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I
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J
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Vo
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14
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No
.
3
,
J
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20
25
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1
9
3
9
-
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9
4
8
1940
Sin
ce
in
cr
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s
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f
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i
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titu
tio
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[
1
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.
T
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v
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tar
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p
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s
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b
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am
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ality
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r
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ac
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wo
r
ld
[
2
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,
[
3
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.
Un
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ac
cr
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itatio
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h
a
s
m
u
ltip
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b
en
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.
Ku
m
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l
[
4
]
claim
th
at
a
cc
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ed
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is
a
s
ea
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f
q
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o
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Acc
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to
Vlăscea
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l
.
[
5
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,
ac
c
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eq
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to
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m
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Gh
o
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i
[
6
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ar
g
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cr
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ay
g
iv
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ac
cr
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etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
v
er
n
o
n
-
ac
cr
ed
ited
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
as
a
m
ar
k
o
f
e
x
ce
llen
ce
th
at
g
o
es
b
ey
o
n
d
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
co
m
p
lian
ce
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
p
r
o
c
ed
u
r
es
to
co
llect
e
v
id
en
ce
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
a
k
e
a
d
ec
is
io
n
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
s
u
s
ed
t
o
g
ath
e
r
s
u
ch
ev
id
en
c
e
ar
e
id
en
tical
to
th
o
s
e
u
s
ed
in
au
d
it
s
,
ev
alu
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
ex
ter
n
al
r
ev
iews
[
7
]
.
All
ac
c
r
ed
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
v
o
lv
e
th
r
ee
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tep
s
.
First
is
th
e
s
elf
-
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
o
r
in
ter
n
al
ev
alu
atio
n
)
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
taf
f
o
f
th
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
(
o
r
f
ac
u
lty
)
ev
alu
ate
th
eir
o
wn
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
(
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
am
)
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
et
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
cr
iter
ia
o
f
th
e
ac
c
r
ed
itin
g
b
o
d
y
an
d
p
r
e
p
ar
e
a
r
ep
o
r
t.
T
h
en
,
th
e
ac
c
r
ed
itin
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
elec
ts
a
team
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
ex
p
e
r
ts
wh
o
c
o
n
d
u
ct
o
n
s
ite
v
is
its
an
d
in
ter
v
iew
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
,
s
taf
f
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
well.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
team
o
f
e
x
ter
n
al
ex
p
er
ts
p
r
e
p
ar
e
a
n
ass
es
s
m
en
t r
ep
o
r
t a
n
d
a
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
ac
cr
ed
itin
g
b
o
d
y
.
Fin
ally
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
ev
alu
ates th
e
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
,
a
n
d
m
ak
es th
e
f
in
al
f
o
r
m
al
d
ec
i
s
io
n
[
8
]
.
Un
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
th
em
s
elv
es
ca
n
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
ed
b
y
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
[
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
Ma
v
il
[1
0
]
,
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
is
an
ess
en
tial
to
o
l
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
is
a
v
ital
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es.
Ma
n
y
ac
c
r
ed
itatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
e
v
alu
ates
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
-
o
r
ien
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ass
ess
e
s
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
ac
c
r
ed
itatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
I
t
m
ain
ly
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
th
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
q
u
alif
ied
f
ac
u
lty
,
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
with
ce
r
tain
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
T
h
er
e
is
also
an
o
th
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
is
o
u
tco
m
e
-
b
ased
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
o
r
g
r
ad
u
ates
[1
1
]
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t k
n
o
w
an
d
ca
n
a
p
p
ly
b
y
t
h
e
tim
e
o
f
g
r
ad
u
atio
n
.
As
to
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
,
it
is
th
e
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
q
u
ality
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
,
e
v
alu
atio
n
o
r
r
ev
iew
o
f
co
lleg
es
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
[1
2
]
.
V
lăscean
u
et
a
l
.
[
5
]
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
is
a
ter
m
wh
ich
r
ef
er
s
to
o
n
g
o
in
g
,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ev
a
lu
atin
g
(
ass
ess
in
g
,
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
g
u
a
r
an
teein
g
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
)
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
a
s
y
s
tem
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
Sk
o
ln
ik
[
3
]
ch
ar
ac
t
er
ized
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
as
a
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
r
o
ce
s
s
aim
in
g
t
o
f
o
s
ter
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
p
ar
ticip
ati
o
n
in
q
u
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t
[1
3
]
,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
r
an
k
in
g
[1
4
]
.
