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a
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K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
o
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
Fu
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
Stu
d
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Vo
ca
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CC B
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C
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Dep
ar
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Fo
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s
lav
Mu
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Natio
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Un
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ity
7
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6
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I
NT
RO
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UCT
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I
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to
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s
cr
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wo
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ld
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th
e
a
v
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ag
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p
e
r
s
o
n
o
f
ten
h
as
to
d
ea
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with
co
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lex
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o
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lict
s
itu
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s
,
wh
ich
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is
e
b
o
th
in
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
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al
s
p
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er
e
an
d
in
ev
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y
d
ay
life
,
a
s
well
as
to
f
ac
e
th
e
m
o
r
al
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
ese
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
1
]
.
So
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
p
e
o
p
le
to
d
ea
l
with
co
n
f
licts
an
d
a
d
eq
u
atel
y
r
eso
lv
e
th
em
wh
en
co
n
f
licts
ar
is
e.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
th
at
th
is
task
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
g
iv
e
n
to
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
So
,
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
wh
ile
teac
h
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
is
r
elev
an
t.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
ar
is
es:
wh
a
t
ca
n
h
elp
d
ev
el
o
p
th
ese
s
k
ills
at
th
e
ter
tiar
y
lev
el,
an
d
to
wh
at
ex
te
n
t.
W
e
d
ec
id
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
t
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
b
ased
o
n
th
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
f
lawy
e
r
s
-
to
-
b
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
in
th
e
leg
al
f
ield
f
ac
e
e
v
en
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
s
tr
ess
an
d
s
o
cio
-
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ic
al
ten
s
io
n
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
ei
r
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
lawy
er
s
’
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
o
f
ten
lead
s
to
h
eig
h
ten
ed
s
tr
ess
lev
els,
an
d
wo
r
k
er
s
in
th
e
law
s
p
h
er
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
en
co
u
n
ter
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
f
licts
wh
ile
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
eir
d
u
ties
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
law
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
,
wh
ich
m
ay
b
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
th
at
em
p
o
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s
an
i
n
d
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to
s
wif
tly
,
r
esp
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tf
u
lly
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
a
d
d
r
ess
co
n
f
licts
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ill
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
R
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d
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I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l e
n
viro
n
men
t
o
f sh
a
p
in
g
co
n
flict res
o
lu
tio
n
s
kills
a
t th
e
tert
ia
r
y
leve
l
(
Liu
d
myla
Ho
lu
b
n
yc
h
a
)
2225
eq
u
ip
a
p
er
s
o
n
to
n
av
ig
ate
ch
allen
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in
g
p
r
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f
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ter
ac
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u
cc
ess
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u
lly
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ac
cu
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ately
a
s
s
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s
th
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lict’
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n
atu
r
e,
m
an
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em
o
t
io
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al
s
tates
af
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tin
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an
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eso
lv
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licts
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f
ec
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[
2
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T
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is
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s
e
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s
[
3
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,
[
4
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h
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g
h
ly
ap
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an
d
ev
en
d
em
a
n
d
well
-
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e
d
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
ab
ilit
ies.
H
o
wev
er
,
n
o
wad
a
y
s
,
co
n
f
lict
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
r
es
o
lu
tio
n
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
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n
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ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
o
f
an
y
p
r
o
f
ile
(
at
least
in
m
o
s
t
co
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n
tr
ies)
is
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
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m
a
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d
ato
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y
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g
e
n
er
ally
h
as
a
f
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m
en
tar
y
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d
if
f
u
s
e
n
atu
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e
a
n
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
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id
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ap
p
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le
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o
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ev
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o
f
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t
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tio
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s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
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So
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
m
ay
h
elp
th
ese
s
k
ills
s
h
ap
in
g
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
.
W
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
t
o
s
h
ed
s
o
m
e
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
lacu
n
es
th
at
ex
is
t
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tea
ch
in
g
a
n
d
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
at
th
e
te
r
tiar
y
le
v
el.
So
,
th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
is
in
co
m
p
le
x
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
s
h
ap
e
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
’
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
b
o
th
in
class
r
o
o
m
an
d
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
was p
r
o
v
ed
ex
p
er
im
en
tally
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
m
an
ag
e
a
n
d
r
eso
lv
e
co
n
f
licts
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
,
i.e
.
,
p
er
s
o
n
al
q
u
alities
th
at
f
ac
il
itate
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
h
ar
m
o
n
i
o
u
s
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
o
th
er
s
.
Sin
ce
to
d
a
y
,
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
i
s
o
f
g
r
ea
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
an
d
th
eir
r
elev
a
n
ce
to
th
e
t
r
ain
in
g
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
So
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ca
s
es
o
f
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
h
av
e
b
e
en
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
Mw
ita
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
in
T
an
za
n
ia
;
Fad
h
il
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
,
A
h
m
ad
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
in
Pak
is
tan
;
C
ag
g
ian
o
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
in
I
taly
an
d
Fin
lan
d
;
Yan
et
a
l.
[
9
]
in
C
h
in
a
.
Descr
ib
in
g
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
t
h
e
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
th
o
s
e
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
th
at
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
aim
ed
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
[
10
]
–
[
12
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
ese
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
d
o
n
o
t
d
ea
l
with
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
So
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
co
m
p
eten
ci
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
,
in
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
13
],
in
ter
c
u
ltu
r
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
[
14
]
,
team
b
u
ild
in
g
co
m
p
eten
ce
[
15
]
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
a
n
d
em
o
tio
n
al
co
m
p
e
ten
ce
[
16
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
s
tated
wo
r
k
s
ar
e
n
o
t
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t e
ith
er
.
A
g
r
ea
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
d
ea
lin
g
with
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
a
r
e
o
f
a
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ic
al
n
atu
r
e.
E
s
p
ec
ially
it
co
n
ce
r
n
s
co
n
f
li
ct
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
s
k
ills
.
