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8
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I
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Vo
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14
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No
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3
,
J
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20
25
:
1
9
9
5
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8
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.
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[
9
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.
T
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[
1
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[
1
1
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[
1
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[
1
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[
1
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[
1
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i
t
e
m
s
,
a
n
d
t
r
o
s
o
c
l
o
t
h
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
c
an
n
o
t
b
e
o
v
er
s
tated
as
it
d
ir
ec
tly
co
r
r
elate
s
with
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
an
d
in
ter
p
r
et
tex
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
eir
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
id
ea
s
an
d
r
ea
d
er
s
,
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
is
to
eq
u
ip
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
r
in
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
o
p
r
o
m
o
te
r
ea
d
in
g
,
it
i
s
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
h
o
w
o
f
ten
p
e
o
p
le
r
ea
d
,
th
e
q
u
an
tity
an
d
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
m
ater
ial
av
ailab
le,
an
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
g
u
id
elin
es
o
r
r
u
les
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
h
o
lis
tic
id
ea
in
r
ea
d
in
g
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
wh
o
le
lan
g
u
ag
e
th
e
o
r
y
,
wh
ic
h
v
iews
lan
g
u
ag
e
as
a
co
m
p
lete
en
tit
y
r
ath
er
th
an
j
u
s
t
in
d
iv
id
u
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
s
p
ee
ch
s
o
u
n
d
s
o
r
s
ep
a
r
ate
g
r
a
m
m
ar
r
u
les
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
eo
p
le
u
s
in
g
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e,
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
th
e
y
ar
e
in
,
th
eir
in
ten
tio
n
s
,
t
h
eir
s
o
cial
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
l
an
g
u
ag
e
r
u
les
th
e
y
f
o
llo
w,
all
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
t
o
th
e
in
s
ep
ar
ab
ilit
y
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e.
T
h
e
q
u
alities
o
f
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
i
n
g
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
teac
h
in
g
m
a
ter
ials
,
en
g
ag
in
g
in
ac
tiv
ities
th
at
e
n
co
m
p
ass
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
,
p
r
esen
tin
g
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
ar
e
in
ter
c
o
n
n
ec
te
d
an
d
r
ef
er
t
o
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
co
n
v
er
s
atio
n
s
,
r
elatin
g
th
e
m
ater
ials
to
th
e
ac
tu
al
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
a
n
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
r
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
.
P
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
s
h
o
r
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
al
s
f
o
r
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
O
n
e
i
s
s
u
e
is
t
h
e
a
b
s
e
n
c
e
o
f
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
t
h
at
r
e
f
l
e
ct
l
o
c
al
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
l
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
t
o
b
e
l
es
s
e
n
g
a
g
ed
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
r
c
u
l
t
u
r
e
[
1
5
]
,
as
t
h
e
y
a
r
e
n
o
t
aw
a
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
es
p
r
es
e
n
t
i
n
t
h
o
s
e
c
u
lt
u
r
e
s
[
2
8
]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
p
r
i
m
a
r
il
y
em
p
h
a
s
i
z
e
o
n
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
o
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
9
]
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
'
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
s
k
i
ll
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
.
N
e
v
e
r
t
h
e
l
es
s
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
n
o
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
al
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
t
h
a
t
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
t
h
e
r
i
c
h
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
h
e
r
i
t
a
g
e
o
f
J
e
p
a
r
a
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
s
t
i
ll
m
ai
n
t
ai
n
e
d
t
o
d
a
y
.
A
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
n
o
m
at
e
r
i
al
s
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
h
e
l
p
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
r
h
o
l
i
s
t
i
c
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
k
i
l
l
s
.
