I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n a
nd
Resea
rc
h in E
du
ca
t
io
n (
I
J
E
RE
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
,
p
p
.
2304
~
2
3
1
3
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
ijer
e
.
v
14
i
3
.
2
9
4
8
9
2304
J
o
ur
na
l
ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ere.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Experie
ntial lea
r
ning
using
G
o
o
g
le
Clas
sro
o
m o
n stu
dents’
a
ca
demic perf
o
r
ma
nce and mo
tiv
a
tion in lan
g
ua
g
e subject
L
o
h B
o
o
n P
ing
1
,
No
ra
s
y
k
in M
o
hd
Z
a
i
d
2
,
No
r
H
a
s
niza
I
b
ra
him
2
,
J
o
ha
ri
Su
rif
2
,
M
eg
a
t
Am
a
n Z
a
hiri M
eg
a
t
Z
a
k
a
ria
2
,
H
endro
P
er
m
a
di
3
1
S
e
k
o
l
a
h
Je
n
i
s
K
e
b
a
n
g
s
a
a
n
C
i
n
a
P
u
S
z
e
,
S
k
u
d
a
i
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
2
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
Te
k
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
S
k
u
d
a
i
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
a
s
N
e
g
e
r
i
M
a
l
a
n
g
,
M
a
l
a
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Dec
5
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
No
v
26
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
31
,
2
0
2
4
Th
is
stu
d
y
in
v
e
stig
a
tes
th
e
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
ti
a
l
lea
rn
in
g
u
sin
g
G
o
o
g
le
Clas
sro
o
m
o
n
y
e
a
r
2
stu
d
e
n
ts’
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
i
n
M
a
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
.
T
h
is
stu
d
y
a
lso
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ted
th
e
e
l
e
m
e
n
ts
in
G
o
o
g
le
Clas
sro
o
m
’
s
e
x
p
e
rien
ti
a
l
lea
rn
in
g
t
h
a
t
m
o
ti
v
a
te
stu
d
e
n
ts
t
o
a
c
h
iev
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
.
Th
e
stu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
wit
h
3
2
stu
d
e
n
ts
a
t
Ch
in
e
se
p
rima
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
i
n
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
;
u
ti
li
z
e
d
o
n
li
n
e
p
re
-
tes
ts,
p
o
st
-
t
e
sts,
a
n
d
5
-
p
o
in
t
Li
k
e
rt
sc
a
le
o
n
l
in
e
q
u
e
stio
n
n
a
ire
to
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
stu
d
e
n
ts’
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
lev
e
l.
Re
su
lt
s
re
v
e
a
led
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
imp
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
in
stu
d
e
n
t
s
’
M
a
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
p
o
st
-
tes
t
sc
o
re
s,
in
d
i
c
a
ti
n
g
th
e
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
ti
a
l
lea
rn
in
g
u
si
n
g
G
o
o
g
le
Clas
sro
o
m
.
De
sc
rip
ti
v
e
sta
ti
stics
sh
o
we
d
a
h
ig
h
le
v
e
l
o
f
stu
d
e
n
t
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
o
n
,
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
m
o
ti
v
a
ted
b
y
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
rien
ti
a
l
lea
rn
in
g
trea
tme
n
t
u
sin
g
G
o
o
g
le
Clas
sro
o
m
,
with
t
h
e
m
a
teria
ls
p
ro
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
tea
c
h
e
r
b
e
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
st
p
re
fe
rr
e
d
b
y
st
u
d
e
n
ts
a
n
d
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
e
lem
e
n
t
in
m
o
ti
v
a
ti
n
g
th
e
m
t
o
a
c
h
iev
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
su
c
c
e
ss
.
Th
e
stu
d
y
su
g
g
e
sts
th
a
t
imp
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
e
x
p
e
rien
t
ial
lea
rn
in
g
with
G
o
o
g
le
Clas
sro
o
m
p
o
siti
v
e
ly
in
flu
e
n
c
e
s
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
in
M
a
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
.
Tea
c
h
e
rs,
sc
h
o
o
ls,
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
ies
a
re
s
u
g
g
e
ste
d
t
o
re
v
iew
c
u
rre
n
t
lea
rn
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
n
d
p
latfo
rm
s;
a
n
d
striv
e
t
o
in
c
o
rp
o
ra
te
e
x
p
e
rien
ti
a
l
lea
rn
in
g
t
h
ro
u
g
h
G
o
o
g
le
Clas
sro
o
m
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
stu
d
e
n
ts
’
a
c
a
d
e
m
ic
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
in
M
a
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
.
F
u
tu
re
stu
d
ies
a
re
e
n
c
o
u
ra
g
e
d
t
o
p
ro
v
id
e
m
o
re
re
li
a
b
le
d
a
ta,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
with
in
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
Ch
i
n
e
se
p
ri
m
a
ry
sc
h
o
o
ls
in
M
a
lay
sia
,
t
o
fu
rt
h
e
r
e
n
rich
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
p
ra
c
ti
c
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Aca
d
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
C
h
in
ese
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
E
x
p
er
ien
tial le
ar
n
i
n
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
L
an
g
u
ag
e
s
u
b
ject
Mo
tiv
atio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
No
r
asy
k
in
Mo
h
d
Z
aid
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ad
v
an
ce
d
L
ea
r
n
in
g
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Facu
lty
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
Scien
ce
s
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
Un
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
ala
y
s
ia
8
1
3
1
0
Sk
u
d
ai,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail: n
o
r
asy
k
in
@
u
tm
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Act
1
9
9
6
,
Ma
lay
is
Ma
lay
s
ia
’
s
n
atio
n
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
I
f
Ma
lay
is
n
o
t
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
ed
i
u
m
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
in
a
s
ch
o
o
l,
it
m
u
s
t
s
ti
ll
b
e
tau
g
h
t
as
a
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
s
u
b
ject.
W
h
ile
Ma
lay
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
n
atio
n
al
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
s
o
m
e
eth
n
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
p
r
im
a
r
ily
u
s
e
th
eir
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
,
s
u
ch
as
T
am
il
o
r
Ma
n
d
ar
in
,
an
d
r
eg
a
r
d
Ma
la
y
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
Ma
lay
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
v
ar
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
etwe
en
n
ativ
e
an
d
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
s
p
ea
k
er
s
.
Fo
r
n
o
n
-
Ma
lay
s
p
ea
k
er
s
,
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
is
o
f
ten
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
m
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
[
1
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
Ma
lay
h
as
b
ee
n
t
h
e
m
ed
iu
m
o
f
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
in
ce
1
9
8
3
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
lear
n
Ma
lay
as
a
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
C
h
in
ese
an
d
I
n
d
ian
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
erien
tia
l le
a
r
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
ca
d
emic
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
Lo
h
B
o
o
n
P
in
g
)
2305
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ar
e
s
till
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
eir
n
ativ
e
lan
g
u
ag
es.
T
h
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
ca
n
h
in
d
e
r
th
eir
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
i
n
Ma
la
y
an
d
lead
to
u
n
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
ac
ad
em
ic
r
esu
lts
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
i
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
n
o
n
-
Ma
lay
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
o
l
es
o
f
in
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
,
an
d
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
As
n
o
ted
b
y
I
zc
i
[
4
]
,
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
ar
is
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
r
o
m
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
lim
itatio
n
s
b
u
t
also
f
r
o
m
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
an
d
less
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
an
d
em
ic
p
r
o
m
p
ted
th
e
clo
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
ac
r
o
s
s
Ma
lay
s
ia
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
v
em
en
t
co
n
tr
o
l o
r
d
er
(
MCO)
,
lead
in
g
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
of
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
Mo
E
)
to
im
p
lem
en
t h
o
m
e
-
b
ased
l
ea
r
n
in
g
in
itiativ
es.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
,
th
e
Mo
E
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
co
u
l
d
co
n
tin
u
e
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
g
lo
b
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
W
h
ile
m
an
y
s
tu
d
i
e
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
f
o
cu
s
o
n
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
its
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
r
im
ar
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
i
n
th
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
r
em
ain
s
u
n
d
er
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
T
h
is
g
ap
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
d
icate
th
at
Ma
lay
s
ian
s
ch
o
o
ls
o
f
ten
p
r
io
r
itize
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
v
er
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
q
u
ality
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
es
[
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
[
8
]
.
