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g
a
r
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
a
i
r
n
e
s
s
,
r
e
l
ia
b
i
l
ity
,
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
o
f
p
o
r
t
f
o
l
i
o
s
c
o
r
e
s
[
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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N:
2252
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-
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eff
ec
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’
in
p
o
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tfo
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men
t u
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(
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)
1591
T
h
e
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
-
b
ased
ass
ess
m
en
t
co
u
p
led
with
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ad
v
o
ca
cy
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
h
o
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ld
b
e
s
tu
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en
t
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ce
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ter
ed
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n
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
ju
s
tifie
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
c
h
an
g
es
in
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
[
5
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
h
as
m
ad
e
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
la
r
am
o
n
g
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
[
2
1
]
.
As
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atio
n
,
it
o
p
er
ates
o
n
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
,
th
at
en
ab
les
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t,
r
ef
lect
o
n
an
d
lear
n
f
r
o
m
ev
en
ts
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
lack
an
d
W
iliam
[
2
0
]
,
u
s
in
g
a
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
lear
n
i
n
g
o
b
jectiv
es,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
lear
n
in
g
h
as
tak
en
p
lace
.
I
n
Gh
a
n
a,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
p
o
r
tf
o
l
io
ass
ess
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
le
m
en
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
all
p
u
b
lic
co
lle
g
es
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tan
tly
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
wo
r
l
d
.
S
tu
d
en
t te
ac
h
er
s
ar
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
g
o
p
r
ac
tical
tr
ain
in
g
b
y
v
is
itin
g
a
lo
ca
l
s
c
h
o
o
l
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
ea
ch
s
em
ester
.
Du
r
in
g
th
ese
v
is
its
,
th
ey
o
b
s
er
v
e
an
d
lear
n
f
r
o
m
in
-
s
er
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
.
Af
t
er
th
e
v
is
it,
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
to
d
o
cu
m
en
t
th
eir
f
ield
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
in
clu
d
e
r
elev
an
t
ar
tifa
cts
as
ev
id
en
ce
,
an
d
s
u
b
m
it
th
is
d
o
cu
m
e
n
tatio
n
as
th
eir
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
f
o
r
s
co
r
i
n
g
.
T
u
t
o
r
s
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
u
s
in
g
a
n
a
n
aly
ti
c
s
co
r
in
g
r
u
b
r
ic.
Sin
ce
h
u
m
a
n
r
ater
s
ar
e
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
s
co
r
i
n
g
s
u
c
h
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
task
s
,
th
e
s
co
r
es
ar
e
lik
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
r
ater
s
’
s
u
b
jectiv
ity
.
I
n
a
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
a
ce
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
r
c
o
lleg
es
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
y
ex
p
r
ess
ed
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
g
r
a
d
es,
f
ee
l
in
g
th
at
t
h
eir
s
co
r
es
d
id
n
o
t
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ef
lect
th
ei
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
u
n
s
u
r
e
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
th
e
t
u
to
r
s
g
r
ad
ed
th
em
an
d
b
eliev
e
d
th
at
ce
r
tain
p
ee
r
s
wer
e
g
iv
en
p
r
ef
e
r
en
tial tr
ea
t
m
en
t.
R
esear
ch
o
n
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
Gh
an
a
h
as
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
ass
ess
m
en
t
[
1
]
,
teac
h
er
s
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
[
2
4
]
,
an
d
teac
h
er
s
’
g
r
a
d
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
r
ater
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
co
r
es
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
th
e
r
ater
e
f
f
ec
ts
in
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
ass
es
s
m
en
t
in
th
e
c
o
lleg
es
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
Gh
a
n
a.
T
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
th
e
d
iv
e
r
s
e
r
atin
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
tu
to
r
s
wh
en
s
co
r
in
g
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
.
2.
T
H
E
O
R
E
T
I
CA
L
B
A
SI
S
2
.
1
.