T
h
i
s
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
e
n
d
s
t
o
:
i
)
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
o
f
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
;
i
i
)
c
r
e
a
t
e
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
;
ii
i
)
a
s
s
ess
t
h
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
ca
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
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n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
;
a
n
d
i
v
)
e
v
al
u
a
t
e
t
h
eir
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
'
h
o
l
is
ti
c
r
ea
d
i
n
g
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
lo
c
a
l c
o
n
ten
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
tea
ch
in
g
ma
teri
a
ls
fo
r
imp
r
o
vin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
…
(
Hu
s
n
i Mu
b
a
r
o
k)
1997
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
des
ig
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
lo
y
s
a
r
esear
c
h
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
as
it
g
e
n
e
r
ates
an
d
v
er
if
ies
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
as
p
r
o
d
u
cts
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
clu
d
es
s
ev
e
r
al
s
tag
es
k
n
o
wn
as
ADDI
E
,
wh
ic
h
in
clu
d
e
an
aly
s
is
,
d
esig
n
,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
[
3
3
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
an
aly
s
is
p
h
ase,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
ield
s
tu
d
ies
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
lan
s
th
at
aim
to
r
eso
lv
e
r
esear
ch
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
g
ath
er
i
n
g
d
ata
f
o
r
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
,
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
in
ter
v
iews
with
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
ad
m
in
is
ter
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
to
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
At
th
is
p
o
in
t,
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
n
ee
d
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
p
h
ase,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
id
en
tifie
s
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
ein
g
s
tu
d
ie
d
,
e
s
tab
lis
h
es
th
e
g
o
al
o
f
lea
r
n
i
n
g
,
f
o
r
m
u
lates
g
o
als
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
,
o
r
g
a
n
izes
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
p
lan
s
en
g
ag
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t p
h
ase,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
ac
tiv
ities
co
n
d
u
cted
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
cr
ea
tin
g
p
r
elim
in
a
r
y
tea
ch
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
r
ec
eiv
in
g
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
E
n
g
lis
h
lectu
r
er
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
a
ctitio
n
er
s
as
ex
p
e
r
t
v
alid
at
o
r
s
,
an
d
m
ak
in
g
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
r
ev
is
io
n
s
.
Dr
af
tin
g
is
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
f
o
u
r
s
tag
es,
w
h
ich
in
v
o
lv
e
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
i
n
d
icato
r
s
,
cr
ea
tin
g
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
p
r
ep
ar
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
d
esig
n
v
ali
d
atio
n
is
to
g
ath
e
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
an
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
u
n
d
er
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
v
alid
atio
n
p
h
ase,
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
ed
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
ato
r
s
ar
e
f
u
lly
in
v
o
lv
e
d
.
Af
ter
c
o
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
e
r
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
th
at
wer
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
E
n
g
lis
h
lectu
r
er
s
an
d
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
ev
is
io
n
ca
n
tak
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
ch
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
in
teac
h
in
g
,
cr
ea
tin
g
n
ew
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
e
x
er
cises
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
ap
p
ea
r
an
ce
an
d
lay
o
u
t,
u
p
d
atin
g
im
a
g
es,
an
d
m
o
r
e.
T
h
is
p
r
o
d
u
ct
was
test
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
h
ase,
s
p
ec
if
ically
in
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
s
u
itab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
.
Pro
d
u
ct
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
wer
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
to
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
lim
ited
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
.
At
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tag
e,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ass
ess
m
en
t
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tag
es
wh
ich
a
r
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
n
a
lar
g
e
r
s
ca
le
th
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
t
o
o
b
tai
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
b
ei
n
g
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
tili
z
ed
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
.
2
.
2
.
Respo
nd
e
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
5
8
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
s
elec
ted
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
Kr
ejcie
an
d
Mo
r
g
a
n
’
s
f
o
r
m
u
la
[
3
4
]
with
an
er
r
o
r
m
ar
g
i
n
o
f
5
%,
an
d
two
E
n
g
lis
h
teac
h
er
s
wh
o
s
er
v
e
d
as
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
g
r
ad
e
lev
el,
s
p
ec
if
ically
s
ev
en
th
g
r
ad
e,
as
well
as
th
e
teac
h
e
r
'
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
teac
h
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
to
s
ev
en
th
g
r
a
d
er
s
.
T
h
is
r
es
ea
r
ch
to
o
k
p
lace
in
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
s
itu
ated
in
J
ep
ar
a
R
eg
en
cy
,
wh
ich
is
p
ar
t
o
f
C
en
tr
al
J
av
a
Pro
v
i
n
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
J
ep
ar
a
R
eg
en
cy
was
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
r
esear
ch
s
ite
d
u
e
to
its
r
ich
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
o
f
lo
ca
l
c
u
ltu
r
e
s
u
ch
as
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ig
u
r
es,
n
o
tab
le
p
lace
s
,
an
d
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
cu
is
in
e
a
n
d
th
e
e
m
b
o
d
im
en
t
o
f
its
in
h
er
en
t v
alu
es
li
k
e
th
e
f
ig
h
t
ag
ain
s
t
co
lo
n
ialis
m
an
d
ig
n
o
r
an
ce
,
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
o
f
g
r
atitu
d
e
in
La
r
u
n
g
t
r
ad
itio
n
(
a
ce
r
em
o
n
y
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
at
s
ea
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
esp
ec
t a
n
d
p
u
r
if
icatio
n
)
at
th
e
b
ea
c
h
,
an
d
f
o
o
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
h
ea
lth
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
cu
is
in
e.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
a
nd
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
u
tili
ze
d
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
an
aly
zin
g
d
ata.
