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a
n
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d
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ial
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m
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m
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n
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RIS
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p
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s,
ERIC,
a
n
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g
to
t
h
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a
n
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l
trai
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g
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n
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fied
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ti
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s,
h
ig
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li
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ted
k
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p
s,
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n
d
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ro
v
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re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
o
n
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
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in
TVET
.
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y
fi
n
d
in
g
s
e
m
p
h
a
siz
e
d
a
li
g
n
i
n
g
OJT
with
e
m
e
rg
in
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
in
g
e
m
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
e
s,
p
ro
m
o
t
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
train
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s,
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
rin
g
i
n
c
lu
siv
e
a
n
d
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
v
o
c
a
ti
o
n
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l
train
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g
.
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e
stu
d
y
c
o
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
by
o
ffe
ri
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g
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
a
ti
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s
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im
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th
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li
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s
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li
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m
e
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t
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v
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g
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rc
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a
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d
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n
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stry
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d
s.
K
ey
w
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s
:
I
n
d
u
s
tr
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On
-
th
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-
jo
b
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ain
in
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T
VE
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VE
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in
s
titu
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Vo
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rticle
u
n
d
e
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CC
BY
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SA
li
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se
.
C
o
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r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
id
zwa
n
C
h
e
R
u
s
Facu
lty
of
T
ec
h
n
ical
an
d
V
o
c
atio
n
al,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Pen
d
id
ik
an
Su
ltan
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Slim
Stre
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,
35900,
T
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jo
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Ma
lim
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Per
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,
Ma
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m
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r
id
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tv
.
u
p
s
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d
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
In
th
e
e
v
o
lv
in
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
of
tech
n
ical
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
(
T
VE
T
)
,
on
-
th
e
-
j
o
b
tr
ain
in
g
(
OJT)
em
er
g
es
as
a
p
iv
o
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
ex
p
lo
r
es
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
n
atu
r
e
of
OJT
with
in
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
aim
in
g
to
u
n
r
a
v
el
its
co
m
p
lex
ities
an
d
d
er
iv
e
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
cr
iticality
of
OJT
in
T
VE
T
is
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
by
th
e
r
ap
id
ly
ch
an
g
in
g
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ical
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
wh
ich
d
em
an
d
n
o
t
o
n
ly
a
s
k
illed
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
b
u
t
also
one
th
at
is
ad
ap
tab
le
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ev
o
lv
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
b
eg
in
s
by
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
T
VE
T
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
r
o
le
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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co
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on
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b
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t v
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a
l in
s
titu
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n
s
…
(
S
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R
a
ja
ma
n
icka
m
)
1857
f
o
s
ter
in
g
em
p
lo
y
a
b
ilit
y
,
en
tr
ep
r
en
eu
r
s
h
ip
,
a
n
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
5
]
.
It
t
h
en
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
in
to
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
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ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
of
OJT,
ex
am
in
in
g
its
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
,
h
is
to
r
ical
ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
its
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tate
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
em
e
r
g
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
an
d
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
e
s
y
n
th
esis
of
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ea
ls
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
of
s
tr
a
teg
ies,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es
ass
o
ciate
d
wi
th
OJT
in
T
VE
T
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
s
ec
to
r
’
s
in
h
er
en
t
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
also
s
cr
u
tin
izes
th
e
p
o
licy
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
T
VE
T
OJT,
u
n
co
v
e
r
in
g
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etw
ee
n
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
tal
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
m
eticu
l
o
u
s
ly
s
o
u
r
c
in
g
an
d
an
aly
zi
n
g
r
elev
an
t
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
tex
ts
.
B
y
d
is
s
ec
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
co
n
te
x
ts
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
esen
ts
a
g
lo
b
al
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
ac
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ality
an
d
lo
ca
lity
o
f
OJT
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
T
VE
T
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
u
ltima
te
aim
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ed
u
c
ato
r
s
,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
with
a
n
u
an
ce
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
OJT’
s
co
m
p
lex
ities
with
in
T
VE
T
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ase
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
to
en
h
an
ce
i
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ili
ty
in
an
e
v
er
-
ch
a
n
g
in
g
wo
r
ld
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
Ob
jectiv
e
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e:
i)
T
o
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
r
ev
iew
an
d
an
aly
ze
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
on
t
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
of
f
o
u
r
th
in
d
u
s
tr
ia
l
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
(
I
R
4
.
0
)
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
to
T
VE
T
th
r
o
u
g
h
OJT,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
on
k
ey
th
em
es
s
u
ch
as
s
k
ills
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
in
th
e
d
i
g
ital
ag
e,
im
p
ac
t
on
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
r
elev
an
ce
of
IR
4
.
0
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
T
VE
T
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
of
OJT
;
an
d
ii)
T
o
id
en
tify
th
e
k
ey
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
in
te
g
r
ati
o
n
of
IR
4
.
0
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
to
OJT
with
in
T
VE
T
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
an
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
of
th
e
I
R
4
.
0
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
as
it
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
cr
itical
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
izin
g
T
VE
T
s
y
s
tem
s
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
r
ap
id
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
ch
ar
ac
ter
izin
g
th
e
I
R
4
.
0
.
As
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ad
o
p
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
c
h
as
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
,
b
ig
d
ata,
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
et
of
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
,
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
a
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
s
k
illed
in
th
ese
ar
ea
s
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
e
s
s
in
g
.
By
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
of
IR
4
.
0
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
t
o
OJT,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
t
s
in
to
h
o
w
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
c
an
be
en
h
a
n
ce
d
to
m
ee
t
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
n
ee
d
s
of
m
o
d
er
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
will
co
n
t
r
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
of
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
ain
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
c
u
r
r
icu
la,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
at
T
VE
T
g
r
ad
u
ates
ar
e
not
o
n
ly
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
th
e
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
r
eq
u
ir
ed
by
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
jo
b
m
ar
k
ets
but
also
ca
p
ab
le
of
a
d
ap
tin
g
to
o
n
g
o
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ch
a
n
g
es.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
by
id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
e
c
h
a
llen
g
es
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
is
ar
ea
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
will
o
f
f
er
p
r
ac
tical
g
u
id
an
c
e
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
ar
e
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
of
I
R
4
.
0
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
elv
e
d
in
to
th
e
m
u
ltifa
ce
ted
asp
e
cts
of
OJT
with
in
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
s
h
ed
d
in
g
lig
h
t
on
t
h
e
in
tr
icac
ies
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
h
e
r
en
t
in
th
is
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
id
en
ti
f
ied
n
in
e
p
iv
o
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
lack
of
alig
n
m
e
n
t
b
etwe
en
T
VE
T
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
ts
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
to
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
p
er
tin
en
ce
an
d
s
u
itab
ilit
y
of
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
with
r
eg
ar
d
to
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
cr
iti
ca
l
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
izin
g
T
VE
T
cu
r
r
icu
la
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
r
e
r
eq
u
is
ites
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
g
r
a
d
u
ates
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
s
k
ills
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
jo
b
m
ar
k
et.
OJT
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
co
lleg
es,
w
h
ile
im
m
en
s
ely
b
e
n
ef
icial,
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
its
o
wn
s
et
o
f
co
m
p
lex
ities
[
1
1
]
.
T
o
b
e
g
in
with
,
o
r
ch
estra
tin
g
OJT
p
lace
m
en
ts
p
r
esen
ts
a
f
o
r
m
id
ab
le
ch
allen
g
e.