T
he
m
a
ny
-
f
a
ce
t
Ra
s
ch
m
o
del
(
M
F
RM
)
T
h
e
m
an
y
-
f
ac
et
R
asch
m
o
d
el
(
MFR
M)
i
s
an
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
Geo
r
g
R
asch
’
s
b
asic
two
-
f
ac
e
t
m
o
d
el
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
item
d
if
f
icu
lty
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
o
th
er
asp
ec
ts
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
ettin
g
s
th
at
co
u
ld
p
r
o
d
u
ce
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
-
ir
r
elev
a
n
t
v
ar
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
MFR
M
was
cr
ea
ted
with
ex
am
in
er
-
m
ed
iated
e
v
alu
at
io
n
s
in
m
in
d
;
as
a
r
esu
lt,
an
asp
ec
t
f
o
r
e
x
am
in
er
s
ev
er
ity
/len
ien
cy
was
i
n
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
ex
am
in
e
r
s
’
p
r
o
p
e
n
s
ity
to
ap
p
ly
r
atin
g
s
ca
les
p
er
th
ei
r
in
ter
n
al
n
o
r
m
s
o
f
r
elativ
e
len
ien
c
y
o
r
s
ev
er
ity
.
L
i
k
e
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el
g
en
e
r
ates
ca
n
d
id
ate
ab
ilit
y
esti
m
ates
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
item
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
th
e
MFR
M
p
r
o
v
id
es
ca
n
d
id
ate
ab
ilit
y
esti
m
ates
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
item
s
an
d
e
x
am
in
er
s
.
Als
o
in
clu
d
e
d
in
t
h
e
MFR
M
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
atin
g
s
ca
le
an
aly
s
is
.
A
s
a
n
e
x
t
e
n
s
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
g
e
n
e
r
i
c
R
a
s
c
h
m
o
d
e
l
t
o
a
cc
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
a
s
p
e
ct
s
o
f
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
t
h
a
t
c
o
u
l
d
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
-
i
r
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
L
i
n
ac
r
e
[
2
6
]
r
e
l
e
as
e
d
h
i
s
i
n
it
i
a
l
w
o
r
k
o
n
t
h
e
MF
R
M
in
1
9
8
9
.
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
M
F
R
M
,
f
o
r
i
n
s
t
a
n
c
e
,
ca
n
o
f
f
e
r
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
e
s
t
i
m
at
e
s
o
f
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
it
y
,
s
t
at
i
o
n
d
i
f
f
ic
u
l
t
y
,
a
n
d
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
i
n
a
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
o
r
t
f
o
l
i
o
s
c
o
r
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
M
FR
M
f
a
c
il
i
t
at
e
s
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
ti
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
a
l
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
s
c
o
r
e
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
b
i
a
s
o
r
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
i
r
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
v
a
r
ia
t
i
o
n
.
In
(
1
)
d
e
p
i
c
t
s
a
t
h
r
e
e
-
f
a
ce
t
MFR
M
i
n
wh
i
c
h
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
a
b
i
l
it
y
,
r
a
t
e
r
s
ev
e
r
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
i
t
e
m
(
o
r
s
t
a
ti
o
n
)
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
y
a
r
e
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
l
o
g
o
f
t
h
e
l
i
k
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
o
f
o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
k
v
.
k
-
1
o
n
a
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
c
al
e
.
ln
(
(
−
1
)
)
=
−
−
−
(
1
)
T
h
e
MFR
M
d
et
ec
ts
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
r
s
as w
ell
as it
em
s
a
n
d
c
an
d
i
d
ate
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t f
o
ll
o
w
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
i
ct
ed
p
att
er
n
o
f
an
s
we
r
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
in
g
t
o
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
l
y
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct,
i
n
k
ee
p
i
n
g
wit
h
t
h
e
p
r
esc
r
i
p
ti
v
e
as
p
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
R
a
s
ch
m
o
d
el
.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
g
e
n
e
r
a
liz
a
b
ili
ty
s
tu
d
i
es,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
m
o
r
e
d
esc
r
i
p
ti
v
e
a
n
d
a
tte
m
p
t
t
o
a
cc
o
u
n
t f
o
r
all
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
d
ata
,
a
n
d
ch
o
i
ce
s
tu
d
ies
,
w
h
i
c
h
o
f
f
e
r
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
o
n
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
to
les
s
en
s
o
u
r
c
es
o
f
c
o
n
s
t
r
u
ct
-
i
r
r
el
e
v
a
n
t
v
ar
ia
n
c
e
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
MFR
M
d
et
ec
ts
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
r
s
,
ite
m
s
,
an
d
ca
n
d
i
d
at
es
t
h
at
d
o
n
o
t
f
o
ll
o
w
th
e
p
r
ed
ict
e
d
p
at
ter
n
o
f
a
n
s
w
er
s
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
in
g
to
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
l
y
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct,
i
n
k
ee
p
i
n
g
wit
h
th
e
p
r
es
cr
i
p
t
iv
e
as
p
ec
t
o
f
th
e
R
asc
h
m
o
d
el
.