Ass
u
r
an
ce
o
f
q
u
ality
m
eth
o
d
s
in
clu
d
es
ex
ter
n
al
ex
am
in
atio
n
,
ac
ad
em
ic
a
u
d
it
,
ass
ess
m
en
t,
an
d
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
.
An
y
o
f
th
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
o
r
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
th
o
s
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
to
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
o
r
in
s
titu
tio
n
[
15
]
.
R
esear
ch
o
n
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
wo
r
ld
en
d
o
r
s
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
q
u
a
lity
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
m
ig
h
t
b
e
g
o
o
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
is
co
n
tex
t
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ex
em
p
lar
y
ca
s
es.
Hen
ce
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
it
y
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
p
r
ac
tices
in
t
h
e
UK,
UAE
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
W
e
ch
o
s
e
th
ese
t
h
r
ee
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
t
o
co
m
p
ar
e
an
d
an
aly
ze
ac
cr
e
d
itin
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
s
in
ce
th
ey
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
a
n
d
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
m
o
d
els.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
a
n
d
th
e
UAE
,
t
h
e
UK
h
as
a
l
o
n
g
er
h
is
to
r
y
o
f
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ac
ad
em
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
to
its
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
B
r
itis
h
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
u
n
iq
u
e
s
y
s
tem
o
f
ex
ter
n
al
ex
am
in
er
s
to
m
ai
n
tain
ac
ad
e
m
ic
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[1
6
]
.
D
u
e
t
o
t
h
e
U
A
E
'
s
h
i
g
h
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
n
d
r
a
p
i
d
e
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
ar
l
y
2
0
0
0
s
,
a
r
e
g
u
l
at
o
r
y
b
o
d
y
w
a
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
g
u
a
r
a
n
t
ee
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
E
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
e
d
i
n
2
0
0
0
w
it
h
t
h
e
ai
m
o
f
m
a
i
n
ta
i
n
i
n
g
q
u
a
li
t
y
,
t
h
e
C
o
m
m
is
s
i
o
n
f
o
r
A
ca
d
e
m
i
c
Ac
c
r
e
d
i
t
a
ti
o
n
(
C
A
A
)
r
e
m
a
i
n
s
as
t
h
e
p
r
i
n
ci
p
a
l
m
e
ch
a
n
i
s
m
th
at
a
ll
o
w
s
t
h
e
f
e
d
e
r
a
l
m
i
n
is
t
r
y
t
o
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
[
17
]
.
I
n
K
a
z
a
k
h
s
t
a
n
,
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
s
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
l
o
n
g
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
l
t
,
t
h
e
r
e
h
as
b
e
e
n
a
n
o
t
i
c
e
a
b
l
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
i
n
t
h
e
a
s
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
'
s
q
u
a
li
t
y
.
A
d
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
iz
e
d
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
as
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
g
e
h
as
r
e
p
l
a
c
e
d
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
p
h
as
e
i
n
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
[
18
]
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
is
e
x
p
ec
t
e
d
t
o
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
t
h
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
o
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
s
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
.
I
t
wil
l
p
a
r
ti
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
s
h
e
d
l
i
g
h
t
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
v
i
d
e
n
ce
-
b
a
s
e
d
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
a
c
c
r
e
d
i
ta
t
i
o
n
o
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
i
n
g
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
s
s
u
r
a
n
c
e.
E
v
id
en
ce
b
ased
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
is
m
ain
ly
an
em
er
g
in
g
p
r
ac
tice
th
at
em
b
r
ac
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
clea
r
ly
s
tated
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
u
p
o
n
wh
ich
th
e
q
u
ality
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
ev
alu
ated
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ach
ter
b
er
g
[
19
]
,
an
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
’
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
ev
alu
ate
all
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
le
d
ata,
ap
p
ly
th
e
b
est
o
f
it,
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
c
r
ea
te
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
an
d
p
u
b
lic
p
o
licy
.