Vo
ca
tio
n
al
co
lleg
es
m
u
s
t
ac
tiv
ely
cu
ltiv
ate
p
a
r
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
with
lo
ca
l
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
er
s
to
s
ec
u
r
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
tr
ain
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
i
ties
f
o
r
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
e
n
d
ea
v
o
r
ca
n
b
e
tim
e
-
i
n
ten
s
iv
e
an
d
c
o
n
tin
g
e
n
t
o
n
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
im
p
er
ativ
e
o
f
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
a
t
th
ese
p
lace
m
en
ts
d
o
v
etail
s
ea
m
less
ly
with
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
an
d
ad
h
er
e
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
p
r
esen
ts
its
o
wn
lo
g
is
tica
l
d
em
an
d
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
OJT
ca
n
b
e
an
in
tr
icate
u
n
d
er
tak
i
n
g
[
1
2
]
.
Ov
er
s
ee
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
a
d
iv
er
s
e
ar
r
a
y
of
wo
r
k
p
lace
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
wh
e
r
e
th
eir
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
m
ay
v
ar
y
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
,
ca
n
be
q
u
ite
d
e
m
an
d
i
n
g
.
V
o
ca
tio
n
al
co
lleg
es
m
u
s
t
th
er
ef
o
r
e
estab
l
is
h
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
ev
alu
ati
n
g
c
o
m
p
e
ten
cies,
an
d
g
u
a
r
an
teein
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
ain
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
a
n
g
e
of
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
alig
n
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es.
Ach
iev
in
g
th
is
n
ec
ess
itates
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
co
lleg
es,
e
m
p
lo
y
er
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
r
ea
lized
an
d
th
at
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
is
not
o
n
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
but
als
o
en
r
ich
in
g
.
W
h
ile
OJT
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
co
lleg
es
af
f
o
r
d
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
v
alu
ab
l
e
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
th
e
in
tr
icac
ies
lie
in
s
ec
u
r
in
g
f
itti
n
g
p
lace
m
en
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
alig
n
m
en
t
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es,
an
d
ef
f
e
ctiv
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
a
wid
e
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
of
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
ettin
g
s
.
Ov
er
co
m
in
g
th
ese
ch
alle
n
g
es
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
in
f
u
r
n
is
h
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
well
-
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
an
d
ef
f
icac
i
o
u
s
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
3
]
.
B
ey
o
n
d
th
ese
co
m
p
lex
ities
,
th
er
e
ar
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
ac
ets
th
at
m
er
it
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
with
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
of
T
VE
T
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
on
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
f
o
r
p
ar
en
ts
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
ea
r
th
e
d
th
e
ex
p
ec
t
atio
n
am
o
n
g
p
ar
en
ts
th
at
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
will
s
ec
u
r
e
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
af
ter
co
m
p
leti
n
g
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
alig
n
in
g
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
asp
ir
atio
n
s
[
1
4
]
.
Fam
ily
ex
p
e
ctatio
n
s
ex
er
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ca
r
ee
r
ch
o
ices
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
5
6
-
1
8
6
9
1858
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
an
o
t
h
er
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
I
R
4
.
0
o
n
T
VE
T
,
co
n
clu
d
in
g
th
at
wh
ile
au
to
m
atio
n
will
u
n
d
o
u
b
ted
ly
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
,
c
er
tain
ar
ea
s
with
in
T
VE
T
m
ay
u
n
d
er
g
o
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ath
e
r
th
an
elim
in
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
ad
ap
t
to
m
ee
t
ev
o
lv
in
g
jo
b
m
ar
k
et
d
em
an
d
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
c
em
e
n
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
In
ad
d
itio
n
,
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
of
s
p
ec
ialized
f
ield
s
,
each
with
its
u
n
iq
u
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
C
o
n
s
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
t
a
i
l
o
r
i
n
g
of
O
J
T
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
es
to
a
l
i
g
n
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
n
e
ed
s
of
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
of
t
h
ei
r
c
h
o
s
e
n
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
i
es
is
ess
e
n
t
i
al
.
E
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
s
u
c
h
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
r
e
le
v
a
n
t
a
n
d
up
-
to
-
d
a
t
e
p
r
es
e
n
t
s
it
i
s
o
w
n
c
h
al
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
g
i
v
e
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
of
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
s
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
i
e
s
.
Fin
an
cial
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
licate
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
of
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
i
n
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
co
lleg
es.
T
h
ese
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
f
in
d
th
em
s
elv
es
o
b
lig
ated
to
allo
ca
te
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
t
s
tip
en
d
s
,
co
v
er
tr
av
el
ex
p
en
s
es,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
or
m
a
ter
ials
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
of
f
u
n
d
in
g
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
th
e
ass
u
r
an
ce
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
OJT
can
p
r
o
v
e
to
be
a
f
o
r
m
id
ab
le
lo
g
is
tical
ch
allen
g
e.
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
u
n
d
en
iab
ly
p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
a
s
k
illed
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
m
is
alig
n
m
en
t
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
n
ee
d
s
r
em
ain
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
u
r
d
le
,
o
f
ten
r
esu
ltin
g
in
u
n
em
p
l
o
y
ed
g
r
ad
u
ates
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
t
s
not
o
n
ly
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
OJT
with
in
T
VE
T
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
but
also
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ar
ea
s
th
at
war
r
an
t
atten
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
alig
n
m
en
t,
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
a
r
en
tal
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
im
p
a
ct
of
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
on
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
,
w
h
ich
en
c
o
m
p
ass
ed
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
i
n
ter
v
iews
an
d
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ex
am
in
atio
n
of
T
VE
T
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
co
u
n
tr
ies,
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
ass
ess
how
well
T
VE
T
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
ee
ts
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
It
aim
ed
to
p
in
p
o
in
t
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
co
u
ld
en
h
an
ce
th
e
lin
k
ag
e
b
etwe
en
T
VE
T
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
n
ee
d
s
,
u
lti
m
ately
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
ac
h
iev
e
alig
n
m
en
t
[
1
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
tech
n
ical
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
teac
h
er
s
in
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
em
p
h
asized
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
th
is
cr
itical
ar
ea
,
u
ltima
tely
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
wo
r
k
er
s
f
o
r
s
o
cieta
l
well
-
b
ein
g
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
ac
to
r
s
lik
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
in
s
h
ap
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
an
d
g
o
als
in
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
er
e
b
y
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
alig
n
in
g
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
1
9
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
3
.
1
.
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n
T
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
u
tili
ze
d
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
r
ee
-
s
tag
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
s
elec
t
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
of
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies.
I
n
i
tially
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
el
ec
tin
g
k
e
y
ter
m
s
an
d
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
f
o
r
r
elate
d
w
o
r
d
s
u
s
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
th
esau
r
u
s
es,
d
ictio
n
ar
ies,
en
cy
cl
o
p
ed
i
as,
an
d
e
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
s
tep
led
to
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
of
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
s
f
o
r
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as
Sco
p
u
s
,
E
R
I
C
,
an
d
IEEE
Xp
lo
r
e,
as
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
1.
In
th
is
in
itial
p
h
ase
,
a
to
tal
of
3
,
0
3
1
p
er
tin
en
t
a
r
ticles
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
a
n
d
r
e
tr
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
d
atab
ases
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ject.
