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3
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l
o
b
al
ize
d
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
e
d
ec
lin
in
g
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
wr
ite
ess
ay
s
p
r
o
f
icien
tly
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
o
l
d
er
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ay
n
o
lo
n
g
er
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
teac
h
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
p
ar
t
icu
lar
ly
in
wr
itin
g
,
h
a
v
e
e
v
o
lv
ed
.
Sti
ll,
it
r
em
ain
s
u
n
clea
r
wh
eth
er
th
ese
n
ewe
r
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
u
lly
ad
d
r
ess
to
d
ay
'
s
lear
n
er
s
'
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
co
m
p
lex
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
is
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
h
as
also
cr
ea
te
d
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
a
t
ar
e
b
o
t
h
ad
a
p
tiv
e
a
n
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
ly
s
en
s
itiv
e
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ital
e
r
a
h
as
f
u
r
th
er
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
ed
th
e
is
s
u
e
as
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
en
g
a
g
e
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
eir
lear
n
i
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
W
h
ile
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as
o
n
lin
e
wr
itin
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
v
i
r
tu
al
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
an
d
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
l
an
g
u
ag
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
lik
e
C
h
atGPT
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
lex
ib
le
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
th
ey
also
r
aise
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
t
i
s
cr
u
cial
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
h
o
w
th
ese
to
o
ls
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
lan
g
u
ag
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
to
en
h
an
c
e
lear
n
in
g
with
o
u
t u
n
d
er
m
in
i
n
g
ess
en
tial h
u
m
an
elem
en
ts
in
teac
h
in
g
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
e
r
s
ity
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
an
o
th
er
lay
e
r
o
f
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
Stu
d
en
ts
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
v
a
r
io
u
s
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
,
wh
ich
r
e
q
u
i
r
es
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
m
ec
h
an
ics
an
d
en
g
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
em
o
tio
n
ally
an
d
s
o
cially
wi
th
in
th
eir
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
g
a
p
s
b
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
ie
w
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
iv
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
cu
ltu
r
a
l
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
en
h
an
cin
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
will
ex
am
in
e
h
o
w
r
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
h
y
b
r
id
lear
n
in
g
an
d
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
,
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
c
u
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
r
ec
en
t
e
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
W
ester
n
an
d
n
o
n
-
W
ester
n
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
Kar
a
k
o
s
e
et
a
l
.
[
1
3
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
w
h
ile
C
asti
llo
-
C
u
e
s
ta
[
1
4
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
g
a
m
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
la
n
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
T
h
ese
an
d
o
th
er
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ie
s
will
h
elp
co
n
te
x
tu
alize
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
t
h
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
B
y
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
b
etwe
en
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
i
t
ex
p
lo
r
es
h
o
w
th
ese
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
ca
n
h
elp
ad
d
r
ess
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
to
d
ay
’
s
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
to
ca
te
r
to
d
iv
er
s
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
lear
n
in
g
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
o
f
f
er
g
u
id
an
ce
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
lo
o
k
in
g
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
d
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
e
ttin
g
s
.
T
o
g
u
id
e
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
p
o
s
ed
:
−
Ho
w
d
o
es a
d
ap
tin
g
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
i
v
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
e
n
h
an
ce
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
en
h
a
n
ce
lan
g
u
ag
e
lea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es?
−
Ho
w
d
o
es c
u
ltu
r
al
d
i
v
er
s
ity
i
m
p
ac
t la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
i
n
g
?
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
len
s
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
o
d
er
n
t
h
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
th
at
a
d
d
r
ess
th
e
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
to
d
ay
’
s
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
er
e
d
r
aws
o
n
th
r
ee
m
ai
n
co
n
ce
p
ts
:
d
ig
ital
-
aid
ed
lear
n
in
g
,
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
,
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
r
ef
lect
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
ar
e
f
lex
ib
le,
in
clu
s
iv
e,
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
in
e
m
p
ir
ical
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
AI
-
d
r
i
v
en
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
v
ir
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
h
o
w
lan
g
u
ag
es
ar
e
tau
g
h
t.
S
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
in
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
p
e
r
s
o
n
alize
d
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
b
u
ild
s
o
n
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
is
m
b
u
t
em
p
h
asizes
lear
n
er
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
en
a
b
lin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
tak
e
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
eir
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Dr
awin
g
f
r
o
m
s
o
cio
c
u
ltu
r
al
th
eo
r
y
,
th
is
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
in
to
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
s
h
o
ws
th
at
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
a
n
t
co
n
te
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
es
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
Usi
n
g
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
co
n
n
ec
t
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
o
wn
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
a
m
o
r
e
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
in
teg
r
ates
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
th
eo
r
y
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
cr
itical
r
ef
lectio
n
a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
[
1
7
]
.