Sch
o
lar
s
co
n
tem
p
lat
e
th
ese
s
k
ills
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
asp
ec
ts
:
i)
d
e
f
in
e
co
n
f
licts
as
s
itu
atio
n
s
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
b
etwe
en
two
in
te
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
ar
ties
,
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
em
o
tio
n
s
,
with
s
ee
m
in
g
ly
in
co
m
p
atib
l
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
r
b
elief
s
,
wh
er
e
at
least
o
n
e
p
ar
ty
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
e
in
co
m
p
atib
ili
ty
an
d
v
iews
it
as
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
[
2
]
;
ii)
s
in
g
le
o
u
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
c
o
n
f
licts
[
2
]
;
iii)
co
n
s
id
er
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
f
lict
o
u
tco
m
es
co
n
n
ec
ted
with
em
o
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
[
17
]
;
an
d
iv
)
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
m
o
d
els
o
f
co
n
f
licts
an
d
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
lict
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
r
eso
lu
tio
n
,
n
a
m
ely
:
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
,
m
o
d
els,
s
tag
es
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
[
18
]
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
s
o
m
e
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
tech
n
i
q
u
es
f
o
r
g
en
er
al
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
law
en
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
f
icer
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Sh
v
ets
et
a
l
.
[
19
]
.
Par
tial
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
r
eso
lv
i
n
g
co
n
f
licts
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
ely
in
t
h
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
law
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
s
tu
d
ied
b
y
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
er
s
[
20
]
–
[
27
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
a
g
r
ea
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
elem
en
ts
o
f
co
n
f
l
ict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
asp
ir
in
g
lawy
er
s
h
av
e
n
o
t
b
ee
n
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
elu
cid
ated
in
th
em
,
an
d
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
cu
ltiv
atin
g
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
ti
o
n
s
k
ills
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
r
em
ain
u
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
.
So
,
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
a
r
ticle
is
to
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
c
er
tain
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
cu
lt
iv
ate
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ills
lev
els.
T
h
e
task
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ar
e
:
i
)
T
o
f
in
d
o
u
t
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
k
e
y
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
:
“c
o
n
f
lict”
an
d
“c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
ti
o
n
s
k
ills
”;
ii
)
T
o
s
in
g
le
o
u
t
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
“c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
”
an
d
to
s
elec
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
test
s
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
lev
els
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
;
iii
)
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
wh
ile
t
ea
ch
in
g
asp
ir
i
n
g
lawy
e
r
s
;
an
d
iv
)
T
o
c
o
n
d
u
ct
a
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
d
ir
e
cted
at
cu
ltiv
atin
g
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
law
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
ce
r
tain
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
’
s
c
o
n
c
ep
tu
al
f
r
a
m
e
wo
r
k
is
b
ase
d
o
n
f
i
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
ica
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
i
n
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
s
cie
n
c
e.
W
e
u
s
e
d
t
h
e
co
n
s
t
r
u
c
tiv
is
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
o
ci
al
,
c
u
lt
u
r
al
a
n
d
co
g
n
iti
v
e
p
r
o
c
ess
es
in
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
s
o
f
c
o
n
f
lic
t
s
it
u
a
ti
o
n
s
.
W
e
u
ti
liz
ed
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
v
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
f
o
r
m
t
o
o
ls
as
a
ty
p
e
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
ati
o
n
an
d
i
n
t
er
ac
ti
o
n
b
etw
ee
n
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
als
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
em
ati
c
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
ap
p
li
e
d
t
o
ta
k
e
i
n
t
o
ac
c
o
u
n
t
c
er
tai
n
cr
ite
r
i
a
as
m
ai
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
co
n
f
li
ct
r
es
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
k
ills
a
n
d
t
o
o
ls
t
o
cr
ea
t
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
s
t
r
at
eg
ies
th
a
t
in
te
r
a
ct
wit
h
e
ac
h
o
th
er
,
wit
h
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
,
an
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
tr
a
te
g
ies
.
T
h
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
all
y
o
r
ie
n
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
el
p
e
d
u
s
t
o
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
lit
y
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
to
s
o
c
ial
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
ts
t
o
h
er
o
r
h
is
a
b
i
liti
es,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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2
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8
8
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I
n
t J E
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al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
2
2
4
-
2
2
3
5
2226
a
s
e
lf
-
a
wa
r
e
n
ess
,
r
e
v
e
al
ed
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
ties
t
o
esta
b
l
is
h
s
e
lf
-
r
ec
o
g
n
iti
o
n
,
s
el
f
-
r
ea
l
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
s
elf
-
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e.
T
h
e
ac
ti
v
i
ty
-
b
as
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
as
u
s
ed
as
it
p
r
o
v
es
t
h
e
in
s
e
p
a
r
a
b
i
lit
y
o
f
a
cti
v
it
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
al
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
p
r
ac
tic
al
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e,
a
b
il
iti
es a
n
d
s
k
i
lls
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
la
wy
er
a
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
el
y
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
T
o
f
u
lf
ill
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
we
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
s
:
i
)
A
n
aly
s
is
an
d
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
s
cien
tific
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
u
n
d
e
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
W
ith
th
eir
h
elp
we
co
u
ld
,
f
ir
s
tly
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
ess
en
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
s
u
ch
as
“c
o
n
f
lict”
an
d
“c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
”;
s
ec
o
n
d
ly
,
d
eter
m
i
n
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
“c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
”
,
cr
iter
ia
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
;
th
ir
d
ly
,
s
elec
t
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
test
s
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
lev
els
o
f
t
h
e
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
;
f
o
u
r
th
l
y
,
f
ix
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
b
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
;
ii
)
A
s
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
o
p
er
atin
g
with
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
t
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
o
u
r
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
am
o
n
g
g
en
er
al
s
cien
tific
em
p
ir
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
we
u
s
ed
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
,
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
test
in
g
,
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
en
t;
an
d
iii
)
S
tatis
tical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
b
u
ilt
i
n
to
E
x
ce
l
ad
d
-
in
s
,
as
a
c
h
i
-
t
est
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
,
to
an
aly
ze
t
h
e
o
b
ta
in
ed
ca
teg
o
r
ized
d
ata
o
n
th
e
lev
els
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
o
r
d
er
to
id
en
tify
p
atter
n
s
an
d
to
test
n
u
ll
-
h
y
p
o
th
esis
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tatis
ti
ca
lly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
an
d
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
2
.