T
ab
le
1.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
D
a
t
a
b
a
se
Q
u
e
r
y
S
c
o
p
u
s
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
(
“
O
n
-
t
h
e
-
Jo
b
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
”
)
O
R
(
“
TV
E
T
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
)
O
R
(
“
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
”
)
)
A
N
D
P
U
B
Y
EA
R
>
2
0
1
8
A
N
D
P
U
B
Y
EA
R
<
2
0
2
3
A
N
D
(
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
“
S
O
C
I
”
)
O
R
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
S
U
B
JA
R
E
A
,
“
EN
G
I
”
)
)
A
N
D
(
L
I
M
I
T
-
TO
(
D
O
C
TY
P
E,
“
a
r
”
)
)
A
N
D
(
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
LA
N
G
U
A
G
E,
“
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
”
)
)
A
N
D
(
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
EX
A
C
TK
EY
W
O
R
D
,
“
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
)
)
ER
I
C
(
“
O
n
-
t
h
e
-
J
o
b
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
”
)
O
R
(
“
TV
ET
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
)
O
R
(
“
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
”
)
p
u
b
y
e
a
r
mi
n
:
2
0
1
8
p
u
b
y
e
a
r
ma
x
:
2
0
2
3
I
EEE
X
p
l
o
r
e
(
“
O
n
-
t
h
e
-
J
o
b
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
”
)
O
R
(
“
TV
ET
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
”
)
O
R
(
“
c
o
l
l
e
g
e
v
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
”
)
3
.
2
.
Scre
ening
Du
r
in
g
th
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase
of
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
ca
r
ef
u
l
e
x
am
in
atio
n
of
t
h
e
g
ath
e
r
ed
r
esear
ch
m
ater
ials
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
id
e
n
tify
co
n
ten
t
th
at
alig
n
s
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
p
r
ed
o
m
in
a
n
tly
f
o
cu
s
ed
on
s
elec
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
of
OJT
at
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
As
p
ar
t
of
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
f
iv
e
d
u
p
licate
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
r
em
o
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
llectio
n
.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
s
tep
r
esu
lted
in
th
e
ex
clu
s
io
n
of
41
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
88
p
a
p
er
s
wer
e
clo
s
ely
ev
alu
ated
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
u
s
in
g
d
is
tin
ct
ex
clu
s
io
n
an
d
in
clu
s
i
o
n
cr
iter
ia
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
as
d
etailed
in
T
a
b
le
2.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
was
on
liter
atu
r
e
(
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
s
)
due
to
th
eir
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
r
e
v
i
e
ws
,
m
e
t
a
-
s
y
n
t
h
es
e
s
,
m
e
t
a
-
a
n
al
y
s
es,
b
o
o
k
s
,
book
s
e
r
i
e
s
,
c
h
a
p
t
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
not
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
in
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
r
e
c
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
ie
s
.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
w
as
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
to
wo
r
k
s
p
u
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
in
E
n
g
li
s
h
a
n
d
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
e
x
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
l
y
on
t
h
e
p
e
r
i
o
d
f
r
o
m
2021
to
2
0
2
4
.
U
l
t
i
m
at
e
l
y
,
f
i
v
e
p
u
b
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
w
e
r
e
d
i
s
ca
r
d
e
d
due
to
b
e
i
n
g
d
u
p
l
i
c
a
t
es
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
a
vig
a
tin
g
co
mp
lexities in
on
-
th
e
-
jo
b
tr
a
in
in
g
a
t v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l in
s
titu
tio
n
s
…
(
S
elvi
R
a
ja
ma
n
icka
m
)
1859
T
ab
le
2.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
io
n
is
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
En
g
l
i
sh
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
sh
Ti
me
l
i
n
e
2
0
1
8
-
2
0
2
3
<
2
0
1
8
Li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
(
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
)
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
b
o
o
k
,
r
e
v
i
e
w
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
st
a
g
e
F
i
n
a
l
In
p
r
e
ss
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
a
r
e
a
S
o
c
i
a
l
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
B
e
si
d
e
s
s
o
c
i
a
l
sc
i
e
n
c
e
s a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
3
.
3
.
E
lig
ibi
lity
Up
o
n
f
u
lf
illi
n
g
all
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia,
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
elec
tio
n
of
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
r
r
ev
iew
was
estab
lis
h
ed
.
It
is
cr
u
cial
to
tr
a
n
s
p
ar
en
tly
p
r
esen
t
all
r
esear
c
h
item
s
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
f
in
al
co
m
p
ilatio
n
,
as
th
is
clar
ity
is
v
ital
f
o
r
r
ea
d
e
r
s
to
g
r
asp
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
of
th
e
r
e
v
iew
’
s
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
p
h
ase,
a
to
tal
of
42
ar
ticles
wer
e
in
itially
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
E
ac
h
ar
ticle
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
e
x
am
in
a
tio
n
of
its
title
an
d
k
ey
co
n
ten
t
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
in
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
to
its
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
ev
en
ar
ticles
wer
e
elim
in
ated
due
to
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
th
eir
titl
es
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
an
d
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
aim
s
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Ultim
ately
,
35
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
an
d
ev
alu
atio
n
,
as
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Flo
w
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
s
tu
d
y
3
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
bs
t
ra
ct
io
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
An
in
teg
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
s
er
v
ed
as
a
k
ey
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
an
d
s
y
n
th
esis
of
d
iv
er
s
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
c
h
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
aim
was
to
p
in
p
o
in
t
r
elev
a
n
t
to
p
ics
an
d
s
u
b
to
p
ics,
with
d
at
a
co
llectio
n
m
ar
k
in
g
th
e
in
iti
al
p
h
ase
of
th
e
m
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
of
35
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
to
ex
tr
ac
t
ass
er
tio
n
s
p
er
tin
e
n
t
to
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
c
u
s
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
th
ey
r
e
v
iewe
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ex
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
ies
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ities
of
OJT
in
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
s
cr
u
tin
izin
g
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
llab
o
r
ated
with
co
-
au
th
o
r
s
to
estab
lis
h
th
em
es
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
th
e
ev
id
e
n
ce
g
ath
er
ed
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
,
a
lo
g
was
m
ain
tain
ed
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
a
n
aly
s
es,
in
s
ig
h
ts
,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
also
co
m
p
ar
e
d
r
esu
lts
to
id
e
n
t
if
y
an
y
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cies
in
th
e
m
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
No
tab
l
y
,
a
n
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
ts
on
co
n
ce
p
ts
wer
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
am
o
n
g
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
th
e
m
es
f
o
r
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
T
h
e
v
alid
ity
of
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
Id
e
n
ti
fica
ti
o
n
In
c
lu
d
e
d
El
ig
i
b
il
it
y
S
c
re
e
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in
g
Re
c
o
rd
id
e
n
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fy
th
r
o
u
g
h
S
c
o
p
u
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se
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rc
h
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g
(n
=2
7
6
8
)
Re
c
o
rd
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e
n
ti
fy
th
r
o
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g
h
IEE
E
se
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h
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g
(n
=
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2
)
Re
c
o
rd
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e
n
ti
fy
th
r
o
u
g
h
ERIC
se
a
rc
h
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g
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=2
3
1
)
Re
c
o
rd
a
fter sc
re
e
n
e
d
S
c
o
p
u
s
(n
=
6
6
),
ERIC
(n
=
1
3
),
I
E
EE
(n
=
9
)
(To
tal=
8
8
)
Du
p
li
cate reco
rd
rem
o
v
ed
(n
=
5
)
Re
c
o
rd
s a
fter sc
re
e
n
e
d
(n
=
8
3
)
Arti
cles
acc
e
ss
fo
r
elig
ibili
t
y
(n
=
4
2
)
S
tu
d
ies
in
c
lu
d
e
d
in
q
u
a
li
tati
v
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
(n
=
3
5
)
Re
c
o
rd
e
x
c
lu
d
e
d
F
o
ll
o
w t
h
e
c
rit
e
ri
o
n
;
re
m
o
v
e
d
No
n
-
En
g
li
sh
< 2
0
2
1
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
,
b
o
o
k
,
re
v
iew
In
P
res
s
(n
=4
1
)
F
u
ll
tex
t
e
x
c
l
u
d
e
d
Ex
c
lu
si
o
n
No
n
-
E
n
g
li
s
h
<
2
0
2
1
Co
n
fe
re
n
c
e
,
b
o
o
k
,
re
v
iew
In
P
re
ss
Be
sid
e
s so
c
ial
sc
ien
c
e
s a
n
d
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(n
=
7
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
5
6
-
1
8
6
9
1860
is
s
u
es
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
by
two
ex
p
er
ts
:
Pro
f
.