F
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
ies
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
f
o
u
n
d
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
to
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t
[
9
]
,
wh
ile
Hem
r
u
n
g
r
o
te
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
r
elies
o
n
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
ea
c
h
er
s
u
s
e
th
ese
r
esu
lts
to
tailo
r
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e
lev
els.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
m
ater
ials
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
m
o
o
th
er
less
o
n
d
eliv
er
y
a
n
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
tea
ch
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
As
Ma
clellan
an
d
So
d
en
[
1
3
]
s
u
g
g
ests
,
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
aim
to
im
p
ar
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
an
d
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es,
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ten
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
g
u
id
a
n
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
On
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
,
h
o
wev
er
,
is
d
r
iv
in
g
a
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
[
1
4
]
.
I
t
en
a
b
les
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
co
n
tin
u
e
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
o
r
clas
s
s
ize
[
1
5
]
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
b
y
C
ac
ac
e
[
1
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
th
at
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies.
I
ts
f
r
ee
av
ailab
ilit
y
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ak
es
it
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
[
1
7
]
.
G
o
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
allo
ws
teac
h
er
s
to
p
o
s
t
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
ass
ig
n
class
wo
r
k
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
im
m
ed
iate
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
t
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
a
p
p
licat
io
n
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
ies.
E
x
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
,
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Ko
l
b
[
1
8
]
,
em
p
h
asizes
g
ain
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Activ
ities
s
u
ch
as
g
am
es,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
q
u
izze
s
,
a
n
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
in
teg
r
al
to
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
with
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
Me
et,
q
u
izze
s
v
ia
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
s
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
cr
ea
te
d
with
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
Po
wer
Po
in
t.
E
x
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
i
n
g
is
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
wh
ich
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
s
ac
q
u
ir
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
en
g
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
g
n
itiv
e,
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
t
o
r
,
an
d
af
f
ec
tiv
e
d
o
m
ain
s
.
I
t
in
teg
r
ates
v
alu
es,
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
an
d
co
g
n
itio
n
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
R
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
b
o
o
s
ts
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sev
e
n
[
1
9
]
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
two
k
e
y
as
p
ec
ts
:
m
o
tiv
es
an
d
in
ce
n
tiv
es.
I
n
ce
n
tiv
es
d
r
iv
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
to
s
ee
k
r
e
war
d
s
lik
e
g
r
ad
es,
m
ar
k
s
,
o
r
ce
r
tific
ates,
wh
ile
m
o
tiv
es
ar
is
e
f
r
o
m
n
at
u
r
al
im
p
u
ls
es
o
r
in
ter
ests
s
h
ap
ed
b
y
d
y
n
am
ic
f
o
r
ce
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
o
u
g
h
ts
,
em
o
tio
n
s
,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
.
Mo
tiv
atio
n
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
,
as
it
d
eter
m
in
es
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
L
iu
[
2
0
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
v
id
e
o
ac
tiv
i
ties
in
to
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
to
b
o
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
Hig
h
ly
m
o
tiv
ate
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ai
n
tain
s
tr
o
n
g
i
n
ter
est
in
th
e
co
n
ten
t,
a
n
d
s
in
ce
in
ter
ests
v
ar
y
,
teac
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
m
ater
ials
an
d
m
eth
o
d
s
tailo
r
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
n
ee
d
s
.
I
n
lear
n
in
g
Ma
lay
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e,
r
ea
d
in
ess
,
an
d
h
ig
h
m
o
tiv
atio
n
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
m
aster
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e.
I
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
Ma
lay
l
an
g
u
a
g
e
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
lan
g
u
a
g
e
o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
[
2
1
]
,
an
d
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
it
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ce
r
tific
atio
n
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
Ma
lay
s
ian
o
p
en
ce
r
tific
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
Ho
wev
er
,
non
-
Ma
lay
s
p
ea
k
e
r
s
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
m
aster
in
g
th
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
d
u
e
to
lim
ited
p
r
ac
tice
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
e
n
h
an
ce
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
te
g
r
ates
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
elem
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
y
ea
r
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
th
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
ad
d
r
ess
es two
k
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
-
W
h
at
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
t
h
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e?
-
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
lev
els
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
th
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
?
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
o
u
tlin
es
t
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
d
esig
n
,
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
d
a
ta
co
llectio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
d
a
ta
an
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
I
t
ex
p
l
ain
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
d
etails
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
d
escr
ib
es th
e
s
tatis
tical
o
r
an
aly
tical
to
o
ls
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
in
ter
p
r
et
t
h
e
d
ata.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
3
0
4
-
2
3
1
3
2306
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n a
nd
pro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
m
ain
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
an
d
t
o
g
iv
e
an
in
-
d
ep
th
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
o
n
y
ea
r
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
em
p
l
o
y
ed
q
u
an
titativ
e
-
m
eth
o
d
r
esear
c
h
wh
ich
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
p
ec
if
ically
u
s
ed
a
one
-
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
etest
-
p
o
s
ttes
t
d
esig
n
,
in
wh
i
ch
a
s
in
g
le
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
is
p
r
etested
,
g
iv
e
n
s
o
m
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t a
n
d
t
h
en
p
o
s
t
-
test
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
32
y
ea
r
-
2
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
a
Natio
n
al
T
y
p
e
Prim
ar
y
Sch
o
o
l
(
C
h
in
ese)
wh
ich
lo
ca
ted
in
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
d
is
tr
ict,
M
alay
s
ia.
T
h
ey
ar
e
n
o
n
-
Ma
lay
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
lear
n
Ma
lay
l
an
g
u
ag
e
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
jects
in
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
s
p
ea
k
e
r
wh
o
ar
e
u
s
in
g
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
th
eir
s
ec
o
n
d
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
a
n
d
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
jo
in
i
n
g
r
em
e
d
ial
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
o
v
er
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
f
o
u
r
wee
k
s
an
d
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
wer
e
d
o
n
e
th
r
ice
p
er
wee
k
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
ie
n
tial
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
teac
h
er
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
p
a
r
ticip
ated
in
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
Af
ter
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
g
iv
en
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
in
Ma
la
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
f
o
r
o
n
e
m
o
n
th
b
ef
o
r
e
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
ar
e
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
if
th
er
e
is
an
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t in
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
wh
ich
h
as b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
test
th
at
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
tatis
tical
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
(
SPSS
)
s
o
f
twar
e
to
c
alcu
late
th
eir
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
to
an
s
wer
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
1
.
A
p
air
ed
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
was
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
esear
c
h
in
v
o
lv
in
g
o
n
ly
o
n
e
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Pair
ed
Sam
p
le
T
-
test
was
also
u
s
ed
to
a
n
aly
ze
if
t
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es.
An
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
with
5
-
p
o
in
ts
L
i
k
er
t
s
ca
le
th
at
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
h
as
b
ee
n
g
iv
e
n
t
o
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
af
ter
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
to
g
ain
a
b
r
o
a
d
er
v
iew
o
n
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
elem
e
n
ts
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
t
h
at
m
o
tiv
ate
th
e
m
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
g
o
o
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
Qu
an
titativ
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic.
T
h
e
to
tal
s
co
r
e,
m
ea
n
s
,
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
lcu
lated
.
T
h
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
l
ea
r
n
in
g
th
at
m
o
tiv
ate
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
also
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
an
o
n
lin
e
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e.
At
th
e
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
g
iv
en
a
p
r
e
-
test
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
test
f
o
r
y
ea
r
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
test
th
eir
le
v
el
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
test
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
tab
u
lated
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
T
h
e
t
r
ea
tm
en
t
was
s
t
ar
ted
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
wee
k
af
te
r
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
tau
g
h
t
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
b
a
s
ed
o
n
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
b
r
ief
e
d
o
n
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
g
o
al
th
at
th
e
y
a
r
e
g
o
in
g
to
ac
h
iev
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t.