An
s
m
an
n
an
d
Sey
f
r
ied
[2
0
]
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
an
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
a
n
d
b
eliev
e
th
at
it
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
r
co
u
r
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Gen
era
l tren
d
s
o
n
th
e
imp
a
cts o
f e
vid
en
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
u
n
ivers
ity
a
cc
r
ed
ita
tio
n
o
n
q
u
a
lity
…
(
N
u
r
a
li K
a
ir
a
n
b
a
ye
v
)
1941
B
ee
r
k
en
s
[1
4
]
b
eliev
es th
at
“e
v
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
”
p
o
licy
is
an
alter
n
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
r
ac
tical
(
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al)
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
h
e
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
s
cien
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
An
d
r
ea
n
i
et
a
l
.
[2
1
]
,
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
h
elp
t
o
r
e
f
in
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
an
d
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
Pan
k
o
wsk
a
[2
2
]
n
o
te
d
th
at
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tice
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
s
cien
tific
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
a
k
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
r
esear
ch
,
ev
alu
ati
o
n
a
n
d
u
s
in
g
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
"e
v
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
"
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
wh
at
ev
id
en
ce
is
an
d
h
o
w
it
f
its
in
to
th
e
lar
g
er
f
ield
o
f
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
an
d
th
e
p
o
licy
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
is
a
to
o
l
f
o
r
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
th
e
e
v
id
en
ce
its
elf
ca
n
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
an
d
ch
a
n
g
ed
b
y
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
,
an
d
ar
g
u
m
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
19
]
.
Ach
ter
b
er
g
[
19
]
s
u
g
g
ested
th
at
in
th
eo
r
y
,
a
p
er
s
o
n
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
p
eo
p
le
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
s
am
e
r
esear
ch
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
r
ea
ch
th
e
s
am
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
with
an
o
p
en
an
d
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
c
ess
.
E
v
id
en
ce
,
in
its
b
asic
f
o
r
m
,
is
a
co
m
p
ilatio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
u
s
ed
to
claim
th
at
s
o
m
eth
in
g
is
tr
u
e.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ev
id
en
ce
is
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
d
ata,
o
r
f
ac
ts
.
I
t
alwa
y
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
an
d
r
ef
lectio
n
f
o
r
ev
id
en
ce
.
So
u
n
d
ev
id
en
ce
i
s
n
o
t
ju
s
t
a
lis
t
o
f
u
n
r
elate
d
f
a
cts
o
r
s
tatis
t
ics,
b
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
well
-
in
ter
p
r
ete
d
,
an
d
m
u
tu
ally
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
th
at
b
o
th
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
an
d
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
in
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
h
av
e
s
im
ila
r
g
o
als
an
d
o
b
jectiv
es,
d
esp
it
e
th
eir
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
is
o
n
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
,
wh
er
ea
s
an
ev
id
en
c
e
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
a
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
s
tak
e
h
o
ld
er
s
th
eo
r
y
as
it
o
f
f
er
s
r
el
ev
an
t
in
s
ig
h
t
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
r
elev
an
t stak
eh
o
ld
er
s
o
n
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
23
]
.
Mo
d
er
n
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
b
o
d
i
es
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
'
s
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
f
ac
u
lty
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
wh
en
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
th
eir
wo
r
k
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
y
p
ay
litt
le
atten
tio
n
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
wh
ich
we
b
eliev
e
is
a
d
ir
ec
t
in
d
icato
r
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fu
r
th
e
r
m
o
r
e,
it
is
ar
g
u
ed
th
at
ev
i
d
en
ce
-
b
ased
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
o
n
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
e:
−
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
−
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
t
ices a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
−
T
o
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
e
v
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tices in
th
e
U
K,
UAE
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
es
a
co
n
ten
t
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ac
cr
ed
itin
g
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
UAE
,
th
e
UK
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
les
1
-
6
an
d
h
av
e
co
m
p
l
ete
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
in
ea
ch
ca
s
e
r
elies
o
n
th
e
Dec
em
b
e
r
2
0
1
2
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
ac
c
r
ed
itatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
u
b
licl
y
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
o
n
th
e
web
s
ites
o
f
th
e
ac
cr
ed
itin
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
L
in
k
s
to
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
wer
e
n
o
t in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
an
aly
s
is
ar
e
s
o
m
etim
es
p
r
o
v
id
ed
o
n
th
e
ac
cr
e
d
itin
g
we
b
s
ites
.
