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s
p
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d
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ti
c
a
l
in
si
g
h
t
s
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r
c
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rricu
l
u
m
d
e
v
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o
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m
e
n
t
a
n
d
tail
o
re
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terv
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t
io
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s,
s
u
p
p
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n
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e
rsiti
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s
in
m
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ti
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t
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a
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ti
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l
o
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tc
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m
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
C
o
m
p
u
ter
s
k
ills
I
C
T
L
aten
t p
r
o
f
ile
a
n
aly
s
is
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
J
ar
u
wan
Sak
u
lk
u
So
cial
Scien
ce
Div
is
io
n
,
Ma
h
id
o
l U
n
iv
er
s
ity
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
C
o
lleg
e
9
9
9
Ph
u
ttam
o
n
th
o
n
4
R
o
a
d
,
S
alay
a,
7
3
1
7
0
Na
k
h
o
n
Path
o
m
,
T
h
ailan
d
E
m
ail:
jar
u
wan
.
s
au
@
m
ah
id
o
l.
ed
u
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
th
e
r
ap
id
ly
e
v
o
lv
in
g
wo
r
ld
d
r
iv
en
b
y
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
s
o
cial,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
o
m
ain
s
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
g
lo
b
aliza
t
io
n
,
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
ac
es
th
e
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
p
r
ep
ar
i
n
g
lear
n
e
r
s
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
life
.
T
o
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
to
d
ay
’
s
s
o
ciety
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
ess
en
tial
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
life
lo
n
g
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
s
elf
-
d
ir
ec
ted
lear
n
in
g
[
1
]
.
W
h
ile
d
ig
ital
s
k
ill
s
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
ar
e
b
r
o
ad
er
an
d
en
co
m
p
ass
m
o
r
e
th
an
ju
s
t
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
[
2
]
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
a
n
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
all
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
I
C
T
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
lo
w
an
d
m
id
d
le
-
in
co
m
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
h
o
ws
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
d
i
g
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
k
ills
,
m
an
y
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
b
asic
I
C
T
u
s
ag
e
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
ac
q
u
ir
in
g
b
r
o
ad
er
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
co
mp
u
ter,
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
a
n
d
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y,
a
n
d
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
s
kills
o
f
…
(
S
u
n
a
n
S
i
p
h
a
i
)
1753
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
Pak
is
tan
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
f
in
d
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
ese
s
k
ills
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
e
to
in
ad
e
q
u
ate
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
7
]
.
Similar
ly
,
s
tu
d
i
es
in
E
th
io
p
ia
a
n
d
Pak
is
tan
i
n
d
icate
th
at
f
ac
u
lty
lack
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
teac
h
in
g
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
to
f
o
s
ter
th
ese
c
r
itical
s
k
ills
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
at
T
h
ai
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
also
id
en
tifie
s
ch
allen
g
es
in
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
esig
n
,
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
s
k
ill
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t,
f
u
r
th
er
c
o
m
p
licatin
g
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cies [
9
]
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
Sp
ain
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
s
ee
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
I
C
T
to
o
ls
to
en
h
an
ce
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
lik
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
;
h
o
wev
er
,
s
u
ch
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
is
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
m
atch
ed
with
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
1
0
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ea
g
er
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
s
k
ills
th
at
g
o
b
e
y
o
n
d
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
to
m
ee
t
f
u
tu
r
e
d
em
an
d
s
,
b
u
t
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
o
f
ten
f
ail
t
o
ad
eq
u
ately
p
r
e
p
ar
e
th
em
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
is
m
a
tch
b
etwe
en
th
e
e
m
p
h
asis
o
n
th
ese
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
ac
tu
al
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
cu
r
r
en
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t [
1
3
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
e
th
ei
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
to
b
etter
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
b
o
th
d
ig
it
al
an
d
b
r
o
ad
er
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
m
u
s
t
in
teg
r
ate
th
ese
s
k
ill
s
in
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
co
n
d
u
ci
v
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
E
q
u
ip
p
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
th
ese
s
k
ills
is
v
ital
f
o
r
t
h
eir
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
ati
o
n
in
a
co
m
p
lex
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
g
lo
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
[
3
]
.
Giv
en
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
es,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial
to
a
s
s
es
s
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
I
C
T
s
k
ill
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
T
)
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tar
g
eted
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
id
en
tifi
ca
tio
n
o
f
d
is
tin
ct
s
k
ill
p
r
o
f
ile
s
[
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
o
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
tu
d
y
h
as y
et
ex
am
in
ed
th
ese
co
m
p
eten
cies
ac
r
o
s
s
all
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ities
in
T
h
ailan
d
,
leav
i
n
g
a
cr
itical
g
ap
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
e
n
t p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
g
ap
,
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
le
v
els
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
T
h
ai
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Als
o
,
it
is
to
i
d
en
ti
f
y
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
o
f
ile
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
s
k
ills
.