1
.
Study
pa
rt
icipa
nts
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
th
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t w
as c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
Yar
o
s
lav
Mu
d
r
y
i
Natio
n
al
L
aw
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
(
Kh
ar
k
iv
,
Uk
r
ain
e
)
.
I
t
i
n
clu
d
ed
1
3
9
th
ir
d
an
d
f
o
u
r
t
h
-
y
ea
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
19
-
2
1
y
ea
r
s
o
l
d
,
d
i
v
id
ed
in
t
o
two
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
E
1
(
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
4
8
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
)
a
n
d
E
2
(
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
4
6
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
,
alo
n
g
with
o
n
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
(
C
)
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
4
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
p
le
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
est
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
en
tire
ac
a
d
em
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
as
r
esear
ch
u
n
its
in
s
tead
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
g
en
d
e
r
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
was
5
2
.
1
7
%
m
ale
a
n
d
4
7
.
8
2
%
f
em
ale
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
f
o
r
E
1
an
d
5
4
.
1
6
%
m
ale
an
d
4
5
.
8
3
%
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
E
2
.
Sp
ec
ially
d
esig
n
e
d
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wer
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
lly
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
cr
ea
ted
in
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
E
1
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
in
cla
s
s
es a
n
d
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
.
Sti
ll,
in
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
E
2
,
th
ese
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wer
e
ex
p
an
d
ed
t
o
in
clu
d
e
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
ag
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
is
ted
o
f
5
1
.
1
1
% m
ale
an
d
4
8
.
8
8
%
f
em
ale
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
h
eir
class
es
we
r
e
co
n
d
u
cted
with
o
u
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wer
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t a
ll th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
ag
r
ee
d
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
it.
2
.
2
.
O
rg
a
niza
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
s
t
u
dy
Du
r
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
it
was
h
y
p
o
th
esized
th
at
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
wo
u
ld
in
c
r
ea
s
e
if
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
taf
f
cu
ltiv
ates
th
ese
s
k
ills
p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
lly
u
n
d
er
ce
r
tain
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
So
,
a
f
ter
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
r
esear
ch
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
i
ca
l
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
,
we
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
test
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
:
i)
E
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
a
cu
ltu
r
al
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
f
o
s
ter
in
g
h
u
m
an
e
p
r
in
cip
les,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
g
en
e
r
al
cu
ltu
r
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
en
h
an
cin
g
et
h
ical
an
d
v
o
liti
o
n
al
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
o
ten
tials
(
s
u
ch
a
s
co
n
f
lict
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
to
ler
a
n
ce
,
p
atien
ce
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
d
is
cip
lin
e)
;
ii)
P
r
o
v
id
in
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
lawy
er
s
with
a
s
o
lid
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
in
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
r
elate
d
co
m
p
eten
ce
;
an
d
iii)
C
r
ea
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
s
es
d
ir
ec
ted
to
f
ac
il
itatin
g
th
e
m
aster
y
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
b
y
lear
n
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
k
i
n
d
s
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
ac
t
iv
ities
(
b
o
th
with
in
f
o
r
m
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
d
u
r
in
g
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
ac
tiv
i
ties
,
as
well
as
d
u
r
in
g
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
)
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
a
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
ed
th
r
ee
s
tag
es
:
i
)
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
s
tag
e
;
ii
)
th
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
tag
e
;
an
d
iii
)
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l stag
e.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
(
E
1
,
E
2
)
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
C
)
g
r
o
u
p
s
u
n
d
er
wen
t
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
eir
b
aselin
e
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
.
T
o
ch
ec
k
th
is
lev
el,
we
d
ef
in
ed
c
er
tain
cr
iter
ia
as
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
il
ls
b
ased
,
f
ir
s
tly
,
o
n
th
e
id
ea
o
f
a
s
k
ill
a
s
a
p
er
s
o
n
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
ce
r
t
ain
ac
tiv
ities
b
ased
o
n
ac
q
u
ir
ed
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies,
th
e
f
in
al
s
tag
e
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
ac
tio
n
,
m
aster
in
g
wh
ich
allo
ws
th
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
to
s
witch
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
m
o
d
e
o
f
ac
tio
n
to
an
o
t
h
er
,
to
d
iv
er
s
if
y
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
ac
tiv
ity
;
s
ec
o
n
d
ly
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
r
eso
lv
e
co
n
f
licts
b
y
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ed
as
an
i
n
teg
r
ativ
e
i
n
tellectu
al
en
d
ea
v
o
r
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
lawy
er
,
wh
ich
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
itig
ate
o
p
p
o
s
itio
n
b
etwe
en
c
o
n
f
lictin
g
p
a
r
ties
,
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
is
s
u
es
th
at
p
r
ec
i
p
itate
th
e
c
o
n
f
lict,
a
n
d
r
eso
l
v
e
d
is
p
u
tes
wh
ile
ad
h
e
r
in
g
to
th
e
r
u
le
o
f
law
p
r
in
cip
les;
th
ir
d
ly
,
b
asin
g
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
ally
o
r
ien
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
s
h
ap
in
g
a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lawy
er
p
er
s
o
n
ality
.
