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[
1
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–
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3
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.
T
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14
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3
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J
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20
25
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8
1
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1816
lead
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Sch
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lea
d
er
s
h
i
p
,
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
eir
co
llectiv
e,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e,
an
d
f
in
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
n
at
u
r
e
[
6
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Un
io
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
s
th
e
v
ital
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
,
ad
v
o
ca
tin
g
f
o
r
a
r
ed
ef
i
n
itio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
an
d
en
v
is
io
n
in
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
,
in
clu
s
iv
e,
an
d
a
cc
ess
ib
le
d
ig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
E
u
r
o
p
e
[
1
2
]
.
Gr
ee
ce
,
as
a
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Un
io
n
(
EU
)
m
em
b
e
r
s
tate,
h
as
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
d
b
y
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
p
o
l
icies
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
an
d
d
i
g
ital
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
I
t h
as
also
u
n
d
er
tak
en
a
s
er
ies o
f
ac
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
teac
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
,
d
e
v
elo
p
d
ig
i
tal
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
an
d
lear
n
er
s
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
[
1
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
alth
o
u
g
h
ex
is
tin
g
li
ter
atu
r
e
h
as
s
tar
ted
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
th
e
r
e
r
em
ain
s
a
n
ee
d
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
s
h
ap
e
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
an
d
teac
h
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
ese
d
ig
ital
-
ag
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
p
ar
t
o
f
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
th
at
in
cl
u
d
ed
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
(
QDT
L
P)
[
1
3
]
.
Dr
awin
g
o
n
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject,
it
s
ee
k
s
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
attr
ib
u
tes,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
lev
el,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
y
ea
r
s
at
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
ch
o
o
l,
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
t
h
e
Dir
e
cto
r
ate
o
f
Prim
ar
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
DPE)
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
elo
n
g
s
to
,
im
p
ac
t
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital a
g
e
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
i
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
e
n
ab
le
s
ch
o
o
l
l
ea
d
er
s
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
with
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
v
ar
ied
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
B
y
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
MA
NOVA
)
an
d
an
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
ANOV
A)
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
th
e
in
tr
icate
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
ig
ital
a
g
e
a
n
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
with
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
a
r
e
a
n
ticip
ated
t
o
s
h
e
d
lig
h
t
o
n
h
o
w
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
h
ap
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
o
n
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
,
th
e
r
e
b
y
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
a
d
ap
t
atio
n
o
f
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
a
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
b
o
th
teac
h
er
s
an
d
le
ar
n
er
s
in
n
av
ig
atin
g
th
is
n
ew
r
ea
lity
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
two
k
ey
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
I
t
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
;
a
n
d
ii)
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
will
ex
am
in
e
wh
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
em
er
g
e
a
m
o
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
as
it
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
f
ill
a
g
ap
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
an
d
its
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
will
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
t
o
p
ic
b
u
t
also
to
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
i
p
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
m
ay
lead
to
m
o
r
e
tailo
r
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
W
ith
th
e
r
ap
id
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
th
e
ac
c
eler
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
d
u
e
to
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
h
av
e
cr
ea
ted
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
.
T
o
n
av
ig
ate
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
,
lead
e
r
s
m
u
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
n
ew
s
k
ills
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
n
e
ed
s
o
f
th
eir
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
attr
ib
u
tes
in
f
lu
en
ce
t
h
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
a
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
el
y
g
u
id
i
n
g
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
itie
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
er
a
o
f
d
ig
ital r
ef
o
r
m
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
l
o
y
s
a
q
u
an
tit
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
[
1
5
]
,
u
tili
zin
g
d
ata
c
o
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
web
s
u
r
v
ey
b
ased
o
n
th
e
QDT
L
P
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
r
o
m
5
0
5
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
a
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
p
h
ase
th
at
estab
lis
h
ed
th
e
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
o
f
th
e
QDT
L
P
r
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
[
1
3
]
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
i
n
cip
als,
v
ice
-
p
r
in
cip
als,
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
s
p
ec
i
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
taf
f
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
ex
am
in
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
el
ated
to
th
e
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
QDT
L
P:
d
ig
ita
l
s
k
ills
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
d
ig
ital
ag
e
,
an
d
te
ac
h
er
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
.