T
h
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t
th
at
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ac
cr
ed
itin
g
cr
iter
ia
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
h
as
th
e
b
ig
g
est
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
ac
cr
ed
itati
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
in
ce
it
i
s
th
e
o
n
e
th
at
is
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
m
o
s
t.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
'
s
u
n
d
er
g
r
a
d
u
ate
d
eg
r
ee
in
o
r
d
er
to
lim
i
t
it
to
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
g
r
ad
u
ate
p
r
o
g
r
am
a
cc
r
ed
itatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
wer
e
ig
n
o
r
ed
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
ey
wer
e
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t stu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
tr
ian
g
u
latio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
f
co
llected
d
ata:
ca
s
e
m
eth
o
d
[
24
]
f
o
r
UK,
UAE
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
a
n
d
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
an
al
y
s
is
[
25
]
f
o
r
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
ag
e
n
cies
(
Qu
ality
Ass
u
r
an
ce
Ag
en
cy
(
QAA
)
,
C
AA,
I
n
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
Kaz
ak
h
Ag
e
n
cy
f
o
r
Qu
ality
Ass
u
r
an
ce
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
I
QAA
)
)
.
I
n
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
,
d
o
c
u
m
en
t
an
aly
s
is
,
s
im
ilar
to
o
th
er
an
aly
tical
tech
n
iq
u
es,
in
v
o
l
v
es
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
an
d
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
d
ata
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
e
x
tr
ac
t
m
ea
n
in
g
,
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
,
an
d
g
en
er
ate
em
p
ir
ica
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
26
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
em
atic
an
al
y
s
is
[
27
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
m
ain
r
ese
ar
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
:
w
h
at
ar
e
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
o
n
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
?
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ar
e
th
e
s
u
b
-
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
e
v
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
?
−
W
h
at
is
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tices a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
?
−
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
e
v
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tices in
th
e
UK,
UAE
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
?
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
W
e
r
ev
iewe
d
th
r
ee
ac
cr
e
d
itatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
ag
en
cies
f
r
o
m
th
e
UK
(
Q
AA)
,
UAE
(
C
AA)
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
(
I
QAA)
.
T
h
ese
ag
en
cies
ar
e
id
en
tif
ied
in
T
ab
le
1
.
I
n
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
an
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
er
e
wer
e
s
ix
k
ey
p
o
in
ts
th
at
b
ec
am
e
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
f
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
wh
ich
ar
e
:
i
)
g
en
er
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
9
3
9
-
1
9
4
8
1942
ab
o
u
t
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
in
th
r
ee
co
u
n
tr
ies
(
UK,
UAE
,
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
)
;
ii
)
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
iii
)
g
r
ad
u
ates
a
n
d
al
u
m
n
i
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t;
iv
)
f
ac
u
lty
;
v
)
r
esear
c
h
;
an
d
vi
)
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
a
g
e
n
cies in
th
e
UK,
th
e
UAE
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
ag
en
cies
in
th
e
UK,
th
e
UAE
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
.
T
h
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
ag
en
cy
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
QAA)
is
a
n
o
n
p
r
o
f
i
t
an
d
n
o
n
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
estab
lis
h
ed
d
u
r
in
g
1
9
9
7
in
th
e
UK.
T
h
e
co
m
m
is
s
io
n
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
(
C
AA)
is
a
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
ag
e
n
cy
estab
lis
h
ed
in
th
e
UAE
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
0
0
.
T
h
e
I
QAA
is
a
n
o
n
p
r
o
f
it
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
tal
ag
en
cy
estab
lis
h
ed
d
u
r
in
g
2
0
0
8
in
Kaz
a
k
h
s
tan
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
x
is
tin
g
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
ag
en
cies in
th
e
UK,
t
h
e
UAE
,
an
d
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
C
o
u
n
t
r
y
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
n
a
me
Ty
p
e
Est
.
d
a
t
e
UK
Th
e
QAA
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
n
p
r
o
f
i
t
,
n
o
n
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
a
l
1
9
9
7
UAE
Th
e
C
A
A
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
2
0
0
0
K
a
z
a
k
h
s
t
a
n
Th
e
I
Q
A
A
N
o
n
p
r
o
f
i
t
,
n
o
n
-
g
o
v
e
r
n
me
n
t
a
l
2
0
0
8
3
.
1
.
Q
ua
lit
y
a
s
s
ura
nce
o
rg
a
niza
t
io
ns
in t
he
UK
,
t
he
UA
E
,
a
nd
K
a
za
k
hs
t
a
n
I
n
th
e
UK,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
ar
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
q
u
ality
th
em
s
elv
e
s
,
with
th
e
QAA
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ex
te
r
n
al
c
o
n
tr
o
l.
