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o
n
as
we
ll
as
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
t
ea
ch
e
r
s
w
it
h
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
iti
es
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
i
o
n
al
g
r
o
wth
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
is
,
i
n
t
u
r
n
,
c
an
b
o
o
s
t
te
ac
h
e
r
s
’
co
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
w
ill
in
g
n
ess
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
a
n
d
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
el
y
i
n
te
g
r
at
e
m
o
r
e
c
u
tt
in
g
-
e
d
g
e
d
i
g
it
al
te
ch
n
o
l
o
g
ies
i
n
t
h
e
ir
tea
ch
in
g
p
r
a
cti
ce
s
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
,
wh
i
ch
u
lti
m
a
tel
y
le
ad
s
t
o
p
o
s
i
ti
v
e
ac
a
d
e
m
i
c
o
u
t
co
m
es
a
n
d
p
r
o
g
r
e
s
s
f
o
r
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
[
6
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
DL
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
lo
t
o
f
atten
tio
n
f
r
o
m
ac
ad
em
i
cs,
th
er
e
ar
e
f
ew
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
f
o
cu
s
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
o
n
th
e
DL
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
a
to
r
s
,
an
d
th
er
e
is
a
d
ea
r
th
o
f
r
esear
ch
o
n
h
o
w
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
d
ass
ess
DL
[
1
0
]
.
No
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
a
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
p
r
in
ci
p
als
’
d
i
g
ital
lead
er
s
h
ip
(
PDL)
.
T
h
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
DL
am
o
n
g
p
r
in
ci
p
als
h
in
d
e
r
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
t
o
m
a
k
e
well
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
t
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tea
ch
er
s
in
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
1
]
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
to
o
ls
to
id
en
tify
an
d
ass
ess
th
e
ex
ten
t o
f
p
r
i
n
cip
als’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
th
e
y
em
p
lo
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
a
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
DL
s
ca
le
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
to
ass
ess
th
eir
o
wn
DL
ab
ilit
ies as we
ll a
s
b
y
teac
h
er
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
l
ev
el
o
f
PDL
p
r
ac
tice
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
e
f
l
o
w
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
as
well
as
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
Dig
it
a
l
lea
dersh
ip
DL
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
et
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
th
er
s
,
in
itiate
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
an
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
estab
lis
h
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
s
to
a
n
ticip
ate
ch
a
n
g
e
s
p
iv
o
tal
to
s
ch
o
o
l
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Sh
en
in
g
e
r
[
1
6
]
,
DL
is
a
d
y
n
am
ic
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
m
in
d
s
ets,
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
,
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
b
r
in
g
ab
o
u
t
ch
a
n
g
e,
to
en
h
an
ce
s
ch
o
o
l
cu
ltu
r
e
an
d
ac
h
iev
e
g
o
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
v
ie
wp
o
in
t
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
8
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
ef
in
e
d
DL
as
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
to
l
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices
with
th
e
aim
o
f
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
an
g
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
DL
w
as
also
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
a
n
d
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
s
t
y
le
[
1
7
]
o
r
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
[
2
2
]
,
with
th
e
aim
o
f
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
ch
o
o
ls
th
at
ar
e
eq
u
ip
p
e
d
with
d
ig
ital
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
a
d
ap
tin
g
t
o
th
e
f
ast
-
ch
an
g
in
g
,
d
ig
ital e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
I
n
ev
itab
ly
,
DL
is
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
cr
u
cial
ca
p
ac
it
y
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
lem
en
t
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
5
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
an
u
ca
n
et
a
l.
[
5
]
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
a
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
DL
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
estab
lis
h
a
clea
r
v
is
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
th
e
wo
r
k
p
lace
.
T
h
is
v
is
io
n
s
er
v
es
as
a
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
to
ad
ap
t
an
d
s
tay
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
i
n
a
r
ap
id
ly
ev
o
l
v
in
g
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
AlAjm
i
[
6
]
,
DL
r
ef
er
s
t
o
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
le
m
en
t
lead
er
s
h
ip
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
d
ig
it
al
er
a
u
s
in
g
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
Als
o
,
Kar
ak
o
s
e
et
a
l.
