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6
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to
s
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2
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R
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ex
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R
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an
d
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ar
m
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tech
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iq
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[
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.
I
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T
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2043
Dian
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[
6
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wen
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es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
s
cien
tific
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
,
th
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
ex
ac
e
r
b
ated
t
h
eir
n
e
g
ativ
e
attitu
d
es
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
.
T
h
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ase
is
wea
k
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
m
ain
s
tr
ea
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
e
to
th
eir
g
r
ea
ter
d
r
o
p
o
u
t
r
ate
at
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lev
els,
f
r
o
m
p
r
esch
o
o
l
to
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
9
]
.
I
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
p
eo
p
le
lack
en
th
u
s
iasm
f
o
r
s
cien
ce
co
u
r
s
es
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
in
ad
eq
u
ate
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
g
ap
s
in
th
eir
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
life
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
1
0
]
.
I
t
is
al
s
o
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
d
ev
el
o
p
th
e
m
in
d
s
et
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
s
cien
ce
wh
en
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
u
n
a
b
le
to
m
aster
th
e
n
ewe
s
t
teac
h
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
s
cien
ce
in
to
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
a
teac
h
e
r
m
ig
h
t
m
o
d
if
y
a
less
o
n
to
f
it th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
to
d
ay
’
s
in
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
k
id
s
,
a
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
W
ah
ab
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
co
n
ten
d
th
at
tr
ai
n
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
ig
en
o
u
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
im
p
a
r
t
th
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
th
em
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
em
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ev
iate
to
o
m
u
c
h
f
r
o
m
wh
at
th
ey
a
lr
ea
d
y
k
n
o
w.
E
ig
h
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
ab
o
r
ig
in
al
le
ar
n
in
g
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Yu
n
k
a
p
o
r
ta
[
1
3
]
in
v
o
l
v
e
teac
h
in
g
in
an
“
ab
o
r
ig
in
al
lan
g
u
ag
e.
”
I
t
ex
p
lai
n
s
h
o
w
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
im
p
ar
te
d
to
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
ac
tical,
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
will
h
e
lp
th
em
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
v
alu
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
wh
at
th
e
y
ar
e
lear
n
i
n
g
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
ch
also
s
u
g
g
est
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
ten
t
a
n
d
way
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tin
g
th
e
Ora
n
g
a
s
li
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
te
n
t,
W
ah
ab
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
elem
en
ts
in
th
e
f
o
r
est
s
u
ch
as
h
er
b
s
,
h
an
d
ic
r
af
ts
an
d
to
o
ls
f
o
r
f
o
r
estry
.
T
h
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
f
lex
ib
le
cu
r
r
icu
la
is
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
class
r
o
o
m
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
en
jo
y
ab
le
lear
n
i
n
g
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
a
n
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
f
o
r
est
asp
ec
ts
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
te
r
m
s
o
f
m
eth
o
d
o
f
d
eliv
er
y
,
s
to
r
y
-
tellin
g
,
g
r
o
u
p
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
k
in
esth
etics
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les ar
e
p
r
ef
er
ab
le
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
(
PjB
L
)
m
o
d
el
is
also
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
u
s
ed
i
n
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
in
d
i
g
en
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
less
o
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
n
ce
r
n
is
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
p
r
ac
tica
l
p
ed
ag
o
g
ies
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
Ora
n
g
a
s
li
co
n
tex
t
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
o
m
ee
t
th
eir
ac
tu
al
n
ee
d
s
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
teac
h
i
n
g
v
o
lu
n
teer
s
s
h
o
u
ld
also
ac
q
u
ir
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ab
o
u
t
a
n
d
p
r
ep
a
r
e
th
em
s
elv
es
with
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
1
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
Dif
f
er
e
n
t
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
in
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
in
ce
th
eir
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
m
ay
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
at
o
f
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
s
ch
o
o
lin
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
r
esear
ch
o
n
s
cien
ce
lear
n
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Ma
lay
s
i
a
is
s
ca
r
ce
.