I
n
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
,
th
ese
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
:
i
)
cr
iter
io
n
r
elate
d
to
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
attr
ib
u
tes
;
ii
)
cr
iter
io
n
r
elate
d
t
o
in
tellectu
al
an
d
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ili
ties
;
an
d
iii
)
cr
iter
io
n
r
elate
d
t
o
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
a
n
d
r
e
f
lex
iv
e
s
k
il
ls
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
ass
ess
ea
ch
cr
iter
i
o
n
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ately
we
also
s
i
n
g
led
o
u
t
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
ea
ch
c
r
iter
io
n
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
:
i
)
F
o
r
cr
iter
io
n
r
e
lated
to
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
attr
ib
u
tes
–
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
as
a
v
ital
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
ex
p
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
co
n
t
em
p
o
r
ar
y
lawy
er
s
;
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l e
n
viro
n
men
t
o
f sh
a
p
in
g
co
n
flict res
o
lu
tio
n
s
kills
a
t th
e
tert
ia
r
y
leve
l
(
Liu
d
myla
Ho
lu
b
n
yc
h
a
)
2227
asp
ir
atio
n
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
p
r
o
f
ici
en
cy
in
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
;
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
th
at
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
ti
o
n
s
k
ills
in
law
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
r
esil
ien
ce
in
h
an
d
lin
g
co
n
f
l
icts
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
im
p
r
o
v
is
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
,
em
p
ath
y
,
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
team
wo
r
k
,
to
ler
an
ce
,
an
d
s
elf
-
d
is
cip
lin
e
in
co
n
f
lict
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
;
ii
)
F
o
r
cr
iter
io
n
r
elate
d
to
in
tellectu
al
an
d
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
a
b
ilit
ies
–
in
tellectu
al
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
i
n
d
icato
r
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
tic
in
d
icat
o
r
;
an
d
iii
)
F
o
r
cr
iter
io
n
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
an
d
r
ef
lex
iv
e
s
k
ills
–
co
m
m
u
n
icati
v
e
r
ef
le
x
ib
ilit
y
in
co
n
f
lict
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
em
o
tio
n
al
r
ef
le
x
ib
ilit
y
in
c
o
n
f
lict
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
r
ef
lex
iv
ity
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
co
n
f
lict sit
u
atio
n
s
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
li
ct
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
an
d
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
:
i
)
“
s
im
p
lifie
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
”
[
28
]
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ass
ess
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
in
d
icato
r
s
:
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
as
a
v
ital
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
lis
m
ex
p
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
lawy
er
s
;
asp
ir
atio
n
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
;
ii
)
“
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e”
[
29
]
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
tr
aits
th
at
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
c
o
n
f
li
ct
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
law
s
t
u
d
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
r
esil
ien
ce
i
n
h
an
d
lin
g
co
n
f
licts
,
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
im
p
r
o
v
is
atio
n
al
s
k
ills
,
em
p
ath
y
,
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
,
team
wo
r
k
,
to
ler
a
n
ce
,
an
d
s
elf
-
d
is
cip
lin
e
in
c
o
n
f
lict scen
ar
io
s
;
iii
)
ex
p
r
ess
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
“
t
o
ler
an
ce
i
n
d
ex
”
[
30
]
t
o
ass
ess
in
tellectu
al
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
in
d
icato
r
,
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
tic
in
d
icato
r
;
an
d
iv
)
“
t
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
”
[
31
]
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
s
u
ch
in
d
i
ca
to
r
s
as
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e
r
ef
l
ex
ib
ilit
y
in
co
n
f
lict
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
em
o
tio
n
al
r
e
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
in
co
n
f
lict
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
r
ef
lex
iv
ity
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
in
co
n
f
lict
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
at
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
r
e
v
ea
le
d
th
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
b
o
th
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
lack
ed
ad
eq
u
ate
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
i
n
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
l
lecte
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
s
tag
e
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
i
n
s
u
b
s
e
q
u
en
t
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t
aim
ed
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
o
f
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
lawy
er
s
an
d
en
tailed
a
d
iv
er
s
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
th
e
wo
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
E
1
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
s
tu
d
e
n
t
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
was
ass
ess
ed
.
I
n
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
E
2
,
th
es
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wer
e
ex
ten
d
ed
to
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
C
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
e
iv
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
aim
ed
at
f
o
s
ter
in
g
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
la
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
er
e
wer
e
th
e
s
am
e
s
u
b
jects.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
we
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
th
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t w
as a
p
p
lied
p
ar
tly
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
t
o
o
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
o
b
je
ctiv
es
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
:
f
o
s
ter
in
g
h
ar
m
o
n
i
o
u
s
in
ter
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
c
o
n
d
u
civ
e
s
o
cio
-
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e,
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
ae
s
th
etic
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
ject’
s
s
p
atial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
g
o
al,
d
ea
n
s
o
f
th
e
f
ac
u
lties
wh
er
e
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
to
o
k
p
lace
,
alo
n
g
with
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
an
d
g
r
o
u
p
m
o
d
er
ato
r
s
,
d
i
r
ec
ted
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
war
d
s
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
with
in
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
an
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
T
h
ey
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
civ
e
co
n
d
iti
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
ty
les
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
i
n
m
u
tu
al
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
to
ler
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
laid
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
id
en
tif
y
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
attr
ib
u
tes
co
n
d
u
civ
e
t
o
c
o
n
f
lict
-
f
r
e
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
a
n
d
m
itig
ated
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
’
s
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
co
n
f
lict,
t
h
er
eb
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
c
u
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
.
I
n
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
,
p
r
o
f
es
s
o
r
s
also
en
d
ea
v
o
r
e
d
to
c
o
u
n
t
er
ac
t
th
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
d
etr
im
e
n
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
an
x
iety
,
b
r
ea
ch
es
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
s
en
s
itiv
ity
b
y
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
v
er
b
u
r
d
en
s
o
n
th
e
m
en
tal
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
o
f
law
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t,
a
im
ed
at
e
q
u
i
p
p
i
n
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
la
wy
e
r
s
wit
h
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
t
h
e
o
r
et
ica
l
f
o
u
n
d
at
io
n
i
n
co
n
f
li
ct
r
es
o
l
u
ti
o
n
,
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
ati
o
n
o
f
s
p
e
cia
liz
ed
to
p
i
cs
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
lic
to
l
o
g
y
m
o
d
u
les
i
n
t
o
th
e
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
u
m
o
f
s
o
ci
al
s
cie
n
c
es
a
n
d
h
u
m
a
n
it
ies
lec
tu
r
es.