E
m
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
b
y
Gan
ap
ath
y
et
a
l
.
[
1
8
]
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
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in
g
(
PB
L
)
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ac
tiv
ities
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
ills
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
id
ea
th
at
ac
tiv
e,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
n
d
iv
er
s
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
[
1
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
o
f te
a
ch
in
g
meth
o
d
s
in
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
:
tr
en
d
s
a
n
d
…
(
N
u
r
A
tika
h
Mo
h
d
N
o
o
r
)
2033
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
g
r
o
u
n
d
ed
i
n
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
at
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
en
ess
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
en
h
an
cin
g
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
cu
ltu
r
ally
r
elev
a
n
t
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
,
th
is
m
o
d
el
ad
d
r
ess
es
b
o
th
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
an
d
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
d
iv
er
s
ity
s
ee
n
in
to
d
ay
’
s
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
p
r
ac
tica
l
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
m
ak
in
g
it h
ig
h
ly
r
elev
a
n
t
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
p
ast
th
eo
r
ies.
I
t
also
o
f
f
er
s
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
en
g
ag
em
en
t,
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
is
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
d
esig
n
e
d
to
eq
u
ip
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
with
p
r
ac
tical
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es in
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ically
a
d
v
an
ce
d
class
r
o
o
m
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
(
PR
I
SMA)
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
g
u
i
d
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
ex
am
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
to
p
ic
s
y
n
th
esis
an
d
in
teg
r
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
allo
wed
f
o
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
id
e
n
tify
in
g
,
ev
al
u
atin
g
,
an
d
s
elec
tin
g
r
elev
an
t
liter
at
u
r
e
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
o
b
jectiv
es
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
ited
to
ad
d
r
ess
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
Ho
w
d
o
es
ad
ap
tin
g
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
i
v
er
s
e
co
n
tex
ts
e
n
h
an
ce
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
en
h
a
n
ce
lan
g
u
ag
e
lea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es?
−
Ho
w
d
o
es
cu
ltu
r
al
d
i
v
er
s
ity
i
m
p
ac
t la
n
g
u
a
g
e
lear
n
i
n
g
?
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ar
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
r
elev
a
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
s
tep
s
in
clu
d
ed
id
en
tific
atio
n
,
s
cr
ee
n
i
n
g
,
elig
i
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
f
i
n
al
in
clu
s
io
n
.
2
.
1
.
I
dentif
ica
t
io
n
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
id
e
n
tif
icatio
n
o
f
r
elev
a
n
t
liter
atu
r
e,
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
s
wer
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
u
s
in
g
k
ey
ter
m
s
r
elate
d
to
teac
h
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
at
th
ese
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
s
wer
e
ap
p
lied
to
two
m
ajo
r
ac
ad
em
ic
d
atab
ases
,
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
W
eb
o
f
Scien
ce
(
W
o
S)
,
to
r
etr
iev
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
to
2
0
2
4
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
,
d
i
ctio
n
ar
ies,
th
esau
r
i,
en
cy
clo
p
e
d
ias,
an
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies we
r
e
co
n
s
u
lted
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
ter
m
s
f
u
r
th
er
.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
,
1
0
1
p
ap
er
s
wer
e
in
itially
r
etr
iev
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ea
r
c
h
s
tr
in
g
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
a
b
r
o
a
d
s
co
p
e
o
f
p
o
ten
tially
r
elev
an
t stu
d
ies.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
in
g
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
S
c
o
p
u
s
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
A
N
D
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
A
N
D
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
A
N
D
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
N
D
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
)
A
N
D
(
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
P
U
B
Y
EA
R
,
2
0
2
2
)
O
R
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
P
U
B
Y
EA
R
,
2
0
2
3
)
O
R
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
P
U
B
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EA
R
,
2
0
2
4
)
)
A
N
D
(
LI
M
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T
-
TO
(
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
"
S
O
C
I
"
)
O
R
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
S
U
B
JA
R
EA
,
"
A
R
TS"
)
)
A
N
D
(
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
D
O
C
TY
P
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"
a
r
"
)
)
A
N
D
(
LI
M
I
T
-
TO
(
LA
N
G
U
A
G
E,
"
En
g
l
i
s
h
"
)
)
D
a
t
e
o
f
a
c
c
e
ss
:
J
u
n
2
0
2
4
Wo
S
T
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
A
N
D
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
A
N
D
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
A
N
D
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
A
N
D
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
(
T
o
p
i
c
)
a
n
d
2
0
2
4
o
r
2
0
2
3
o
r
2
0
2
2
(
P
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Y
e
a
r
s)
a
n
d
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
(
D
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
T
y
p
e
s)
a
n
d
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
(
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
s)
a
n
d
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
(
D
o
c
u
me
n
t
Ty
p
e
s)
a
n
d
A
r
t
s
H
u
man
i
t
i
e
s
O
t
h
e
r
To
p
i
c
s
o
r
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s Ot
h
e
r
To
p
i
c
s (R
e
se
a
r
c
h
A
r
e
a
s)
D
a
t
e
o
f
a
c
c
e
ss
:
J
u
n
2
0
2
4
2
.