T
h
e
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
was
b
ased
o
n
Alb
er
t
B
an
d
u
r
a’
s
So
cial
co
g
n
itiv
e
th
eo
r
y
wh
ich
allo
ws
th
e
lear
n
er
s
to
b
e
s
elf
-
m
o
tiv
atin
g
wh
en
th
e
y
h
a
v
e
a
f
in
al
g
o
al
o
n
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
less
o
n
s
as
th
e
wee
k
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
an
n
u
al
less
o
n
p
la
n
an
d
s
y
llab
u
s
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
y
ea
r
2
“
K
u
r
iku
lu
m
S
ta
n
d
a
r
d
S
ek
o
la
h
R
en
d
a
h
(
K
SS
R
)
Sem
ak
an
”.
I
t
is
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
t
o
p
ic
th
e
lear
n
er
s
will
lear
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
tex
tb
o
o
k
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
th
e
Mo
E
in
Ma
lay
s
ia.
Af
ter
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
p
o
s
t
-
test
an
d
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wer
e
g
iv
en
t
o
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
o
n
y
ea
r
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
tial le
ar
n
in
g
.
2
.
2
.
M
et
ho
ds
o
f
da
t
a
co
llect
i
o
n
T
h
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
test
wa
s
g
iv
en
at
th
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
an
d
en
d
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
p
r
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
test
i
n
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
co
v
er
ed
v
a
r
io
u
s
u
n
its
le
ar
n
ed
in
t
h
e
c
o
u
r
s
e
c
o
n
ten
t.
S
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
ea
d
ea
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
an
d
s
elec
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
a
n
s
wer
.
T
h
ey
wer
e
g
iv
en
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
to
f
in
is
h
th
e
en
tire
test
p
ap
er
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
allo
we
d
to
r
a
is
e
th
eir
h
an
d
b
y
p
r
ess
in
g
th
e
r
aise
h
an
d
ico
n
if
t
h
ey
h
av
e
an
y
in
q
u
ir
y
.
E
v
e
r
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
n
ee
d
s
to
o
p
en
th
eir
ca
m
er
a
wh
ile
an
s
wer
in
g
th
e
test
,
s
o
th
at
th
e
teac
h
er
ca
n
o
b
s
er
v
es
th
e
wh
o
le
p
er
io
d
o
f
test
an
d
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Af
ter
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
lectu
r
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
elem
en
ts
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
ad
v
is
ed
to
lear
n
ac
tiv
ely
an
d
wo
r
k
co
o
p
er
ati
v
ely
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
r
wee
k
s
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
teac
h
e
r
was
d
ed
icate
d
to
teac
h
in
g
an
d
h
elp
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
f
u
lf
ilm
en
t
o
f
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
ts
as
an
d
wh
e
n
th
e
y
r
eq
u
ested
h
el
p
.
Af
ter
a
m
o
n
th
o
f
tr
ea
tm
en
t,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
an
s
wer
a
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
was
h
eld
u
n
d
e
r
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
as
p
r
e
-
test
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
th
e
s
am
e
v
ir
tu
al
class
r
o
o
m
an
d
tim
in
g
o
f
th
e
test
.
Ag
ain
,
th
e
f
i
n
al
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
to
SP
SS
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es.
An
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
with
5
-
p
o
in
ts
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
th
at
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
was
g
iv
en
to
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
af
ter
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
to
g
ain
a
b
r
o
ad
er
v
iew
o
n
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
el
em
en
ts
in
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
th
at
m
o
ti
v
ate
th
em
in
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
g
o
o
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
r
ea
d
an
d
f
ill
i
n
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ca
u
tio
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
teac
h
e
r
h
as
e
x
p
lain
ed
an
d
tr
an
s
late
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wh
en
th
er
e
wer
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
a
d
en
q
u
ir
y
.
Af
ter
f
in
is
h
in
g
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
th
ey
m
u
s
t
s
u
b
m
it
it
in
Go
o
g
l
e
Fo
r
m
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es th
at
r
esear
ch
er
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
in
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
ta
b
u
late
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
erien
tia
l le
a
r
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
ca
d
emic
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
Lo
h
B
o
o
n
P
in
g
)
2307
2
.
3
.
M
et
ho
ds
o
f
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
i
s
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
is
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
to
war
d
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
Ma
l
ay
l
an
g
u
ag
e
s
u
b
ject
.
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
h
av
e
t
ak
en
a
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
test
as
a
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
to
k
n
o
w
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
Ma
lay
l
an
g
u
a
g
e
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
w
er
e
co
u
n
te
d
an
d
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
es
will
th
en
an
aly
ze
b
y
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
air
e
d
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
(
S
PS
S)
an
d
d
e
s
cr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tic
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
m
ea
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
is
ab
o
u
t
th
e
lev
el
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
Ma
lay
l
an
g
u
ag
e
s
u
b
ject
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
.
W
h
ile
th
e
th
ir
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
is
ab
o
u
t
th
e
elem
en
ts
in
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
G
o
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
,
th
at
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
g
o
o
d
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
ir
d
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
h
av
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
s
et
o
f
o
n
li
n
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
to
b
e
an
s
wer
ed
af
ter
t
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
q
u
est
io
n
was
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
an
d
tab
u
lat
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
SP
SS
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
SP
S
S
wil
l
th
en
an
aly
ze
.
T
h
ese
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
is
u
s
ed
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
t
h
e
elem
en
ts
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
th
at
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
g
o
o
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
will
p
r
esen
t
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
Ma
lay
l
an
g
u
ag
e
s
u
b
ject
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
.
B
esid
es,
it
will
a
ls
o
p
r
esen
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
lev
els
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
Ma
lay
l
an
g
u
ag
e
s
u
b
ject
an
d
th
e
elem
en
ts
in
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
th
at
m
o
ti
v
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
g
o
o
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
d
ata
will b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
3
.
1
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
iv
eness
o
f
ex
perie
ntia
l
lea
rning
us
i
ng
G
o
o
g
le
Cla
s
s
ro
o
m
t
o
wa
rds
s
t
ud
en
t
s
’
a
ca
dem
ic
perf
o
rm
a
nce
in M
a
la
y
la
ng
u
a
g
e
s
ub
j
ec
t
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es.
Fo
r
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es,
th
e
r
e
is
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
5
.
0
2
7
in
th
eir
s
co
r
es,
wh
ile
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es,
th
er
e
is
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
6
.
1
7
5
in
th
eir
s
co
r
es.
T
h
is
is
m
ain
ly
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
m
o
d
er
ate
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
s
co
r
es.
Fro
m
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
es,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
2
wh
ile
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
2
1
.
T
h
e
y
h
av
e
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
1
9
s
co
r
es
in
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
o
f
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
is
5
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
co
r
e
is
2
5
.
T
h
ey
h
a
v
e
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
2
0
s
co
r
e
s
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Mean
s
co
r
es o
f
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
Te
st
N
R
a
n
g
e
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Pre
-
t
e
st
sc
o
r
e
32
19
2
21
1
1
.
7
8
5
.
0
2
7
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
sc
o
r
e
32
20
5
25
1
5
.
8
4
6
.
1
7
5
V
a
l
i
d
N
(
l
i
s
t
w
i
se)
32
W
h
en
we
test
n
o
r
m
ality
o
f
d
at
a
u
s
in
g
Sh
ap
ir
o
W
ilk
,
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
m
ality
test
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
h
ad
a
n
o
r
m
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
as
th
e
p
-
v
alu
e
p
r
e
-
test
s
co
r
e
(
0
.
4
2
2
)
an
d
p
-
v
alu
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
e
(
0
.
0
6
8
)
a
r
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
al
p
h
a
v
alu
e,
.
0
5
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
test
is
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
Sin
ce
th
e
p
o
p
u
lati
o
n
is
n
o
r
m
all
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
we
ca
n
p
r
o
ce
ed
with
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
air
ed
-
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
.
T
h
e
p
air
e
d
s
am
p
les
s
tatis
tics
ar
e
o
u
tlin
e
d
in
T
ab
le
2
.