T
o
ad
h
er
e
t
o
t
h
is
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
cu
r
r
ic
u
l
a
wer
e
s
cr
u
t
in
iz
ed
,
a
n
d
c
lass
es
s
u
it
ab
le
f
o
r
th
e
in
te
g
r
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
is
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
w
er
e
id
e
n
ti
f
i
ed
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
th
e
o
r
e
tic
al
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
c
o
n
f
li
ct
r
es
o
l
u
ti
o
n
,
to
p
i
cs
r
ela
te
d
t
o
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
c
o
n
f
l
icts
i
n
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
o
ci
al
d
y
n
am
i
cs,
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
t
io
n
’
s
c
o
n
t
en
t
,
f
u
n
c
ti
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
t
y
les
,
a
s
we
ll
as
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
att
r
i
b
u
tes
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ci
n
g
c
o
n
f
l
ict
p
r
o
p
e
n
s
i
ty
,
we
r
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
te
d
i
n
t
o
s
o
c
ial
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
it
a
r
ia
n
d
is
c
ip
li
n
es
s
u
c
h
as
“
le
g
a
l
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
“p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
a
n
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
ica
l
t
r
ain
in
g
o
f
law
y
er
s
,
”
“
p
o
l
iti
ca
l
s
c
ie
n
c
e,
”
a
n
d
“p
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
y
.
”
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
a
d
e
d
i
ca
t
ed
c
o
u
r
s
e
tit
le
d
“
c
o
n
f
lic
t
r
eso
lu
ti
o
n
c
o
m
p
e
te
n
c
e
f
o
r
l
aw
y
e
r
s
”
w
as
d
e
v
is
ed
.
I
ts
im
p
l
em
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
s
e
r
v
e
d
tw
o
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
es:
f
ir
s
t
l
y
,
t
o
e
li
m
i
n
at
e
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
c
y
i
n
ed
u
c
ati
o
n
al
c
o
n
te
n
t
th
a
t
s
t
u
d
en
ts
e
n
c
o
u
n
te
r
e
d
a
cr
o
s
s
s
o
ci
o
-
h
u
m
a
n
it
ar
ia
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
is
ci
p
l
in
es,
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
l
y
,
t
o
em
p
l
o
y
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
,
p
r
i
m
a
r
il
y
in
te
r
a
cti
v
e
,
te
ac
h
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
im
e
d
a
t
e
n
h
a
n
ci
n
g
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
e
n
g
ag
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
g
n
iti
v
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
ac
q
u
i
r
i
n
g
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
o
f
c
o
n
f
lic
t
r
es
o
l
u
ti
o
n
.
T
o
f
o
s
t
e
r
a
n
i
n
te
r
est
i
n
a
n
d
n
e
ce
s
s
it
y
f
o
r
co
n
f
li
ct
r
es
o
l
u
ti
o
n
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e,
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
te
ac
h
i
n
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
t
o
o
ls
w
er
e
em
p
l
o
y
e
d
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
b
u
s
i
n
ess
g
a
m
es
,
s
to
r
y
tel
li
n
g
,
b
r
a
in
s
to
r
m
i
n
g
,
m
i
n
i
-
d
is
c
u
s
s
i
o
n
s
,
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
tas
k
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
o
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
l
if
e
ex
am
p
l
es
a
n
d
le
g
al
p
r
ac
tic
e
a
n
e
cd
o
t
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
i
n
s
t
r
u
ct
io
n
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
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h
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ce
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
eg
r
a
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wle
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h
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in
t
r
i
ca
c
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o
f
t
h
e
le
g
a
l
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
,
p
r
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m
p
t
in
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
law
y
er
s
t
o
en
g
ag
e
i
n
c
r
it
ica
l
th
i
n
k
i
n
g
an
d
m
ak
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in
d
ep
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en
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d
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o
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a
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d
r
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d
i
v
e
r
s
e
c
o
n
f
lic
t s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
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2
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5
2228
I
n
p
u
r
s
u
it
o
f
th
e
th
ir
d
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
o
u
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
we
cr
a
f
ted
d
iv
er
s
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
s
es
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
ir
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ai
n
in
g
.
T
y
p
e
I
ca
s
es
wer
e
d
esig
n
e
d
to
ev
o
k
e
em
o
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
es
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
e
d
o
u
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
eth
ical
attr
ib
u
tes,
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
,
a
n
d
e
m
p
ath
y
(
i
n
s
tan
ce
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
c
o
m
p
ass
io
n
,
em
p
ath
y
,
an
d
ch
al
len
g
es to
estab
lis
h
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
o
u
tc
o
m
es).
T
y
p
e
I
I
ca
s
es
aim
ed
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
n
f
lict
-
f
r
ee
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
f
o
s
ter
cr
ea
tiv
e
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
ettin
g
s
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
law
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
(
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
ass
is
tan
ce
,
co
m
p
etitio
n
,
r
iv
alr
y
,
an
d
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es).
T
y
p
e
I
I
I
ca
s
es
d
ir
ec
tly
p
r
o
m
p
te
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
r
ec
o
g
n
iz
e
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
(
in
s
tan
ce
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
m
o
r
al
d
ilem
m
as,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
c
o
n
f
licts
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
et
h
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
,
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
m
aster
in
g
n
ew
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es).
T
y
p
e
I
V
ca
s
es
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
en
co
u
r
ag
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
t
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
elf
-
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
(
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
c
r
iticis
m
an
d
s
elf
-
cr
iticis
m
,
co
n
f
licts
b
etwe
en
asp
ir
in
g
to
ad
h
er
e
t
o
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
eth
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
lim
itati
o
n
s
,
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
elf
-
esteem
is
s
u
es,
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
)
.
W
h
en
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
cr
af
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
s
es,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
b
u
s
in
es
s
g
am
es,
r
o
le
-
p
lay
in
g
,
an
d
s
im
u
latio
n
g
a
m
es
p
r
o
v
ed
t
o
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
ls
f
o
r
r
e
p
licatin
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
at
clo
s
ely
m
i
r
r
o
r
th
e
r
ea
liti
es
o
f
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
lawy
er
s
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
u
tie
s
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
m
o
d
er
n
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies an
d
m
u
ltime
d
ia
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
aid
s
wer
e
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
u
tili
ze
d
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
wh
ile
cr
ea
tin
g
ca
s
es
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
in
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
o
u
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
d
ev
el
o
p
th
eir
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
,
we
u
s
ed
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
ex
er
cises
:
an
aly
tical,
in
tellectu
al
an
d
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
tic,
p
er
ce
p
tu
al
-
em
p
at
h
ic,
co
m
m
u
n
icativ
e,
em
o
tio
n
al
-
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
,
tr
ai
n
in
g
e
x
er
cises
,
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
e,
an
d
r
ef
lex
iv
e
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
ter
n
s
h
i
p
s
at
T
h
e
Pro
s
ec
u
to
r
’
s
Of
f
ice
o
f
Uk
r
ain
e,
T
h
e
Secu
r
ity
Ser
v
ice
o
f
Uk
r
ain
e,
an
d
T
h
e
Ser
v
ice
o
f
E
x
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
C
o
u
r
t
Dec
is
io
n
s
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
af
ter
th
e
t
h
ir
d
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
th
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
to
cu
ltiv
ate
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
asp
ir
i
n
g
law
y
er
s
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
n
s
h
i
p
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
o
f
f
er
in
g
t
h
em
in
v
alu
ab
le
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
.