2
.
2
.
T
he
ha
wk
-
do
v
e
ef
f
ec
t
On
e
p
o
ten
tial v
u
ln
er
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
ass
ess
m
en
t
is
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
am
o
n
g
e
x
am
in
er
s
in
th
e
ir
lev
el
o
f
len
ien
cy
o
r
s
tr
ictn
ess
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
i
s
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
o
f
te
n
r
ef
er
r
e
d
to
as th
e
‘
h
awk
-
d
o
v
e
’
ef
f
ec
t,
e
n
tails
h
awk
s
b
ein
g
in
clin
ed
to
f
ail
m
o
s
t
ca
n
d
id
ates
d
u
e
to
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
h
i
g
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
wh
ile
d
o
v
es
t
en
d
to
p
ass
m
o
s
t
ca
n
d
id
ates.
T
h
e
h
aw
k
-
d
o
v
e
n
o
m
en
clatu
r
e
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
liter
atu
r
e
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
len
ien
t
an
d
s
ev
er
e
r
ater
s
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
i
lity
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
s
co
r
es
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
al
ex
am
in
e
r
s
is
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
th
e
h
ar
s
h
n
ess
o
f
th
e
r
ater
.
R
ater
s
ev
er
ity
o
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
a
r
ater
s
h
o
ws
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esis
tan
ce
to
war
d
s
an
ag
r
ee
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
5
90
-
1
59
6
1592
s
co
r
in
g
p
atter
n
d
u
r
in
g
tr
ain
i
n
g
s
ess
io
n
s
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
f
a
ilu
r
e
to
i
d
en
tify
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
r
ater
s
ev
er
ity
c
o
u
ld
lead
to
u
n
ju
s
t
o
r
in
ac
cu
r
ate
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
Stu
d
ies
b
y
E
ck
es
[
2
8
]
h
av
e
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
s
h
o
wn
th
at
it
is
u
n
r
ea
lis
tic
t
o
ex
p
ec
t
ex
am
in
er
s
to
b
eh
a
v
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
atin
g
p
atter
n
s
.
Sev
er
al
elem
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
o
r
r
atin
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
at
titu
d
es,
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
an
d
wo
r
k
lo
ad
c
o
u
ld
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
r
atin
g
p
atter
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ater
m
a
k
in
g
s
u
ch
a
r
ater
to
b
e
class
if
ied
as
eith
er
a
‘
h
awk
’
o
r
‘
d
o
v
e’
.
Desp
ite
th
e
s
im
p
lici
ty
o
f
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
h
awk
an
d
d
o
v
e
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
d
ev
el
o
p
a
r
eliab
le
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
to
tack
le
s
u
ch
r
atin
g
p
atter
n
s
o
r
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
th
r
ee
-
f
ac
et
d
esig
n
with
in
th
e
MFR
M
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
ets
in
clu
d
ed
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t,
tu
to
r
(
r
ater
)
,
a
n
d
item
(
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
)
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
in
g
r
u
b
r
i
cs
u
s
ed
b
y
tu
to
r
s
in
r
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
u
s
e
v
ar
y
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ca
teg
o
r
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
ea
ch
s
ec
tio
n
as
a
r
esu
lt
p
ar
tial
cr
ed
it
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
PC
M)
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
s
ter
s
[
2
9
]
,
th
e
PC
M
is
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
wh
en
r
esp
o
n
s
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
item
s
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
r
wh
e
n
th
e
r
elativ
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lty
o
r
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
task
s
v
ar
ies ac
r
o
s
s
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
elied
o
n
p
r
e
-
ex
is
tin
g
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata,
wh
ich
wer
e
ex
tan
t
d
ata
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
a
s
em
ester
.
E
x
am
in
in
g
ar
ch
iv
al
d
ata
f
o
r
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
th
er
th
an
its
in
itial
in
ten
t
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
u
n
co
v
e
r
o
r
r
ea
s
s
ess
em
er
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
in
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices.