Hatto
r
i
Min
a
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
R
ian
Veb
r
ian
to
in
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ial
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
t
r
ev
iew
p
h
ase
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
each
s
u
b
th
em
e
was
cle
ar
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
alig
n
e
d
with
its
d
o
m
ain
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
OJT
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
an
d
em
p
o
wer
in
g
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
to
em
b
r
ac
e
an
d
e
x
ce
l
in
th
e
er
a
of
I
R
4
.
0
.
It
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
h
av
e
th
e
s
k
ills
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
a
n
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
to
w
o
r
k
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
u
ltima
tely
b
en
e
f
itin
g
b
o
th
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als
an
d
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
of
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
af
ety
,
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
ased
on
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e,
35
ar
ticles
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
ted
an
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
.
All
a
r
ticles
wer
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
on
f
o
u
r
m
ain
th
em
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
ad
a
p
tatio
n
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
to
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
I
R
4
.
0
(
10
ar
ticles),
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
la
b
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
in
clu
s
io
n
(
10
ar
ticles),
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
eig
h
t
ar
ticles)
an
d
eq
u
ity
,
ac
ce
s
s
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
(
s
ev
en
ar
ticles)
,
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
L
is
t o
f
a
r
ticles
No
A
u
t
h
o
r
s
S
c
o
p
u
s
ER
I
C
I
EEE
1.
O
t
h
m
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
]
/
2.
M
o
n
t
a
l
b
o
[
3
]
/
3.
S
u
n
n
y
a
n
d
I
smai
l
[
4
]
/
4.
D
e
y
a
n
d
D
e
v
i
[
5
]
/
5.
Ta
l
e
n
t
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
6
]
/
6.
B
a
n
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
7
]
/
7.
H
u
sai
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
8
]
/
8.
O
mar
e
t
a
l
.
[
9
]
/
9.
C
h
a
i
r
a
n
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
/
1
0
.
O
mar
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
/
1
1
.
O
mar
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
/
1
2
.
K
a
p
r
a
w
i
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
/
1
3
.
R
o
d
z
a
l
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
/
1
4
.
Jag
a
n
n
a
t
h
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
/
1
5
.
H
e
a
r
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
/
1
6
.
R
u
z
i
t
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
/
1
7
.
I
b
r
a
h
i
m
a
n
d
N
a
sh
i
r
[
1
8
]
/
1
8
.
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t
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i
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1
9
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2
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6
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1
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2
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3
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A
v
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a
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C
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[
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4
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G
i
mb
a
D
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l
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[
3
4
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3
5
.
A
g
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l
.
[
3
5
]
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4
.
1
.
Ada
pta
t
io
n
of
O
J
T
to
mo
dern
t
ec
hn
o
lo
g
ies a
nd
I
R
4
.
0
I
R
4
.
0
,
k
n
o
wn
alter
n
ativ
ely
as
s
m
ar
t,
in
tellig
e
n
t
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
or
s
m
ar
t
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
,
was
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
2011
to
en
h
a
n
ce
Ger
m
an
y
’
s
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
.
T
h
is
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
id
ea
r
ap
id
ly
g
ai
n
ed
wo
r
ld
wid
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
with
m
ajo
r
n
atio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
J
ap
an
,
Fra
n
ce
,
th
e
USA,
an
d
th
e
UK
lau
n
ch
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
itiativ
es.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
I
R
4
.
0
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
as
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
in
d
u
s
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i
al
r
ev
am
p
with
in
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in
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r
ated
f
r
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r
k
,
m
er
g
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p
h
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s
ical
an
d
d
i
g
ital
wo
r
ld
s
v
ia
cy
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
I
o
T
-
f
ac
ilit
ated
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
lin
k
in
g
p
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o
p
le,
p
r
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ce
s
s
es,
an
d
s
er
v
ices,
allo
win
g
n
etwo
r
k
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d
ata
s
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ar
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ev
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p
in
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o
v
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e,
c
o
llab
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m
ar
t
s
y
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tem
s
.
T
h
is
s
h
if
t
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
d
ig
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n
o
f
v
ar
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s
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s
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u
tili
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g
em
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ed
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ed
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en
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s
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ex
ten
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p
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ical
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y
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t
em
s
,
an
d
ad
v
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ce
d
a
n
aly
tics
.
I
R
4
.
0
r
is
e
h
as
n
o
r
m
alize
d
th
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s
e
o
f
r
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im
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latio
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p
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f
o
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m
a
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,
an
d
p
r
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d
u
ctiv
ity
[
2
1
]
.
Stu
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s
h
o
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th
at
s
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cc
ess
f
u
l
ad
a
p
tatio
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R
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in
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
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8
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N
a
vig
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tin
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co
mp
lexities in
on
-
th
e
-
jo
b
tr
a
in
in
g
a
t v
o
ca
tio
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a
l in
s
titu
tio
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s
…
(
S
elvi
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a
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ma
n
icka
m
)
1861
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
a
n
ag
er
ial
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
p
r
ac
tical
lear
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in
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x
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s
,
an
d
s
tr
o
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s
with
ed
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tio
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r
o
u
g
h
OJT
an
d
u
p
s
k
illi
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
m
ain
ly
r
ef
lects
h
ig
h
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o
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m
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m
s
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p
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in
I
R
4
.
0
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
more
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clu
s
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f
u
tu
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e
s
tu
d
ies.
A
b
r
o
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ag
r
ee
m
en
t
ex
is
ts
am
o
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g
v
ar
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o
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s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
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,
in
clu
d
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g
o
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m
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,
in
d
u
s
t
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n
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s
,
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ca
to
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s
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ab
o
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ac
to
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s
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tr
a
n
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itio
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in
g
to
I
R
4
.
0
.
I
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
ar
e
en
co
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r
ag
ed
to
d
e
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e
lo
p
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
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ca
p
ab
ilit
y
s
tr
ateg
ies,
not
ju
s
t
f
o
cu
s
in
g
on
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
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y
ac
q
u
is
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but
also
on
ex
t
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e
jo
b
tr
ain
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g
,
n
u
r
tu
r
in
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in
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wo
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k
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ltu
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s
tain
in
g
s
o
lid
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
wid
er
s
o
cieta
l
im
p
ac
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of
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R
4
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tech
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ies
lik
e
r
o
b
o
tics
an
d
AI
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r
ec
o
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h
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p
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ten
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to
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a
n
s
f
o
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m
ex
is
tin
g
j
o
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s
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s
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Picto
r
ial
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
of
I
R
4
.