W
h
il
e
in
T
ab
le
3
,
p
air
ed
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
in
p
air
ed
s
am
p
le
test
ar
e
test
ed
an
d
s
tated
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Pair
ed
s
am
p
les s
tatis
tics
Te
st
M
e
a
n
N
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
mea
n
P
a
i
r
1
Pre
-
t
e
st
sc
o
r
e
1
1
.
7
8
32
5
.
0
2
7
.
8
8
9
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
sc
o
r
e
1
5
.
8
4
32
6
.
1
7
5
1
.
0
9
2
T
ab
le
3
.
Pair
ed
s
am
p
les test
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
d
.
Er
r
o
r
mea
n
9
5
%
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
df
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
Lo
w
e
r
U
p
p
e
r
-
4
.
0
6
3
2
.
6
9
9
.
4
7
7
-
5
.
0
3
6
-
3
.
0
8
9
-
8
.
5
1
4
31
.
0
0
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
3
0
4
-
2
3
1
3
2308
N
e
x
t
,
t
o
d
et
e
r
m
i
n
e
i
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
s
s
t
a
t
is
ti
c
a
ll
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
,
a
p
a
i
r
e
d
-
s
a
m
p
le
t
-
t
es
t
is
u
s
e
d
.
I
n
T
a
b
l
e
3
,
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
s
h
o
ws
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
w
a
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
v
a
l
u
e
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
t
es
t
s
c
o
r
es
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
-
t
e
s
t
s
c
o
r
e
s
a
s
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
a
l
a
r
g
e
m
a
r
g
i
n
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
e
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
b
a
s
ed
o
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
as
s
r
o
o
m
.
I
n
T
a
b
l
e
s
2
a
n
d
3
,
t
h
e
r
e
w
a
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
co
r
e
s
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
t
e
s
t
s
c
o
r
e
s
(
M
=
[
1
1
.
7
8
]
,
S
D
=
5
.
0
3
)
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
te
s
t
s
c
o
r
e
s
(
M
=
[
1
5
.
8
4
]
,
SD
=
6
.
1
8
)
;
t
(
3
1
)
=
-
8
.
5
1
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
.
T
h
e
Si
g
.
(
p
)
v
al
u
e
is
0
.
0
0
0
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
l
ess
t
h
a
n
a
l
p
h
a
0
.
0
5
a
n
d
t
h
u
s
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
a
f
t
e
r
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
as
s
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
c
o
r
e
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
f
r
o
m
2
t
o
5
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
s
c
o
r
e
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
f
r
o
m
2
1
t
o
2
5
.
T
h
i
s
i
s
i
n
l
i
n
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
b
y
G
o
n
z
á
l
e
z
-
Z
a
m
a
r
a
n
d
A
b
a
d
-
S
e
g
u
r
a
[
1
7
]
w
h
o
r
e
v
e
a
l
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
f
t
e
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
u
s
e
d
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
,
t
h
e
i
r
v
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
s
c
o
r
e
s
w
e
r
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
e
x
p
e
r
i
en
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
s
s
r
o
o
m
h
a
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
l
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
p
r
e
-
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
p
o
s
t
t
e
s
t
s
c
o
r
e
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
a
i
r
e
d
s
a
m
p
l
e
t
es
t
s
h
o
ws
a
s
i
g
n
if
i
c
a
n
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
(
M
=
[
-
4
.
0
6
]
,
S
D
=
2
.
7
0
)
.
3
.
2
.
L
ev
el
o
f
s
t
ud
ent
s
’
m
o
t
iv
a
t
i
o
n
in
M
a
la
y
la
ng
ua
g
e
s
ub
j
ec
t
ba
s
ed
o
n
ex
perient
ia
l
lea
rning
us
ing
G
o
o
g
le
Cla
s
s
ro
o
m
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tic
s
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
ti
v
atio
n
in
th
e
Ma
lay
l
an
g
u
a
g
e
s
u
b
ject,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
d
ata
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
s
co
r
e
r
an
g
es,
an
d
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
,
m
ea
n
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
ea
ch
item
p
r
o
v
id
e
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
ten
d
en
c
y
an
d
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
lev
els.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
wh
o
le
f
in
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
S6
(
I
f
I
ca
n
,
I
wa
n
t
to
g
et
b
etter
g
r
ad
es
in
th
is
c
lass
th
an
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
with
a
m
ea
n
o
f
4
.
5
6
.
I
t
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
u
s
ed
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
in
lear
n
in
g
ar
e
h
ig
h
ly
m
o
tiv
ated
an
d
wis
h
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
etter
th
an
o
th
e
r
s
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
g
o
o
d
ac
ad
e
m
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
is
is
s
im
il
ar
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
Al
-
Ma
r
o
o
f
an
d
Al
-
E
m
r
a
n
[
5
]
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
p
er
ce
iv
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
s
as
ea
s
y
an
d
u
s
ef
u
l,
a
n
d
th
ey
ar
e
h
ig
h
l
y
m
o
tiv
ated
to
war
d
th
e
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
s
u
ch
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
to
o
ls
in
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fin
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
a
d
ict
th
o
s
e
o
f
T
wy
m
an
an
d
T
i
n
d
al
s
tu
d
y
[
2
4
]
th
at
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
lear
n
in
g
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
I
C
T
a
n
d
th
e
m
e
d
iu
m
o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
a
r
e
also
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
ca
n
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
m
aster
y
o
f
th
e
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
ag
e
am
o
n
g
n
o
n
-
n
ativ
e
s
p
ea
k
er
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
W
h
ile
th
e
lo
west
m
ea
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
wh
o
le
d
ata
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
S4
(
I
n
a
class
lik
e
th
is
,
I
p
r
ef
er
co
u
r
s
e
m
ater
ial
th
at
r
ea
lly
ch
allen
g
es
m
e
s
o
I
ca
n
lear
n
n
ew
th
i
n
g
s
)
with
a
m
ea
n
o
f
3
.
9
4
.
I
t
s
h
o
wed
th
at
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
s
ee
m
wo
r
r
ied
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
o
f
co
u
r
s
e
m
ater
ials
,
th
ey
f
elt
th
at
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
m
at
er
ials
at
th
e
m
o
m
en
ts
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
with
th
eir
s
tan
d
ar
d
an
d
p
ac
e.
T
ab
le
4
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
N
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
S
u
m
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
S1
32
2
5
1
4
0
4
.
3
8
.
6
6
0
S2
32
2
5
1
3
2
4
.
1
3
.
8
7
1
S3
32
1
5
1
3
0
4
.
0
6
1
.
0
7
6
S4
32
2
5
1
2
6
3
.
9
4
.
8
7
8
S5
32
2
5
1
4
0
4
.
3
8
.
7
9
3
S6
32
2
5
1
4
6
4
.
5
6
.
7
1
6
S7
32
2
5
1
2
8
4
.
0
0
.
9
5
0
S8
32
2
5
1
2
9
4
.
0
3
.
8
2
2
S9
32
2
5
1
3
3
4
.
1
6
.
8
8
4
S
1
0
32
1
5
1
3
3
4
.
1
6
1
.
0
8
1
V
a
l
i
d
N
(
l
i
s
t
w
i
se)
32
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
is
4
.
3
8
wh
ich
a
r
e
S1
(
I
th
in
k
I
will
b
e
ab
le
to
u
s
e
wh
at
I
lear
n
in
t
h
is
co
u
r
s
e
in
o
t
h
er
co
u
r
s
es)
a
n
d
S5
(
I
’
m
co
n
f
id
en
t
I
ca
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
b
asic
co
n
ce
p
ts
tau
g
h
t
in
th
is
co
u
r
s
e)
.