S
p
ec
if
ically
,
it seek
s
to
an
s
wer
:
i)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
c
o
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
T
h
ai
R
ajab
h
a
t
Un
iv
er
s
ities
?
ii)
Ar
e
th
er
e
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
o
f
ile
g
r
o
u
p
s
am
o
n
g
t
h
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
k
ills
?
W
e
h
y
p
o
th
esize
th
at
T
h
ai
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
will
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
k
ills
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
o
f
ile
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
s
k
ill
le
v
els
an
d
p
r
o
f
iles
will
en
a
b
le
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
id
en
tify
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
a
p
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
co
m
p
eten
cies,
g
u
id
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
tar
g
et
ed
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
s
th
at
e
n
h
an
ce
th
eir
em
p
lo
y
ab
ilit
y
an
d
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
f
iles
will
allo
w
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
d
esig
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
v
ar
ied
lear
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
p
r
ac
tic
es,
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
will
u
ltima
tely
h
elp
b
etter
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
o
f
a
c
o
m
p
lex
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
-
b
ased
g
l
o
b
al
ec
o
n
o
m
y
,
wh
ile
also
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
m
ak
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
s
tr
ateg
i
c
p
lan
n
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
q
u
ality
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
ese
s
k
ills
an
d
an
aly
ze
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
f
iles
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
ata
o
n
co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
T
h
ai
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
th
e
E
t
h
ics C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
C
h
aiy
ap
h
u
m
R
ajab
h
at
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
,
T
h
ailan
d
.
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple
A
m
u
lti
-
s
tag
e
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
s
elec
t
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
,
1
6
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
e
r
s
ities
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
lin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
ce
e
d
e
d
as:
-
R
eg
io
n
al
s
am
p
lin
g
:
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ities
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
r
r
e
g
io
n
s
—
No
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
,
C
en
tr
al,
No
r
th
er
n
,
an
d
So
u
th
er
n
T
h
ailan
d
—
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
in
itial
s
am
p
lin
g
u
n
its
.
Simp
le
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
,
r
esu
ltin
g
i
n
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
two
r
eg
io
n
s
: N
o
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
an
d
C
en
tr
al.
-
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
elec
tio
n
:
w
ith
in
t
h
ese
r
eg
io
n
s
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
.
Six
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
f
r
o
m
th
e
No
r
th
ea
s
ter
n
R
eg
io
n
(
C
h
aiy
a
p
h
u
m
,
Na
k
h
o
n
R
atch
asima
,
R
o
i
E
t,
Ma
h
asar
ak
h
a
m
,
Ud
o
n
T
h
an
i,
an
d
Ub
o
n
R
atch
ath
an
i
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ities
)
an
d
f
iv
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
en
tr
al
R
eg
io
n
(
N
ak
h
o
n
Path
o
m
,
Kan
ch
an
ab
u
r
i,
Ph
etch
ab
u
r
i,
a
n
d
Mu
b
a
n
C
h
o
m
b
u
en
g
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ities
)
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
.
-
Stu
d
en
t
s
am
p
lin
g
:
a
s
im
p
le
r
a
n
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
in
ea
ch
s
elec
ted
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
y
ield
in
g
a
to
tal
o
f
1
,
1
6
5
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
s
tu
d
y
y
ea
r
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
les 1
an
d
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
7
5
2
-
1
7
6
0
1754
T
ab
le
1
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
R
a
j
a
b
h
a
t
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
N
u
mb
e
r
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
C
h
a
i
y
a
p
h
u
m
45
3
.
9
N
a
k
h
o
n
R
a
t
c
h
a
s
i
ma
2
0
9
1
7
.
9
R
o
i
E
t
28
2
.
4
M
a
h
a
s
a
r
a
k
h
a
m
35
3
.
0
U
b
o
n
R
a
t
c
h
a
t
h
a
n
i
1
6
8
1
4
.
4
K
a
n
c
h
a
n
a
b
u
r
i
15
1
.
3
P
e
t
c
h
a
b
u
r
i
52
4
.
5
M
u
b
a
n
C
h
o
m
b
u
e
n
g
1
2
4
1
0
.
6
N
a
k
h
o
n
P
a
t
h
o
m
3
0
4
2
6
.
1
U
d
o
n
T
h
a
n
i
1
8
5
1
5
.
9
To
t
a
l
1
,
1
6
5
1
0
0
T
ab
le
2
.
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
y
s
tu
d
y
y
ea
r
S
t
u
d
y
y
ear
N
u
mb
e
r
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
1
st
y
e
a
r
1
8
3
1
5
.
7
2
n
d
y
e
a
r
4
9
5
4
2
.
5
3
r
d
y
e
a
r
3
3
4
1
2
.
4
4
t
h
y
e
a
r
1
4
5
2
8
.
9
5
t
h
y
e
a
r
8
0
.