2
.
Scre
ening
T
h
e
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase
attem
p
t
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
s
tu
d
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
e
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia.
Stu
d
ies
wer
e
in
itially
ev
alu
ated
b
y
th
eir
ti
tles
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
o
n
th
o
s
e
th
at
d
i
r
ec
tly
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
,
s
u
p
er
f
lu
o
u
s
o
r
d
u
p
licate
ar
ticles
wer
e
elim
in
ated
.
T
ab
le
2
d
ef
in
es
th
e
m
o
r
e
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
im
p
lem
en
ted
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
r
estricte
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
to
jo
u
r
n
al
p
ap
er
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
to
2
0
2
4
,
au
th
o
r
ed
in
E
n
g
lis
h
,
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
th
e
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
ar
ts
h
u
m
an
ities
d
is
cip
lin
es.
Af
ter
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
s
tag
e,
1
5
6
p
ap
er
s
r
em
ain
ed
,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
e
x
clu
s
io
n
o
f
1
2
4
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
th
at
f
ailed
t
o
m
atch
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
T
wo
s
u
p
p
l
em
en
tar
y
elem
en
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
em
o
v
ed
d
u
e
to
d
u
p
licatio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
cr
iter
io
n
is
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
La
n
g
u
a
g
e
En
g
l
i
sh
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
sh
Ti
me
l
i
n
e
2
0
2
2
–
2
0
2
4
<
2
0
2
2
Li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
t
y
p
e
Jo
u
r
n
a
l
(
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
)
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
b
o
o
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P
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b
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
0
3
1
-
2
0
4
1
2034
2
.
3
.
E
lig
ibi
lity
A
to
tal
o
f
1
5
4
ar
ticles
wer
e
g
ath
er
ed
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tep
,
r
ef
er
r
ed
t
o
as
th
e
elig
ib
ilit
y
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
h
ase,
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
titl
es
an
d
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
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ch
a
r
ticle
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n
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cted
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o
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n
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ir
m
th
at
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e
y
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et
th
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n
clu
s
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iter
ia
a
n
d
wer
e
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ele
v
a
n
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
s
tu
d
y
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
2
4
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
,
a
r
ticles,
an
d
d
ata
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
d
u
e
to
th
eir
lack
o
f
r
elev
a
n
ce
to
th
e
s
u
b
ject,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
o
b
jectiv
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
titl
e
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
t,
an
d
ab
s
en
c
e
o
f
e
m
p
ir
ical
d
ata
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t t
h
eir
f
u
ll
-
tex
t a
cc
ess
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
3
0
p
ap
e
r
s
ar
e
r
e
m
ain
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t e
v
al
u
atio
n
.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
e
x
t
ra
ct
i
o
n a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
ed
an
i
n
teg
r
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ev
alu
ate
an
d
s
y
n
th
esize
d
i
v
er
s
e
r
esear
ch
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tl
y
u
s
in
g
s
y
n
th
esis
an
d
in
teg
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
k
e
y
th
em
es
a
n
d
s
u
b
ca
teg
o
r
ies
r
elev
an
t
t
o
teac
h
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
ata
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
an
with
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
ev
iew
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
ies,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
PR
I
SMA
f
lo
wch
ar
t,
wh
ich
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
f
r
o
m
in
itial
id
en
tific
atio
n
to
th
e
f
in
al
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
I
n
th
is
r
ev
iew,
th
r
ee
m
ain
th
em
es
em
er
g
ed
:
i)
co
n
tex
tu
alize
d
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
teac
h
i
n
g
m
eth
o
d
s
in
l
an
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
b
alan
cin
g
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
;
ii)
im
p
a
ct
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
:
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
tu
d
en
t
e
n
g
ag
em
en
t
;
an
d
iii)
cu
ltu
r
al
d
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
im
p
ac
t
o
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t.