Fo
r
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
in
th
e
UK,
QAA
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
as
th
e
m
ain
r
eg
u
lato
r
an
d
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
E
s
tab
lis
h
ed
b
y
t
h
e
h
ea
d
s
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es
i
n
th
e
UK,
QAA
is
a
n
o
n
p
r
o
f
it
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
an
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
f
o
r
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
th
ey
h
a
v
e
o
v
er
3
0
0
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es
as
th
eir
m
em
b
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
UK.
T
h
e
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
o
f
QAA
is
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
in
E
n
g
lan
d
an
d
m
an
d
ato
r
y
in
Sco
tlan
d
,
W
ales,
an
d
No
r
th
er
n
I
r
ela
n
d
[
28
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
aim
o
f
th
e
QAA
is
“to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
lear
n
er
s
ex
p
er
ien
ce
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
”
[
29
]
.
I
t
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
to
p
r
o
tect
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
a
n
d
g
u
ar
a
n
tee
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
UK
[3
0
]
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
m
is
s
io
n
QAA
co
llab
o
r
ates
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
h
i
g
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
t
ak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
th
ei
r
ac
ad
em
ic
s
taf
f
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
e
m
p
lo
y
e
r
s
.
QAA
co
n
d
u
cts
ex
ter
n
al
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
co
lleg
es
ev
er
y
4
o
r
6
y
ea
r
s
o
n
a
r
eg
u
la
r
b
asis
.
QAA
also
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
an
ex
ter
n
al
r
ev
iew
f
o
r
tau
g
h
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
r
esear
ch
,
a
n
d
teac
h
er
tr
ain
in
g
.
Fil
ip
p
ak
o
u
[
16
]
s
h
ed
s
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
QAA’
s
h
is
to
r
ical
ev
o
lu
tio
n
an
d
o
u
tlin
es
its
co
m
p
lex
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
He
n
o
tes
th
at
th
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
u
s
ed
b
y
Q
AA
is
in
ten
d
ed
to
g
ath
er
d
at
a
an
d
co
n
n
ec
t
it
to
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
o
th
er
ev
id
en
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
ass
es
s
es
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
'
tea
ch
in
g
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
p
ay
in
g
s
p
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
to
ac
ad
em
ic
c
r
iter
ia
[
16
]
.
T
h
e
m
ain
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
o
p
er
ated
b
y
QAA
wer
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
b
y
B
r
en
n
an
a
n
d
W
illi
am
s
[3
0
]
,
d
escr
ib
in
g
in
d
etail
f
iv
e
m
ain
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
s
ch
em
es:
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
au
d
it,
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
,
s
u
b
ject
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
tatem
en
ts
,
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
p
ec
if
icat
io
n
s
an
d
co
d
es
o
f
p
r
ac
tice.
Al
d
er
m
an
an
d
B
r
o
wn
[3
1
]
o
u
tlin
e
th
e
au
d
it
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
QAA’
s
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
T
h
ey
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
t
h
at
th
e
a
u
d
it
ex
am
in
es
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
a
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
a
n
ce
s
y
s
tem
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
th
eir
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
q
u
ali
ty
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
au
d
it
lo
o
k
s
at
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ab
o
u
t stan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
f
o
cu
s
es o
n
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
c
o
m
p
leten
ess
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
it.
T
h
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
MO
E
)
is
a
f
ed
er
al
au
th
o
r
ity
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
UAE
.
T
h
e
C
AA
is
its
m
ain
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
b
o
d
y
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
U
n
iv
er
s
ities
an
d
th
eir
d
e
g
r
ee
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ac
cr
e
d
ited
b
y
th
e
C
AA
in
o
r
d
er
to
b
e
leg
ally
o
p
er
atin
g
in
th
e
wh
o
le
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
e
C
AA
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
s
p
ec
if
ic
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
r
ed
it
ac
c
r
ed
itatio
n
,
g
en
e
r
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
lev
els,
an
d
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
g
r
a
d
u
ate
-
lev
el
r
esear
ch
[
32
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
allo
win
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
t
h
eir
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
ac
ce
p
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
h
av
e
th
eir
d
eg
r
ee
s
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
also
g
iv
es
g
r
ad
u
ates
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
wo
r
k
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
,
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
ig
h
er
p
a
y
an
d
b
etter
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
an
th
e
p
r
i
v
ate
s
ec
to
r
[
33
]
.