7
To
t
a
l
1
,
1
6
5
1
0
0
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
ass
ess
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
in
cl
u
d
ed
5
1
item
s
,
ask
in
g
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
to
r
ate
th
eir
le
v
el
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
s
k
ills
an
d
ab
ilit
ies
o
n
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
e
r
t
s
c
ale
(
1
=lo
west
lev
el
o
f
s
k
ills
/a
b
ilit
y
an
d
5
=h
i
g
h
est
lev
el
o
f
s
k
ills
/ab
ilit
ie
s
)
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
k
ills
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
1
3
item
s
ask
in
g
ab
o
u
t
b
asic
co
m
p
u
ter
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
as
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
a
n
d
o
p
er
atin
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
.
I
C
T
s
k
ills
wer
e
ass
es
s
ed
b
y
1
8
item
s
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
eth
ically
u
s
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
o
ls
an
d
to
u
t
ilize
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
b
en
e
f
it
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
an
d
liv
es.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
2
0
item
s
ass
es
s
in
g
m
ed
ia
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
te
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
v
ia
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ed
ia
an
d
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
ch
an
n
els.
T
h
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
Sip
h
ai
[
1
5
]
.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
Data
co
llectio
n
was
in
itiated
b
y
s
en
d
in
g
f
o
r
m
al
letter
s
to
th
e
s
elec
ted
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ities
,
r
eq
u
esti
n
g
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
co
llect
d
a
ta
f
r
o
m
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Up
o
n
r
ec
eiv
in
g
ap
p
r
o
v
al,
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
wer
e
c
o
n
t
ac
ted
v
ia
em
ail
a
n
d
in
v
ited
t
o
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
in
v
itatio
n
in
clu
d
e
d
a
lin
k
to
an
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
ass
ess
s
el
f
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
le
v
els
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
,
1
6
5
c
o
m
p
leted
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
es
wer
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
1
0
0
% r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
ate
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
s
am
p
le.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
2
.
4
.
1
.
Da
t
a
s
cr
ee
nin
g
Prio
r
to
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
laten
t
p
r
o
f
ile
an
aly
s
is
(
L
PA)
,
th
e
d
ataset
u
n
d
er
we
n
t
a
s
er
ies
o
f
p
r
elim
i
n
ar
y
test
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
it m
et
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
:
-
No
r
m
ality
:
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
v
ar
iab
le
was
test
ed
f
o
r
n
o
r
m
ality
u
s
in
g
g
o
o
d
n
ess
-
of
-
f
it
test
s
.
I
n
ca
s
e
s
wh
er
e
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
n
o
t
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
,
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
,
s
q
u
ar
e
,
lo
g
ar
ith
m
ic,
an
d
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
)
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
n
o
r
m
alize
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
Hair
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
.
-
L
in
ea
r
ity
an
d
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
:
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
wee
n
v
ar
iab
les
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tial
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
Pear
s
o
n
’
s
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
.
A
th
r
esh
o
ld
was
s
et
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
h
ad
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
an
d
d
id
n
o
t
ex
h
ib
it
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
(
r
>8
0
)
.
Var
ia
b
les with
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
h
ig
h
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
wer
e
eith
er
r
em
o
v
ed
o
r
co
m
b
in
e
d
to
p
r
ev
en
t
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
in
th
e
a
n
a
ly
s
is
.
2
.
4
.
2
.
Descript
iv
e
s
t
a
t
is
t
ics a
nd
la
t
ent
pro
f
ile
a
na
ly
s
is
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
an
d
L
PA
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
M
p
lu
s
Ver
s
io
n
7
.
4
.
Me
an
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
t
o
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
k
ill
lev
el
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
f
o
llo
wed
estab
lis
h
ed
g
u
id
elin
es
[
1
7
]
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
L
PA
w
as
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
id
en
tify
d
is
tin
ct
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
co
mp
u
ter,
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
a
n
d
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y,
a
n
d
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
s
kills
o
f
…
(
S
u
n
a
n
S
i
p
h
a
i
)
1755
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
L
PA
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
h
o
m
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
with
in
a
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
ar
ia
b
les
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
es we
r
e
u
n
d
er
tak
e
n
:
i)
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
-
b
ased
s
k
ill
an
aly
s
is
:
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
at
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
lev
el
u
s
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
ii)
L
PA o
f
s
k
ills
: c
las
s
if
icatio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
to
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ased
o
n
th
ei
r
s
k
ills
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
ese
s
tep
s
:
-
Step
1
:
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
a
p
r
o
f
i
le
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
d
ata.
-
Step
2
:
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
an
d
v
er
if
i
ca
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ataset.