Firstl
y
,
a
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
s
ed
to
a
n
aly
ze
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
ath
er
ed
f
r
o
m
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
n
d
in
ter
v
iew.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
a
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
an
aly
ze
d
ata
o
b
t
ain
ed
f
r
o
m
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
a
n
d
test
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
ch
o
ice.
Qu
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
lies
th
e
s
tag
es
o
f
Miles
an
d
Hu
b
e
r
m
an
[
3
5
]
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ata
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
,
d
at
a
p
r
esen
tatio
n
,
an
d
d
r
awin
g
c
o
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
tics
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
aly
s
is
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
an
d
t
est.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
r
esear
c
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
a
t e
v
er
y
s
tag
e.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esear
ch
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
I
n
st
r
u
me
n
t
s
S
t
a
g
e
s
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
O
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
S
t
a
g
e
s
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
b
o
o
k
s,
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s,
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
,
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
S
t
u
d
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n
t
s
Te
a
c
h
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I
mp
l
e
me
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o
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Ed
u
c
a
t
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a
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a
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k
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p
h
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men
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Q
u
e
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o
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i
r
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A
n
a
l
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i
s
La
c
k
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i
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e
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c
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t
r
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b
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s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
9
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
1998
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Nee
d
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
t
ea
ching
ma
t
er
ia
ls
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
o
b
tai
n
in
g
n
ee
d
s
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
o
b
s
e
r
v
in
g
class
r
o
o
m
lear
n
in
g
,
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
in
ter
v
iew
with
teac
h
er
s
,
an
d
u
s
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
to
g
ath
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
was
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
r
eq
u
este
d
b
y
b
o
th
teac
h
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
L
ea
rning
o
bs
er
v
a
t
io
n
re
s
ults
C
l
as
s
r
o
o
m
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
co
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
t
o
g
a
t
h
e
r
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
h
o
w
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
is
f
a
c
ili
t
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
o
f
t
h
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
le
2
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
t
a
b
l
e
,
t
h
e
m
e
a
n
s
c
o
r
e
f
o
r
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
a
ll
s
b
e
twe
e
n
2
.
1
a
n
d
3
.
0
,
m
e
e
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
f
o
r
b
e
i
n
g
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
g
o
o
d
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
d
i
ca
te
s
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
t
e
ac
h
e
r
'
s
E
n
g
li
s
h
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
h
as
b
e
e
n
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
b
u
t
c
a
n
b
e
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
i
n
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
wa
y
s
.
F
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
i
n
t
h
e
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
k
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
(
B
K
o
F
)
s
t
a
g
e
,
t
h
e
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
d
i
d
n
o
t
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
l
y
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
at
e
t
h
e
le
a
r
n
i
n
g
g
o
a
l
s
o
r
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
t
h
e
g
r
a
m
m
a
r
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
t
o
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
l
e
s
s
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
'
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
li
v
e
s
.
D
u
r
in
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f
o
r
th
e
n
ec
ess
ities
in
d
icato
r
w
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3
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1
a
n
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
lack
s
in
d
ic
ato
r
it
was
2
.
9
,
th
en
clar
if
ied
with
th
e
p
r
o
d
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ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
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ec
is
io
n
c
r
iter
ia.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
av
er
a
g
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alu
e
o
f
3
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1
is
i
n
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
3
.
0
to
4
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0
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d
2
.
9
is
i
n
th
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
2
.
0
to
3
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0
,
th
en
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
in
d
icato
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s
o
f
n
ee
d
s
(
n
ec
ess
ities
)
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es
(
lack
s
)
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
n
ee
d
to
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
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B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
3
,
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
at
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
ar
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
t
to
u
s
e
in
lear
n
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
(
3
.
