“
Th
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
o
mp
u
t
e
r
-
a
i
d
e
d
d
e
si
g
n
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
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n
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i
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e
e
r
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n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
sp
a
t
i
a
l
v
i
s
u
a
l
i
sa
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4
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[
16
]
S
.
Zo
r
n
a
n
d
K
.
G
e
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c
k
e
,
“
D
e
v
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men
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o
f
s
p
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a
b
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t
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:
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n
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m
p
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a
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.
[
17
]
K
.
K
a
d
a
m
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n
d
S
.
I
y
e
r
,
“
I
mp
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3
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h
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C
A
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5
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7
0
.
[
18
]
A
.
F
r
i
e
ss
,
E
.
L.
M
a
r
t
i
n
,
I
.
E.
Esp
a
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o
z
a
,
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n
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O
.
La
w
a
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t
o
,
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mp
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AS
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0
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8
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6
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.
2
5
6
0
8
.
[
19
]
P
.
A
sef
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n
d
C
.
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a
l
y
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a
s
,
“
C
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mo
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/
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E.
2
0
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1
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3
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0
0
4
7
1
.
[
20
]
N
.
S
p
a
so
v
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a
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d
M
.
I
v
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n
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,
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me
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in
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[
21
]
A
.
Z.
S
a
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M
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M
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3
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V
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st
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u
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t
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o
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,
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a
b
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ma
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t
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.
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0
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.
[
22
]
S
.
D
o
n
g
,
A
.
H
.
B
e
h
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a
d
a
n
,
F
.
C
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n
,
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d
V
.
R
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ma
t
,
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C
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me
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[
23
]
D
.
S
c
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i
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d
D
.
D
o
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sk
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9
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0
4
.
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8
4
.
[
24
]
M
.
P
.
M
.
F
e
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G
.
O
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:
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(
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p
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)
,
Re
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En
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[
25
]
M
.
T.
H
.
K
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a
l
.
,
“
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4
.
[
26
]
C
.
D
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,
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.
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.
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.
[
27
]
B.
R.
H
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n
d
A
.
D.
W
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.
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.
[
28
]
F
.
B
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,
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W
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,
D
.
R
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E.
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3
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d
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6
.
[
29
]
K
.
G
e
l
mez
a
n
d
S
.
A
r
k
a
n
,
“
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0
.
[
30
]
P
.
P.
C
e
r
r
a
,
H
.
H.
Á
l
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f
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a
ssessm
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r
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s,”
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o
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r A
p
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2
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.
[
31
]
J.
R
.
H
a
r
r
o
n
,
R
.
Emer
t
,
D
.
M
.
T
h
o
ma
s,
a
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d
J.
C
a
m
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a
,
“
La
y
i
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:
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3
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1
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7
6
3
3
6
2
.
[
32
]
O
.
B
o
n
g
o
mi
n
,
G
.
G.
O
c
e
n
,
E.
O.
N
g
a
n
y
i
,
A
.
M
u
si
n
g
u
z
i
,
a
n
d
T
.
O
mar
a
,
“
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p
o
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l
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4
.
0
,
”
J
o
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rn
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f
En
g
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o
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6
.
[
33
]
G
.
A
.
S
h
a
h
,
A
.
P
o
l
e
t
t
e
,
J.
-
P
.
P
e
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n
o
t
,
F
.
G
i
a
n
n
i
n
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
o
n
t
i
,
“
C
a
se
-
b
a
s
e
d
t
u
n
i
n
g
o
f
a
me
t
a
h
e
u
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c
a
l
g
o
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x
p
l
o
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s
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l
y
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d
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p
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i
me
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s
f
o
r
r
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v
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se
e
n
g
i
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a
p
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t
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s,”
En
g
i
n
e
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r
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n
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w
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m
p
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v
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l
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5.
[
34
]
R
.
K
.
J.
d
e
S
i
l
v
a
a
n
d
A
.
P
e
r
a
mu
n
u
g
a
ma
g
e
,
“
E
merg
e
n
c
y
r
e
m
o
t
e
C
A
D
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
l
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c
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se
d
s
o
f
t
w
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n
a
p
p
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d
u
r
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g
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O
V
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D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
:
a
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
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a
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r
n
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p
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e
se
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rc
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v
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1
.