-
Step
3
:
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
atio
n
f
o
r
m
o
d
els
with
v
ar
y
in
g
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
2
,
3
,
a
n
d
4
)
,
in
clu
d
in
g
:
t
esti
n
g
m
o
d
el
f
it
ag
ain
s
t
em
p
i
r
ical
d
ata
;
e
s
tim
atin
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t
b
el
o
n
g
i
n
g
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
r
o
u
p
;
a
n
aly
zin
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
s
k
ills
wi
th
in
ea
ch
g
r
o
u
p
;
c
alcu
latin
g
th
e
m
ea
n
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
;
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
s
am
p
le
s
izes
.
-
Step
4
:
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
u
s
in
g
Ak
aik
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
cr
it
er
io
n
(
AI
C
)
,
B
ay
esian
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
cr
iter
io
n
(
B
I
C
)
,
an
d
Ak
aik
e
’
s
B
ay
esian
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
cr
iter
io
n
(
AB
I
C
)
in
d
ices
to
id
en
tify
th
e
b
es
t
f
it.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
with
th
e
lo
west in
d
ex
v
alu
es
was selec
ted
.
-
Ste
p
5
:
p
r
ese
n
ta
ti
o
n
a
n
d
in
te
r
p
r
et
ati
o
n
o
f
f
i
n
a
l
r
es
u
l
ts
,
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
th
e
id
e
n
ti
f
ie
d
p
r
o
f
il
es
an
d
s
k
i
ll
p
att
er
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
5
-
p
o
in
t L
ik
er
t scale
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
M
e
a
n
sc
o
r
e
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
4
.
5
0
-
5
.
0
0
H
a
s t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
3
.
5
0
-
4
.
4
9
H
a
s a
h
i
g
h
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
2
.
5
0
-
3
.
4
9
H
a
s a
mo
d
e
r
a
t
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
1
.
5
0
-
2
.
4
9
H
a
s a
l
o
w
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
1
.
0
0
-
1
.
4
9
H
a
s t
h
e
l
o
w
e
st
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Self
-
perc
eiv
ed
co
m
pu
t
er
,
I
CT
,
a
nd
co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n sk
ills
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ass
ess
ed
th
e
s
e
lf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
c
o
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
T
h
ailan
d
.
Ov
er
all,
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
ig
h
lev
els o
f
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
s
k
il
l
ar
ea
s
,
with
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
i
lls
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
etailed
r
esu
lts
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
o
f
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
k
ills
S
k
i
l
l
a
r
e
a
M
e
a
n
sc
o
r
e
s
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
D
e
scri
p
t
i
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
3
.
6
5
0
.
6
2
8
H
i
g
h
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
I
C
T
3
.
8
1
0
.
6
7
6
H
i
g
h
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
C
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
3
.
8
4
0
.
6
9
9
H
i
g
h
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
3
.
2
.
L
a
t
ent
pro
f
ile
a
na
ly
s
is
L
PA
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
5
1
in
d
icato
r
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
k
ills
(
1
3
in
d
icato
r
s
)
,
I
C
T
s
k
ills
(
1
8
in
d
icato
r
s
)
,
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
(
2
0
in
d
icato
r
s
)
.
L
PA
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
id
en
tify
d
is
tin
ct
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
eir
s
k
ill
p
r
o
f
iles
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
g
en
er
ated
f
o
u
r
p
o
ten
tial
m
o
d
els
with
2
,
3
,
4
,
an
d
5
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Af
ter
e
v
alu
atin
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
f
it
s
tatis
tics
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
-
g
r
o
u
p
m
o
d
el
was
th
e
b
est
f
it,
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
f
it
in
d
ices:
lo
g
-
lik
elih
o
o
d
=
-
1
8
8
7
.
3
3
6
,
AI
C
=3
8
1
0
.
6
7
3
,
B
I
C
=3
9
0
1
.
7
6
2
,
AB
I
C
=3
8
4
4
.
5
8
7
,
an
d
en
tr
o
p
y
=0
.
9
4
0
,
as
in
T
a
b
le
5
.
T
h
e
4
-
p
r
o
f
ile
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
ca
teg
o
r
ized
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
to
d
is
tin
ct
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
s
h
o
wed
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
:
Gr
o
u
p
1
(
2
.
4
8
%,
n
=
2
9
)
,
Gr
o
u
p
2
(
3
3
.
3
0
%,
n
=3
8
8
)
,
Gr
o
u
p
3
(
2
0
.
1
7
%,
n
=2
3
5
)
,
a
n
d
Gr
o
u
p
4
(
4
4
.
0
3
%,
n
=
5
1
3
)
,
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
6
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
f
iles
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
i
f
f
er
en
tiated
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
s
k
ill
lev
els
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
with
9
4
%
p
r
ed
i
ctio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Gr
o
u
p
c
h
a
r
a
cter
is
tics
b
y
s
k
ill
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
7
.
I
n
Gr
o
u
p
1
,
all
s
k
il
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
r
elativ
ely
lo
w
m
ea
n
v
alu
es,
in
d
icat
in
g
th
at
t
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
ex
h
ib
ited
lo
wer
le
v
els
o
f
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
k
ill
ar
ea
s
,
with
th
e
lo
west
s
co
r
es
in
I
C
T
(
m
ea
n
=2
.