T
h
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
i
n
clu
d
e
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
s
u
b
ject
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
y
ea
r
s
at
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
ch
o
o
l,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies a
n
d
lea
d
ers
h
ip
p
r
a
ctice
s
in
Greek
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
(
A
n
to
n
io
s
K
o
kk
o
n
o
s
)
1817
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l,
a
n
d
th
e
DPE
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
elo
n
g
s
to
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject
r
ec
eiv
ed
ap
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Pelo
p
o
n
n
ese
(
p
r
o
to
co
l
n
u
m
b
er
:
7
6
3
6
/2
9
-
03
-
2
0
2
2
)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
R
eg
io
n
al
D
ir
ec
to
r
ate
o
f
Prim
ar
y
an
d
Seco
n
d
ar
y
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
o
f
Pelo
p
o
n
n
ese
g
r
an
ted
wr
itten
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
is
s
tu
d
y
with
in
th
e
Pelo
p
o
n
n
ese
R
eg
io
n
(
p
r
o
to
co
l
n
u
m
b
e
r
:
7
5
6
/0
2
-
02
-
2
0
2
3
)
[
1
3
]
.
Data
co
llectio
n
was c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t f
r
o
m
Ap
r
il to
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
3
,
1
9
9
p
r
in
cip
als,
v
ice
-
p
r
i
n
cip
als,
teac
h
er
s
,
a
n
d
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
taf
f
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
2
1
5
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
th
e
Pelo
p
o
n
n
e
s
e
r
eg
io
n
in
Gr
ee
ce
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
2
0
2
2
-
2
0
2
3
s
ch
o
o
l
y
ea
r
.
A
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
5
0
5
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
an
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
am
p
le
-
to
-
item
r
atio
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
r
esear
ch
g
o
als
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
s
ize
en
s
u
r
es
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
c
o
n
f
id
en
ce
(
9
8
.
5
6
%)
an
d
a
lo
w
m
ar
g
in
o
f
er
r
o
r
(
5
%).
Stra
t
if
ied
s
am
p
lin
g
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
s
elec
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
ea
ch
r
eg
io
n
al
u
n
it
o
f
Pelo
p
o
n
n
ese
[
1
3
]
.
Deta
iled
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
f
ac
to
r
s
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
QDT
L
P
(
d
ig
ital sk
ills
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
t
ices,
d
ig
ital a
g
e,
teac
h
er
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
)
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Me
an
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
(
±
)
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
d
ig
ital sk
ills
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
d
ig
ital a
g
e
an
d
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
N=
5
0
5
)
D
e
mo
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
(
n
)
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
k
i
l
l
s
Le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
a
g
e
Te
a
c
h
e
r
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
G
e
n
d
e
r
F
e
mal
e
(
3
3
1
)
4
.
6
7
±
.
9
1
4
.
1
6
±
.
9
9
5
.
0
8
±
.
5
8
4
.
3
9
±
.
9
4
M
a
l
e
(
1
7
4
)
4
.
7
3
±
.
8
4
4
.
2
4
±
.
9
7
5
.
0
1
±
.
6
0
4
.
3
8
±
1
.
0
3
A
g
e
≤
3
4
(
8
7
)
4
.
2
9
±
1
.
0
1
4
.
0
7
±
1
.
0
3
5
.
0
3
±
.
5
3
4
.
4
6
±
.
9
9
35
-
4
4
(
1
2
9
)
4
.
5
8
±
.
8
9
4
.
1
2
±
.
9
5
5
.
0
8
±
.
5
8
4
.
4
0
±
.
9
2
45
-
5
4
(
1
4
7
)
4
.
8
5
±
.
8
4
4
.
2
1
±
1
.
0
3
5
.
0
6
±
.
6
3
4
.
3
2
±
.
9
8
≥
5
5
(
1
4
2
)
4
.
8
6
±
.
7
4
4
.
2
9
±
.
9
3
5
.
0
4
±
.
5
9
4
.
4
1
±
.
9
9
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
B
a
c
h
e
l
o
r
’
s d
e
g
r
e
e
(
2
5
1
)
4
.
6
9
±
.
8
5
4
.
1
4
±
.
9
8
5
.
0
3
±
.
5
9
4
.
2
7
±
.
9
7
P
o
st
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
(
2
5
4
)
4
.
6
9
±
.
9
2
4
.
2
3
±
.
9
8
5
.
0
8
±
.
5
8
4
.
5
0
±
.