I
t
clea
r
ly
in
d
icate
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
h
av
e
jo
in
e
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
ar
e
co
n
f
id
en
t
o
n
wh
at
th
ey
h
av
e
lear
n
t
a
n
d
r
e
ad
y
to
ap
p
l
y
it
in
o
th
e
r
c
o
u
r
s
es.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
ities
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
h
elp
e
d
to
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
eir
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
Similar
r
esea
r
ch
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
Mc
C
o
r
m
ick
[
2
7
]
s
h
o
wed
th
a
t
en
g
ag
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
ca
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
l
ea
r
n
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
ac
tiv
ities
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
m
ea
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
lev
els
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
m
o
tiv
atio
n
in
Ma
la
y
l
an
g
u
a
g
e
s
u
b
ject
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
is
4
.
1
8
,
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
h
ig
h
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
h
elp
s
in
m
o
tiv
ated
th
em
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
.
I
t
is
in
lin
e
with
C
ac
ac
e
[
1
6
]
wh
o
s
tated
th
at
el
em
en
ts
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
es
i
n
Go
o
g
l
e
C
lass
r
o
o
m
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
in
lear
n
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
en
ter
tain
m
en
t.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
teac
h
er
s
f
o
s
ter
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
ask
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
r
iv
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
will
h
elp
th
em
m
ain
tain
in
ter
est.
B
y
u
tili
ze
e
x
p
er
ie
n
tial
lear
n
in
g
in
Go
o
g
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
erien
tia
l le
a
r
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
ca
d
emic
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
Lo
h
B
o
o
n
P
in
g
)
2309
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
,
it
ca
n
in
itiate
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
in
ter
est
o
n
lear
n
in
g
s
o
m
eth
in
g
an
d
m
o
tiv
ate
th
em
to
lear
n
b
y
th
em
s
elv
es
ev
en
wh
en
th
e
y
’
r
e
alo
n
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
it
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
r
o
m
Ku
b
is
ch
ta
[
2
8
]
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
lear
n
in
g
s
u
c
h
as
ex
p
er
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
as
a
m
ea
n
s
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
.
3
.
3
.
E
lem
ent
s
in
ex
perient
ia
l
lea
rning
us
ing
G
o
o
g
le
Cla
s
s
ro
o
m
t
ha
t
m
o
t
iv
a
t
e
s
t
ud
ent
s
in
a
chiev
ing
g
o
o
d a
ca
de
m
ic
perf
o
r
m
a
nce
B
ased
o
n
th
e
wh
o
le
f
in
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
elem
en
ts
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
th
a
t
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
T
ab
le
5
,
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
is
S2
2
w
h
ich
is
1
.
0
6
,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
is
S1
5
wh
ich
is
0
.
7
1
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
class
o
f
y
ea
r
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
an
aly
ze
d
in
two
s
tep
s
.
First
s
tep
is
ab
o
u
t th
e
o
v
er
all
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
d
escr
ib
es
ab
o
u
t f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
.
E
ase
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
item
s
with
av
er
ag
e
̅
=4
.
1
8
as
:
-
S1
1
: I
t is ea
s
y
to
s
ig
n
in
to
t
h
e
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
wh
ich
k
ee
p
s
m
e
u
s
in
g
it.
-
S1
2
: I
t is ea
s
y
to
ac
ce
s
s
co
u
r
s
e
m
ater
ials
wh
ich
k
ee
p
s
m
e
u
s
in
g
it.
-
S1
3
: I
t is ea
s
y
to
n
av
ig
ate
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
wh
ich
k
ee
p
s
m
e
u
s
in
g
it.
T
ab
le
5
.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
o
n
elem
en
ts
i
n
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
th
at
m
o
tiv
a
te
s
tu
d
en
ts
S
a
mp
l
e
s
N
S
u
m
M
e
a
n
S
t
d
.
D
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
S
1
1
32
1
3
5
4
.
2
2
.
8
3
2
S
1
2
32
1
2
8
4
.
0
0
1
.
0
4
7
S
1
3
32
1
3
8
4
.
3
1
.
9
9
8
S
1
4
32
1
3
5
4
.
2
2
.
7
9
2
S
1
5
32
1
3
2
4
.
1
3
.
7
0
7
S
1
6
32
1
4
7
4
.
5
9
.
8
7
5
S
1
7
32
1
3
8
4
.
3
1
.
7
3
8
S
1
8
32
1
4
6
4
.
5
6
.
7
5
9
S
1
9
32
1
4
1
4
.
4
1
.
9
4
6
S
2
0
32
1
3
9
4
.
3
4
.
9
0
2
S
2
1
32
1
2
6
3
.
9
4
.
9
8
2
S
2
2
32
1
2
7
3
.
9
7
1
.
0
6
2
S
2
3
32
1
4
2
4
.
4
4
.
7
5
9
S
2
4
32
1
4
0
4
.
3
8
.
8
7
1
S
2
5
32
1
4
4
4
.
5
0
.
7
1
8
V
a
l
i
d
N
(
l
i
s
t
w
i
se)
32
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
s
co
r
e
is
S1
3
with
an
a
v
er
ag
e
o
f
4
.
3
1
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
th
at
n
av
ig
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
ea
s
y
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
willin
g
to
k
ee
p
u
s
in
g
it
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
n
av
ig
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
s
im
p
le.
T
h
e
l
o
west
s
co
r
e
is
S1
2
with
an
av
e
r
a
g
e
o
f
4
.
0
0
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
d
is
ag
r
ee
th
at
ac
ce
s
s
co
u
r
s
e
m
ater
ials
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
is
ea
s
y
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
s
till
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
h
ig
h
ca
teg
o
r
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
n
p
ar
t
ea
s
e
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
o
n
o
t
f
in
d
an
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
n
av
ig
atin
g
an
d
o
p
e
r
atin
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
is
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e
in
th
eir
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
s
im
ilar
with
Kass
im
[
2
9
]
,
in
h
is
r
esear
ch
,
8
9
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ag
r
ee
t
h
at
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
is
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e.
Als
o
,
in
Su
tia
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
,
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
3
0
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ec
lar
e
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
is
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
t
o
n
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
u
s
ef
u
l
n
ess
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
Go
o
g
le
C
l
ass
r
o
o
m
is
u
s
ef
u
l
as
a
lear
n
in
g
to
o
l.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
is
f
r
o
m
S1
4
with
s
co
r
e
4
.
2
2
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
a
t
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
h
as
h
elp
ed
th
em
to
s
u
b
m
it
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
o
n
tim
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
a
d
u
e
d
ate
in
G
o
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
p
e
r
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
e
s
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
o
u
r
i
tem
s
with
av
er
ag
e
̅
=4
.
0
6
5
as
:
-
S1
4
:
Go
o
g
le
class
r
o
o
m
s
h
elp
m
e
to
s
u
b
m
it a
s
s
ig
n
m
en
t o
n
ti
m
e
.
-
S1
5
:
Go
o
g
le
class
r
o
o
m
is
an
e
x
ce
llen
t
m
ed
iu
m
f
o
r
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
(
teac
h
e
r
v
s
.
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
v
s
.
s
tu
d
en
ts
)
.
-
S2
1
: T
h
e
g
r
ad
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
Go
o
g
le
class
r
o
o
m
h
elp
in
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
m
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
-
S2
2
: T
h
e
g
r
ad
in
g
s
y
s
tem
in
Go
o
g
le
class
r
o
o
m
h
elp
in
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t to
p
ic
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
.
I
t
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
is
u
s
ef
u
l
as
a
lear
n
in
g
to
o
l.
Similar
f
in
d
in
g
s
i
n
Gh
an
em
[
3
1
]
s
tu
d
y
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
f
elt
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
e
-
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
also
m
ea
n
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
r
ee
t
h
at
it
is
u
s
ef
u
l
wh
en
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
.
Stu
d
en
ts
also
s
aid
th
at
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
task
s
a
s
s
ig
n
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
.
Stu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
p
o
s
itiv
e
af
f
ec
tiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
to
war
d
s
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
wh
en
th
ey
f
in
d
it
ea
s
y
to
u
s
e.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
u
s
e
was f
o
u
n
d
to
in
f
l
u
en
ce
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
u
s
e
in
ten
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
3
0
4
-
2
3
1
3
2310
T
h
e
p
ar
t
o
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
m
ater
ia
ls
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
s
atis
f
ied
(
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
av
er
ag
e
̅
=4
.