2
2
4
,
4
4
.
4
8
%).
Gr
o
u
p
2
d
is
p
lay
ed
m
o
d
er
ate
lev
e
ls
o
f
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
1
8
4
,
6
3
.
6
8
%),
f
o
ll
o
wed
clo
s
ely
b
y
I
C
T
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
1
4
0
,
6
2
.
8
0
%)
an
d
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
k
ills
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
1
2
8
,
6
2
.
5
6
%).
Gr
o
u
p
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
lev
els
o
f
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
s
k
ill
ar
ea
s
,
with
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
h
a
v
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
(
4
.
7
5
2
,
9
5
.
0
4
%
)
,
f
o
llo
we
d
b
y
I
C
T
(
4
.
7
3
3
,
9
4
.
6
6
%)
an
d
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
k
ills
(
4
.
4
0
1
,
6
2
.
5
6
%).
I
n
Gr
o
u
p
4
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ex
h
ib
ited
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
icie
n
cy
lev
els,
esp
ec
ially
in
I
C
T
s
k
ills
(
m
ea
n
=3
.
9
8
9
,
7
9
.
7
8
%)
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
(
m
ea
n
=
3
.
9
8
3
,
7
9
.
6
6
%),
wh
il
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
k
ills
h
ad
a
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
m
ea
n
(
3
.
7
6
6
,
7
5
.
3
2
%).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
7
5
2
-
1
7
6
0
1756
Ad
d
itio
n
al
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
I
C
T
s
k
ills
co
n
s
i
s
ten
tl
y
h
ad
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
s
co
r
es
th
an
co
m
p
u
te
r
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
all
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Gr
o
u
p
3
ex
h
ib
ited
th
e
h
ig
h
est
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
in
all
s
k
ill
ar
ea
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
with
a
m
ea
n
o
f
4
.
7
5
2
(
9
5
.
0
4
%).
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
Gr
o
u
p
1
h
ad
th
e
lo
w
est
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es,
esp
ec
ially
in
I
C
T
s
k
ills
,
with
a
m
ea
n
o
f
2
.
2
2
4
(
4
4
.
4
8
%).
T
h
e
m
ea
n
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
class
es a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
ab
le
5
.
L
aten
t
p
r
o
f
ile
f
it st
atis
tics
N
o
.
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
Lo
g
l
i
k
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
N
o
.
o
f
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
A
I
C
B
I
C
A
B
I
C
En
t
r
o
p
y
G
r
o
u
p
m
e
mb
e
r
sh
i
p
2
-
2
6
0
3
.
5
9
4
10
5
2
2
7
.
1
8
8
5
2
7
7
.
7
9
2
5
2
4
6
.
0
2
9
0
.
8
6
8
1
=
4
9
6
2
=
6
6
9
3
-
2
0
9
8
.
5
9
6
14
4
2
2
5
.
1
9
1
4
2
9
6
.
0
3
8
4
2
5
1
.
5
6
9
0
.
9
1
0
1
=
3
8
7
2
=
2
4
2
3
=
5
3
6
4
-
1
8
8
7
.
3
3
6
18
3
8
1
0
.
6
7
3
3
9
0
1
.
7
6
2
3
8
4
4
.
5
8
7
0
.
9
4
0
1
=
2
9
2
=
3
8
8
3
=
2
3
5
4
=
5
1
3
5
-
1
7
6
0
.
4
5
3
22
3
5
6
4
.
9
0
6
3
6
7
6
.
2
3
7
3
6
0
6
.
3
5
8
0
.
9
0
7
1
=
2
6
2
=
2
9
2
3
=
4
1
5
4
=
2
0
6
5
=
2
2
6
T
ab
le
6
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
class
e
s
C
l
a
s
s
g
r
o
u
p
G
r
o
u
p
s
i
z
e
P
r
o
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
l
a
s
s
1
29
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
9
8
0
C
l
a
s
s
2
3
8
8
0
.
3
3
3
0
.
9
7
1
C
l
a
s
s
3
2
3
5
0
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
5
5
C
l
a
s
s
4
5
1
3
0
.
4
4
0
0
.
9
6
7
T
ab
le
7
.
Gr
o
u
p
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
b
y
s
k
ill co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
S
k
i
l
l
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
s
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
C
l
a
s
s
1
C
l
a
s
s
2
C
l
a
s
s
3
C
l
a
s
s
4
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
1
:
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
M
e
a
n
2
.
4
5
4
*
*
3
.
1
2
8
*
*
4
.
4
0
1
*
*
3
.
7
6
6
*
*
S
.
D
.
0
.
0
7
0
0
.
0
2
0
0
.
0
3
1
0
.
0
2
1
C
l
a
s
s
(
%
)
4
9
.