2
)
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
y
f
o
r
th
em
to
lear
n
E
n
g
lis
h
(
3
.
3
)
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
as
ad
d
itio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
E
n
g
lis
h
(
3
.
2
)
.
Stu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
c
o
n
tai
n
m
ater
ial
in
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
th
e
lo
ca
l
(
cu
ltu
r
al)
co
n
ten
t
m
ate
r
ial
(
3
.
3
)
.
B
y
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
lo
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e,
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
h
elp
th
em
t
o
s
p
ea
k
E
n
g
lis
h
well
(
2
.
9
)
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
s
tu
d
en
ts
also
n
ee
d
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
h
elp
in
g
th
e
m
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
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o
lis
tic
r
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d
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g
liter
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m
p
eten
cies
th
r
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u
g
h
u
n
d
e
r
s
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in
g
th
e
d
i
s
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u
r
s
e
o
f
a
tex
t,
b
o
th
s
p
o
k
e
n
an
d
wr
itten
(
3
.
0
)
an
d
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
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d
is
co
u
r
s
e)
ca
n
h
elp
th
em
in
lear
n
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
(
3
.
0
)
.
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o
r
d
in
g
to
th
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n
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o
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m
atio
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v
id
e
d
i
n
th
e
tab
le,
E
n
g
lis
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lear
n
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g
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ater
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s
ed
b
y
tea
ch
er
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d
s
tu
d
en
ts
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r
r
en
tly
o
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ly
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n
s
is
t
o
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n
atio
n
al
cu
ltu
r
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th
e
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o
u
r
ce
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ltu
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d
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ter
n
atio
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ltu
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th
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g
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ltu
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e.
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wev
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ese
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ater
ials
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o
n
o
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
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y
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em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
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ca
l
co
n
ten
t
o
r
cu
ltu
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
r
eg
io
n
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ec
if
ic
ally
,
th
e
J
ep
ar
a
R
eg
en
cy
h
as
a
r
atin
g
o
f
3
.
1
an
d
th
e
tex
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
m
o
s
t
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
in
th
is
ar
ea
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
d
iv
id
u
ally
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
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y
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
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with
a
r
atin
g
o
f
2
.
9
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
er
e
is
s
till
a
lack
o
f
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
th
e
way
s
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
p
r
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ted
,
s
p
ec
i
f
ically
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ter
m
s
o
f
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
in
p
air
s
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
3
.
0
)
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
m
ater
ial
in
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
,
b
e
it
wo
r
k
s
h
ee
t
o
r
o
t
h
er
s
,
co
n
tin
u
es
to
r
em
ain
s
ep
ar
ate
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
y
et
in
c
lu
d
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
to
d
is
co
u
r
s
e.
A
tex
t
ca
n
b
e
in
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
eith
er
s
p
o
k
en
o
r
wr
itten
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
2
.
4
)
.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
tr
u
g
g
lin
g
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
g
m
ater
ials
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
lack
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
itu
atio
n
al
an
d
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
tex
t.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ce
r
tain
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
teac
h
in
g
m
at
er
ials
.
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
m
ater
ial
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
ef
er
is
co
n
ten
t
th
at
is
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
J
ep
a
r
a
R
eg
en
cy
,
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
7
3
.
4
%
o
f
th
eir
ch
o
ice.
T
h
e
y
also
d
esire
I
n
d
o
n
esian
n
atio
n
al
co
n
ten
t,
wh
ich
m
a
k
es
u
p
1
6
.
4
%,
an
d
g
lo
b
al
co
n
te
n
t,
wh
ic
h
to
tals
1
0
.
1
%.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ested
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
c
o
n
ten
t
a
r
e:
i
)
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al'
s
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
(
7
2
.
6
)
;
ii
)
c
ap
tiv
atin
g
lo
ca
tio
n
s
(
6
3
.
9
)
;
an
d
iii
)
o
b
jects
(
th
in
g
s
)
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
f
o
o
d
,
b
e
v
er
ag
es,
an
d
m
is
ce
llan
eo
u
s
item
s
(
6
7
.
7
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
m
ater
ia
l
th
at
is
wan
ted
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
th
at
talk
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
an
d
s
ty
le
(
6
9
.