T
h
e
UAE
h
as
m
ad
e
g
r
ea
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
g
u
a
r
an
tee
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
g
lo
b
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ey
cr
ea
ted
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
n
atio
n
al
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
b
y
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
USA
an
d
t
h
e
UK
[
34
]
.
W
h
en
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
it
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
two
co
m
p
lex
s
tag
es:
d
o
cu
m
en
t
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
an
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
'
s
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ea
c
h
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
g
o
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
its
o
wn
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
ly
a
f
ter
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
'
s
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
is
co
m
p
leted
[
35
]
.
I
n
1
9
9
9
,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t o
f
K
az
ak
h
s
tan
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
th
e
L
aw
“On
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
”
in
wh
ich
ac
c
r
ed
itatio
n
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
g
ain
ed
le
g
al
en
titl
em
en
t.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
is
law
a
n
d
its
am
en
d
m
en
ts
,
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
was
en
tr
u
s
ted
to
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
’
s
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
Scien
ce
(
ME
S).
W
h
en
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
b
ec
am
e
a
f
u
ll
m
em
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
B
o
lo
g
n
a
Pro
ce
s
s
in
2
0
1
0
,
th
e
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
h
ad
to
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
y
non
-
p
r
o
f
it
an
d
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
y
e
ar
,
th
e
s
tate
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
am
en
d
m
en
ts
to
th
e
“L
aw
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Gen
era
l tren
d
s
o
n
th
e
imp
a
cts o
f e
vid
en
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
u
n
ivers
ity
a
cc
r
ed
ita
tio
n
o
n
q
u
a
lity
…
(
N
u
r
a
li K
a
ir
a
n
b
a
ye
v
)
1943
o
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
”
an
d
ac
cr
ed
ita
tio
n
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
was
d
ele
g
ated
to
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
f
it
o
r
g
an
izat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
b
ec
a
m
e
v
o
lu
n
ta
r
y
,
b
u
t
f
o
r
ac
c
r
ed
ited
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
th
e
attestatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ME
S
was
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
ed
a
n
y
m
o
r
e.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
am
en
d
m
en
ts
in
2
0
1
5
t
o
th
e
“L
aw
o
n
E
d
u
c
atio
n
,
”
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
b
e
ca
m
e
a
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
n
d
itio
n
f
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
b
e
awa
r
d
ed
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
tu
itio
n
g
r
an
ts
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
36
]
.
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
’
s
f
ir
s
t
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
was
es
tab
lis
h
ed
in
2
0
0
8
.
I
t
is
th
e
I
QA
A
wh
ich
is
a
n
o
n
-
p
r
o
f
it
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
.
I
ts
cr
ea
tio
n
s
tim
u
lated
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
n
a
tio
n
al
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
y
s
tem
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
[
37
]
.
I
QAA
co
n
d
u
cts
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
ce
n
ter
s
,
a
n
d
tech
n
ical
a
n
d
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
I
QAA
is
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
e
q
u
al
ity
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
n
ess
at
th
e
lo
ca
l
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
lev
els
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
,
q
u
ality
c
u
ltu
r
e
in
ac
ad
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
m
ass
co
n
s
cio
u
s
n
ess
.
I
QAA
is
a
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
T
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Qu
ality
Ass
u
r
an
ce
R
eg
is
ter
f
o
r
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
E
QAR);
an
af
f
iliate
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Ass
o
ciatio
n
f
o
r
Qu
ality
A
s
s
u
r
an
ce
in
Hig
h
e
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
E
NQA)
;
a
f
u
ll
m
e
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
Netwo
r
k
f
o
r
Qu
ality
Ass
u
r
an
ce
Ag
en
cies
in
Hig
h
e
r
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
I
NQAA
HE
)
an
d
C
en
tr
al
an
d
E
aster
n
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Netwo
r
k
o
f
Qu
ality
Ass
u
r
an
ce
Ag
en
cies
in
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
C
E
E
NQA)
an
d
o
t
h
er
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
[
38
]
.
T
h
e
I
QAA
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
eir
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
Stan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
Gu
id
elin
es
f
o
r
Q
u
ality
Ass
u
r
an
ce
i
n
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
Ar
ea
(
E
SG)
.