0
[
3
6
]
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
wh
i
le
s
o
m
e
tech
n
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lo
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ies
m
ay
lea
d
to
jo
b
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t,
o
th
e
r
s
can
cr
ea
te
o
p
p
o
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tu
n
ities
f
o
r
u
p
s
k
illi
n
g
,
p
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o
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ct
a
n
d
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s
s
in
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o
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,
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
to
r
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
[
2
3
]
.
I
n
a
s
im
ilar
v
ein
,
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e
s
tu
d
y
e
x
am
in
es
th
e
s
o
cial
co
g
n
itiv
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ca
r
ee
r
th
e
o
r
y
to
ass
ess
th
e
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
’
cu
r
r
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la
in
Ken
y
a,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
Af
r
ica
to
h
ar
n
ess
its
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
i
v
id
en
d
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y
i
n
v
esti
n
g
in
a
y
o
u
n
g
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
id
e
n
tifie
s
a
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
th
e
c
o
v
er
ag
e
o
f
s
o
f
t
an
d
tech
n
ical
s
k
ills
an
d
p
o
in
ts
to
b
ar
r
ier
s
s
u
ch
as
in
ad
eq
u
ate
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
o
u
td
ated
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
an
d
a
lack
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
tr
ain
in
g
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
wh
ich
h
am
p
e
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
em
p
l
o
y
ab
ilit
y
.
T
o
m
itig
ate
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ese
is
s
u
es,
th
e
p
ap
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o
m
m
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d
s
f
o
s
ter
in
g
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ar
tn
e
r
s
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ip
s
b
etwe
en
T
VE
T
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
t
r
ain
in
g
p
r
o
v
id
ed
alig
n
s
with
l
ab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
n
ee
d
s
.
Su
ch
allian
ce
s
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
OJT,
s
ca
le
u
p
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
m
o
d
els,
an
d
c
u
ltiv
ate
a
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
ad
ap
tab
le
to
th
e
ch
an
g
in
g
lab
o
r
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
[
2
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
ap
er
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
No
r
weg
ian
I
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
Pro
g
r
am
’
s
im
p
ac
t
on
f
e
m
ale
im
m
ig
r
an
ts
’
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et
p
ar
ti
cip
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n
.
W
h
ile
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
led
to
a
s
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t
in
cr
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s
e
in
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
f
em
ale
im
m
ig
r
a
n
ts
f
r
o
m
Asi
a
or
Af
r
ica,
it
d
id
not
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ir
ea
r
n
in
g
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
th
e
in
itiativ
e
m
ay
h
av
e
h
ad
a
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
ef
f
ec
t
r
ath
er
th
a
n
en
h
an
cin
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
an
d
em
p
lo
y
ab
i
lity
s
k
ills
[
2
5
]
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
wh
en
v
iewe
d
as
an
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
a
n
e
n
tire
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
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o
s
y
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tem
,
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r
s
t
u
d
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n
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er
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r
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r
k
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en
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u
s
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m
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g
g
o
v
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n
m
en
t,
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
lab
o
r
u
n
io
n
s
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
t
al
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
d
r
iv
e
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
I
R
4
.
0
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
co
u
ld
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
tar
k
d
if
f
er
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ce
s
b
etwe
e
n
ef
f
icien
cy
v
er
s
u
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
ad
o
p
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
W
h
il
s
t
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
co
u
ld
d
is
p
lace
wo
r
k
er
s
,
th
e
latter
ca
n
o
p
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p
ath
way
s
f
o
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p
s
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illi
n
g
,
p
r
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ct
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d
p
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s
s
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
c
r
o
s
s
s
ec
to
r
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
lev
el
ca
s
e
ap
p
r
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h
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m
u
ltip
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s
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o
ld
e
r
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
tr
ian
g
u
lated
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
k
ills
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies,
u
n
c
o
v
er
in
g
f
o
u
r
lear
n
in
g
p
r
in
ci
p
l
es
th
at
u
n
d
e
r
p
in
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
er
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
tr
an
s
itio
n
in
g
to
I
R
4
.
0
[
2
7
]
.
4
.
2
.
O
J
T
a
nd
la
bo
r
m
a
r
k
et
inclu
s
io
n
W
ith
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
of
th
e
1
1
th
Ma
lay
s
ia
Plan
,
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
e
n
tifie
d
,
with
a
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
one
b
ein
g
th
e
d
ef
ic
ien
cy
in
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
T
VE
T
.
T
h
e
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
of
s
k
ills
with
in
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
a
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
by
em
p
l
o
y
ee
s
an
d
th
o
s
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
jo
b
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
is
s
u
e
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ed
im
en
t
to
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
of
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
alig
n
in
g
with
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
s
u
b
p
ar
s
k
ills
with
in
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
can
r
esu
lt
in
ad
v
er
s
e
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
s
o
cial
d
ep
r
iv
at
io
n
,
d
im
in
is
h
ed
tax
r
ev
en
u
es,
u
n
d
er
u
tili
za
tio
n
of
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
ts
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
jo
b
s
ea
r
ch
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
ese
r
ep
er
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
5
6
-
1
8
6
9
1862
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
on
b
r
id
g
i
n
g
th
e
s
k
ills
g
ap
,
esp
ec
ially
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
of
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
of
t
h
eir
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
s
h
ap
in
g
b
o
th
g
en
er
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
ce
llen
ce
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
j
o
b
co
m
p
eten
cies.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at,
on
av
er
ag
e
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
d
esig
n
ated
task
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ex
p
r
ess
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
of
th
eir
wo
r
k
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
of
th
eir
jo
b
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
th
eir
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
ass
u
r
an
ce
of
jo
b
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
T
V
E
T
to
m
ee
t
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
em
an
d
,
1
0
th
Ma
lay
s
ia
Plan
.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
is
on
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
T
VE
T
,
wh
ich
is
a
ty
p
e
of
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
ain
in
g
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
ed
to
e
q
u
i
p
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
ad
es,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
,
or
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
w
ith
th
e
tech
n
ical
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
of
v
ar
io
u
s
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies,
s
u
ch
as
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Stra
teg
y
p
ap
e
r
9
-
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
T
VE
T
to
m
ee
t i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
d
em
an
d
,
1
0
t
h
Ma
lay
s
ia
Plan
an
d
UNE
SC
O
-
U
NE
VOC
I
n
ter
n
ati
o
n
al
C
en
tr
e
[
3
7
]
T
h
ese
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
m
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
s
k
ills
g
ap
,
g
iv
en
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
th
at
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
eir
q
u
ality
p
lay
in
s
h
ap
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ex
ce
llen
ce
an
d
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
jo
b
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
e
x
h
ib
it
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
ap
titu
d
e
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
task
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
ex
p
r
ess
ed
co
n
ten
tm
en
t
with
th
eir
jo
b
co
n
ten
t,
s
alar
y
p
ac
k
ag
es,
an
d
th
e
ass
u
r
an
ce
of
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
s
tab
ilit
y
.
R
em
a
r
k
ab
ly
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
no
in
ten
tio
n
s
of
r
etir
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
eir
r
o
les
as
T
VE
T
i
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
[
2
9
]
.