2
)
o
r
v
ar
i
o
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
tex
ts
t
h
at
elab
o
r
ate
o
n
th
e
s
o
cieta
l
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
6
8
.
3
)
.
T
h
e
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ial
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
m
ater
ial
p
r
esen
tatio
n
(
9
4
.
9
%)
s
u
ch
as
tex
t,
p
ictu
r
es,
ta
b
les,
a
n
d
g
r
ap
h
s
,
as
well
as
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
(
9
6
.
8
%)
an
d
ex
er
cises
(
9
1
.
1
%).
Activ
ities
in
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
ar
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
a
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
m
an
n
er
f
o
r
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
(
8
6
%),
wh
ile
a
s
m
aller
p
o
r
tio
n
(
1
3
.
9
%)
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
a
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
,
n
o
n
-
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
way
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
o
r
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
ac
tiv
ities
in
v
o
lv
e
p
air
s
o
f
f
r
ien
d
s
(
6
2
.
6
)
an
d
s
m
all
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
7
2
.
2
)
wo
r
k
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2252
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
9
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
2000
to
g
eth
er
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
E
n
g
lis
h
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ill
s
,
th
er
e
is
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
in
teg
r
ated
(
7
2
.
6
)
a
n
d
s
ep
ar
ate
(
2
7
.
8
)
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
th
ese
ab
ilit
ies
was
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
lis
ten
in
g
an
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
,
r
ea
d
i
n
g
an
d
v
iewin
g
,
an
d
wr
itin
g
an
d
p
r
esen
tin
g
(
8
2
.
3
%),
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
d
is
ag
r
ee
d
(
1
7
.
1
%)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
esire
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
th
at
ar
e
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
a
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
o
r
g
e
n
r
e
t
h
at
h
elp
s
t
h
em
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
t
h
e
lan
g
u
ag
e
an
d
co
n
ten
t
o
f
a
tex
t,
wh
et
h
er
it
is
s
p
o
k
en
o
r
wr
itten
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
7
5
.
9
%)
a
g
r
ee
with
th
is
,
w
h
ile
th
e
r
em
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
2
4
.
1
%)
d
is
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3
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31
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
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(
Hu
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2001
T
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ADDI
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ased
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n
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s
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is
[
1
6
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
T
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co
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[
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h
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[
1
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[
2
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,
[
4
2
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.
Vis
u
al
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
s
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
t
ca
n
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
te
r
s
with
in
th
at
co
n
tex
t
[
4
3
]
.
3
.
3
.
P
ra
ct
ica
lity
o
f
t
e
a
ching
m
a
t
e
ria
ls
T
h
e
p
r
ac
ticality
o
f
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
is
ev
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
teac
h
er
s
,
wh
o
aim
to
ass
es
s
th
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
m
ater
ials
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
.
T
ab
le
6
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
'
s
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
as
b
ee
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
as
th
ey
h
av
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
te
d
B
Ko
F,
Mo
T
,
J
C
o
T
,
an
d
I
C
o
T
.
L
ea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
ely
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
te
ac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
co
llab
o
r
ati
v
e
elem
en
ts
.
R
ea
d
in
g
liter
ac
y
h
a
s
also
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
co
m
b
in
in
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
k
ills
.
R
esear
c
h
er
s
co
u
ld
e
x
p
ec
t
t
o
en
co
u
n
ter
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
h
allen
g
es
th
at
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
8
is
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
all
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
th
e
in
d
icato
r
,
wh
ich
ad
d
s
u
p
to
1
7
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
3
.
4
.
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
f
alls
b
etwe
e
n
3
.
1
an
d
4
.
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
lear
n
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
with
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
u
s
in
g
th
e
I
C
L
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
class
if
ied
as v
er
y
g
o
o
d
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
r
esu
lt
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
S
c
o
r
e
1
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
h
a
s
e
s
3
2
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
c
e
sses
14
3
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
11
4
En
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
m
e
n
t
6
5
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
10
6
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
7
7
A
t
t
e
m
p
t
s t
o
a
d
d
r
e
ss
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
7
To
t
a
l
sc
o
r
e
58
M
e
a
n
3
.
4
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
V
e
r
y
g
o
o
d
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
2
1
i
s
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
c
r
iter
ia
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
tab
le,
ca
teg
o
r
izin
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
as
v
er
y
p
r
ac
tical.