I
t
co
u
ld
o
f
f
er
r
esear
c
h
er
s
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
t
o
v
alid
ate
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
0
]
.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
a
t
o
tal
o
f
2
0
7
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
2
0
2
1
/2
0
2
2
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
th
at
wer
e
s
co
r
ed
b
y
tu
to
r
s
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
two
co
lleg
es
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
O’
Ma
r
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
3
1
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
2
0
-
3
0
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
p
er
f
ac
et,
th
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
ll
eg
es
o
f
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
o
r
t
f
o
li
o
s
a
r
e
ass
ess
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
tea
c
h
i
n
g
i
n
s
c
h
o
o
l
r
u
b
r
i
c
f
o
r
c
o
ll
e
g
e
-
b
ased
g
r
a
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
e
v
a
lu
ati
o
n
f
o
r
m
h
as
f
o
u
r
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
wi
th
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
ite
m
s
s
c
o
r
ed
o
n
d
is
t
in
ct
r
ati
n
g
s
ca
l
es.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
“
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
p
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
y
,
”
u
n
d
e
r
s
c
o
r
es
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
cl
ea
r
l
y
e
x
p
r
ess
i
n
g
o
n
e'
s
v
a
lu
es,
o
b
je
cti
v
es
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
icti
o
n
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
an
d
le
ar
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
ce
n
t
er
s
o
n
“
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
r
ef
l
ec
ti
o
n
,
”
w
h
ile
th
e
t
h
i
r
d
el
em
e
n
t
p
e
r
t
ai
n
s
t
o
“
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
ap
h
s
/
a
r
ti
f
a
cts,
”
w
h
i
c
h
n
e
ce
s
s
it
at
es
t
h
e
in
c
lu
s
io
n
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
ia
te
v
is
u
a
l
m
at
e
r
ials
a
cc
u
r
ate
ly
d
e
p
ic
ti
n
g
th
e
a
cti
v
it
ies co
n
d
u
ct
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
e
ac
h
v
is
i
t.
L
as
tl
y
,
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
“
p
o
s
t
o
b
s
e
r
v
at
io
n
p
r
es
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
r
r
e
p
o
r
t
,
”
e
m
p
h
as
iz
es
w
r
i
tte
n
a
n
d
o
r
al
p
r
es
en
tati
o
n
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
4
.
1
.
Str
ict
nes
s
a
nd
leniency
beha
v
io
r
a
mo
ng
ra
t
er
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
h
o
w
r
ater
s
b
eh
av
e
wh
en
e
v
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
r
ater
s
'
lev
els
o
f
s
tr
ictn
e
s
s
an
d
len
ien
cy
in
s
co
r
in
g
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
th
e
r
ate
r
f
ac
et
in
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
ep
o
r
t,
wh
ich
aim
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
co
r
in
g
p
atter
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
r
a
ter
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
s
co
r
es a
s
s
ig
n
ed
to
ea
ch
cr
iter
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
co
r
in
g
r
u
b
r
ics.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t
r
ep
o
r
t
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
ater
f
ac
et
R
a
t
e
r
Lo
g
i
t
me
a
s
u
r
e
SE
I
n
f
i
t
O
u
t
f
i
t
F
a
i
r
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
O
b
serv
e
d
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
CI
r
a
n
g
e
R4
1
.
2
6
.
0
7
.
8
9
.
9
3
4
.
0
0
4
.
3
2
1
.
1
2
1
.
4
R3
.
0
4
.
0
7
.
7
7
.
8
9
3
.
4
1
3
.
3
1
-
.
1
0
.
1
8
R5
-
.
2
9
.
0
9
1
.
4
2
1
.
2
3
3
.
2
7
3
.
1
1
-
.
4
7
-
.
1
1
R1
-
.
3
0
.
0
7
1
.
0
1
.
9
5
3
.
2
7
3
.
0
8
-
.
4
4
-
.
1
6
R2
-
.
7
0
.
0
7
1
.
0
8
1
.
0
9
3
.
1
3
2
.
8
5
-
.
8
4
-
.
5
6
M
e
a
n
.
0
0
.
0
7
1
.
0
3
1
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a
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4
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o
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e
l
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s
a
m
p
l
e
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o
o
t
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m
e
a
n
-
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u
a
r
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d
e
v
i
a
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M
S
E
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=
.
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8
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t
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e
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4
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e
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r
a
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o
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i
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e
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3
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5
9
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e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
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se
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n
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e
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9
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l
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i
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e
d
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l
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l
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h
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s
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a
r
e
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4
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SD
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.