A
m
o
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
r
ele
v
an
t
less
o
n
co
u
ld
h
elp
th
e
i
n
d
ig
en
o
u
s
p
u
p
ils
ch
an
g
e
th
eir
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
cr
ea
te
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
-
r
elate
d
PjB
L
m
o
d
u
le
f
o
r
Ma
lay
s
i
an
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
ac
ted
as
a
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
in
im
p
ar
tin
g
s
cien
ti
f
ic
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
in
s
till
in
g
s
cien
tific
att
itu
d
es
a
n
d
n
o
b
le
v
alu
es
with
in
th
e
Or
a
n
g
a
s
li
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
will
b
e
ab
le
to
ex
p
an
d
th
eir
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
cien
ce
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
s
o
il
ac
id
i
ty
an
d
p
esti
cid
e
in
f
iltra
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
eth
er
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
’
s
co
n
te
n
t,
in
te
g
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
lear
n
in
g
im
p
ac
t,
an
d
o
th
e
r
asp
ec
ts
a
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
I
n
d
ig
en
o
u
s
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
u
le
’
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
n
ess
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
v
ia
ex
p
er
t v
alid
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
’
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
is
m
o
d
u
le.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
R
esear
ch
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
R
&
D)
d
esig
n
is
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
u
s
ed
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
d
ce
r
t
if
y
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
o
r
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
th
e
ADDI
E
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
as
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
lear
n
in
g
d
esig
n
m
o
d
el
[
2
4
]
wh
ic
h
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
f
iv
e
s
tep
s
,
n
am
ely
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t,
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
,
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
.
I
t
was
ch
o
s
en
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
ADDI
E
p
ar
ad
ig
m
p
r
o
m
o
tes
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
iter
at
io
n
to
g
e
n
er
ate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
-
f
o
cu
s
ed
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
ev
alu
ati
o
n
[
2
5
]
.
Qu
a
n
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
to
co
ll
ec
t
v
alid
atio
n
d
ata.
T
h
e
d
etails o
f
ea
ch
s
tag
e
a
r
e
e
lab
o
r
ated
in
T
ab
le
1
.
2
.
2
.
P
r
o
j
ec
t
-
ba
s
ed
env
iro
nm
ent
a
l m
o
du
le
An
aly
zin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ite
v
is
its
an
d
p
r
e
-
in
ter
v
iews
with
te
ac
h
er
s
in
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
s
ch
o
o
ls
was
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
s
tep
in
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Nian
a
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
s
tu
d
y
’
s
i
n
ter
v
iew
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
was
u
s
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
’
s
r
esu
lt
s
er
v
ed
as a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
’
s
m
ater
ial
an
d
a
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
id
ea
s
f
o
r
is
s
u
es
th
at
t
h
e
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
.
Nex
t,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
0
4
2
-
2
0
5
0
2044
“
C
an
v
a
”
ap
p
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
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ly
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s
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T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
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ap
p
licatio
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o
f
A
DDI
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f
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PjB
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esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Oth
er
co
m
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
v
ali
d
ato
r
s
will a
ls
o
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
3
.
1
.
De
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
o
f
re
s
po
n
dent
T
h
e
v
alid
ato
r
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
2
m
a
les
an
d
1
f
em
ale.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
m
h
as
7
-
1
8
y
ea
r
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
wo
o
f
t
h
em
teac
h
s
cien
ce
s
u
b
jects
f
o
r
y
ea
r
5
an
d
6
s
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d
e
n
ts
in
n
atio
n
al
p
r
im
ar
y
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ch
o
o
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in
Ma
lay
s
i
a.
T
h
e
o
th
er
v
alid
ato
r
is
a
lectu
r
er
at
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n
atio
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al
u
n
iv
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ity
in
Ma
l
ay
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i
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an
d
h
is
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p
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tis
e
in
clu
d
es
ch
em
is
tr
y
an
d
teac
h
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g
in
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
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th
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ato
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av
e
Ma
s
ter
’
s
d
eg
r
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ile
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e
o
th
er
h
as
Ph
.
D
.
ac
ad
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b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
3
.