0
8
6
2
.
5
6
8
8
.
0
2
7
5
.
3
2
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
2
:
I
C
T
M
e
a
n
2
.
2
2
4
*
*
3
.
1
4
0
*
*
4
.
7
3
3
*
*
3
.
9
8
9
*
*
S
.
D
.
0
.
1
0
0
0
.
0
1
6
0
.
0
1
9
0
.
0
1
6
C
l
a
s
s
(
%)
4
4
.
4
8
6
2
.
8
0
9
4
.
6
6
7
9
.
7
8
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
3
:
c
o
mm
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
e
a
n
2
.
3
3
0
*
*
3
.
1
8
4
*
*
4
.
7
5
2
*
*
3
.
9
8
3
*
*
S
.
D
.
0
.
0
9
2
0
.
0
1
8
0
.
0
2
1
0
.
0
1
6
C
l
a
s
s
(
%)
4
6
.
6
0
6
3
.
6
8
9
5
.
0
4
7
9
.
6
6
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Me
an
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
s
k
ill co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
class
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
e
co
mp
u
ter,
in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
a
n
d
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y,
a
n
d
co
mmu
n
ica
tio
n
s
kills
o
f
…
(
S
u
n
a
n
S
i
p
h
a
i
)
1757
3
.
3
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
ex
am
in
ed
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
Ov
er
all,
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
e
p
o
r
ted
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
ac
r
o
s
s
all
th
r
ee
a
r
ea
s
,
with
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
r
ated
th
e
h
ig
h
est,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
I
C
T
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
ter
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
s
lig
h
t
ly
lo
wer
r
atin
g
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
ter
s
k
ills
m
ay
r
ef
lect
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
g
r
ea
ter
f
am
iliar
ity
wit
h
I
C
T
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
o
ls
,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
teg
r
ated
in
t
o
d
aily
u
s
e,
wh
ile
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
s
m
ay
r
ec
eiv
e
less
at
ten
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
alig
n
s
with
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
o
th
er
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
t
r
ies,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
g
en
e
r
ally
ex
ce
l
i
n
b
asic
I
C
T
task
s
b
u
t
s
tr
u
g
g
le
with
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Gh
a
n
a
an
d
B
an
g
lad
esh
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
in
b
asic
task
s
b
u
t
h
ad
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
with
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
we
b
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
Similar
ly
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
J
o
r
d
an
u
s
ed
co
m
m
o
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
f
o
r
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
b
u
t
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
u
s
e
r
em
ain
ed
lim
ited
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ill d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
w
h
er
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
o
es n
o
t a
lway
s
eq
u
ate
to
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
id
en
tify
d
is
tin
ct
s
t
u
d
en
t
p
r
o
f
iles
b
ased
o
n
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
k
ills
.
L
PA
r
ev
ea
led
f
o
u
r
d
is
tin
ct
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
b
ey
o
n
d
s
im
p
le
av
er
a
g
es.
Gr
o
u
p
3
was
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
as
th
e
d
ig
ital
ex
p
er
ts
(
2
0
.
1
7
%)
an
d
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
k
ills
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
I
C
T
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
en
ts
lik
ely
r
ep
r
esen
t
tr
u
e
“d
ig
ital
n
ativ
es”
wh
o
ex
ce
l
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
-
en
h
an
ce
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
co
u
ld
s
er
v
e
as
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
s
.
Gr
o
u
p
4
,
t
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
t
m
ajo
r
it
y
,
is
th
e
lar
g
est
g
r
o
u
p
,
with
4
4
.
0
3
%,
a
n
d
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
i
cien
cy
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
I
C
T
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
lig
h
tly
less
p
r
o
f
icien
t
t
h
an
Gr
o
u
p
3
,
th
e
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ap
p
ea
r
well
-
p
r
ep
ar
ed
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
c
h
allen
g
es
in
b
o
t
h
ac
ad
e
m
ic
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Gr
o
u
p
2
,
th
e
d
ig
ital
m
o
d
er
ates
r
e
p
o
r
ted
m
o
d
er
ate
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
all
s
k
ills
.
W
h
ile
th
eir
s
co
r
es
in
d
icate
co
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
t
h
ey
s
u
g
g
est
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
m
ay
b
e
n
ef
it
m
o
s
t
f
r
o
m
tar
g
eted
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
b
o
o
s
tin
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
tr
u
g
g
ler
s
(
2
.