[
35
]
Z.
K
a
n
e
t
a
k
i
,
C
.
S
t
e
r
g
i
o
u
,
C
.
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o
u
ssa
s,
a
n
d
C
.
S
g
o
u
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o
p
o
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l
o
u
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D
e
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e
n
t
o
f
a
n
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n
n
o
v
a
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v
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r
n
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m
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t
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o
d
o
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o
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y
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i
mi
n
g
t
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t
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a
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s'
s
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t
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a
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o
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,”
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t
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Ar
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31
–
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,
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:
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0
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3
2
3
3
/
F
A
I
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2
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0
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7
2
.
[
36
]
M
.
A
k
ç
a
y
ı
r
a
n
d
G
.
A
k
ç
a
y
ı
r
,
“
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d
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t
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s
a
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d
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h
a
l
l
e
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s
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o
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i
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d
w
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h
a
u
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d
r
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a
l
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y
f
o
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d
u
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a
t
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o
n
:
a
sy
s
t
e
mat
i
c
r
e
v
i
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w
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
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u
c
a
t
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l
Re
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Re
v
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6
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1
.
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.
[
37
]
M
.
Er
i
c
s
o
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
u
g
m
e
n
t
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d
r
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a
l
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t
y
l
e
a
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n
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e
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p
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s:
s
u
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p
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y
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g
n
a
n
d
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v
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l
u
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t
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o
n
,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
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o
n
s
o
n
L
e
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n
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T
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,
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l
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o
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1
,
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–
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,
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4
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o
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1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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.
2
0
1
3
.
3
7
.
[
38
]
B
.
C
z
e
r
k
a
w
sk
i
a
n
d
M
.
B
e
r
t
i
,
“
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
o
r
a
u
g
me
n
t
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d
r
e
a
l
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t
y
,
”
Re
se
a
r
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h
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n
L
e
a
r
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T
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v
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l
.
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9
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p
.
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,
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1
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0
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l
t
.
v
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9
.
2
4
2
9
.
[
39
]
A
.
B
e
r
n
a
b
é
,
O
.
M
.
M
o
r
a
,
O
.
G
.
M
a
c
h
a
d
o
,
a
n
d
R
.
R
o
m
e
r
o
,
“
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
v
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t
u
a
l
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
ms
,
i
n
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
f
u
n
i
v
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r
s
i
t
y
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e
n
t
s
,
”
RI
T
I
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o
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l
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.
5
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
8
–
5
4
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
40
]
C
.
T.
M
a
r
t
í
n
,
C
.
A
c
a
l
,
M
.
e
l
H
o
n
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a
n
i
,
a
n
d
Á
.
C
.
M
.
Es
t
r
a
d
a
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
l
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n
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v
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me
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t
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t
o
C
O
V
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9
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
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l
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y
,
v
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l
.
1
3
,
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o
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,
p
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5
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0
.
3
3
9
0
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s
u
1
3
0
2
0
5
8
2
.
[
41
]
N
.
P
e
l
l
a
s
,
I
.
K
a
z
a
n
i
d
i
s
,
N
.
K
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
i
n
o
u
,
a
n
d
G
.
G
e
o
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g
i
o
u
,
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Ex
p
l
o
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i
n
g
t
h
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e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
t
h
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e
e
-
d
i
m
e
n
si
o
n
a
l
m
u
l
t
i
-
u
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v
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u
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l
w
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l
d
s
f
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r
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
mi
x
e
d
-
me
t
h
o
d
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
l
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t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
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o
n
T
e
c
h
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o
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o
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s
,
v
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l
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,
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o
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0
6
3
9
-
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1
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-
9
5
3
7
-
2.
[
42
]
N
.
W
e
s
t
b
e
r
r
y
,
S
.
M
c
N
a
u
g
h
t
o
n
,
J
.
B
i
l
l
o
t
,
a
n
d
H
.
G
a
e
t
a
,
“
R
e
s
i
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
r
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
?
H
i
g
h
e
r
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[
56
]
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[
57
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G
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P
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1
.
Stu
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f
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tem
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S
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S
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b
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[
48
]
A
p
p
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sea
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c
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d
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[
30
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