2
.
Va
lid
a
t
i
o
n
re
s
ul
ts
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
r
esu
lts
wer
e
c
o
llected
in
th
r
ee
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
s
ec
tio
n
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
2
-
3
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
with
6
-
7
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
etail
o
f
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
a
n
d
th
eir
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
l
e
wer
e
ta
b
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
4
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ab
o
u
t th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
c
o
m
m
en
ts
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
t
h
e
n
ex
t sectio
n
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n f
o
r
co
nte
nt
a
nd
inte
g
ra
t
ed
a
pp
ro
a
ch
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
a
n
d
th
e
in
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Am
o
n
g
t
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
all
v
ali
d
ato
r
s
ag
r
e
e
th
at
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
is
s
u
es
is
r
elev
an
t.
T
h
e
is
s
u
es
u
s
ed
in
th
is
m
o
d
u
le
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
h
ab
itat
f
o
r
liv
in
g
th
in
g
s
,
s
o
il
ac
id
if
ic
atio
n
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d
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iltra
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cid
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Stu
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en
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ca
n
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es
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er
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g
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o
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o
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tem
,
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ich
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o
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e
m
ea
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in
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f
u
l
an
d
r
elev
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t
t
o
th
eir
liv
es
[
1
4
]
.
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y
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s
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g
t
h
e
p
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s
s
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o
b
s
er
v
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m
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n
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th
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p
r
o
b
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en
t'
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ce
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r
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7
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p
r
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ar
r
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en
t
is
lo
g
ical.
I
n
a
d
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iti
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o
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PjB
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ab
o
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ig
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lear
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am
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9
1
.
6
7
%,
in
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icatin
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ig
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atch
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[
1
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Usi
n
g
Y
u
n
k
ap
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ta’
s
eig
h
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s
m
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d
el
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also
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m
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tes
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teac
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s
tr
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ies,
m
ea
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wh
ile
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t
wis
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m
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n
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k
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e
n
ex
t
g
en
er
atio
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e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
[
3
3
]
.
Ho
wev
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u
itab
ilit
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o
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is
tr
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p
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en
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h
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m
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d
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b
e
s
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p
lifie
d
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t
h
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c
o
n
t
e
n
t
1.
Th
e
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
a
r
e
s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
su
i
t
a
b
l
e
2.
Th
e
mo
d
u
l
e
i
s s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
i
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
g
e
i
n
Y
e
a
r
6
3.
Th
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
i
ss
u
e
s
i
s
a
l
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g
n
e
d
a
n
d
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
4.
Th
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
h
e
m
i
st
r
y
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
i
s re
l
e
v
a
n
t
t
o
i
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
5.
Th
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
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r
n
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n
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t
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e
me
n
t
i
s
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a
b
l
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n
d
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o
g
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c
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8
3
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3
3
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5
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0
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9
1
.
6
7
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
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d
a
p
p
r
o
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c
h
1.
Th
e
u
s
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o
f
P
j
B
L
i
s s
u
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t
a
b
l
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n
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mp
l
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2.
Th
e
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s
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f
t
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e
8
w
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9
1
.
6
7
9
1
.
6
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I
mp
a
c
t
o
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t
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mo
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le
Q
u
a
l
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t
y
o
f
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
1.
Th
e
i
mp
l
e
m
e
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t
a
t
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o
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m
e
t
h
o
d
t
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2.
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z
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l
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sy
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se
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d
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g
e
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s
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d
e
n
t
s
4.
Th
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
c
a
n
a
t
t
a
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n
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h
e
p
u
r
p
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o
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t
h
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o
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l
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s
o
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j
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t
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v
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s
9
1
.
6
7
9
1
.
6
7
8
3
.
3
3
9
1
.
6
7
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
1.
Th
e
mo
d
u
l
e
c
a
n
i
n
c
u
l
c
a
t
e
sci
e
n
t
i
f
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c
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t
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n
d
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g
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o
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s
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t
u
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n
t
s
2.