T
h
is
is
illu
s
t
r
ated
in
T
ab
le
7
,
wh
ic
h
s
h
o
ws
a
m
ea
n
o
f
3
.
3
0
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
ten
t
in
d
icato
r
,
3
.
2
9
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
in
d
icato
r
,
3
.
2
5
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
in
d
icato
r
,
an
d
2
.
9
8
f
o
r
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
in
d
icato
r
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
v
iewin
g
th
em
as p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
class
r
o
o
m
lear
n
in
g
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
m
ater
ials
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
m
p
r
is
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
ac
tiv
ities
,
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
,
an
d
ass
is
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
r
o
o
ted
in
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
lo
ca
l
cu
lt
u
r
e
[
4
4
]
an
d
th
e
v
alu
es
em
b
o
d
ied
with
in
it
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
u
tili
zin
g
lo
ca
l
r
e
g
io
n
al
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
E
n
g
lis
h
is
a
v
iab
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
en
h
an
cin
g
E
n
g
lis
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
with
a
g
lo
b
al
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
e
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
it
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
c
u
ltu
r
es
in
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
[
4
3
]
.
T
ab
le
7
.
Pra
ctica
lity
s
co
r
e
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
M
e
a
n
1
Te
a
c
h
i
n
g
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
3
.
2
5
2
A
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
2
.
9
8
3
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
s
3
.
3
0
4
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
3
.
2
9
M
e
a
n
3
.
2
1
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
V
e
r
y
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
3
.
4
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
iv
eness
o
f
t
ea
ching
m
a
t
er
i
a
ls
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
was
ass
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
test
s
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
a
lar
g
e
r
s
am
p
le.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
in
a
test
g
r
o
u
p
u
tili
zin
g
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
wh
ile
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
u
s
ed
s
tan
d
ar
d
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
e
tr
ial
to
o
k
p
lace
o
v
er
th
r
ee
m
ee
tin
g
s
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
class
VI
I
A,
d
esig
n
a
ted
as
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
,
is
6
7
.
8
7
,
wh
ich
is
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
6
0
.
9
6
f
o
r
class
VI
I
B
,
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
ea
d
i
n
g
liter
ac
y
o
f
class
VI
I
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
9
9
5
-
2
0
0
6
2002
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
af
ter
b
ein
g
tau
g
h
t
with
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
-
b
ased
m
ater
i
als,
in
co
n
tr
ast
to
class
VI
I
B
,
wh
ich
u
tili
ze
d
o
n
ly
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
tex
tb
o
o
k
s
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
ca
n
also
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
t
h
e
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
m
etr
ics
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
T
ab
le
8.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
tab
le
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
class
VI
I
A,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
class
,
wa
s
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
at
o
f
class
VI
I
B
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
clas
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
lies
in
th
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
r
elate
d
to
lan
g
u
ag
e
ab
ilit
ies,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
r
ea
d
in
g
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
is
in
d
ica
tes
th
at
th
e
cr
ea
ted
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
ca
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
.
T
h
is
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
wh
ich
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
b
ec
au
s
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ca
n
lear
n
f
r
o
m
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
s
itu
atio
n
co
n
tex
ts
[
4
5
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
en
h
an
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
o
v
er
all
s
k
ills
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
[
1
1
]
.
T
ab
le
8
.
Stu
d
e
n
ts
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
No
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
S
u
b
-
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
S
c
o
r
e
V
I
I
A
V
I
I
B
1
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
l
a
n
g
u
a
g
e
s
k
i
l
l
s
S
p
o
k
e
n
s
k
i
l
l
s
6
1
.
6
3
5
4
.
9
8
W
r
i
t
t
e
n
sk
i
l
l
s
6
5
.
2
1
6
5
.
2
1
2
D
i
sco
u
r
se
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
Jep
a
r
a
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
5
9
.
8
3
5
2
.
5
8
D
a
i
l
y
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
6
0
.
3
2
5
5
.
2
5
3
R
e
a
d
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
si
o
n
V
o
c
a
b
u
l
a
r
y
m
a
st
e
r
y
6
6
.
6
6
6
5
.
2
1
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
m
a
i
n
p
u
r
p
o
se
6
3
.
7
6
6
0
.
8
6
S
k
i
mm
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
6
8
.
1
1
5
8
.
6
9
S
c
a
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
7
0
.
7
5
6
0
.