4
4
2
)
with
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
as
th
e
m
ater
ials
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
m
o
tiv
ate
t
h
em
an
d
h
elp
th
e
m
ac
h
iev
e
in
g
o
o
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
v
id
eo
ac
tiv
ities
in
to
th
e
tea
ch
in
g
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
s
er
v
es
as
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
to
o
l
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
ed
m
ater
ials
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
f
iv
e
item
s
with
h
ig
h
est av
er
ag
e
̅
=4
.
4
4
2
as
:
-
S1
6
: Slid
es th
at
u
s
ed
in
Go
o
g
l
e
C
lass
r
o
o
m
m
o
tiv
ates m
e
an
d
k
ee
p
m
y
en
g
a
g
em
en
t.
-
S1
7
: I
m
ag
es th
at
u
s
ed
i
n
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
m
o
tiv
ates m
e
an
d
k
ee
p
m
y
e
n
g
ag
e
m
en
t.
-
S1
8
: V
id
eo
s
th
at
u
s
ed
in
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
m
o
tiv
ates m
e
an
d
k
ee
p
m
y
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
-
S1
9
: T
h
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
(
q
u
izze
s
)
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
ar
e
in
t
er
esti
n
g
.
-
S2
0
: T
h
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
(
q
u
izze
s
)
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
m
o
tiv
ate
m
e.
I
t
s
h
o
wed
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
s
atis
f
ied
wi
th
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
as
th
e
m
ater
ials
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
m
o
tiv
ate
t
h
em
a
n
d
h
elp
th
e
m
ac
h
ie
v
e
g
o
o
d
a
ca
d
em
ic
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
is
s
im
ilar
with
Alim
et
a
l.
[
3
2
]
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ag
r
e
ed
th
at
co
n
ten
t
o
f
th
e
m
ess
ag
e
/in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
th
e
teac
h
er
s
in
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
q
u
ite
c
o
m
p
lete.
I
n
b
r
ief
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
q
u
esti
o
n
s
with
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
ig
h
est av
e
r
ag
e
̅
=4
.
4
4
as
:
-
S2
3
: T
ea
ch
er
is
f
r
ien
d
ly
in
G
o
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
.
-
S2
4
: T
ea
ch
er
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
a
b
le
in
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
.
-
S2
5
: T
ea
ch
er
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ea
s
ily
co
n
tacte
d
b
y
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
m
ea
n
is
f
r
o
m
S2
5
with
s
co
r
e
4
.
5
0
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
co
u
ld
b
e
ea
s
ily
co
n
tacte
d
in
Go
o
g
le
C
las
s
r
o
o
m
b
y
s
tr
ea
m
,
co
m
m
en
t,
o
r
p
r
iv
ate
m
ess
ag
e.
T
h
e
p
ar
t o
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
I
n
ter
ac
t
io
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
r
o
u
g
h
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
in
ter
ac
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ier
.
No
w,
th
ey
ca
n
ea
s
ily
co
n
tact
teac
h
er
s
an
y
tim
e
an
d
an
y
wh
er
e.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
o
n
y
ea
r
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
am
o
n
g
a
C
h
in
ese
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l’
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
J
o
h
o
r
B
ah
r
u
.
T
h
er
e
was
a
to
tal
o
f
3
2
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
co
m
p
leted
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
r
e
v
ea
led
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
to
b
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
Ma
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
i
n
Ma
l
ay
lan
g
u
ag
e
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
ien
tial
lear
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
wh
ich
r
es
u
lted
in
a
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
co
r
es.
T
h
e
m
at
er
ials
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
in
G
o
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
elem
e
n
ts
th
at
m
o
tiv
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
g
o
o
d
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
As a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws th
at
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
is
u
s
ef
u
l a
n
d
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ir
lev
el
o
f
m
o
tiv
atio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
wo
r
k
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
t
h
e
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
r
esear
ch
g
r
an
t
b
etwe
en
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UT
M)
an
d
Un
i
v
er
s
itas
Mu
h
am
m
ad
iy
ah
Ma
k
ass
ar
u
n
d
er
R
esear
ch
Gr
an
t Sch
em
e
(
R
.
J
1
3
0
0
0
0
.
7
3
5
3
.
4
B
8
6
1
)
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
L
o
h
B
o
o
n
Pin
g
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
No
r
asy
k
in
Mo
h
d
Z
aid
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
No
r
Hasn
iza
I
b
r
ah
im
✓
✓
✓
✓
J
o
h
ar
i Su
r
if
✓
✓
✓
✓
Me
g
at
Am
an
Z
ah
ir
i
Me
g
at
Z
ak
ar
ia
✓
✓
✓
Hen
d
r
o
Per
m
a
d
i
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
erien
tia
l le
a
r
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
ca
d
emic
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
Lo
h
B
o
o
n
P
in
g
)
2311
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
W
e
h
av
e
o
b
tain
ed
in
f
o
r
m
ed
c
o
n
s
en
t f
r
o
m
all
in
d
iv
id
u
als in
c
lu
d
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
f
o
llo
wed
all
n
at
io
n
al
r
u
les an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
o
licies.
DATA
AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
r
estr
icted
d
u
e
t
o
p
r
iv
ac
y
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
b
u
t
a
r
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
[
NM
Z
]
,
u
p
o
n
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
N
.
A
.
N
o
r
S
h
a
i
d
,
S
.
A
.
H
a
mi
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
r
o
s
,
“
E
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
g
O
r
a
n
g
A
sl
i
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
,
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
–
1
4
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
6
8
0
3
/
i
j
l
t
e
r
.
2
1
.
5
.
7
.
[
2
]
M
.
A
h
m
a
d
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
I
C
T
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
f
o
r
e
i
g
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
h
y
s
i
c
s
:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
9
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
7
0
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
7
9
3
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
7
0
.
[
3
]
Z.
M
a
h
a
m
o
d
,
M
.
Y
.
M
o
h
a
ma
d
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
.
Jam
i
a
n
,
“
M
a
l
a
y
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
y
a
m
o
n
g
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
t
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
C
h
i
n
e
se
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
t
y
p
e
sc
h
o
o
l
,
”
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
3
3
8
–
1
3
4
8
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
2
3
6
/
c
e
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
2
6
1
0
2
.
[
4
]
K
.
I
z
c
i
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
o
r
mat
i
v
e
a
s
sessm
e
n
t
t
o
su
p
p
o
r
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
P
e
d
a
g
o
g
i
c
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
5
4
1
–
2
5
4
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[
5
]
R
.
A
.
S
.
A
l
-
M
a
r
o
o
f
a
n
d
M
.
A
l
-
Em
r
a
n
,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m:
a
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
st
u
d
y
u
si
n
g
P
LS
-
S
E
M
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Em
e
r
g
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
i
n
L
e
a
rn
i
n
g
(
i
J
ET)
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
0
6
,
p
.
1
1
2
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
9
9
1
/
i
j
e
t
.
v
1
3
i
0
6
.
8
2
7
5
.
[
6
]
J.
A
.
K
u
mar,
B
.
B
e
r
v
e
l
l
,
a
n
d
S
.
O
sm
a
n
,
“
G
o
o
g
l
e
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
m:
i
n
si
g
h
t
s
f
r
o
m
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
’
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
o
r
s’
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
4
1
7
5
–
4
1
9
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
6
3
9
-
020
-
1
0
1
6
3
-
x.
[
7
]
J.
F
.
F
i
s
h
e
r
,
K
.
B
u
s
h
k
o
,
a
n
d
J.
W
h
i
t
e
,
“
B
l
e
n
d
e
d
b
e
y
o
n
d
b
o
r
d
e
r
s:
a
sca
n
o
f
b
l
e
n
d
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
b
s
t
a
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
B
r
a
z
i
l
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
&
S
o
u
t
h
A
f
r
i
c
a
.
R
R
.
5
.