9
5
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Te
a
c
h
e
r
(
4
0
3
)
4
.
6
9
±
.
9
0
4
.
1
9
±
.
9
8
5
.
0
4
±
.
5
8
4
.
3
9
±
.
9
7
O
t
h
e
r
(
1
0
2
)
4
.
6
8
±
.
8
2
4
.
1
6
±
1
.
0
0
5
.
1
2
±
.
5
8
4
.
3
7
±
.
9
5
Y
e
a
r
s
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
U
p
t
o
t
h
r
e
e
y
e
a
r
s (
2
5
)
4
.
5
9
±
1
.
0
7
4
.
2
9
±
.
8
9
5
.
0
8
±
.
4
8
4
.
6
3
±
.
8
7
F
o
u
r
t
o
n
i
n
e
y
e
a
r
s (
8
5
)
4
.
2
6
±
.
8
9
4
.
0
0
±
1
.
0
0
5
.
0
6
±
.
5
7
4
.
3
5
±
1
.
0
0
Te
n
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
(
3
9
5
)
4
.
7
9
±
.
8
4
4
.
2
2
±
.
9
8
5
.
0
5
±
.
6
0
4
.
3
8
±
.
9
7
Y
e
a
r
s
o
f
w
o
r
k
a
t
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
sc
h
o
o
l
U
p
t
o
t
h
r
e
e
y
e
a
r
s (
1
9
5
)
4
.
4
6
±
.
9
4
4
.
0
0
±
1
.
0
6
5
.
0
3
±
.
5
9
4
.
2
8
±
1
.
0
4
F
o
u
r
t
o
n
i
n
e
y
e
a
r
s (
1
2
2
)
4
.
8
1
±
.
8
6
4
.
3
1
±
.
9
9
5
.
0
9
±
.
6
0
4
.
4
9
±
.
8
4
Te
n
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
(
1
8
8
)
4
.
8
5
±
.
7
9
4
.
3
0
±
.
8
7
5
.
0
6
±
.
5
7
4
.
4
3
±
.
9
6
R
o
l
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
a
f
f
(
3
5
9
)
4
.
5
4
±
.
9
1
4
.
1
2
±
1
.
0
1
5
.
0
4
±
.
5
8
4
.
3
7
±
.
9
6
P
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
,
v
i
c
e
-
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
(
1
4
6
)
5
.
0
5
±
.
7
0
4
.
3
4
±
.
9
1
5
.
0
8
±
.
5
9
4
.
4
3
±
.
9
8
D
P
E
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
e
l
o
n
g
s
to
D
P
E
o
f
A
r
g
o
l
i
d
a
(
1
4
6
)
4
.
5
0
±
1
.
0
0
3
.
9
9
±
1
.
0
1
5
.
0
9
±
.
6
0
4
.
1
8
±
.
9
9
D
P
E
o
f
A
r
c
a
d
i
a
(
6
2
)
4
.
7
4
±
.
7
8
4
.
0
8
±
.
9
5
5
.
0
1
±
.
5
9
4
.
3
4
±
.
9
6
D
P
E
o
f
K
o
r
i
n
t
h
i
a
(
1
3
4
)
4
.
6
9
±
.
8
8
4
.
2
3
±
.
9
6
5
.
0
4
±
.
5
9
4
.
4
6
±
.
9
9
D
P
E
o
f
L
a
k
o
n
i
a
(
8
2
)
4
.
7
2
±
.
8
1
4
.
2
9
±
.
9
7
5
.
0
5
±
.
5
2
4
.
4
6
±
.
9
8
D
P
E
o
f
M
e
ss
i
n
i
a
(
1
3
6
)
4
.
7
7
±
.
8
8
4
.
2
6
±
1
.
0
0
5
.
0
7
±
.
6
2
4
.
4
3
±
.