B
y
id
en
tify
in
g
a
r
o
s
ter
of
g
en
e
r
i
c
s
k
ills
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ee
d
in
g
in
an
I
R
4
.
0
wo
r
k
m
ili
eu
,
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
of
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ty
p
e
,
th
ese
s
k
ills
can
be
s
ea
m
less
ly
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
T
VE
T
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
ca
t
er
in
g
to
th
e
t
r
ain
in
g
n
ee
d
s
of
T
VE
T
tr
ain
ee
s
at
th
e
en
tr
y
-
lev
el
of
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
f
r
o
m
ce
r
tific
ate
lev
els
1
to
3
(
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
k
ills
ce
r
tific
ate)
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
b
e
n
ef
icial
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
is
not
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
s
p
ec
if
ic.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
of
a
T
VE
T
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
en
r
ich
ed
with
I
R
4
.
0
s
k
ills
can
also
s
er
v
e
as
a
tem
p
late
f
o
r
o
th
er
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
eir
o
wn
tailo
r
-
m
a
d
e
T
VE
T
cu
r
r
icu
la,
th
er
e
b
y
g
en
er
atin
g
a
pool
of
jo
b
-
r
ea
d
y
g
r
a
d
u
ates
an
d
elev
at
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
of
e
x
is
tin
g
wo
r
k
er
s
to
ex
ce
l
in
an
I
R
4
.
0
wo
r
k
s
ettin
g
.
By
p
in
p
o
i
n
tin
g
t
h
e
e
n
ab
ler
s
f
o
r
I
R
4
.
0
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
T
VE
T
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
T
V
E
T
tr
ain
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
can
d
esig
n
an
d
estab
lis
h
a
co
n
d
u
civ
e
I
R
4
.
0
tr
ai
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
eq
u
ip
p
in
g
T
VE
T
tr
ain
ee
s
with
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
s
k
ills
[
3
0
]
.
T
VE
T
h
as
lo
n
g
b
ee
n
r
e
g
ar
d
e
d
as
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
a
n
atio
n
’
s
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t.
Stru
ctu
r
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
s
em
in
ated
to
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
er
s
with
in
lis
ted
co
m
p
an
ies
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
a
vig
a
tin
g
co
mp
lexities in
on
-
th
e
-
jo
b
tr
a
in
in
g
a
t v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l in
s
titu
tio
n
s
…
(
S
elvi
R
a
ja
ma
n
icka
m
)
1863
em
p
lo
y
tech
n
ical
g
r
a
d
u
ates.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
a
b
les
HE
I
s
to
t
ak
e
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
i
n
itiate
in
itiativ
es
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
attr
ib
u
tes
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
v
ital
in
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
m
ar
k
et
ab
le
tech
n
ical
g
r
ad
u
ates,
th
e
r
eb
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
n
atio
n
’
s
g
o
al
o
f
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
n
atio
n
b
y
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
2
0
[
3
1
]
.
4
.
3
.
I
nn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
t
ra
ini
ng
pra
ct
ices a
nd
co
m
pet
ency
dev
elo
pm
ent
Un
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
is
o
n
e
of
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
f
ac
ed
by
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies.
A
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
k
ills
r
eq
u
ir
ed
by
em
p
l
o
y
er
s
an
d
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
by
g
r
ad
u
ates
is
one
of
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
u
n
em
p
l
o
y
m
en
t.
In
s
u
ch
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
w
h
eth
er
life
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
s
k
ills
ar
e
em
b
ed
d
e
d
by
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
tech
n
ic
al
an
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
in
ce
th
ey
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
em
i
-
s
k
illed
an
d
s
k
illed
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
to
co
m
p
ete
in
th
e
g
lo
b
al
lab
o
r
m
ar
k
et.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
ts
h
av
e
th
eir
o
wn
way
of
em
b
ed
d
i
n
g
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ay
be
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
an
d
ass
is
t
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
p
o
ly
t
ec
h
n
ics
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Stu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
be
p
r
o
v
id
ed
with
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
s
k
ills
to
s
u
r
v
iv
e
an
d
th
r
iv
e
in
th
e
r
ea
l
wo
r
k
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
of
T
VE
T
lectu
r
er
s
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
IR
4
.
0
.
A
t
o
tal
of
2
0
3
T
VE
T
lectu
r
er
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
also
u
s
ed
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
in
f
er
en
t
ial
s
tatis
tic
s
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
r
e
v
ea
l
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
of
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
of
IR
4
.
0
am
o
n
g
s
t
th
e
T
VE
T
lectu
r
er
s
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
lik
e
wis
e
ex
is
ts
am
o
n
g
s
t
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
of
IR
4
.
0
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
also
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
T
VE
T
lectu
r
er
s
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
is
a
m
ed
iato
r
of
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
r
ea
d
in
ess
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
of
IR
4
.
0
.
L
astl
y
,
r
esu
lts
im
p
ly
th
at
th
e
lectu
r
er
s
can
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
ef
f
o
r
t
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
IR
4
.
0
to
a
ch
iev
e
th
e
Miss
io
n
of
2
0
2
0
[
3
3
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4,
co
m
p
lex
th
in
k
i
n
g
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
te
lear
n
in
g
an
d
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
an
d
in
s
tead
f
o
c
u
s
es
on
c
u
ltiv
atin
g
h
ig
h
er
-
o
r
d
er
th
in
k
i
n
g
s
k
ills
th
at
ar
e
c
r
u
ci
al
in
an
er
a
of
r
ap
i
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
an
d
co
m
p
lex
g
l
o
b
al
ch
allen
g
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
o
m
p
le
x
th
in
k
in
g
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
4
.
0
[
3
8
]
T
h
e
11
th
Ma
lay
s
ia
p
la
n
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
ts
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
s
k
ills
d
ef
icit
am
o
n
g
T
VE
T
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
k
ill
s
g
ap
with
i
n
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
by
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
jo
b
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
4
]
.
Su
ch
a
d
is
p
ar
ity
p
o
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
b
ar
r
ier
t
o
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
m
ee
tin
g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
d
em
an
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
a
d
eq
u
ate
s
k
ills
with
in
th
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
lead
to
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
s
o
cial
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
im
i
n
is
h
ed
tax
r
ev
en
u
es,
wasted
in
v
estme
n
ts
in
h
u
m
a
n
ca
p
ital,
lo
wer
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
r
ed
u
ce
d
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
jo
b
s
ea
r
ch
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
u
r
g
e
n
t
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
i
n
to
th
e
s
k
ills
g
ap
,
esp
ec
ially
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
o
f
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
th
eir
q
u
ality
in
s
h
ap
in
g
o
v
er
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
jo
b
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
3
5
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
av
er
ag
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
p
o
s
s
es
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
eir
task
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
ex
p
r
ess
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
eir
jo
b
co
n
te
n
t,
r
e
m
u
n
e
r
atio
n
,
an
d
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
l
y
,
th
ese
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
o
n
o
t
in
ten
d
to
r
etir
e
f
r
o
m
th
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
s
as
T
VE
T
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
cr
itically
ev
alu
ates
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t’
s
in
itiativ
es
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
0
to
2
0
2
1
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
8
5
6
-
1
8
6
9
1864
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
in
th
e
T
VE
T
s
y
s
tem
.
Fiv
e
k
ey
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
licies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
f
r
o
m
a
r
ev
iew
o
f
2
3
1
r
ele
v
an
t
liter
atu
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
ea
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
in
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
T
VE
T
.