T
h
e
I
QAA
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
ain
s
tag
es:
Pre
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
elf
-
ass
es
s
m
en
t
r
ep
o
r
t;
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
an
ex
ter
n
a
l
ev
alu
atio
n
;
An
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
r
ep
o
r
t
o
f
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
ex
p
er
t
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
b
y
th
e
Acc
r
e
d
itatio
n
C
o
u
n
cil; Po
s
t
-
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
[
38
]
.
3
.
2
.
St
a
nd
a
rds
co
ncer
nin
g
s
t
ud
ent
s
In
g
en
er
al,
ea
c
h
o
f
th
ese
th
r
ee
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
g
iv
es
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Stu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t in
th
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
to
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
ag
e
n
cies
f
o
r
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
Ass
o
ciatio
n
f
o
r
Qu
ality
Ass
u
r
an
ce
in
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
e
n
co
u
r
a
g
es
in
v
o
lv
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
q
u
ali
ty
ass
u
r
an
ce
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
as
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
e
x
ter
n
al
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
in
cr
ea
s
es
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
.
I
n
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
o
f
E
lass
y
[
39
]
,
s
tu
d
en
t
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
h
as
th
r
ee
b
e
n
ef
its
:
i)
it
in
f
o
r
m
s
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
team
s
ab
o
u
t
s
t
u
d
en
ts
'
o
p
in
io
n
s
;
ii)
it
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
v
alid
ity
to
q
u
ality
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
;
an
d
iii)
it
im
p
r
o
v
es
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
q
u
ality
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
e
v
id
en
ce
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
E
v
id
en
ce
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
2
as
p
er
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
QAA,
C
A
A,
an
d
I
QAA.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
at
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
,
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
ass
ess
m
en
t,
an
d
o
th
e
r
g
en
e
r
al
q
u
ality
asp
e
cts.
T
ab
le
2
.
E
v
id
en
ce
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
A
c
c
r
e
d
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
QAA
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
-
En
g
a
g
i
n
g
st
u
d
e
n
t
s
i
n
s
e
l
f
a
n
d
p
e
e
r
-
a
ssessme
n
t
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s.
-
R
e
g
u
l
a
r
l
y
o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
f
r
o
m
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
.
-
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s’
f
e
e
d
b
a
c
k
i
s
g
a
t
h
e
r
e
d
a
n
d
a
c
t
e
d
u
p
o
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
o
d
u
l
e
o
r
c
o
u
r
se.
-
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
o
t
h
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s (e
.
g
.
,
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
,
p
r
o
b
l
e
m s
o
l
v
i
n
g
o
r
t
e
a
mw
o
r
k
)
.
-
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
w
i
t
h
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
su
p
p
o
r
t
ser
v
i
c
e
s
a
n
d
c
a
r
e
e
r
s se
r
v
i
c
e
s.
C
A
A
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
-
O
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
y
t
o
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
,
c
o
u
r
s
e
s,
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
i
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
t
e
a
c
h
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3
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ta
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r
Kaz
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tan
[
48
]
.
I
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ca
tio
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8
8
2
2
Gen
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imp
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2
4
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ef
f
ec
tiv
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
is
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
p
r
im
ar
ily
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
ar
ti
cip
atio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
g
r
a
d
u
ates,
an
d
o
t
h
er
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
9
3
9
-
1
9
4
8
1946
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
im
ilar
ities
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
QAA,
C
AA,
an
d
I
QAA
wer
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
:
f
ir
s
t,
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
g
r
ad
u
ates
ca
n
ass
ess
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
co
u
r
s
es,
an
d
cu
r
r
icu
la
,
in
all
th
r
ee
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
;
s
ec
o
n
d
,
e
x
ter
n
al
ex
a
m
in
er
s
a
r
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
c
o
u
r
s
es
in
all
th
r
e
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
we
also
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
ticea
b
le
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
em
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
QAA
s
tan
d
ar
d
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ass
is
tan
ce
to
y
o
u
n
g
r
esear
ch
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
m
to
co
n
d
u
ct
r
esear
ch
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
C
AA
an
d
I
QAA
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
u
g
g
est
s
tu
d
en
t
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
C
AA
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
p
o
in
ts
o
u
t t
h
e
b
alan
ce
o
f
teac
h
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t d
e
g
r
ee
s
,
wh
ich
is
n
o
t
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
I
QAA
o
r
QAA
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
Fo
r
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
s
in
ce
it
is
a
s
ea
l
o
f
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
d
ec
is
io
n
f
o
r
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
o
u
g
h
t
to
b
e
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ev
alu
ated
.