9
2
T
h
e
2
2
-
item
QDT
L
P
r
esear
c
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
a
6
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
QDT
L
P
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
lit
er
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
an
d
e
x
p
er
t
in
p
u
t,
with
th
e
aim
o
f
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
Gr
ee
k
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e’
s
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
i
ty
was
en
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
item
s
elec
ti
o
n
,
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
an
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
g
u
ar
a
n
teein
g
co
n
c
ep
tu
al
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t e
q
u
iv
alen
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
lan
g
u
ag
es,
as d
e
s
cr
ib
ed
in
d
etail
b
y
Ko
k
k
o
n
o
s
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
J
ASP
an
d
J
am
o
v
i
f
o
r
m
ac
OS
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
in
v
es
tig
ate
th
e
ab
o
v
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
a
s
er
ies
o
f
s
tati
s
t
ical
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
First,
one
-
way
MA
NOVA
s
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
3
]
to
e
x
am
in
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
–
g
en
d
er
,
ag
e,
s
u
b
ject
s
p
ec
iali
za
tio
n
,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
wo
r
k
at
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
ch
o
o
l,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
r
o
le
with
in
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l,
a
n
d
DPE
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
elo
n
g
s
to
–
o
n
th
e
f
o
u
r
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les/
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
f
ac
to
r
s
:
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
an
d
teac
h
er
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
.
Un
iv
ar
iate
ANOV
As
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
f
u
r
th
er
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
an
d
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
a
n
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
attr
ib
u
tes
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e.
T
h
e
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
was
ap
p
lied
t
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
aly
s
es
to
ad
ju
s
t
p
-
v
al
u
e
s
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
f
am
ily
-
wis
e
er
r
o
r
r
ate,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tatis
tical
r
ig
o
r
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
A
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
p
≤
.
0
5
was a
p
p
lied
to
all
s
tatis
tical
test
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
1
5
-
1
8
2
3
1818
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
T
h
e
one
-
w
a
y
M
A
N
O
VA
s
r
e
v
e
a
l
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d
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l
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h
a
t
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e
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e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
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l
es
s
u
c
h
as
a
g
e
(
W
i
l
k
s
’
s
λ
=
.
9
0
1
,
F
(
1
2
,
1
31
8
)
=
4
.
4
1
2
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
e
v
e
l
(
W
i
l
k
s
’
s
λ
=
.
9
7
9
,
F
(
4
,
5
0
0
)
=
2
.
6
9
2
,
p
=
.
0
3
0
)
,
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
t
ea
c
h
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
(
W
i
l
k
s
’
s
λ
=
.
9
2
6
,
F
(
8,
998)
=
4
.
8
7
2
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
,
y
e
a
r
s
a
t
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
c
h
o
o
l
(
W
i
l
k
s
’
s
λ
=.
9
5
0
,
F
(
8
,
9
9
8
)
=
3
.
7
2
4
,
p
=
.
0
0
1
)
,
a
n
d
r
o
l
e
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
(
W
i
l
k
s
’
s
λ
=
.
9
1
8
,
F
(
4
,
5
0
0)
=
1
1
.
1
8
8
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
)
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
e
d
t
h
e
a
f
o
r
e
m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
es
(
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
k
i
l
ls
,
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
d
i
g
it
a
l
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
t
e
ac
h
e
r
le
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
)
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
li
k
e
g
e
n
d
e
r
,
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
s
p
e
ci
a
l
i
za
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
DP
E
t
o
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
b
e
l
o
n
g
s
t
o
,
d
i
d
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
on
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
s
k
i
l
ls
,
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
p
r
ac
t
i
c
es
,
d
i
g
i
ta
l
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
t
ea
c
h
e
r
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
(
W
il
k
s
’
s
λ
=
.
9
8
8
,
F
(
4,
5
0
0
)
=
1
.
5
6
9
,
p
=
.
1
8
1
,
W
i
l
k
s
’
s
λ
=
.
9
9
4
,
F
(
4
,
5
0
0
)
=
.
7
0
1
,
p
=
.
5
9
1
,
W
i
l
k
s
’
s
λ
=
.
9
6
9
,
F
(
1
6
,
1
5
1
9)
=
.
9
8
9
,
p
=
.
4
6
6
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
)
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
u
n
iv
ar
iate
ANOV
As
f
o
r
ag
e
in
d
icate
d
a
s
tatis
tical
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
(
F
(3,
501)
=1
0
.
5
7
2
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
η
²
p
=.
0
6
0
)
.
Po
s
t
-
h
o
c
an
al
y
s
es
with
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
h
o
wed
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
ed
≤
3
4
r
ep
o
r
te
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
s
co
r
es
(
M
=4
.
2
9
±
1
.
0
1
)
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
o
s
e
ag
ed
4
5
-
5
4
(
Μ
=4
.
8
5
±
.
8
4
)
an
d
≥
5
5
(
Μ
=4
.
8
6
±
.