D
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
b
o
t
h
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
u
n
d
er
wen
t
an
ev
alu
atio
n
to
ass
es
s
th
eir
u
ltima
te
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
At
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
s
tag
e
o
f
o
u
r
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
n
ess
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
,
we
c
h
ec
k
ed
th
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eity
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
th
at
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ill
s
.
Fo
r
th
is
ca
s
e,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
χ²
test
,
wh
ich
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
o
n
p
ar
am
etr
ic
to
o
l
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
-
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
am
p
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
ca
teg
o
r
ical
d
ata
(
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
s
k
ill
lev
el
ca
teg
o
r
ies).
T
h
eir
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
o
llo
w
th
e
law
o
f
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
a
n
d
th
is
m
eth
o
d
is
also
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
s
tatis
t
ical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
cies
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
we
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
χ²
v
alu
e
was
0
.
0
0
7
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
E
x
ce
l
to
o
ls
p
-
v
alu
e
is
0
.
9
3
4
(
f
o
r
th
e
χ²
s
tatis
tic
with
1
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
)
.
I
t
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
(
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
lev
el
o
f
α
=0
.
0
5
was
tak
en
as
th
e
g
en
er
ally
ac
c
ep
ted
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t,
o
u
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
eo
u
s
an
d
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
lev
els
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
e
v
ea
led
t
h
eir
eq
u
ality
.
T
h
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
in
d
icate
s
th
at
b
o
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
s
ar
e
s
im
ilar
in
ter
m
s
o
f
in
itial
in
d
icato
r
s
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
ac
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
o
u
r
r
esu
lts
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
s
in
ce
o
u
r
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
two
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
we
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
s
im
ilar
an
aly
s
is
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
E
1
an
d
E
2
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
p
=0
.
8
8
2
(
f
o
r
χ²=
0
.
0
2
2
with
1
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
)
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
0
.
0
5
,
i.e
.
,
o
u
r
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
;
th
e
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
r
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
.
A
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tu
d
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
le
v
els
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
il
ls
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
a
n
d
at
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t is p
r
esen
ted
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
iag
r
am
ev
id
en
ce
s
th
at
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t,
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
lack
o
f
a
h
ig
h
-
le
v
el
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
,
b
u
t
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ills
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
e
s
u
b
s
tan
t
ially
h
ig
h
er
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
ts
th
a
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
d
esig
n
e
d
to
cu
ltiv
ate
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
t
io
n
s
k
ills
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ills
lev
el
if
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
p
r
o
m
o
t
es it p
u
r
p
o
s
ef
u
lly
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
af
ter
o
u
r
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
t
h
e
χ²
test
.
T
h
e
co
n
tin
g
e
n
cy
tab
le
co
n
tain
in
g
th
e
ac
tu
al
an
d
ex
p
ec
ted
v
a
lu
es
was
cr
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
to
tal
v
a
lu
e
o
f
χ²=
1
5
.
4
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l e
n
viro
n
men
t
o
f sh
a
p
in
g
co
n
flict res
o
lu
tio
n
s
kills
a
t th
e
tert
ia
r
y
leve
l
(
Liu
d
myla
Ho
lu
b
n
yc
h
a
)
2229
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
p
-
v
alu
e,
p
=0
.
0
0
0
4
5
7
(
f
o
r
χ²
s
tatis
tics
w
ith
2
d
e
g
r
ee
s
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
)
u
s
i
n
g
E
x
ce
l
’
s
b
u
ilt
-
in
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
we
r
e
ca
lcu
lated
.
A
s
we
ca
n
s
ee
,
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
;
i
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
e
x
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
s
is
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
th
e
0
.
0
5
lev
el
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
we
h
av
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
d
ev
elo
p
r
ele
v
an
t sk
ills
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ef
i
n
ed
c
r
iter
ia
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
,
n
o
ta
b
ly
m
o
r
e
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
ch
a
n
g
es
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ev
id
en
ce
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
Sp
ec
if
icall
y
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
E
2
ex
h
ib
ited
n
o
ta
b
ly
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
ef
i
n
ed
cr
iter
ia
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
lev
els
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
f
u
tu
r
e
la
wy
er
s
o
f
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
(
E
1
,
E
2
)
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
(
C
)
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
s
tatem
en
t
an
d
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l stag
es o
f
t
h
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l e
x
p
er
im
en
t is d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
in
T
ab
le
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
co
m
p
a
r
a
tiv
e
an
d
g
e
n
er
alize
d
d
ata
o
n
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
o
f
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
a
n
d
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t (
in
%)
T
ab
le
1
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
lev
els
o
f
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t i
n
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
o
f
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
an
d
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
e
n
t (
in
%)
L
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
c
o
n
f
l
i
c
t
r
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
k
i
l
l
s
Lo
w
M
i
d
H
i
g
h
G
r
o
u
p
s
A
f
t
e
r
B
e
f
o
r
e
A
f
t
e
r
B
e
f
o
r
e
A
f
t
e
r
B
e
f
o
r
e
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
E1
)
1
2
.
4
1
6
6
.
6
7
5
8
.
5
3
3
.
3
3
2
9
.
0
8
-
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
(
E2
)
6
.
3
4
6
5
.
2
2
4
8
.
3
4
3
4
.