E
ac
h
th
em
e
was e
x
p
lo
r
ed
in
d
etail,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
e
t
h
em
atic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was ta
k
en
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
r
k
ed
to
g
eth
er
to
an
al
y
s
es
th
e
d
ata
an
d
id
en
tif
y
co
m
m
o
n
th
em
es.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
a
lo
g
was
m
ain
tain
ed
to
r
ec
o
r
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
,
an
aly
s
is
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
an
y
em
er
g
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
.
R
eg
u
lar
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
wer
e
h
eld
am
o
n
g
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
to
a
d
d
r
ess
d
is
cr
ep
an
cies
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
in
g
i
n
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
,
with
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
ea
ch
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
.
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
u
r
th
e
r
,
two
ex
p
er
ts
s
p
ec
ializin
g
in
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
wer
e
co
n
s
u
lted
.
T
h
e
s
e
ex
p
er
ts
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
th
em
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
wh
ich
led
t
o
s
lig
h
t
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
in
th
e
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
t
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
f
i
r
m
ed
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
s
u
b
-
th
em
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
y
wer
e
r
elev
a
n
t,
clea
r
,
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
An
y
d
i
s
cr
ep
an
cies
id
en
tifie
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
wer
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
er
e
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
wer
e
cr
o
s
s
-
ch
ec
k
ed
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
an
d
e
x
p
er
ts
.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
an
d
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t
en
s
u
r
ed
t
h
at
th
e
f
in
al
th
em
es
wer
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
g
o
als.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
m
a
d
e
r
e
v
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
e
r
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
clar
ity
a
n
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
an
d
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
a
ta
ex
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
an
aly
s
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
lan
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
F
i
gu
r
e
1.
P
R
I
SMA
f
lo
w
d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
In
c
l
u
d
ed
E
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
Scree
n
i
n
g
Rec
o
r
d
i
d
en
t
i
fy
t
h
ro
u
g
h
Sc
o
p
u
s
s
ear
ch
i
n
g
(n
=
9
0
6
)
D
u
p
l
i
ca
t
e
rec
o
r
d
r
em
o
v
ed
(n
=
2
)
Rec
o
r
d
s
af
t
er
s
c
ree
n
e
d
Sco
p
u
s
(
n
=
1
4
2
),
W
o
S
(
n
=
1
4
)
(T
o
t
al
=
1
5
6
)
Rec
o
r
d
s
e
x
cl
u
d
e
d
Fo
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
cri
t
er
i
o
n
;
rem
o
v
e
d
N
o
n
-
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
,
<
2
0
2
2
,
Co
n
fer
en
ce,
B
o
o
k
,
R
ev
i
e
w
In
Pr
e
s
s
,
Bes
i
d
e
s
S
o
c
i
a
l
s
c
i
e
n
ce
a
n
d
A
rt
a
n
d
H
u
ma
n
i
t
i
e
s
(n
=
1
,
9
4
5
)
A
r
t
i
cl
e
ac
ce
s
s
f
o
r
e
l
i
g
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
(n
=
1
5
4
)
St
u
d
i
e
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
i
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
an
a
l
y
s
i
s
(n
=
3
0
)
Fu
l
l
t
ex
t
ex
cl
u
d
e
d
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
o
u
t
o
f
f
i
e
l
d
T
i
t
l
e
n
o
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
an
t
l
y
A
b
s
t
ra
ct
n
o
t
r
el
a
t
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
o
b
j
e
ct
i
v
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
N
o
F
u
l
l
t
ex
t
acce
s
s
.
(n
=
1
2
4
)
(n
=
5
5
)
Rec
o
r
d
i
d
en
t
i
fy
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
W
o
S
s
e
arc
h
i
n
g
(n
=
1
,
1
9
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
ystema
tic
r
ev
iew
o
f te
a
ch
in
g
meth
o
d
s
in
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
:
tr
en
d
s
a
n
d
…
(
N
u
r
A
tika
h
Mo
h
d
N
o
o
r
)
2035
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
v
iew
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
t
h
r
ee
m
ain
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
ar
e
g
r
ap
h
ically
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
tab
les
an
d
f
ig
u
r
es,
wh
ich
cla
r
if
y
th
e
k
ey
t
r
en
d
s
an
d
p
atter
n
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
3
.
1
.
Co
nte
x
t
ua
lized
a
nd
a
da
ptiv
e
t
ea
ching
m
et
ho
ds
in
la
ng
ua
g
e
educa
t
io
n:
ba
la
ncing
t
ra
ditio
na
l
a
pp
ro
a
ches a
nd
inn
o
v
a
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
e
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
to
v
ar
ied
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
im
p
r
o
v
es
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
E
x
am
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
p
ap
er
s
in
T
a
b
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
at
ad
a
p
tin
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
p
ar
ticu
lar
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
en
t a
n
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
c
q
u
is
itio
n
.