7
4
)
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
3
5
-
4
4
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
h
ad
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
s
co
r
es
(
Μ
=4
.
5
8
±
.
8
9
)
th
a
n
th
e
≥
5
5
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
.
Als
o
,
ANOV
As
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
s
tatis
t
ically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
in
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
F
(1,
503)
=7
.
4
9
4
,
p
=.
0
0
6
,
η
²
p
=.
0
1
5
)
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
t
icip
an
ts
h
o
ld
in
g
a
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
d
eg
r
ee
r
e
p
o
r
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
s
co
r
es
(
M
=4
.
2
7
±
.
9
7
)
th
an
th
o
s
e
with
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
e
g
r
ee
(
Μ
=4
.
5
0
±
.
9
5
)
.
Sig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
ac
r
o
s
s
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
a
s
in
d
icate
d
b
y
u
n
iv
ar
iate
ANOV
As
(
F
(2,
502)
=1
3
.
3
9
6
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
η
²
p
=.
0
5
1
)
.
B
o
n
f
e
r
r
o
n
i
p
o
s
t
-
h
o
c
test
s
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
teac
h
er
s
with
f
o
u
r
to
n
in
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
co
r
ed
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
(
M
=4
.
2
6
±
.
8
9
)
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
o
s
e
with
at
least
1
0
y
ea
r
s
(
Μ
=4
.
7
9
±
.
8
4
)
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
am
o
n
g
y
ea
r
s
at
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
ch
o
o
l,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
u
n
iv
ar
iate
ANOV
As
(
F
(2,
502)
=1
0
.
7
2
5
,
p
<
.
0
0
1
,
η
²
p
=.
0
4
1
;
F
(2
,
502)
=6
.
0
2
1
,
p
=.
0
0
3
,
η
²
p
=.
0
2
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
)
.
B
o
n
f
er
r
o
n
i
p
o
s
t
-
h
o
c
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
≤
3
y
ea
r
s
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ch
o
o
l
r
ep
o
r
te
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
s
co
r
es
o
n
b
o
th
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
(
M
=4
.
4
6
±
.
9
4
)
a
n
d
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
(
M
=4
.
0
0
±
1
.
0
6
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
o
s
e
with
4
-
9
y
ea
r
s
(
Μ
=4
.
8
1
±
.
8
6
;
Μ
=4
.
3
1
±
.
9
9
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
)
,
an
d
≥
1
0
y
ea
r
s
o
f
wo
r
k
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
c
h
o
o
l
(
Μ
=4
.
8
5
±
.
7
9
;
Μ
=4
.
3
0
±
.
8
7
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
)
.
Fi
n
ally
,
th
e
u
n
iv
ar
iate
ANOV
A
id
en
tifie
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
(
F
(1,
503)
=3
6
.
1
4
2
,
p
<.
0
0
1
,
η
²
p
=.
0
6
8
)
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
(
F
(1,
503)
=5
.
2
9
5
,
p
=.
0
2
2
,
η
²
p
=.
0
1
0
)
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l.
T
h
ese
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
taf
f
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
s
co
r
es
in
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
(
M
=4
.
5
4
±
.
9
1
)
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tic
es
(
M
=4
.
1
2
±
1
.
0
1
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
in
cip
als
a
n
d
v
ice
-
p
r
i
n
cip
als
(
Μ
=5
.
0
5
±
.
7
0
;
Μ
=4
.
3
4
±
.
9
1
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
)
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
ar
iate
ANOV
As an
d
p
air
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
d
id
n
o
t r
ea
c
h
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
p
>.
0
5
)
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
lex
i
n
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Gr
ee
k
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
an
d
esp
ec
ially
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
Pelo
p
o
n
n
ese
R
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
ag
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
wo
r
k
at
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
ese
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
g
en
d
er
,
s
u
b
ject
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
an
d
th
e
DPE
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l b
elo
n
g
s
to
,
d
id
n
o
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t im
p
ac
t.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
ag
e,
with
o
ld
er
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
g
r
ea
ter
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
f
o
r
d
i
g
ital
s
k
ills
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e.
As
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
c
o
n
tin
u
es
to
ad
v
an
ce
an
d
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
t
o
teac
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
,
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
n
ee
d
t
o
ad
ap
t
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
d
ig
i
tal
s
k
ills
to
r
em
ain
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
f
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
,
wh
o
em
p
h
asi
ze
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ad
ap
tatio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
.