7
8
4
6
.
3
1
-
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
(
С
)
3
5
.
5
5
6
6
.
6
7
4
6
.
6
6
3
3
.
3
3
1
7
.
7
8
-
As
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
T
ab
le
1
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
cu
ltiv
ate
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
lawy
er
s
d
ef
in
itely
g
o
v
er
n
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
is
ab
ilit
y
lev
el
g
r
ea
tly
wh
en
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
is
o
r
g
an
ized
with
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
c
o
m
p
lex
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
s
tated
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
w
h
o
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
lo
w
-
le
v
el
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
o
n
ly
b
y
1
2
.
4
1
%
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
2
9
.
0
8
%
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
E
1
,
w
h
er
ea
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
o
f
lo
w
-
lev
el
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
ti
o
n
s
k
ills
was
6
.
3
4
%
an
d
in
c
r
e
asin
g
o
f
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
was
4
6
.
3
1
%
i
n
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
al
g
r
o
u
p
E
2
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
wer
e
ap
p
lied
b
o
th
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
in
class
es,
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
lar
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
was
ap
p
lied
,
we
r
ev
ea
led
r
elativ
ely
m
in
o
r
ch
an
g
es
in
th
e
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
lev
el
(
lo
w
lev
el
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
6
6
.
6
6
%
to
3
5
.
5
5
%,
m
id
d
le
lev
el
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
3
3
.
3
3
%
to
4
6
.
6
6
%,
h
ig
h
lev
el
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
0
%
to
1
7
.
7
8
%).
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
eso
lv
e
co
n
f
lict
s
itu
atio
n
s
ar
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
im
p
ac
t.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
s
k
ills
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
b
o
th
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
b
u
t
s
o
m
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
I
n
p
a
r
ticu
lar
,
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
E
2
)
th
er
e
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
W
h
ile
in
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
2
2
4
-
2
2
3
5
2230
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
E
1
)
th
e
r
e
was
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
id
d
le
-
lev
el
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Als
o
,
in
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
(
E
2
)
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
a
lo
w
lev
el
o
f
s
k
ills
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
in
th
e
two
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
we
f
o
u
n
d
g
en
e
r
ally
th
at
th
e
r
e
wer
e
n
o
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
lev
els
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
an
aly
s
is
(
ANOV
A)
,
th
e
p
-
v
al
u
e
(
p
=
0
.
9
9
9
)
is
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
0
.
0
5
,
wh
ich
allo
wed
u
s
to
r
ejec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
th
at
all
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
s
(
f
o
r
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
E
1
an
d
E
2
)
ar
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
lo
w
lev
el
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
m
id
d
le
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew,
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
r
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
o
n
es
m
ay
b
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
h
ig
h
l
ev
el
o
f
r
ele
v
an
t c
o
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
co
m
p
a
r
a
tiv
e
d
ata
o
n
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
o
f
two
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
e
n
d
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t (
in
%)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
co
m
p
a
r
a
tiv
e
d
ata
o
n
t
h
e
m
id
d
le
-
lev
el
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
t
io
n
s
k
ills
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
o
f
two
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
(
E
1
an
d
E
2
)
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
(
in
%)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l e
n
viro
n
men
t
o
f sh
a
p
in
g
co
n
flict res
o
lu
tio
n
s
kills
a
t th
e
tert
ia
r
y
leve
l
(
Liu
d
myla
Ho
lu
b
n
yc
h
a
)
2231
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
co
m
p
a
r
a
tiv
e
d
ata
o
n
t
h
e
lo
w
-
lev
el
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
er
s
o
f
two
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
(
E
1
an
d
E
2
)
g
r
o
u
p
s
at
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
(
in
%)
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
is
s
o
m
ewh
at
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
o
th
er
s
ch
o
lar
s
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
a
n
d
in
te
r
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
k
ills
w
ith
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
[
32
]
,
[
33
]
;
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
an
d
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
ty
les
th
at
im
p
ac
t
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
i
lls
[
32
]
,
[
34
]
,
[
35
]
;
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
r
ea
d
in
ess
f
o
r
co
n
f
lict
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
[
35
]
;
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
ap
p
lied
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
m
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
f
ea
tu
r
es
wh
ich
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
co
n
f
lict
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
36
]
,
[
37
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
h
o
w
ce
r
tain
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
in
f
lu
en
ce
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
we
d
id
n
o
t
ev
alu
ate
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
(
s
u
ch
as
ca
s
te,
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
)
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
b
y
Sawan
t
an
d
Ma
g
r
e
[3
2
].
I
t m
ay
b
e
s
ee
n
as o
u
r
lim
itatio
n
.
An
o
th
er
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
co
n
n
ec
te
d
with
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
(
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
cu
ltu
r
al
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
s
ter
in
g
h
u
m
an
e
p
r
in
cip
les,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
cu
ltu
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
eth
ical
an
d
v
o
liti
o
n
al
p
o
te
n
tials
;
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
lawy
er
s
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
th
e
o
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
in
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
to
d
ev
el
o
p
r
elate
d
co
m
p
eten
cies;
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
s
es
to
h
elp
lear
n
er
s
m
aster
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ai
n
in
g
)
is
in
alig
n
m
en
t
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
b
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
35
]
–
[
37
]
wh
o
test
ed
s
im
ilar
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
with
o
u
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
th
at
th
e
s
ch
o
la
r
s
ap
p
lied
as a
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t “
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
lev
el
o
f
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
co
m
p
eten
ce
am
o
n
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
.
”
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
we
d
id
n
o
t
o
r
g
an
ize
an
y
s
p
ec
ial
tr
ain
in
g
f
o
r
o
u
r
teac
h
in
g
s
taf
f
.
I
t a
ls
o
m
ay
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
o
n
e
o
f
o
u
r
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
we
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
will
b
e
en
h
an
ce
d
d
u
r
in
g
class
es
wi
th
s
p
ec
ial
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
s
es d
ir
ec
ted
to
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
m
aster
y
o
f
th
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
s
k
ills
,
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
l
ar
ac
tiv
ities
,
as
well
as
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
we
m
a
y
a
g
r
ee
with
Kh
aliq
et
a
l
.