S
tu
d
y
b
y
B
o
wen
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
te
th
at
th
e
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
T
h
ai
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
r
esu
lted
in
en
h
an
ce
d
E
n
g
lis
h
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
.
T
ay
lo
r
[
2
6
]
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
i
s
t
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
a
r
ts
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
m
ater
ial
s
im
p
lific
atio
n
m
itig
ates
teac
h
er
s
’
s
tr
ess
,
t
h
er
eb
y
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ef
f
icac
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Peu
n
g
c
h
ar
o
e
n
k
u
n
an
d
W
alu
y
o
[
2
7
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
b
en
ef
icial
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
co
m
b
in
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
g
en
r
e
m
eth
o
d
en
h
a
n
ce
s
task
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
r
ic
h
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lex
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
v
ar
ied
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
n
ec
ess
itate
f
lex
ib
le
teac
h
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
t
h
at
in
teg
r
ate
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
with
n
ew
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
ad
ap
tiv
e
tea
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
l
an
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
;
h
o
wev
er
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
at
th
ese
r
esu
lts
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ally
r
elev
a
n
t
in
all
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
e
c
u
ltu
r
al
a
n
d
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
u
n
d
er
tak
en
i
n
T
h
ailan
d
an
d
Ma
lay
s
ia,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
e
th
e
d
is
tin
ct
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
ese
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
class
r
o
o
m
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
an
y
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics
a
n
d
r
eg
i
o
n
s
n
ec
ess
itates
a
ca
u
tio
u
s
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
to
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
t
o
co
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l settin
g
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
esear
ch
ar
ticles r
ela
ted
to
th
em
e
1
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ea
r
ch
c
r
iter
ia
No
S
t
u
d
y
Ti
t
l
e
Y
e
a
r
1
[
2
5
]
Th
e
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
i
n
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
:
a
t
r
i
-
e
t
h
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
o
f
Th
a
i
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
2
0
2
3
2
[
2
6
]
A
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
i
st
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
i
n
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
r
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
r
t
s
2
0
2
2
3
[
2
8
]
Te
a
c
h
e
r
b
e
l
i
e
f
s
a
b
o
u
t
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
:
I
n
t
e
r
r
o
g
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
o
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
2
0
2
4
4
[
2
9
]
A
su
r
v
e
y
o
f
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
o
En
g
l
i
s
h
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
i
n
st
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
me
d
i
a
i
n
Th
a
i
l
a
n
d
2
0
2
3
5
[
2
7
]
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
ss
-
g
e
n
r
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
,
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
,
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
i
n
L2
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
2
3
6
[
3
0
]
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
Th
a
i
EFL
p
r
e
-
ser
v
i
c
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s' w
r
i
t
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
b
y
u
si
n
g
t
h
e
g
r
a
d
u
a
l
r
e
l
e
a
se
mo
d
e
l
a
n
d
s
c
a
f
f
o
l
d
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
2
0
2
4
7
[
3
1
]
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
p
e
a
c
e
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
p
h
i
l
o
so
p
h
y
t
o
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
2
4
8
[
3
2
]
Pre
-
serv
i
c
e
En
g
l
i
s
h
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
t
o
t
e
a
c
h
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
i
n
s
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
c
h
o
o
l
s
2
0
2
2
9
[
3
3
]
D
i
sco
u
r
se
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
e
a
s
a
n
e
ss
e
n
t
i
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
i
n
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
g
r
a
d
e
1
1
E
n
g
l
i
sh
f
i
r
s
t
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
s‟
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
sk
i
l
l
s
2
0
2
3
10
[
3
4
]
C
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
l
i
n
g
u
i
st
i
c
s
:
f
o
st
e
r
i
n
g
En
g
l
i
s
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
2
0
2
4
11
[
3
5
]
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
:
a
l
i
g
n
i
n
g
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
i
n
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s a
n
d
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
p
a
p
e
r
s u
s
i
n
g
B
l
o
o
m’
s
t
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
2
0
2
4
12
[
3
6
]
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
l
i
t
e
r
a
r
y
r
e
a
s
o
n
i
n
g
a
s
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
p
r
e
-
serv
i
c
e
E
n
g
l
i
sh
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
a
r
t
s
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s'
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
b
o
u
t
d
i
s
c
i
p
l
i
n
a
r
y
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
2
0
2
2
13
[
3
7
]
I
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
's
i
d
e
n
t
i
t
y
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
a
d
o
p
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
'
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
o
r
y
' a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
s
p
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s
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d
e
r
g
r
a
d
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a
t
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d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
r
i
t
i
n
g
c
l
a
ssr
o
o
ms
2
0
2
3
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
is
a
d
y
n
am
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
th
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
tactics
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
v
a
r
ied
lea
r
n
er
d
em
a
n
d
s
an
d
s
ettin
g
s
.