0
5
S
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
6
0
.
8
6
5
7
.
9
7
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
x
t
7
2
.
4
6
5
8
.
6
9
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
a
i
m
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
E
n
g
l
i
s
h
e
x
t
e
n
d
s
b
e
y
o
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4
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ag
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s
[
1
8
]
–
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
l
co
n
ten
t
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
is
d
eliv
er
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
lea
r
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
t
ea
m
wo
r
k
in
p
air
s
an
d
s
m
all
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r
o
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p
s
.
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an
g
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ag
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s
k
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ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
ac
r
o
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s
d
if
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er
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t
f
o
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d
b
o
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n
d
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f
o
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ats.
T
h
e
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ater
ial
was
well
-
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e
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o
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tr
ated
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m
en
t
in
s
tu
d
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ts
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h
o
lis
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d
in
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k
ills
.
I
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
l
o
ca
l
cu
ltu
r
e
in
t
o
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u
ca
ti
o
n
h
elp
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
g
r
asp
g
lo
b
al
cu
ltu
r
e
[
1
4
]
,
an
d
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
en
h
an
ce
d
w
h
en
i
t
is
wo
v
en
in
to
b
o
th
c
o
-
cu
r
r
i
cu
lar
an
d
in
tr
a
-
cu
r
r
ic
u
lar
ac
ti
v
ities
[
4
8
]
.
L
o
ca
lly
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
k
ills
m
ater
ials
ass
i
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
s
p
o
k
en
[
5
1
]
a
n
d
w
r
itten
ab
ilit
ies
[
2
9
]
,
[
4
7
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
C
o
m
b
i
n
in
g
o
r
al
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
lis
ten
in
g
an
d
s
p
ea
k
in
g
[
5
3
]
,
with
wr
itten
s
k
ill
s
lik
e
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
wr
itin
g
[
5
4
]
,
[
5
5
]
,
y
ield
s
b
e
n
ef
icial
o
u
tco
m
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
in
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
lan
g
u
ag
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
o
f
t
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
lead
s
to
a
h
o
lis
tic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
,
en
h
an
ce
d
lear
n
in
g
a
d
v
an
tag
es
,
g
en
u
in
e
m
ater
ials
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
5
6
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
it
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
f
o
s
ter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
an
d
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
t
o
en
g
a
g
e
ac
tiv
ely
[
5
7
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
eir
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
a
tex
t
’
s
d
is
co
u
r
s
e.
Gr
asp
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
a
tex
t
in
v
o
lv
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ec
o
g
n
izin
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h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
’
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wh
ich
is
ab
u
n
d
an
t
in
lo
ca
l
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
es
[
4
4
]
,
th
er
e
b
y
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
5
8
]
,
[
5
9
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
en
h
an
ce
s
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
as
th
es
e
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
i
s
ten
tly
[
3
9
]
a
n
d
en
c
o
u
r
a
g
e
co
n
tex
tu
al
lear
n
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
g
ag
em
en
t
[
6
0
]
.
B
esid
es
th
at,
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
h
o
lis
tic
r
ea
d
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
teac
h
in
g
m
ate
r
ials
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
lo
ca
l
co
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ten
t
also
alig
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s
with
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
r
esear
c
h
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
in
g
lo
c
a
l c
o
n
ten
t
-
b
a
s
e
d
tea
ch
in
g
ma
teri
a
ls
fo
r
imp
r
o
vin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
h
o
lis
tic
…
(
Hu
s
n
i Mu
b
a
r
o
k)
2003
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Natio
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E
d
u
ca
tio
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a
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d
R
eg
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E
d
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ca
tio
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Of
f
ices
m
ay
u
tili
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ca
lly
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o
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ed
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ater
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to
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a
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s
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n
d
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r
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in
a
way
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elate
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ev
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ter
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h
o
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tic
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d
in
g
co
m
p
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eh
en
s
io
n
s
k
ills
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
u
s
in
g
T
SA
an
d
L
NA
o
f
f
er
s
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ials
,
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
s
k
ills
o
u
tlin
ed
in
th
e
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
.
T
h
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
id
en
tify
in
g
b
o
th
t
h
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n
ee
d
s
an
d
s
h
o
r
tc
o
m
in
g
s
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
tea
ch
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
as
well
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2252
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14
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3
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J
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2004
DATA
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