2
6
I
n
t
h
e
f
i
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s
t
c
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l
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m
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,
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r
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e
o
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t
h
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r
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m
m
o
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h
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R
2
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5
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r
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l
y
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r
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4
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wit
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v
al
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e
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t
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a
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1
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a
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r
s
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h
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it
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al
u
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r
ea
te
r
t
h
a
n
1
.
0
s
h
o
w
m
o
r
e
v
a
r
ia
ti
o
n
th
a
n
e
x
p
ec
t
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
ir
r
a
ti
n
g
s
;
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is
is
c
all
e
d
m
is
f
i
t
(
o
r
u
n
d
er
f
it
)
.
R
at
er
s
1
,
5
,
an
d
2
s
h
o
w
h
ig
h
m
ea
n
-
s
q
u
ar
e
f
it
s
tatis
t
ics
.
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h
is
i
n
d
ic
ates
t
h
at
t
h
e
y
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n
o
t
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n
s
is
t
en
t
(
t
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d
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ta
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le
)
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n
t
h
ei
r
j
u
d
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en
t
o
f
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ila
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p
e
r
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m
a
n
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es.
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o
r
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
s
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
e
ab
ilit
y
l
e
v
el
,
d
i
f
f
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e
n
t
r
ati
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g
s
a
r
e
aw
ar
d
e
d
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n
tr
ast
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ate
r
s
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h
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n
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t
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d
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n
d
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ti
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g
t
h
at
t
h
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r
r
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g
s
ar
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n
d
a
n
t
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
;
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h
is
is
c
all
ed
o
v
e
r
f
itt
in
g
.
R
ate
r
4
a
n
d
3
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o
w
m
e
an
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
t
atis
t
ics
s
u
g
g
es
t
th
a
t
th
ese
r
ate
r
s
a
r
e
o
v
er
-
f
itt
i
n
g
(
t
o
o
p
r
e
d
ic
ta
b
le
)
.
I
n
o
t
h
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
t
h
ese
r
at
er
s
a
r
e
h
i
g
h
ly
li
k
e
ly
t
o
d
is
p
l
a
y
a
r
est
r
i
cti
o
n
o
f
r
a
n
g
e
.
T
h
e
y
te
n
d
t
o
g
i
v
e
s
im
i
la
r
r
at
in
g
s
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
es
o
f
d
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f
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
b
ili
ty
l
e
v
els
,
t
h
u
s
n
o
t
d
is
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
ti
n
g
.
Ad
d
i
ti
o
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
v
al
u
es
o
f
s
e
p
a
r
at
io
n
r
at
io
,
s
e
p
a
r
at
io
n
i
n
d
ex
,
a
n
d
s
ep
ar
ati
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
r
el
ia
b
il
it
y
i
n
d
ic
at
e
t
h
a
t t
h
e
r
at
e
r
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
ei
r
s
c
o
r
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t’
s
p
o
r
t
f
o
li
o
s
.
Si
m
il
a
r
ly
,
t
h
e
f
i
x
e
d
-
ef
f
ec
ts
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
v
a
lu
e
was
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
r
ate
r
s
e
x
h
i
b
it
ed
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
s
w
h
en
s
c
o
r
i
n
g
.
4
.
2
.
H
a
lo
e
f
f
ec
t
An
o
th
er
r
ater
b
eh
av
io
r
th
at
is
h
ig
h
ly
lik
ely
to
o
cc
u
r
in
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
ass
ess
m
en
t
i
s
th
e
h
alo
ef
f
ec
t.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
is
ef
f
ec
t,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
ep
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
item
f
a
ce
t
was
ex
am
in
ed
as
a
s
tatis
ti
ca
l
in
d
icato
r
at
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
lev
el.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
it
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
r
atio
was
8
.
2
3
,
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
in
d
ex
was
1
1
.
3
1
,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ep
ar
atio
n
in
d
ex
was
.
9
9
,
an
d
th
e
f
i
x
e
d
-
ef
f
ec
ts
C
h
i
-
s
q
u
ar
e
v
alu
e
was
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
(
χ2
=
1
0
5
1
.
7
,
SD
=1
3
,
p
=.
0
0
)
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
ese
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
els
o
f
th
e
cr
iter
ia
d
if
f
er
ed
,
a
n
d
th
er
e
was
n
o
h
alo
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
s
c
o
r
in
g
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
r
ater
s
d
is
p
lay
ed
h
alo
b
eh
av
io
r
,
th
e
in
f
it
an
d
o
u
tf
it
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
r
ater
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
s
tatis
tical
in
d
icato
r
s
at
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
lev
el,
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
ep
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
ite
m
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
lo
g
it
v
alu
es
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
els
o
f
th
e
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
g
r
ea
ter
(
2
.