M
o
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
is
f
in
d
in
g
also
alig
n
s
with
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
‘
d
ig
ital n
ativ
es’
an
d
‘
d
ig
ital im
m
ig
r
an
ts
’
[
7
]
,
s
u
g
g
e
s
tin
g
th
at
o
ld
er
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
wh
o
m
ay
h
av
e
in
itially
b
ee
n
h
esit
an
t
to
em
b
r
ac
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
ar
e
n
o
w
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
its
p
o
ten
tial
to
en
h
an
ce
tea
ch
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
en
t le
ar
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es [
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
teac
h
er
s
an
d
p
r
in
cip
als
with
m
o
r
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
wo
r
k
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ch
o
o
l
ass
ig
n
g
r
ea
ter
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
to
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
id
ea
th
at
s
u
s
tain
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
with
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
t
f
o
s
ter
s
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
’
s
p
o
ten
tial
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
r
esen
ce
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
s
ch
o
o
l
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
ei
r
s
en
s
e
o
f
b
el
o
n
g
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
llectiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
ad
o
p
t
a
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
em
p
h
asizes
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
wh
er
e
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
ac
tiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ch
an
g
es,
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
s
k
ill
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
le
v
er
ag
es
t
h
eir
d
ee
p
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
b
u
t
also
ali
g
n
s
with
c
o
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dig
ita
l te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies a
n
d
lea
d
ers
h
ip
p
r
a
ctice
s
in
Greek
elem
en
ta
r
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
(
A
n
to
n
io
s
K
o
kk
o
n
o
s
)
1819
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
in
ci
p
les,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asize
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
,
c
o
llectiv
e,
n
etwo
r
k
e
d
,
an
d
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
[
8
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
h
o
u
ld
ac
tiv
ely
en
co
u
r
ag
e
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
w
ith
m
o
r
e
y
ea
r
s
o
f
wo
r
k
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ch
o
o
l
in
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
B
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
i
n
g
t
h
eir
v
alu
ab
le
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
g
r
o
win
g
ap
p
r
e
ciatio
n
f
o
r
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
s
ch
o
o
ls
ca
n
em
p
o
wer
th
ese
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
lead
e
r
s
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
3
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
with
a
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
ated
a
h
ig
h
er
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
f
o
r
teac
h
er
lead
er
s
h
ip
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
with
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
l
u
en
ci
n
g
th
ese
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
teac
h
er
s
with
b
ac
h
elo
r
’
s
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
h
a
v
in
g
h
ad
less
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
f
o
r
m
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
tr
ain
in
g
,
p
lace
g
r
ea
ter
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
asp
ec
ts
o
f
teac
h
er
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
with
in
th
e
cl
ass
r
o
o
m
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
o
s
e
with
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
,
wh
o
m
i
g
h
t
h
a
v
e
r
ec
eiv
e
d
m
o
r
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
tr
ain
in
g
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
co
u
ld
p
o
s
s
ess
a
b
r
o
ad
er
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
th
at
en
c
o
m
p
ass
es
b
o
th
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
an
d
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ativ
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
B
y
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
es
e
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
v
iewp
o
i
n
ts
,
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
attain
m
en
t
an
d
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
[
5
]
,
[
9
]
.
I
t
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
e
n
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
at
h
way
s
s
h
ap
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
als’
v
iews o
n
lead
er
s
h
i
p
.
T
h
e
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
h
ap
ed
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Prin
cip
als
an
d
v
ice
-
p
r
in
cip
als,
wh
o
o
f
ten
b
ea
r
g
r
ea
te
r
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
d
ig
ital
in
itiativ
es,
ten
d
to
h
av
e
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e.
T
h
is
h
eig
h
ten
e
d
awa
r
en
ess
lik
ely
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
th
ei
r
en
g
ag
em
en
t
with
s
en
io
r
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
lead
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
as
well
as
th
eir
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
Su
ch
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
allo
ws
th
em
to
r
em
ain
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
en
d
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
[
2
5
]
.