2
0
1
7
,
”
C
l
a
y
t
o
n
C
h
r
i
st
e
n
s
e
n
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
f
o
r
D
i
sr
u
p
t
i
v
e
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
e
r
i
c
.
e
d
.
g
o
v
/
?
i
d
=
ED
5
8
6
3
6
9
[
8
]
S
.
K
u
mar,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
R
e
se
a
rc
h
Pu
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
3
8
3
–
9
3
8
7
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
2
4
8
/
g
e
n
g
p
i
.
5
.
0
4
2
4
.
1
1
2
1
.
[
9
]
R
.
P
.
M
u
r
t
i
k
u
s
u
ma
,
H
o
b
r
i
,
A
.
F
a
t
a
h
i
l
l
a
h
,
S
.
H
u
ss
e
n
,
R
.
R
.
P
r
a
se
t
y
o
,
a
n
d
M
.
A
.
A
l
f
a
r
i
si
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
b
l
e
n
d
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
w
i
t
h
o
s
i
n
g
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
t
h
e
me
i
n
ma
t
h
e
ma
t
i
c
s l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
si
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
6
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
1
7
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
1
6
5
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
1
7
.
[
1
0
]
S
.
H
e
mr
u
n
g
r
o
t
e
,
P
.
J
a
k
k
a
e
w
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
ssaw
a
b
o
o
n
m
e
e
,
“
D
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
S
D
L
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
:
a
c
a
s
e
st
u
d
y
o
f
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
t
o
i
n
f
o
r
ma
t
i
o
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
u
r
se
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
7
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
Art
s,
M
e
d
i
a
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
C
D
AM
T
)
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
0
0
–
204
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
D
A
M
T.
2
0
1
7
.
7
9
0
4
9
6
1
.
[
1
1
]
M
.
B
.
A
b
u
b
a
k
a
r
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
p
h
y
s
i
c
s,
i
n
S
o
k
o
t
o
-
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
I
O
P
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
ri
e
s:
E
a
rt
h
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
ro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
4
7
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
7
1
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
5
5
-
1
3
1
5
/
4
7
6
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
7
1
.
[
1
2
]
A.
-
R
.
B
.
O
l
a
y
i
n
k
a
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
o
n
sec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
me
n
t
i
n
so
c
i
a
l
st
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
Ek
i
t
i
S
t
a
t
e
,
N
i
g
e
r
i
a
,
”
Wo
r
l
d
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
2
–
3
9
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
4
3
0
/
w
j
e
.
v
6
n
1
p
3
2
.
[
1
3
]
E.
M
a
c
l
e
l
l
a
n
a
n
d
R
.
S
o
d
e
n
,
“
T
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
c
e
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
a
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
l
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
S
c
h
o
l
a
rs
h
i
p
o
f
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
L
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
n
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
0
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
0
4
2
9
/
i
j
s
o
t
l
.
2
0
0
7
.
0
1
0
1
0
6
.
[
1
4
]
A
.
M
.
A
l
m
a
l
k
i
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
b
i
r
,
“
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
S
a
u
d
i
EFL
o
n
l
i
n
e
c
l
a
sses,
”
Wo
r
l
d
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
.
3
1
3
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
4
3
0
/
w
j
e
l
.
v
1
2
n
8
p
3
1
3
.
[
1
5
]
B.
F.
R
a
h
m
a
w
a
t
i
,
Zi
d
n
i
,
a
n
d
S
u
h
u
p
a
w
a
t
i
,
“
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
y
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ss
r
o
o
m
i
n
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
si
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
3
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
0
1
2
0
4
8
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
5
3
9
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
4
8
.
[
1
6
]
M
.
C
a
c
a
c
e
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m
o
n
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
ma
t
h
f
o
r
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
d
i
sa
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s,”
M
.
S
.
t
h
e
s
i
s,
R
o
w
a
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
U
S
A
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
1
7
]
M.
-
D
.
G
o
n
z
á
l
e
z
-
Z
a
mar
a
n
d
E
.
A
b
a
d
-
S
e
g
u
r
a
,
“
G
l
o
b
a
l
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
o
n
f
l
i
p
p
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
.
5
1
5
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
d
u
c
s
c
i
1
2
0
8
0
5
1
5
.
[
1
8
]
D
.
A
.
K
o
l
b
,
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
:
e
x
p
e
ri
e
n
c
e
a
s
t
h
e
so
u
rc
e
o
f
l
e
a
rn
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
H
o
b
o
k
e
n
,
N
J
:
P
e
a
r
so
n
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
I
n
c
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
1
9
]
M
.
A
.
S
e
v
e
n
,
“
M
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
,
”
A
f
ri
c
a
n
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
se
a
rc
h
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
S
6
2
–
S
7
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
2
0
]
Y
.
Li
u
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
o
n
l
i
n
e
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
c
h
e
mi
s
t
r
y
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
y
v
i
d
e
o
s
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
r
i
n
si
c
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
3
9
–
2
5
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
7
5
6
/
j
r
mste
.
4
3
5
.
[
2
1
]
I
.
W
.
O
t
h
ma
n
,
M
.
M
.
a
l
-
H
.
M
o
h
a
r
a
m,
H
.
A
m
b
o
,
S
.
M
.
A
b
d
.
S
a
l
a
m
,
M
.
K
.
L.
A
h
m
a
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
Y
u
s
o
f
f
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
l
a
y
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
(
M
B
M
)
i
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
u
g
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
s
k
i
l
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
g
r
o
w
t
h
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
T
o
u
r
i
s
m
,
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
E
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
4
,
p
p
.
1
1
3
–
1
4
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
5
6
3
1
/
J
TH
E
M
.
8
3
4
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
3
0
4
-
2
3
1
3
2312
[
2
2
]
J.
O
sma
n
,
J.
B
.
M
o
h
a
ma
d
,
A
.
N
.
A
h
mad
,
a
n
d
J
.
R
.
R
.
R
a
z
a
l
i
,
“
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
n
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
M
a
l
a
y
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
m
o
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
P
a
h
a
n
g
,
”
(
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
)
,
P
e
n
d
e
t
a
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
M
a
l
a
y
L
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
,
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
p
p
.
6
1
–
7
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
7
1
3
4
/
p
e
n
d
e
t
a
.
v
o
l
9
.
6
.
2
0
1
8
.
[
2
3
]
A
.
R
.
Ja
mi
a
n
,
A
.
M
.
S
a
b
i
l
,
a
n
d
S
.
O
t
h
ma
n
,
“
M
a
st
e
r
y
o
f
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
g
r
a
mm
a
r
a
mo
n
g
n
o
n
-
M
a
l
a
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
9
8
1
–
9
9
5
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
6
0
0
7
/
I
JA
R
B
S
S
/
v
7
-
i
1
4
/
3
7
5
5
.
[
2
4
]
T.
Tw
y
ma
n
a
n
d
G
.
Ti
n
d
a
l
,
“
U
si
n
g
a
c
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
-
a
d
a
p
t
e
d
,
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
l
y
b
a
s
e
d
h
i
s
t
o
r
y
t
e
x
t
t
o
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
-
so
l
v
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
o
f
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
sa
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
–
1
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
0
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
7
7
/
0
1
6
2
6
4
3
4
0
6
0
2
1
0
0
2
0
1
.
[
2
5
]
H
.
Y
a
mat
,
N
.
F
.
M
.
U
mar,
a
n
d
M
.
I
.
M
a
h
m
o
o
d
,
“
U
p
h
o
l
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
M
a
l
a
y
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
En
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
o
l
i
c
y
:
a
n
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
f
o
r
m
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
–
2
0
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
5
3
9
/
i
e
s.
v
7
n
1
3
p
1
9
7
.
[
2
6
]
W
.
R
.
I
smai
l
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
i
n
c
l
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
s
med
i
u
m
o
f
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
o
f
sci
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
mat
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s,
”
Pr
o
c
e
d
i
a
-
S
o
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
Be
h
a
v
i
o
ra
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
3
5
3
–
3
6
0
,
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
b
sp
r
o
.
2
0
1
1
.
0
5
.
0
5
0
.
[
2
7
]
T.
M
.