Th
e
mo
d
u
l
e
c
a
n
i
n
c
u
l
c
a
t
e
n
o
b
l
e
v
a
l
u
e
s a
m
o
n
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i
n
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e
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s
t
u
d
e
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3
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3
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1
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6
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O
t
h
e
r
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e
c
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
1.
Th
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
u
se
d
i
s
d
i
r
e
c
t
a
n
d
e
a
s
y
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
2.
Th
e
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
u
se
d
i
s
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
f
o
r
i
n
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
7
5
.
0
0
7
5
.
0
0
Ti
me
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
1.
Ti
me
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
t
h
e
mo
d
u
l
e
i
s s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
2.
Th
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
i
me
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
i
s s
u
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
8
3
.
3
3
8
3
.
3
3
A
p
p
e
a
r
a
n
c
e
1.
Th
e
l
a
y
o
u
t
a
n
d
f
o
r
ma
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
a
r
e
c
o
n
si
s
t
e
n
t
2.
Th
e
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
s
u
se
d
a
r
e
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
3.
Th
e
f
o
n
t
a
n
d
f
o
n
t
si
z
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
a
r
e
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
8
3
.
3
3
9
1
.
6
7
8
3
.
3
3
3
.
2
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n o
n t
he
im
pa
ct
o
f
t
he
m
o
du
le
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
its
co
n
ten
t
an
d
a
b
ilit
y
to
in
s
till
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
an
d
n
o
b
le
v
alu
es
am
o
n
g
th
e
in
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ato
r
s
r
ated
all
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
(
g
o
o
d
)
an
d
4
(
v
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
)
in
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
to
r
ies
an
d
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ac
tiv
ities
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
th
em
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
p
ast
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
p
ass
ed
d
o
wn
f
r
o
m
th
eir
an
ce
s
to
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
er
b
al
ex
p
lan
atio
n
an
d
ac
tiv
e
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
ese
allo
we
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
h
o
liv
ed
n
ea
r
wat
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
r
f
o
r
ests
ca
n
r
ef
lect
o
n
wh
at
t
h
ey
’
v
e
le
ar
n
ed
a
n
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
h
o
w
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
ities
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
t
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
ey
ca
n
a
p
p
ly
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
m
ak
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
ac
tiv
ities
,
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
wer
e
ar
ti
cu
lated
in
a
s
er
ies
o
f
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
,
y
et
in
ter
esti
n
g
s
to
r
ies th
at
ar
e
b
en
ef
icial
to
th
e
Ora
n
g
a
s
l
i
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
is
m
o
d
u
le
to
in
cu
lcate
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
an
d
n
o
b
le
v
alu
es
also
ac
h
iev
ed
a
g
o
o
d
s
co
r
e
o
f
8
3
.
3
3
%
an
d
9
1
.
6
7
%
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fo
u
r
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
an
d
f
o
u
r
n
o
b
le
v
al
u
es
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ch
em
is
tr
y
an
d
s
cien
ce
cu
r
r
icu
la
in
Ma
lay
s
i
a
b
ased
o
n
h
o
w
well
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
r
elate
to
th
e
to
p
ic
an
d
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
co
n
te
x
t.
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
in
clu
d
e
I
n
ter
est
an
d
cu
r
io
s
ity
ab
o
u
t
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
en
-
m
in
d
ed
n
ess
,
co
llab
o
r
ate
d
ilig
e
n
ce
an
d
p
er
s
is
ten
ce
wh
en
ca
r
r
y
i
n
g
o
u
t
a
task
.
T
h
e
n
o
b
le
v
alu
es
in
clu
d
e:
b
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
s
af
ety
o
f
o
n
eself
,
o
th
er
s
,
an
d
th
e
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t,
ap
p
r
ec
iate
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
s
cien
ce
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
ap
p
r
ec
iate
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
clea
n
an
d
h
ea
lth
y
liv
in
g
,
an
d
r
ea
lize
th
at
s
cien
ce
is
a
m
ea
n
s
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
n
at
u
r
e.