W
h
ile
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal,
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
lik
e
th
e
g
r
am
m
a
r
-
tr
an
s
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
ar
e
less
ef
f
ic
ac
io
u
s
in
co
n
t
em
p
o
r
ar
y
,
d
y
n
am
ic
lan
g
u
ag
e
-
lea
r
n
in
g
co
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
is
ap
p
ar
e
n
t
in
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
p
o
s
t
m
eth
o
d
an
d
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
-
in
teg
r
ated
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
,
m
a
r
k
ed
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
wr
itin
g
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
,
task
e
x
ec
u
tio
n
,
an
d
to
p
ic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
ac
tical
r
elev
an
ce
to
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
b
y
elu
cid
atin
g
h
o
w
ad
ap
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
m
ig
h
t
m
itig
ate
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
en
co
u
n
ter
e
d
b
y
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
a
r
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
n
ad
v
an
ci
n
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
le
ar
n
in
g
in
m
an
y
ed
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co
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m
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p
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r
ef
lect
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n
ical
r
eso
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s
.
3
.
2
.
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
inn
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
t
e
a
chin
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o
n
l
a
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:
t
e
ch
no
l
o
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s
t
ud
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a
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ment
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
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s
f
r
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ticles
in
T
ab
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4
p
r
o
v
id
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s
tr
o
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p
r
o
o
f
th
at
i
n
n
o
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teac
h
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a
p
p
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h
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esp
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o
s
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,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
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v
e
l
an
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u
ag
e
lear
n
in
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o
u
tco
m
es.
Hu
d
r
iati
et
a
l.
[
3
8
]
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
t
h
at
h
y
b
r
id
lea
r
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
in
teg
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n
lin
e
an
d
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
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,
en
a
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ca
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ap
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le
teac
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eth
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ies.
T
h
is
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h
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ce
d
E
n
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lan
g
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ag
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p
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o
f
icien
cy
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
d
u
r
in
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th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic,
w
h
en
c
o
n
v
en
tio
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al
in
-
p
er
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n
tech
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i
q
u
es
wer
e
lim
ited
.
C
asti
l
lo
-
C
u
esta
[
3
9
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
ed
th
at
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
en
h
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ce
d
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
E
FL
)
wr
itin
g
s
k
ills
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
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th
at
in
ter
ac
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eth
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elev
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tu
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en
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iasm
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g
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t
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
tech
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o
l
o
g
y
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
m
a
ch
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(
ML
)
an
d
n
atu
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al
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
(
NL
P),
as
ex
am
in
ed
b
y
W
u
lf
f
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
,
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
i
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
wr
itin
g
an
aly
tics
.
T
h
eir
r
esear
ch
i
n
d
icate
d
th
at
ML
an
d
NL
P
e
n
h
an
ce
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ed
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to
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s
'
co
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'
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itiv
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s
es,
th
u
s
im
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en
t
an
d
p
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o
m
o
tin
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
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im
m
ed
iately
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esp
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t
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ch
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esti
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n
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o
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s
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atin
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at
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o
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tec
h
n
iq
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es,
p
ar
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lar
ly
th
o
s
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in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
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tech
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lo
g
y
,
im
p
r
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v
e
lear
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in
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o
u
tco
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es
b
y
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en
d
er
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ed
u
ca
tio
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m
o
r
e
en
g
a
g
in
g
,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
,
a
n
d
attu
n
e
d
to
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
ee
d
s
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
3
8
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
er
ea
s
C
asti
llo
-
C
u
esta
[
3
9
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
s
tu
d
y
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
E
cu
ad
o
r
.
T
h
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
a
l
co
n
tex
ts
,
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
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r
ce
s
m
ay
r
estrict
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
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o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
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s
to
o
th
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ar
ea
s
o
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u
ca
tio
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f
r
am
ewo
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k
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Su
b
s
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in
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s
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tex
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to
ass
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ap
p
licab
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y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
c
h
in
th
em
e
2
in
d
icate
s
th
at
n
ew
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
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h
es,
esp
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th
o
s
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u
s
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g
tech
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,
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
im
p
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o
v
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
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lear
n
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n
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o
u
tco
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es.