M
c
C
o
r
m
i
c
k
,
“
H
i
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
l
i
n
q
u
i
r
y
w
i
t
h
f
i
f
t
h
g
r
a
d
e
r
s:
a
n
a
c
t
i
o
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
st
u
d
y
,
”
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
–
1
2
9
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
0
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
8
/
S
S
R
P
-
02
-
2
0
0
8
-
B
0
0
0
7
.
[
2
8
]
F
.
K
u
b
i
sc
h
t
a
,
“
E
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
m
o
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
:
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
o
n
st
u
d
y
-
mo
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
e
n
g
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
st
u
d
y
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
,
”
HAAGA
-
H
EL
I
A
a
mm
a
t
t
i
k
o
r
k
e
a
k
o
u
l
u
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
t
h
e
se
u
s.fi
/
h
a
n
d
l
e
/
1
0
0
2
4
/
7
8
3
4
1
[
2
9
]
W
.
Z.
W
.
K
a
ss
i
m,
“
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m:
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
n
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
st
u
d
e
n
t
s’
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
i
t
s
u
s
e
a
s
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m,
”
Bra
z
i
l
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
7
–
2
2
3
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
9
9
1
/
a
sse
h
r
.
k
.
2
1
0
3
1
2
.
0
7
2
.
[
3
0
]
C
.
S
u
t
i
a
,
A
.
R
.
W
u
l
a
n
,
a
n
d
R
.
S
o
l
i
h
a
t
,
“
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
r
e
sp
o
n
se
t
o
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
w
i
t
h
o
n
l
i
n
e
g
u
i
d
a
n
c
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m o
n
b
i
o
l
o
g
y
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
s
i
c
s:
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
5
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
0
2
2
0
8
4
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
4
2
-
6
5
9
6
/
1
1
5
7
/
2
/
0
2
2
0
8
4
.
[
3
1
]
S
.
G
h
a
n
e
m
,
“
E
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
S
D
G
4
:
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
0
S
e
c
o
n
d
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
Re
s
i
l
i
e
n
c
e
C
o
n
f
e
ren
c
e
:
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
D
e
s
i
g
n
s
(
5
1
1
5
4
)
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
EEE
C
O
N
F
5
1
1
5
4
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
3
1
9
9
8
1
.
[
3
2
]
N
.
A
l
i
m
,
W
.
L
i
n
d
a
,
F
.
G
u
n
a
w
a
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
M
d
S
a
a
d
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss o
f
G
o
o
g
l
e
C
l
a
ssr
o
o
m a
s
a
n
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
med
i
a
:
a
c
a
s
e
o
f
S
t
a
t
e
I
sl
a
m
i
c
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
K
e
n
d
a
r
i
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
”
H
u
m
a
n
i
t
i
e
s
&
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
4
0
–
2
4
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
5
1
0
/
h
ssr
.
2
0
1
9
.
7
2
2
7
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Lo
h
Bo
o
n
Pi
n
g
is
a
stu
d
e
n
t
in
m
a
ste
r
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
S
k
u
d
a
i
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
is
a
ls
o
a
p
rima
ry
sc
h
o
o
l
tea
c
h
e
r
o
f
S
e
k
o
lah
Je
n
is
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
(Cin
a
)
P
u
S
z
e
,
S
k
u
d
a
i,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
,
wh
o
h
a
s
6
y
e
a
rs
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(H
o
n
s),
m
a
jo
r
o
f
re
m
e
d
ial
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
m
in
o
r
o
f
M
a
lay
lan
g
u
a
g
e
a
n
d
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
fro
m
IP
G
Ka
m
p
u
s
Da
ru
lam
a
n
in
2
0
1
5
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
b
o
o
n
p
i
n
g
1
1
1
8
@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
No
r
a
sy
k
i
n
M
o
h
d
Za
i
d
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
H
u
m
a
n
it
ies
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(Ho
n
o
rs)
i
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UTM
)
in
M
a
lay
sia
in
2
0
0
0
a
n
d
a
M
a
ste
r
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
)
fro
m
UTM
i
n
2
0
0
6
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
a
P
h
.
D
.
fr
o
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rs
it
y
o
f
W
o
ll
o
n
g
o
n
g
(Uo
W)
in
Au
stra
li
a
in
2
0
1
3
.
S
i
n
c
e
2
0
1
8
,
sh
e
h
a
s
se
rv
e
d
a
s
t
h
e
P
r
o
g
ra
m
Co
o
rd
i
n
a
to
r
fo
r
th
e
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
P
r
o
g
ra
m
f
o
r
P
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
S
t
u
d
ies
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
o
n
li
n
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
train
i
n
g
,
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
a
n
d
n
e
w
m
e
d
ia
in
t
e
a
c
h
in
g
a
n
d
lea
rn
i
n
g
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
o
ra
sy
k
in
@
u
tm.m
y
.
No
r
H
a
sni
z
a
Ibra
h
im
is
se
n
io
r
lec
t
u
re
r
in
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
M
u
l
ti
m
e
d
ia
Cre
a
ti
v
e
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
S
o
c
ial
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
it
ies
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
in
B
io
m
e
d
ica
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
ste
r’s
De
g
re
e
a
n
d
D
o
c
t
o
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
i
n
Ch
e
m
istry
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
re
g
a
r
d
in
g
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
c
h
e
m
istry
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
S
h
e
a
lso
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
p
ro
g
ra
m
s
re
late
d
to
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
in
d
i
g
e
n
o
u
s
p
e
o
p
le.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
-
n
o
rh
a
n
iza
@u
tm.m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
erien
tia
l le
a
r
n
in
g
u
s
in
g
Go
o
g
le
C
la
s
s
r
o
o
m
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
a
ca
d
emic
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
…
(
Lo
h
B
o
o
n
P
in
g
)
2313
J
o
h
a
r
i
S
u
r
if
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
d
u
c
u
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
M
u
l
ti
m
e
d
ia
Cre
a
ti
v
e
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
S
o
c
ial
a
n
d
Hu
m
a
n
it
ies
,
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
ru
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
in
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
S
c
ie
n
c
e
s
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Ke
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
ste
r’s
De
g
re
e
a
n
d
Do
c
to
r
o
f
P
h
il
o
so
p
h
y
in
Ch
e
m
istry
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
r
e
g
a
rd
in
g
sc
ien
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
c
h
e
m
istry
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
H
e
is
a
lso
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
ra
m
s
re
late
d
to
S
TE
M
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
m
o
re
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
j
o
h
a
ri_
su
rif@u
tm.m
y
.
Meg
a
t
Am
a
n
Za
h
iri
Meg
a
t
Za
k
a
r
i
a
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(
UTM
)
sin
c
e
1
9
9
7
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
wi
th
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s)
fro
m
UTM
,
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
)
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
S
a
i
n
s
M
a
lay
sia
(USM
),
a
n
d
a
P
h
.
D
.
fro
m
UTM
.
Zah
ir
i
h
a
s
a
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
i
n
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
In
s
tru
c
ti
o
n
a
l
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
In
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
in
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
e
-
Lea
rn
in
g
,
a
n
d
Tea
c
h
e
r
Train
i
n
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
e
g
a
tam
a
n
@u
tm.m
y
.
H
e
n
d
r
o
Per
m
a
d
i
is
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
Na
tu
ra
l
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Ne
g
e
ri
M
a
lan
g
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
S
tatisti
c
s
fro
m
IP
B
Un
i
v
e
rsity
in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
1
9
9
2
,
a
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
tatisti
c
s
fro
m
In
stit
u
t
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
S
e
p
u
l
u
h
No
p
e
m
b
e
r
(IT
S
)
i
n
In
d
o
n
e
sia
in
2
0
0
3
,
a
n
d
a
Do
c
to
r
(Dr)
o
f
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
s
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsitas
Ne
g
e
ri
M
a
lan
g
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
i
n
2
0
1
7
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t,
lea
rn
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l,
a
n
d
d
a
ta
a
n
a
l
y
st.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
h
e
n
d
r
o
.
p
e
rm
a
d
i.
fm
i
p
a
@u
m
.
a
c
.
id
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.