Giv
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
cien
tific
m
in
d
s
et
lead
s
to
“
s
cien
tific
-
m
in
d
ed
n
ess
,
”
wh
ich
is
th
e
way
a
s
tu
d
en
t
ch
o
o
s
es
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
[3
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
n
o
b
le
v
alu
es
in
s
cien
ce
allu
d
e
to
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
way
o
f
liv
i
n
g
t
h
at
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
h
o
n
o
r
a
b
le
an
d
civ
ilized
tr
aits
th
at
u
p
h
o
ld
h
ig
h
c
u
ltu
r
e
in
o
u
r
d
ay
-
to
-
d
ay
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[3
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
er
v
es
as
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
in
lin
e
wit
h
th
e
Ma
lay
s
i
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
asp
ir
atio
n
.
I
f
s
u
ch
attitu
d
es
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
ile
d
eliv
er
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
th
ey
co
u
ld
u
tili
ze
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
m
o
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ly
a
n
d
cr
itically
.
3
.
2
.
3
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n f
o
r
o
t
her
a
s
pect
s
o
f
t
he
m
o
du
le
T
h
e
last
s
ec
t
io
n
ev
alu
ates
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
b
ased
o
n
its
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
tim
e
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
.
W
h
ile
th
e
tim
e
allo
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
ac
tiv
it
ies
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
u
le
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
8
3
.
3
3
%
to
9
1
.
6
7
%,
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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2252
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8
8
2
2
P
r
o
ject
-
b
a
s
ed
en
viro
n
men
t
a
l
mo
d
u
le
fo
r
in
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
Ma
la
ysia
(
Lo
w
S
u
a
n
E
e
)
2047
lan
g
u
ag
e
u
s
ed
o
n
ly
ac
h
iev
ed
u
p
to
7
5
%.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
in
d
icat
es
th
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
wo
r
d
ch
o
i
ce
s
ar
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
b
y
t
h
e
in
d
ig
e
n
o
u
s
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
also
ac
co
r
d
s
with
th
e
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
y
,
s
tatin
g
th
at
th
e
Ma
lay
L
an
g
u
ag
e
is
n
o
t
th
eir
m
o
th
er
to
n
g
u
e,
a
n
d
t
h
ey
o
n
ly
lear
n
t
h
e
Ma
lay
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
in
s
ch
o
o
l
,
with
o
u
t
f
am
iliar
izin
g
it
in
th
eir
d
aily
life
[3
8
]
.
I
t
h
as
also
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
b
ar
r
ier
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
lear
n
in
g
c
o
n
ten
t
[
39
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
v
alid
ato
r
s
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
a
d
d
itio
n
al
co
m
m
en
ts
th
at
th
e
s
en
ten
ce
an
d
wo
r
d
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
im
p
lifie
d
an
d
ch
an
g
ed
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
to
ea
s
e
th
eir
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
wh
en
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
p
r
esen
tatio
n
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
t
o
r
aise
th
eir
in
ter
est an
d
r
e
d
u
ce
th
ei
r
b
iases
o
n
lear
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
is
t
o
o
d
if
f
ic
u
lt f
o
r
th
em
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
h
a
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
a
ly
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
es
s
en
t
ia
l
a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
c
t
i
n
g
a
P
j
B
L
m
o
d
u
le
in
d
el
iv
e
r
in
g
s
c
ien
ti
f
ic
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
to
th
e
O
r
a
n
g
a
s
l
i
s
tu
d
en
t
s
in
Ma
l
ay
s
i
a.
V
alu
a
b
l
e
in
s
ig
h
t
s
ar
e
g
ain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
c
r
i
ti
ca
l
e
x
am
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
i
tab
le
co
n
ten
t
an
d
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
o
r
p
ed
ag
o
g
ie
s
s
u
it
ab
l
e
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
d
el
iv
er
in
g
s
c
ien
ce
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
to
in
d
ig
en
o
u
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
ak
en
t
o
g
e
th
er
,
th
e
s
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
u
t
il
iz
in
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
b
lem
s
(
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
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AUTHO
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h
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p
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an
d
f
ac
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co
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.
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[
1
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C.
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m
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