T
h
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
n
o
tes
th
at
th
ese
in
itiativ
es
ad
o
p
ted
a
co
r
p
o
r
atis
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
r
p
o
r
ate
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
n
atio
n
al
T
VE
T
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
in
ce
n
tiv
es
s
u
ch
as
tax
b
r
ea
k
s
,
tr
ain
in
g
g
r
a
n
ts
,
an
d
s
u
b
s
id
ies.
R
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
T
VE
T
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
b
y
im
p
o
s
in
g
ce
r
tain
o
b
lig
atio
n
s
o
n
r
elate
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
n
atio
n
al
h
u
m
an
r
es
o
u
r
ce
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
d
r
awin
g
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
r
o
m
Ger
m
an
y
’
s
d
u
al
ap
p
r
e
n
ticesh
ip
m
o
d
el
[
3
6
]
.
4
.
4
.
E
qu
it
y
,
a
cc
ess
,
a
nd
ef
f
e
ct
iv
eness
o
f
O
J
T
Pre
p
ar
in
g
our
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
wo
r
k
r
o
les
is
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
of
an
y
wo
r
k
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
lik
e
th
e
T
VE
T
a
n
d
c
o
o
p
e
r
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
C
OE
)
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
’
s
r
o
le,
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
of
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
s
ite,
in
ter
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
a
v
ar
iety
of
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
all
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
a
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
’
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Stu
d
ies
s
h
o
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
lear
n
in
g
in
ter
m
s
of
th
e
C
OE
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e,
t
h
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
of
th
e
s
ite,
th
eir
c
o
g
n
itiv
e,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al,
an
d
s
o
cial
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
th
eir
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
th
eir
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
an
d
co
o
r
d
in
ato
r
,
an
d
th
eir
ev
alu
atio
n
of
tr
ain
in
g
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
C
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
ev
iew
an
d
p
r
e
-
s
e
r
v
ice
s
em
in
ar
s
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
l
y
s
k
illed
m
an
p
o
wer
co
u
ld
b
e
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ac
tiv
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
i
n
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
T
VE
T
.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
h
a
v
e
in
d
icate
d
th
eir
in
ter
est
i
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
T
VE
T
s
ec
to
r
,
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
ac
tu
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
an
d
T
VE
T
ag
en
cy
is
s
t
ill
wea
k
an
d
n
ee
d
to
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
aim
of
th
is
p
a
p
er
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
iew
on
th
e
lev
el
of
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
p
ar
ticip
ati
o
n
in
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ia
’
s
T
VE
T
s
y
s
tem
.
So
m
e
is
s
u
es
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
T
VE
T
s
y
s
tem
th
at
lea
d
to
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
also
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
in
itiativ
es
to
attr
ac
t
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
of
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
C
er
tain
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
wer
e
s
u
g
g
ested
to
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
tr
ateg
ic
T
VE
T
ag
en
cy
-
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
an
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
atio
n
alize
it
in
to
more
ef
f
icien
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
t
h
at
m
atch
es
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
r
em
ain
s
h
ig
h
ly
esteem
ed
,
th
an
k
s
to
th
e
u
n
wa
v
er
in
g
d
ed
icatio
n
an
d
co
m
m
itm
en
t
o
f
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
wh
o
s
tr
iv
e
to
en
h
an
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
ati
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
h
as
ev
o
lv
ed
in
to
a
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
b
en
ch
m
a
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
n
atio
n
’
s
v
is
io
n
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
u
m
an
ca
p
ital.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
esp
ite
th
is
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
,
teac
h
er
s
f
ac
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
h
allen
g
es
in
d
eliv
er
in
g
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
er
v
ices.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
lig
h
te
d
v
ar
i
o
u
s
is
s
u
es
with
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
an
d
its
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
s
ev
er
e
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
x
iety
,
d
em
o
t
iv
atio
n
,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
ten
lead
to
teac
h
er
s
leav
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
,
wh
eth
er
v
o
lu
n
ta
r
ily
o
r
d
u
e
to
p
r
ess
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
is
co
n
ce
r
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
b
e
h
in
d
teac
h
er
s
’
d
e
p
ar
tu
r
e
s
an
d
,
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
e
f
a
cto
r
s
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
j
o
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
Ma
lay
s
ian
tr
ain
in
g
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
at
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
u
r
v
ey
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
ass
ess
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
am
o
n
g
T
VE
T
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
an
d
i
d
en
tify
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
t
h
eir
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
r
eten
tio
n
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
wh
ile
m
o
s
t
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
ex
p
r
ess
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
r
o
les,
m
an
y
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
c
o
p
e
with
o
v
er
wh
elm
in
g
i
s
s
u
es
s
tem
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
cu
r
r
en
t
wo
r
k
lo
ad
s
,
s
tu
d
en
t
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ch
allen
g
es,
a
n
d
u
n
clea
r
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
f
r
o
m
k
ey
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
with
in
th
e
T
VE
T
s
y
s
tem
[
18
]
.
A
n
atio
n
’
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
s
o
cial
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
h
in
g
es
on
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
of
its
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
n
d
r
esear
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
.
In
th
e
p
u
r
s
u
it
of
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
g
o
als,
in
ter
d
is
cip
lin
ar
y
,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
T
VE
T
r
esear
ch
is
im
p
er
ativ
e.
T
h
is
attem
p
t
s
h
o
u
ld
be
in
teg
r
ated
with
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
f
ield
s
lik
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
To
b
o
ls
ter
th
e
T
VE
T
s
ec
to
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
ly
,
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
esear
ch
p
o
licy
is
p
iv
o
tal,
c
o
m
p
lem
e
n
ted
by
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
a
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
s
k
illed
p
er
s
o
n
n
el,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ed
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t,
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
a
r
tn
er
s
.
R
eg
io
n
al
an
d
g
lo
b
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
s
u
ch
as
SEAM
E
O
-
VOC
T
E
C
H,
C
PS
C
,
an
d
UNE
SC
O
-
U
NE
VOC
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ain
in
g
,
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
an
d
s
k
ill
ex
ch
an
g
es
to
en
h
an
ce
d
ep
ar
tm
en
tal
r
esear
c
h
ca
p
ac
it
y
[
4
0
]
.
Of
f
er
i
n
g
r
esear
ch
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
to
teac
h
er
s
an
d
asp
ir
in
g
r
esear
c
h
er
s
is
v
it
al
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
w
th
.
Ad
d
itio
n
all
y
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
m
aster
’
s
an
d
d
o
cto
r
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
T
VE
T
m
u
s
t
r
ec
eiv
e
ad
e
q
u
ate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
o
r
r
ese
ar
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
Pro
m
o
tin
g
a
v
ir
tu
al
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
lev
er
ag
in
g
I
C
T
-
b
ased
T
V
E
T
r
esear
ch
with
in
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
is
cr
u
cial
[
3
8
]
.
T
VE
T
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
e
x
p
er
ien
c
es
o
v
er
th
eo
r
etica
l
asp
ec
ts
to
eq
u
ip
g
r
a
d
u
ates
with
p
r
ac
tical
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
es
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
i
c
wo
r
k
p
lace
s
.
I
t
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
d
r
aw
less
o
n
s
an
d
b
est p
r
ac
tices
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
n
atio
n
s
to
f
o
s
ter
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
T
VE
T
r
esear
c
h
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
s
ec
to
r
.