4
8
%),
w
as
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
lo
w
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
ed
s
k
ills
in
all
ar
ea
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
r
is
k
s
b
ein
g
lef
t
b
eh
i
n
d
in
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
d
ig
ital
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
eir
p
r
esen
ce
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
ten
s
iv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
o
f
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
ig
ita
l c
o
m
p
eten
cy
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
f
iles
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ill
le
v
els
an
d
s
u
g
g
est
tailo
r
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
Dig
ital
ex
p
er
ts
co
u
ld
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
o
r
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
o
le
s
in
p
ee
r
m
en
to
r
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
wh
er
e
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ass
i
s
t
th
o
s
e
with
li
m
ited
s
k
ills
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
co
m
p
u
ter
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
d
i
g
ital
s
tr
u
g
g
ler
s
p
r
o
f
ile
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
a
p
o
ten
tial
g
ap
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
m
u
s
t
ad
d
r
ess
.
W
ith
o
u
t
ad
e
q
u
ate
tech
n
ical
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
g
ap
s
,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
co
u
ld
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
m
a
n
d
ato
r
y
s
k
ill
ass
ess
m
en
ts
f
o
r
in
co
m
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
6
]
an
d
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
m
o
r
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
m
p
u
ter
tr
ain
in
g
in
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
2
7
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
t
m
ajo
r
ity
an
d
d
ig
ital
m
o
d
er
ates
r
ep
r
esen
t
lar
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
wh
e
r
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
s
u
c
h
as
est
ab
lis
h
in
g
I
T
f
lu
en
cy
ce
n
ter
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
p
ec
ialized
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
in
teg
r
atin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
b
o
t
h
ac
a
d
em
ic
c
o
u
r
s
es
[
2
8
]
an
d
ev
e
r
y
d
a
y
ac
tiv
itie
s
[
5
]
,
c
o
u
l
d
g
r
e
a
t
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
l
i
f
e
lo
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
'
I
C
T
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
i
l
it
i
es
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
s
a
m
u
l
t
i
f
a
ce
t
e
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
h
a
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
r
e
g
u
l
a
ti
o
n
s
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
al
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
o
r
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
g
i
t
al
s
k
il
ls
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
th
ey
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
in
ter
p
r
eted
ca
u
tio
u
s
ly
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
ws
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
ten
o
v
er
esti
m
ate
th
eir
d
ig
i
tal
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
“d
ig
ital
n
ativ
es”
p
o
s
s
ess
in
h
er
en
t
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
m
ay
lead
to
o
v
e
r
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
m
ask
in
g
ac
tu
al
s
k
ill
g
ap
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
th
er
ef
o
r
e
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
s
elf
-
ass
ess
m
en
ts
with
o
b
jectiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
g
a
in
a
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
tr
u
e
ab
ilit
ies.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
co
n
f
id
en
ce
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
eso
u
r
c
es,
an
d
p
r
io
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
d
ig
it
al
s
tr
u
g
g
ler
s
g
r
o
u
p
m
ay
h
av
e
lo
wer
s
elf
-
esteem
o
r
less
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
eir
lo
wer
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
co
n
t
ex
tu
al
v
ar
iab
les
lik
e
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
w
h
ich
co
u
ld
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
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ce
iv
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d
p
r
o
f
i
cien
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lev
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T
h
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lim
itatio
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s
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g
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est
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r
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ess
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to
v
alid
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th
e
s
elf
-
r
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ted
d
ata.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
ed
t
h
e
s
elf
-
p
er
ce
iv
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co
m
p
u
ter
,
I
C
T
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
T
h
ai
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
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s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
id
en
tifie
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d
is
tin
ct
s
k
ill
p
r
o
f
iles
th
r
o
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g
h
L
PA.
T
h
e
r
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lts
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
lev
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o
f
s
elf
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ted
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r
o
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,
p
ar
ticu
lar
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m
m
u
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n
d
I
C
T
s
k
ills
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wh
ile
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m
p
u
t
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k
ills
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e
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ate
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s
lig
h
tly
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T
h
e
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p
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v
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m
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u
a
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ce
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tu
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f
r
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ly
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icien
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p
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p
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f
o
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m
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g
d
ig
ital
s
tr
u
g
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ler
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.
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h
e
id
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tific
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o
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th
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p
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n
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p
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p
r
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io
n
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v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
At
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
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v
al
&
R
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d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
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3
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J
u
n
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20
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ip
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eir
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s
to
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h
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ce
p
ee
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le
ar
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g
.
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ch
s
h
o
u
ld
in
co
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p
o
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ate
o
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s
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ch
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o
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ic
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d
,
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at
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a
y
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lu
en
ce
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h
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m
p
ete
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y
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o
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o
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ities
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n
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tely
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ea
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f
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t
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UNDING
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h
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as
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ee
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p
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ted
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y
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Fu
n
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tal
Fu
n
d
(
FF
)
f
r
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m
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h
ailan
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n
n
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.
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7
8
.
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R
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NS ST
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h
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u
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al
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s
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o
n
tr
ib
u
to
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o
les
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ax
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y
(
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ed
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ize
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al
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th
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ip
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is
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u
tes,
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d
f
ac
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llab
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.