0
3
–
(
-
1
.
3
3
)
=3
.
3
6
)
.
I
f
th
e
f
it
v
al
u
e
o
f
a
r
ater
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
1
,
th
at
r
at
er
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
to
d
is
p
lay
h
a
lo
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
n
th
is
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
r
ater
s
5
,
1
,
an
d
2
h
ad
a
f
it
v
al
u
e
ab
o
v
e
1
;
th
is
s
u
g
g
ests
a
h
alo
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
s
co
r
in
g
o
f
th
ese
r
ater
s
(
T
ab
le
1
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t
r
ep
o
r
t
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1
2
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[
1
3
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1
6
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1
8
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T
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if
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tf
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s
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T
h
is
f
in
d
in
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co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ates
Hu
an
g
an
d
W
h
ip
p
le
[
2
7
]
o
b
s
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v
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th
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ig
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ican
tly
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u
p
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ts
Sata
an
d
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ak
ay
a
[
3
2
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ass
er
tio
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at
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s
ex
h
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it
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ar
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g
lev
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co
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ased
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len
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s
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[
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n
d
s
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ex
p
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[
3
3
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ce
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to
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e
in
v
o
lv
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in
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ar
io
u
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ts
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s
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ip
ts
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d
p
o
r
tf
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lio
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r
k
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t
h
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d
em
a
n
d
s
ca
n
cr
ea
te
tim
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ain
ts
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o
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ess
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ts
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d
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tially
m
o
r
e
len
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r
i
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co
n
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is
ten
t
g
r
a
d
in
g
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u
to
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s
f
ac
in
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e
p
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r
e
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ag
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ic
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m
ay
en
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ter
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itiv
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wh
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air
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ab
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s
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tly
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ly
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r
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u
s
af
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tin
g
t
h
e
r
eliab
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y
o
f
th
e
g
r
ad
es
g
iv
en
[
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tr
ess
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
ac
ad
em
ic
d
em
an
d
s
ca
n
in
ten
s
if
y
s
u
b
jectiv
e
b
iases
,
lead
in
g
tu
t
o
r
s
to
d
ep
e
n
d
m
o
r
e
o
n
h
eu
r
is
tics
th
an
o
n
d
eta
iled
an
aly
s
is
wh
en
ev
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
wo
r
k
.
T
h
es
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
s
tr
ictn
ess
an
d
len
ien
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am
o
n
g
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ater
s
im
p
ac
t
th
e
a
s
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es
s
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
lead
in
g
to
i
n
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
an
d
u
n
eq
u
al
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
th
r
ea
ten
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
[
3
3
]
.
I
m
p
le
m
en
tin
g
q
u
ality
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ea
s
u
r
es
lik
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ater
t
r
ain
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
v
ar
iab
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am
o
n
g
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ater
s
.
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iter
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r
e
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as
s
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o
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at
tak
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th
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o
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ai
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en
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n
ce
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u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
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ess
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en
t
cr
iter
ia,
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
an
d
ex
p
ec
t
atio
n
s
[
7
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
r
atin
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
tu
to
r
s
wh
e
n
s
co
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
in
th
e
co
lleg
es
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
Gh
an
a.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
th
at
tu
to
r
s
in
th
e
c
o
lleg
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em
o
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tr
ated
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tr
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an
d
len
ien
cy
in
th
eir
s
co
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in
g
wh
ich
ca
n
im
p
ac
t
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
co
r
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
lleg
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s
h
o
u
ld
im
p
lem
e
n
t
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
f
o
r
r
ate
r
s
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
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r
am
m
ed
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
in
cr
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s
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g
r
ater
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
p
o
te
n
tial
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iases
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d
p
r
o
v
id
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g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
m
i
n
im
ize
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im
p
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t.
R
ater
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
en
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e
d
to
ad
o
p
t
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
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d
o
b
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e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
wh
en
e
v
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atin
g
p
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tf
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s
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s
tr
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esp
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3
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8
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[
9
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K
.
B
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0
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J.
H
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n
g
,
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[
1
1
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,
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.
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3
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[
1
4
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[
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[
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9
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.