E
m
b
r
ac
in
g
an
all
-
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
v
o
lv
in
g
all
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
c
o
u
n
tr
y
,
as
a
o
n
e
-
s
ize
-
f
its
-
all
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
T
VE
T
s
y
s
tem
[4
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
N
a
vig
a
tin
g
co
mp
lexities in
on
-
th
e
-
jo
b
tr
a
in
in
g
a
t v
o
ca
tio
n
a
l in
s
titu
tio
n
s
…
(
S
elvi
R
a
ja
ma
n
icka
m
)
1865
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
cien
tific
q
u
esti
o
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
“
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ass
o
ciate
d
with
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
in
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
how
can
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
be
o
p
tim
ized
to
m
ee
t
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
of
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
ce
?
”
T
h
e
k
ey
f
in
d
in
g
is
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
I
R
4
.
0
,
s
tr
o
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
ac
a
d
em
ia
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
,
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
tr
a
in
in
g
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
eq
u
itab
l
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
tr
ain
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
[4
5
]
.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
co
llectiv
ely
en
h
an
c
e
th
e
alig
n
m
en
t
o
f
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
d
em
an
d
s
,
th
er
eb
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
la
b
o
r
m
a
r
k
et
in
cl
u
s
io
n
f
o
r
g
r
ad
u
ates.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
ield
o
f
T
VE
T
an
d
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
co
m
m
u
n
ity
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
at
io
n
s
f
o
r
en
h
an
ci
n
g
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
ey
ar
e
r
elev
an
t
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
i
n
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
wo
r
k
f
o
r
ce
.
Hig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
u
p
d
ates
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
alig
n
i
n
g
tr
ain
in
g
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
n
ee
d
s
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
[4
6
]
.
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
f
o
c
u
s
on
eq
u
i
p
p
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
wit
h
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
th
em
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
tr
ad
es
or
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
s
,
s
ee
OJT
as
ess
en
tial
in
b
r
id
g
in
g
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
es
[4
7
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at,
t
h
er
e
is
th
e
n
ee
d
to
alig
n
tr
ain
i
n
g
with
ev
er
-
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
as
r
ap
id
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
n
ec
ess
itate
r
eg
u
lar
u
p
d
ates
to
cu
r
r
icu
la.
Ma
in
ta
in
in
g
q
u
ality
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
tr
ain
in
g
co
n
te
x
ts
is
an
o
th
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
u
r
d
le,
esp
ec
ially
g
iv
en
th
e
d
iv
er
s
e
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
an
d
ev
o
l
v
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
lan
d
s
ca
p
es
in
v
o
l
v
ed
.
R
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
p
o
s
es
a
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
as
well,
with
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
f
te
n
r
e
q
u
ir
in
g
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
f
u
n
d
in
g
,
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
an
d
s
k
illed
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
el.
Dev
elo
p
in
g
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
ls
to
ev
alu
ate
s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
p
r
ac
tical
s
ettin
g
s
ad
d
s
to
th
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
f
o
r
g
in
g
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
d
u
s
tr
y
-
ac
ad
em
i
a
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
OJT
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Su
ch
p
ar
tn
e
r
s
h
ip
s
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
tr
ain
in
g
r
em
ain
s
r
el
ev
an
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
m
u
tu
al
b
en
e
f
its
,
b
u
t
estab
lis
h
in
g
an
d
n
u
r
tu
r
in
g
th
ese
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
ca
n
b
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
[4
8
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
es
[
49
]
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
ts
to
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
To
n
av
ig
ate
t
h
ese
co
m
p
lex
iti
es,
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
u
s
t
ad
o
p
t
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
s
u
ch
as
c
o
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ex
p
er
ts
in
cu
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
eg
u
lar
tr
ai
n
in
g
f
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
on
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
e
v
alu
atio
n
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
an
d
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
tr
o
n
g
in
d
u
s
tr
y
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
f
o
r
i
n
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
p
lace
m
en
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
le
v
er
ag
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
e
-
lear
n
i
n
g
to
o
ls
,
a
n
d
v
ir
tu
al
or
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
,
can
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
of
O
J
T
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
im
m
er
s
iv
e
an
d
f
lex
ib
le
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
co
m
p
lem
en
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[5
0
]
.
T
h
e
co
r
n
er
s
to
n
e
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
OJT
lie
s
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
th
at
alig
n
s
clo
s
ely
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
is
b
eg
in
s
with
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
th
at
is
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
b
u
t
also
ad
a
p
tab
le
to
t
h
e
r
ap
id
c
h
an
g
es
in
in
d
u
s
tr
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
C
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
with
i
n
d
u
s
tr
y
e
x
p
er
ts
is
ess
en
tial
in
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
as
it
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
is
r
elev
an
t
an
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
.
T
h
is
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
ca
n
e
x
ten
d
b
ey
o
n
d
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
to
in
clu
d
e
g
u
es
t
lectu
r
es,
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
an
d
s
i
te
v
is
its
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ap
p
l
icatio
n
s
o
f
t
h
eir
s
k
ills
[5
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
s
tr
o
n
g
liais
o
n
b
etwe
en
T
VE
T
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
m
o
o
th
er
tr
an
s
itio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
to
th
e
w
o
r
k
p
lace
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
em
p
lo
y
m
en
t
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
.
It
also
o
p
en
s
d
o
o
r
s
f
o
r
in
ter
n
s
h
ip
s
an
d
ap
p
r
e
n
ticesh
ip
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
in
v
alu
ab
le
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ity
of
lear
n
in
g
wh
ile
wo
r
k
i
n
g
,
wh
ich
is
a
k
e
y
asp
ec
t
of
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
OJT.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
of
OJT
is
h
ea
v
ily
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
on
th
e
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
an
d
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
[5
2
]
.
I
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
o
s
s
ess
ex
ten
s
i
v
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
in
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
f
ield
s
b
u
t
also
n
ee
d
to
b
e
tr
ain
ed
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
b
ein
g
ad
ep
t
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
eo
r
etica
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
with
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
an
d
u
s
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
t
h
at
ca
ter
to
v
a
r
ied
lear
n
in
g
s
ty
les
[5
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
s
tu
d
e
n
t
-
ce
n
te
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
OJT
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
is
tailo
r
ed
to
m
ee
t
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
le
ar
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
asp
ir
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
in
clu
d
e
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
p
lan
s
,
m
e
n
to
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
ch
o
ice
in
s
elec
tin
g
th
eir
OJT
p
lace
m
en
ts
,
th
er
eb
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
e
n
g
ag
in
g
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
[5
4
]
.
I
n
v
o
lv
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
r
elate
d
to
th
eir
tr
ain
in
g
also
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
es
g
r
ea
ter
in
v
estme
n
t
an
d
o
wn
er
s
h
i
p
of
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
U
l
t
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
,
t
h
es
e
p
r
a
ct
i
c
es
not
o
n
l
y
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
of
O
J
T
but
a
l
s
o
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
to
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
of
a
s
k
i
l
l
e
d
,
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
y
-
r
e
a
d
y
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
c
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
t
h
e
u
l
ti
m
a
t
e
g
o
a
l
of
T
V
E
T
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Stre
s
s
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
of
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
tr
ain
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
b
en
ef
it
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
O
J
T
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
o
l
icy
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
of
th
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
is
e
s
s
en
tial
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
g
lo
b
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
b
o
th
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
al
an
d
lo
ca
l
ch
al
len
g
es
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
T
VE
T
.
L
if
elo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.