Hy
b
r
id
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
as
illu
s
tr
at
ed
b
y
Hu
d
r
iati
et
a
l
.
[
3
8
]
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
o
f
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
t
s
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
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d
u
r
in
g
d
is
r
u
p
tiv
e
e
v
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
C
asti
llo
-
C
u
esta
[
3
9
]
ex
e
m
p
lifie
s
th
e
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
g
a
m
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
lan
g
u
ag
e
ab
ilit
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
en
g
a
g
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
f
av
o
r
a
b
le
r
esp
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s
e
o
f
s
tu
d
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n
ts
to
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
its
p
o
ten
tia
l f
o
r
wid
er
a
p
p
licatio
n
in
v
ar
io
u
s
lan
g
u
ag
e
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Alo
n
g
s
id
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
an
d
g
am
e
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
an
aly
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
ML
an
d
NL
P,
as
ex
am
in
ed
b
y
W
u
lf
f
et
a
l
.
[
4
0
]
,
o
f
f
er
s
n
o
v
el
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
en
ab
le
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
c
u
s
to
m
ize
th
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f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
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ea
c
h
s
tu
d
en
t,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
wr
itin
g
q
u
ality
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ass
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co
g
n
itiv
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p
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s
s
es
in
r
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-
tim
e
en
h
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ce
s
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u
ca
tio
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al
ad
ap
tab
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,
f
ac
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g
m
o
r
e
in
d
iv
id
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alize
d
lear
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in
g
ex
p
er
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ce
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
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h
o
ld
s
p
r
ac
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
ch
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lar
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d
p
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ac
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.
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f
in
d
in
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s
u
n
d
er
s
co
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e
th
e
n
ec
ess
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f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
t
o
r
s
to
in
co
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p
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r
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tech
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lo
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to
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in
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tr
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ctio
n
to
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p
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v
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u
tco
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I
n
n
o
v
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e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
y
b
r
id
lear
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in
g
a
n
d
g
am
if
ied
s
tr
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en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
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g
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t
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d
m
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r
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es
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licy
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ak
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d
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ch
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ad
m
in
is
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ato
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s
to
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v
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in
tech
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y
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f
r
astru
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an
d
p
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ess
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ies ef
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ctiv
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p
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atin
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f
tech
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g
ical
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o
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s
n
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itate
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g
o
in
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f
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ab
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th
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b
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ate
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ate
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h
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lo
g
ies
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to
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tr
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ctio
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al
m
eth
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d
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
d
em
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n
s
tr
ated
th
at
cr
ea
tiv
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teac
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a
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o
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h
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o
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itiv
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e
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ce
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lear
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tco
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n
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n
eth
el
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is
ess
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tial
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ec
o
g
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ize
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p
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ic
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itatio
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s
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T
h
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ap
p
licab
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o
f
th
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
m
ay
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e
lim
ited
b
y
th
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
th
e
ev
alu
ated
s
tu
d
ies.
Mo
r
eo
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er
,
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e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
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esu
p
p
o
s
es
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
r
eq
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is
ite
d
ig
ital
to
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ls
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
in
v
ar
iab
ly
tr
u
e
,
esp
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ially
in
u
n
d
er
-
r
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r
ce
d
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
ese
asp
ec
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
wh
ile
a
n
aly
zin
g
an
d
ex
tr
ap
o
latin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
to
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
t r
esear
ch
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ad
ap
t
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
s
tr
ateg
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f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
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s
an
d
ass
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th
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u
r
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ec
ts
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tech
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ical
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
n
la
n
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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lan
g
u
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Kelly
[
4
4
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h
as
s
h
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wn
th
at
in
teg
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cr
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liter
ac
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to
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tco
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On
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Ah
m
ed
[
1
5
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u
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eq
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ates
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.
[
1
6
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,
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h
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e
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a
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all
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esp
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n
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;
h
o
wev
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e
a
p
p
licab
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o
f
th
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f
in
d
in
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is
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ited
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if
ic
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tex
ts
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m
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d
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tin
ct
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ltu
r
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co
n
tex
ts
,
in
clu
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g
Kelly
[
4
4
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ex
am
in
atio
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o
f
wh
ite
E
n
g
lis
h
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
th
e
US
an
d
So
lim
an
an
d
Kh
alil
[
4
5
]
r
esear
ch
o
n
Ar
ab
ic
lan
g
u
ag
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teac
h
in
g
in
th
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UK.