C
:
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o
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p
t
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a
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z
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t
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n
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:
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e
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r
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mi
n
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st
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a
t
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:
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n
d
i
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g
a
c
q
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si
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n
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NF
L
I
C
T
O
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N
T
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R
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S
T
ST
A
T
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M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
n
o
co
n
f
lict
o
f
in
ter
est.
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f
in
a
n
cial,
p
er
s
o
n
al,
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
in
ter
ests
co
u
ld
h
av
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
th
is
wo
r
k
.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
e
f
o
r
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
an
d
th
eir
r
ig
h
ts
to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e.
All
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
ly
to
p
r
o
tect
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
’
p
r
iv
ac
y
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
m
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lied
with
all
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lati
o
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d
in
s
titu
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p
o
licies
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d
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
ten
ets o
f
t
h
e
Helsin
k
i D
ec
lar
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
th
e
C
h
a
iy
ap
h
u
m
R
ajab
h
at
Un
iv
er
s
ity
E
th
ics C
o
m
m
ittee
o
n
Hu
m
an
R
esear
ch
(
ap
p
r
o
v
al
n
u
m
b
e
r
: H
E
6
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0
4
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)
.
DATA AV
AI
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at
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r
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in
g
a
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th
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r
[
J
S]
,
u
p
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ab
le
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eq
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est.
RE
F
E
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NC
E
S
[
1
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S
.
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p
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a
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.
S
i
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l
a
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Th
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Me
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[
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.
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[
3
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A
.
J.
U
z
o
ma
a
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.
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.
Eme
t
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m,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Th
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co
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1759
[
4
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a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
.
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h
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wa
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p
p
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0
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in
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lu
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ti
o
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fr
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m
M
a
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a
sa
ra
k
h
a
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
.
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r
re
se
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rc
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in
tere
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p
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sta
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stics
fo
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t
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v
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m
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t
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late
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p
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ly
sis
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d
u
c
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ti
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n
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d
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c
to
rs
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ll
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d
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le
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ls.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
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c
o
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tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
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:
e
r
2
_
su
n
a
n
@h
o
tma
il
.
c
o
m
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ira
ttik
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d
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p
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u
m
Ra
jab
h
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
T
h
a
il
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n
d
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e
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rn
e
d
a
m
a
ste
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g
re
e
in
sc
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m
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th
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m
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ti
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s
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d
u
c
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ti
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n
fro
m
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h
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sa
ra
k
h
a
m
Un
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v
e
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.
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wa
s
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p
p
o
in
ted
a
s
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
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0
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4
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
ta
c
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
rp
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e
m
o
@h
o
tma
il
.
c
o
m
.
J
itti
r
a
t
S
a
e
n
g
lo
e
tu
th
a
i
is
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n
As
so
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iate
P
ro
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ss
o
r
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F
a
c
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lt
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f
E
d
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c
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ti
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n
,
Na
k
h
o
n
P
a
th
o
m
Ra
jab
h
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Th
a
il
a
n
d
.
S
h
e
e
a
rn
e
d
a
P
h
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in
Cu
rricu
lu
m
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se
a
rc
h
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n
d
De
v
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lo
p
m
e
n
t
i
n
2
0
0
8
.
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r
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
c
u
rricu
lu
m
d
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v
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lo
p
m
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n
t,
th
e
tea
c
h
in
g
p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
,
c
rit
ica
l
t
h
in
k
in
g
,
a
n
d
se
lf
-
d
isc
ip
li
n
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sjit
ti
ra
t@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
J
a
r
u
wa
n
S
a
k
u
l
k
u
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
D.
P
sy
c
h
.
in
Cli
n
ica
l
P
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
y
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tas
m
a
n
ia,
Au
stra
li
a
,
a
n
d
h
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r
P
.
G
.
Dip
l
o
m
a
in
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p
l
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Ne
u
ro
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
y
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
Bristo
l,
U.K.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
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e
n
wo
rk
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g
a
s
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p
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h
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c
tu
re
r
a
n
d
a
c
li
n
ica
l
p
sy
c
h
o
lo
g
ist
in
T
h
a
il
a
n
d
sin
c
e
2
0
1
0
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
te
re
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
e
n
tal
h
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a
lt
h
issu
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s,
d
e
m
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ti
a
,
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ra
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lt
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n
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m
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tal
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it
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ra
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y
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sy
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g
ica
l
a
ss
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ss
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
th
e
imp
o
sto
r
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
o
n
in
h
i
g
h
e
r
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d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
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r
p
u
b
li
c
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ti
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p
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in
c
l
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d
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t
h
e
imp
o
sto
r
p
h
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n
o
m
e
n
o
n
,
a
d
v
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rse
c
h
il
d
h
o
o
d
e
x
p
e
rien
c
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s
,
a
n
d
th
e
d
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v
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lo
p
m
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n
t
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f
v
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rio
u
s
p
sy
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
jaru
wa
n
.
sa
u
@m
a
h
i
d
o
l.
e
d
u
.
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