W
h
ile
th
is
o
n
g
o
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
lear
n
in
g
lik
ely
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
th
eir
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
in
d
ep
th
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
alig
n
s
with
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asizes
s
h
ar
ed
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
ec
o
m
e
s
ev
en
m
o
r
e
c
r
itical
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
as
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
s
h
ar
ed
e
x
p
e
r
tis
e
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
co
m
p
lex
i
ties
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
8
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
wh
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
with
d
ig
ita
l te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
ed
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
s
u
ch
co
ll
ab
o
r
ativ
e,
n
etwo
r
k
ed
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
as
s
ch
o
o
ls
r
ap
id
ly
ad
a
p
ted
t
o
r
em
o
te
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
lev
e
r
ag
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
te
d
way
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
th
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
f
o
s
ter
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
wh
e
r
e
all
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
r
e
g
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
f
o
r
m
al
p
o
s
itio
n
,
f
ee
l
em
p
o
wer
ed
to
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
[
9
]
.
E
m
b
r
ac
in
g
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
tap
in
to
t
h
e
co
llect
iv
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
o
f
t
h
eir
s
taf
f
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ie
s.
T
h
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
ased
o
n
g
e
n
d
er
,
s
u
b
ject
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
,
an
d
DPE
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
b
elo
n
g
s
to
,
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
tr
an
s
ce
n
d
s
th
ese
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ca
teg
o
r
ies
.
T
h
is
s
h
ar
ed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ality
o
f
th
ese
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
at
d
ig
i
tal
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
cr
u
cial
r
e
g
ar
d
l
ess
o
f
r
eg
io
n
al,
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
s
u
b
ject
s
p
ec
ializatio
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
ca
r
r
ies
im
p
o
r
tan
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
lead
er
s
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
in
itiativ
es
aim
ed
at
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
a
n
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
all
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
th
eir
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
r
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
B
y
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
er
s
h
i
p
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
s
ch
o
o
ls
ca
n
f
o
s
te
r
a
m
o
r
e
eq
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t a
n
d
em
p
o
wer
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
th
r
iv
e
in
t
h
e
d
ig
ital a
g
e
[
2
4
]
.
B
u
ild
in
g
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
it
i
s
cr
u
cial
to
em
p
h
asize
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
th
at
ac
co
m
m
o
d
a
te
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ev
er
y
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
m
e
m
b
er
[
1
0
]
.
B
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
h
ap
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices,
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
lead
er
s
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
f
o
s
ter
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
with
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
.
Hig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
attr
ib
u
tes
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
v
alu
ab
le
r
o
a
d
m
ap
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
to
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
t
h
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
[
8
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
f
o
s
ter
s
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
eq
u
ita
b
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
all
[
4
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
tailo
r
ed
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
teac
h
er
s
in
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
with
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
th
e
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
y
ea
r
s
o
f
te
ac
h
in
g
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ac
cu
m
u
late
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
’
s
p
o
ten
tial
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
th
ey
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
1
5
-
1
8
2
3
1820
g
ain
m
o
r
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
e
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
r
ee
r
s
tag
es
[
1
0
]
.
C
r
ea
tin
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
m
en
t
o
r
s
h
ip
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
ar
in
g
b
etwe
en
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
an
d
n
o
v
ice
teac
h
er
s
co
u
ld
b
e
a
v
alu
ab
le
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
f
o
s
ter
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
b
o
th
with
in
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
c
an
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
co
llectiv
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
o
lv
e
d
s
ch
o
o
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ities
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
8
]
–
[
3
3
]
.
Dig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
ca
n
p
lay
a
c
r
u
cial
r
o
le
i
n
en
ab
l
in
g
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
u
ch
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
As
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ev
o
lv
e
a
n
d
r
esh
ap
e
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
9
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
le
ad
er
s
to
ad
ap
t
th
eir
p
r
ac
tice
s
to
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
a
d
i
v
er
s
e
an
d
d
i
g
itally
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
a
d
ap
tatio
n
ar
e
v
al
u
ed
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
[
8
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
v
ar
y
in
g
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
em
p
h
asize
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tailo
r
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[
3
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Sch
o
o
l
lead
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
,
p
r
in
cip
als,
an
d
v
i
ce
-
p
r
in
cip
als
wh
en
d
esig
n
in
g
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
in
itiativ
es.
W
h
ile
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
t
o
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
its
s
co
p
e
was
lim
ited
to
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
co
u
ld
b
r
o
ad
en
th
is
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
b
y
in
clu
d
in
g
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els
–
m
id
d
le
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
–
ac
r
o
s
s
Gr
ee
ce
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
q
u
alitativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
to
g
ain
a
r
ich
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
wh
ic
h
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
attr
ib
u
tes
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
as
well
as
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
t
er
m
im
p
ac
t
o
f
t
h
ese
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
a
ctice
s
,
an
d
h
o
w
th
e
y
m
ay
e
v
o
l
v
e
o
v
er
tim
e.