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h
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ticu
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estrict
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t
tr
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t
o
alter
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P
r
ev
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r
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ch
[
1
5
]
,
[
4
4
]
h
ig
h
lig
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ts
th
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s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
cr
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lan
g
u
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m
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itiv
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d
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ir
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icate
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th
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r
ac
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v
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g
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g
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r
ev
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r
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ch
[
1
6
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,
[
1
8
]
s
u
b
s
tan
tiate
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o
tio
n
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at
PB
L
an
d
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ed
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lt
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ca
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h
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ce
cr
ea
tiv
ity
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d
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ate
wr
itin
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k
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o
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g
in
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alize
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co
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p
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as
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
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lim
an
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Kh
alil
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4
5
]
i
n
th
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UK
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u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
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n
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ally
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b
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tr
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to
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eq
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No
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r
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p
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ap
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.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
So
lim
an
an
d
Kh
alil
[
4
5
]
o
n
Ar
a
b
ic
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
UK
m
ay
n
o
t
b
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ap
p
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to
class
r
o
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m
s
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v
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ics.
Mo
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r
esu
lts
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r
ap
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[
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.
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Pre
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CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
(
SLR)
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
a
n
aly
s
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
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tex
t
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alize
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teac
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a
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p
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s
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in
n
o
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ativ
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tech
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,
a
n
d
cu
ltu
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d
iv
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r
s
ity
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
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s
tu
d
y
q
u
esti
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r
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led
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at
m
o
d
i
f
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teac
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g
m
eth
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s
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it
m
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m
a
r
k
ed
ly
im
p
r
o
v
es
lan
g
u
ag
e
ac
q
u
is
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b
y
en
ab
lin
g
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s
to
m
ize
d
tr
ain
in
g
th
at
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
d
is
tin
ct
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
d
if
f
er
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ca
tio
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ettin
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h
is
was
p
a
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ticu
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ly
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p
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en
h
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f
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ac
k
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s
tem
s
.
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h
e
e
v
alu
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h
i
g
h
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h
ted
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if
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f
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s
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g
h
y
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lear
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an
d
g
am
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b
ased
s
tr
ateg
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in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
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al
o
u
tc
o
m
es f
o
r
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tu
d
y
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
h
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s
tr
ateg
ies en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
lin
g
u
is
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g
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lan
g
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ag
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lear
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g
ac
tiv
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as
d
e
m
o
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s
tr
ated
b
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t
h
er
r
esear
c
h
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
ettin
g
s
.
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h
e
th
ir
d
r
esear
ch
t
o
p
ic,
wh
ich
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
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in
f
lu
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ce
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f
c
u
ltu
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v
ar
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,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
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at
in
co
r
p
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atin
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lan
g
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ag
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an
d
cu
ltu
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al
d
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er
s
ity
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
p
r
o
m
o
tes
a
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
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al
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e.
C
u
ltu
r
ally
s
en
s
itiv
e
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
clu
d
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g
PB
L
an
d
g
e
n
r
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p
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d
ag
o
g
y
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
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en
h
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ce
s
t
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d
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t
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g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
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en
s
io
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,
esp
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am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
m
ar
g
in
alize
d
o
r
in
d
i
g
en
o
u
s
b
a
ck
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
en
h
a
n
ce
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
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an
d
p
r
ac
tical
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o
m
a
in
s
b
y
p
r
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v
i
d
in
g
v
alu
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b
le
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s
ig
h
ts
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to
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tim
izin
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la
n
g
u
a
g
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in
s
tr
u
cti
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
.
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r
ac
ad
em
ician
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
p
ar
tic
u
lar
ly
in
ex
p
lo
r
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g
h
o
w
m
o
d
er
n
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
an
d
in
v
esti
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at
in
g
th
eir
lo
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g
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ter
m
im
p
ac
t
o
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s
tu
d
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
o
p
en
s
n
ew
av
en
u
es
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o
r
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
in
f
o
r
m
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
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teac
h
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Fo
r
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
th
e
e
v
id
en
ce
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
th
is
r
ev
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is
h
ig
h
ly
a
ctio
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ab
le,
allo
win
g
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
ap
p
ly
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
class
r
o
o
m
s
ettin
g
s
to
b
etter
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
d
iv
er
s
e
lear
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
t
h
at
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ca
n
lev
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ag
e
t
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
u
r
s
ewo
r
k
b
u
t
also
in
s
p
ec
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lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
an
d
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
.
B
y
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izin
g
p
ed
a
g
o
g
i
ca
l
m
eth
o
d
s
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
an
d
c
u
ltu
r
al
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
etter
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
in
a
g
lo
b
alize
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
allen
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r
em
ain
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
ee
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t
o
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r
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q
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cc
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tech
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d
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2252
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.