[
33
]
t
h
at
p
r
ac
tice
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
s
p
ec
ialty
will
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
ese
s
k
ills
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
r
eso
lv
in
g
c
o
n
f
licts
co
n
tr
ad
ict
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
lar
s
t
h
at
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
t
io
n
s
ty
le
[
33
]
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
g
e
n
er
al
[
34
]
will
n
o
t
h
elp
d
e
v
elo
p
t
h
e
s
tu
d
ied
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
s
u
ch
d
is
c
r
ep
an
cies
is
p
r
o
b
ab
l
y
d
u
e
t
o
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
W
e
d
id
n
o
t
h
av
e
s
ep
ar
ate
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
test
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ea
ch
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
u
s
s
ep
ar
ately
.
I
n
s
tead
,
we
d
id
it
in
co
m
p
lex
.
So
,
in
o
u
r
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t,
we
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
f
u
tu
r
e
lawy
e
r
s
with
a
f
o
u
n
d
ati
o
n
in
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
as
a
p
ar
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
we
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
in
th
e
d
esig
n
e
d
c
o
m
p
lex
,
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
a
n
d
a
f
f
ec
ts
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
u
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
w
e
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
s
p
ec
ially
d
esig
n
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
(
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
cu
ltu
r
al
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
s
ter
in
g
h
u
m
an
e
p
r
in
cip
les,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
c
u
ltu
r
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
a
n
d
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
eth
ical
a
n
d
v
o
liti
o
n
al
p
o
ten
tials
;
eq
u
i
p
p
in
g
f
u
t
u
r
e
lawy
e
r
s
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
in
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
to
d
e
v
elo
p
r
elate
d
co
m
p
eten
cies;
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ca
s
es
to
h
el
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
2
2
4
-
2
2
3
5
2232
lear
n
er
s
m
aster
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
u
r
in
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
t
r
ain
in
g
)
a
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
lev
els
o
f
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
as
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
lev
els
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ill
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
s
ch
a
n
g
e
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
w
h
ile
in
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
ch
an
g
es
wer
e
less
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
Her
ewith
,
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
ar
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
th
at
e
m
p
o
wer
s
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al
t
o
s
wif
tly
,
r
esp
ec
tf
u
lly
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
ad
d
r
ess
co
n
f
licts
.
W
h
ile
co
n
f
lict
m
ay
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
as
a
s
i
tu
atio
n
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
s
b
etwe
en
two
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
ar
ties
ex
p
er
i
en
cin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
em
o
tio
n
s
,
wit
h
s
ee
m
in
g
ly
i
n
co
m
p
ati
b
le
o
u
tco
m
es
o
r
b
elief
s
,
wh
er
e
at
least
o
n
e
p
ar
t
y
r
ec
o
g
n
izes
th
e
in
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
a
n
d
v
iews
it
as
p
r
o
b
lem
atic.
W
e
also
ex
p
o
s
ed
th
at
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
m
ay
c
o
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
o
m
e
k
ey
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
:
i
)
cr
iter
io
n
r
elate
d
to
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
attr
ib
u
tes
;
ii
)
cr
iter
io
n
r
elate
d
t
o
in
t
ellec
tu
al
an
d
c
o
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies
;
an
d
iii
)
c
r
iter
io
n
r
elate
d
to
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
al
an
d
r
ef
le
x
iv
e
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
at
th
e
ter
tiar
y
lev
el
(
h
o
wev
er
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
o
f
t
s
k
ills
will
n
ee
d
to
b
e
a
p
p
lied
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
s
)
.
As
th
e
r
esear
ch
h
as r
ev
ea
led
th
e
p
o
ten
cy
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
r
co
n
f
lict r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
it
m
ay
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l
to
u
tili
ze
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
i
n
co
m
p
lex
with
in
f
o
r
m
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
ex
tr
ac
u
r
r
icu
la
r
ac
tiv
ities
,
as
well
as
d
u
r
in
g
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
t
h
at
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
s
is
t
o
n
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
d
ef
in
itiv
e
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
f
in
d
in
g
to
th
e
is
s
u
e
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
So
,
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
esear
c
h
f
in
d
in
g
s
m
ay
b
e
r
e
f
er
r
ed
to
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
an
d
tech
n
ical
ass
is
tan
ce
f
o
r
cu
ltiv
atin
g
co
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
k
ills
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
lawy
er
s
-
to
-
b
e
.
Sp
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
p
aid
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
in
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
ac
u
lties
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
L
iu
d
m
y
la
Ho
lu
b
n
y
c
h
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Yu
liia Sy
tn
y
k
o
v
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
T
etian
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[
11
]
S
.
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,
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h
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.
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4
.
[
12
]
G
.
N
.
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k
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v
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7
.
[
13
]
N
.
I
l
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i
t
sk
a
,
Y
.
S
h
c
h
e
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.
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o
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o
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6
5
.
[
14
]
C
.
Em
e
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so
n
,
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.
K
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,
K
.
B
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:
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[
15
]
G
.
F
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c
a
,
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c
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.
[
16
]
C
.
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.
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.
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.
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.
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AFO
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.
[
17
]
S
.
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.
M
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.
[
18
]
G
.
D
.
S
.
R
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h
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y
u
,
B
.
M
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[
19
]
D
.
S
h
v
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t
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t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
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[
20
]
N
.
M
o
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o
z
,
“
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t
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[
21
]
L.
G
o
r
l
o
v
a
,
“
C
o
m
p
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t
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o
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p
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c
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f
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s,
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Pr
o
c
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a
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d
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o
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3
.
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0
.
[
22
]
V
.
B
a
r
k
o
,
I
.
O
k
h
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m
e
n
k
o
,
V
.
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,
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.
M
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n
d
S
.
S
p
r
y
n
c
h
u
k
,
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P
r
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n
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l
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y
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m,
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0
.
[
23
]
R
.
D
j
u
m
a
y
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v
,
“
R
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d
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o
.
1
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p
.
4
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2
.
[
24
]
V
.
B
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r
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k
o
,
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.
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k
h
r
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.
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