Fin
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
d
y
n
am
ics
b
etwe
en
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
attr
ib
u
tes
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
in
Gr
ee
k
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
ese
attr
ib
u
tes
wh
en
d
esig
n
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
ateg
ies,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
B
y
em
b
r
ac
in
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
an
d
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
l
ea
d
er
s
ca
n
em
p
o
wer
all
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
t
o
n
av
ig
ate
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
an
d
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
h
o
lis
tic
an
d
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
alig
n
s
with
th
e
Or
g
a
n
izatio
n
f
o
r
E
co
n
o
m
ic
C
o
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t’
s
(
OE
C
D)
em
p
h
asis
o
n
s
ch
o
o
ls
as
lear
n
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
d
ig
ital
in
n
o
v
atio
n
as
a
k
ey
d
r
iv
e
r
o
f
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
f
u
r
th
er
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
to
em
b
r
ac
e
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
,
wh
e
r
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
atio
n
an
d
r
is
k
-
tak
in
g
a
r
e
en
c
o
u
r
ag
ed
[
2
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
o
n
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
am
o
n
g
Gr
ee
k
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
c
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
a
t
ag
e,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
y
ea
r
s
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
r
o
le
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
ese
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
as
e
v
alu
ated
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
f
ac
t
o
r
s
o
f
QDT
L
P
(
d
ig
it
al
s
k
ills
,
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
d
ig
ital
ag
e,
an
d
tea
ch
er
lead
er
s
h
i
p
)
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
with
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
a
s
izes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
tailo
r
ed
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
ca
ter
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
at
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
r
ee
r
s
tag
es
an
d
r
o
les,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
ad
ap
tatio
n
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
e
v
o
lv
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
ac
r
o
s
s
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
lev
er
a
g
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
o
f
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
d
teac
h
er
s
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
with
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
n
u
an
ce
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etwe
en
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
lead
er
s
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
a
c
u
ltu
r
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
s
h
a
r
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
em
p
o
wer
teac
h
e
r
s
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
in
cip
als
to
n
av
i
g
ate
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
b
u
t
also
cr
ea
te
a
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
u
ltima
tely
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
th
em
to
t
h
r
iv
e
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
d
ig
ita
l
wo
r
ld
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
n
ee
d
s
an
d
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
with
in
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
co
m
m
u
n
ity
wh
e
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
th
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
in
teg
r
ate
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices with
in
th
e
Gr
ee
k
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
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&
R
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N:
2252
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8
8
2
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h
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u
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o
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y
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C
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ti
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.
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h
e
c
a
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b
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c
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tac
ted
a
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m
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m
a
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a
v
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o
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a
u
t
h
.
g
r
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m
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th
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l
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n
iv
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y
o
f
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h
e
n
s
(G
re
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),
h
is
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S
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e
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n
g
fro
m
t
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Un
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rsity
o
f
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s
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rsity
o
f
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irae
u
s
(G
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).
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h
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s
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d
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a
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p
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rtme
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p
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rts
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a
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iza
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&
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m
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t
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th
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iv
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rsity
o
f
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se
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is
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n
As
sista
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t
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ro
fe
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in
th
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De
p
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rtme
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t
o
f
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p
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rts
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g
a
n
iza
ti
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n
d
M
a
n
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g
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m
e
n
t,
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n
iv
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rsit
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o
f
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e
lo
p
o
n
n
e
se
,
G
re
e
c
e
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
IC
T
in
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
tea
c
h
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n
g
o
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e
c
o
n
o
m
ics
,
d
i
g
it
a
l
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d
u
c
a
ti
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n
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l
tec
h
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o
l
o
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ies
i
n
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c
o
n
o
m
ics
a
n
d
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s,
d
ig
i
tal
tran
sfo
rm
a
ti
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n
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
a
n
d
d
iffu
si
o
n
,
e
c
o
n
o
m
ics
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
q
u
a
li
t
y
i
n
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
e
-
lea
rn
i
n
g
,
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
x
o
u
st
o
u
@
u
o
p
.
g
r
.
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