T
h
at
is
wh
y
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
a
cc
r
ed
itatio
n
a
g
en
cies,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
b
o
d
ies
in
ten
d
ed
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
h
ig
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
r
ee
n
o
tab
le
lim
itatio
n
s
af
f
ec
ted
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
First,
ev
id
en
ce
-
b
ased
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
tim
e
-
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
,
w
h
ich
m
a
y
e
v
o
lv
e
o
v
e
r
tim
e
.
Fin
ally
,
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
o
n
ev
id
e
n
ce
-
b
ase
d
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
is
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
s
h
o
r
tag
e
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
d
ata
.
T
o
co
n
clu
d
e,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ic
h
c
o
m
p
ar
es
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
r
ee
co
u
n
tr
ies,
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
elev
an
t
in
s
ig
h
t
in
t
o
th
e
s
im
ilar
ities
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
h
o
w
co
u
n
tr
ies
m
an
ag
e
q
u
ality
ass
u
r
an
ce
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Nu
r
ali
Kair
an
b
ay
e
v
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
So
lo
m
o
n
Ar
u
lr
aj
Dav
id
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
c
o
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
No
t
ap
p
licab
le
–
T
h
is
is
a
r
ev
i
ew
p
ap
er
.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
No
t
ap
p
licab
le
–
T
h
is
is
a
r
ev
i
ew
p
ap
er
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
No
t
ap
p
licab
le
–
T
h
is
is
a
r
ev
i
ew
p
ap
er
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
K
o
h
l
e
r
,
“
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
ss
u
r
a
n
c
e
,
a
c
c
r
e
d
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
s
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
y
mec
h
a
n
i
sms
i
n
t
h
e
Eu
r
o
p
e
a
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
r
e
a
,
”
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
Eu
r
o
p
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
7
–
3
3
0
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
0
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
0
3
7
9
7
7
2
0
3
2
0
0
0
1
1
9
9
7
3
.
[
2
]
A
.
A
c
e
v
e
d
o
-
De
-
l
o
s
-
R
í
o
s
a
n
d
D
.
R
.
R
o
n
d
i
n
e
l
-
O
v
i
e
d
o
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
,
a
d
d
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
a
n
d
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
o
f
a
n
a
c
c
r
e
d
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
o
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
ssu
r
a
n
c
e
i
n
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
a
l
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
–
2
0
4
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
3
5
3
8
3
2
2
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
9
7
7
4
8
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Gen
era
l tren
d
s
o
n
th
e
imp
a
cts o
f e
vid
en
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
u
n
ivers
ity
a
cc
r
ed
ita
tio
n
o
n
q
u
a
lity
…
(
N
u
r
a
li K
a
ir
a
n
b
a
ye
v
)
1947
[
3
]
M
.
L
.
S
k
o
l
n
i
k
,
“
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
ss
u
r
a
n
c
e
i
n
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
s
a
p
o
l
i
t
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
,
”
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
P
o
l
i
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
7
8
7
/
h
e
m
p
-
22
-
5
k
m
l
h
5
g
s3
z
r
0
.
[
4
]
P
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
B
.
S
h
u
k
l
a
,
a
n
d
D
.
P
a
sse
y
,
“
I
mp
a
c
t
o
f
a
c
c
r
e
d
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
x
c
e
l
l
e
n
c
e
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
c
i
o
n
O
p
e
r
a
c
i
o
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
1
–
1
6
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[
5
]
L.
V
l
ă
s
c
e
a
n
u
,
L
.
G
r
ü
n
b
e
r
g
,
a
n
d
D
.
P
â
r
l
e
a
,
Q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
ss
u
r
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
c
c
r
e
d
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
:
a
g
l
o
ssa
r
y
o
f
b
a
si
c
t
e
rm
s
a
n
d
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
B
u
c
h
a
r
e
st
:
U
N
ES
C
O
-
C
EPES
,
2
0
0
5
.
[
6
]
R
.
G
h
o
o
i
,
“
A
c
c
r
e
d
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
-
A
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
o
r
a
f
r
e
s
h
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
?
”
P
e
rs
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
i
n
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
6
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14
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15
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[
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[
24
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25
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28
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[
30
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[
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[
35
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[
36
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B
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