[
2
2
]
d
escr
ib
ed
DL
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
u
s
e
d
i
g
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
o
cr
ea
te
estab
lis
h
a
well
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
s
y
s
tem
th
at
s
et
s
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
p
eo
p
le,
in
itiates
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
an
g
e
an
d
b
u
il
d
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
ig
n
if
ican
t t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
in
d
ig
ital e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
I
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
d
ef
in
itio
n
was
p
r
e
d
o
m
in
an
tly
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
u
s
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies in
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
lead
er
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
at
s
ch
o
o
l
[
2
3
]
,
a
n
d
th
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
elem
en
ts
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
id
e
n
tifie
d
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
:
i)
s
ettin
g
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
;
ii)
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
p
eo
p
le
;
iii)
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
t
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
;
an
d
iv
)
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
DL
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
a
d
y
n
am
ic
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
th
in
k
in
g
,
m
in
d
s
et,
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
,
an
d
s
k
ills
th
at
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
estab
lis
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
th
e
r
s
,
in
itiate
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
ch
an
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
it
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
estab
lis
h
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
to
an
ticip
ate
ch
an
g
es
th
at
a
r
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
s
u
cc
ess
in
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
DL
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
ju
s
t
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
at
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
I
t
also
in
clu
d
es
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
o
s
s
ess
i
n
g
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
a
b
ilit
ies,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
d
ig
ital c
u
ltu
r
e,
b
u
ild
in
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
ic
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
s
[
2
3
]
.
Prio
r
r
esear
ch
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
em
p
ir
ical
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
p
r
in
cip
al
s
’
DL
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies in
to
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices a
s
well
as tea
ch
er
s
’
d
ig
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
.
I
n
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
,
Ham
za
h
et
a
l.
[
8
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
PDL
o
n
teac
h
e
r
s
’
d
ig
ital
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
AlAjm
i
[
6
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
to
f
u
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
PDL
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
’
u
s
ag
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
th
eir
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
p
r
in
cip
a
ls
’
d
ig
ita
l le
a
d
ers
h
ip
in
s
tr
u
men
t u
s
in
g
… (
P
en
g
Yu
a
n
yu
a
n
)
1579
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
ica
te
th
at
PDL
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
ex
te
n
t
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
in
Ku
wait
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Su
n
u
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
d
d
itio
n
al
ev
id
en
ce
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
ad
o
p
tio
n
a
n
d
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ar
e
g
r
e
atly
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
PDL.
T
h
is
is
f
u
r
th
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
T
an
ti a
n
d
Se
th
u
p
ath
y
[
2
0
]
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
PDL
s
er
v
es
as
a
r
eliab
l
e
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
d
ig
ital
teac
h
in
g
an
d
th
eir
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
r
io
r
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
h
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
b
en
ef
icial
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
p
r
in
cip
als’
DL
o
n
th
e
d
i
g
ital c
o
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
lev
el
o
f
PDL
u
s
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
u
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
is
th
e
ad
ap
ted
p
r
i
n
cip
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
ass
ess
m
en
t
(
PTL
A)
,
wh
ich
is
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
o
u
tlin
ed
b
y
th
e
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
So
ciety
f
o
r
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
I
STE
)
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Ham
za
h
e
t
a
l.
[
8
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
lev
e
l
o
f
PDL
in
H
u
lu
L
an
g
at
Dis
tr
ict,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
u
s
in
g
PTL
A
with
a
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
9
3
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
by
AlAjm
i
[
6
]
u
s
ed
th
e
PTL
A
[
2
9
]
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
lev
el
o
f
PDL
in
p
u
b
lic
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Ku
wait
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
Usi
n
g
th
e
ad
a
p
ted
PTL
A
[
2
9
]
as
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
Z
h
o
u
a
n
d
T
s
e
[
2
8
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
PDL
o
f
k
in
d
e
r
g
ar
ten
p
r
in
cip
als
in
W
ester
n
C
h
in
a
.
W
h
en
r
e
v
iewin
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
PTL
A
[
2
9
]
was
m
o
s
tly
u
s
ed
as
a
r
e
f
er
en
c
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
PDL.
H
o
wev
er
,
it
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
cr
ea
ted
a
d
ec
ad
e
ag
o
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
alig
n
with
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
ec
en
t
ed
it
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
I
STE
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lea
d
er
s
.
Sev
er
al
r
esear
ch
es
[
5
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
7
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
lev
el
o
f
P
DL
u
s
in
g
a
n
ewly
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
I
STE
[
3
0
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
e
item
s
wer
e
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
lo
n
g
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
to
an
s
wer
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
v
alid
ity
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
wer
e
n
o
t
r
ep
o
r
ted
.
I
t
was
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
is
f
i
eld
h
av
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
th
e
R
asch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
to
v
alid
at
e
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
is
r
eg
ar
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
a
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t u
s
in
g
R
asch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t a
n
aly
s
is
.
2
.
2
.
T
heo
re
t
ica
l f
o
un
da
t
io
n
Sin
ce
2
0
0
1
,
th
e
I
STE
h
as
b
e
en
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lead
e
r
s
,
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
an
d
lear
n
e
r
s
.
T
h
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
er
v
ed
as
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
r
o
a
d
m
ap
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
.
T
h
e
I
STE
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
u
tlin
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
co
m
p
eten
ce
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
b
ec
o
m
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
o
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
f
er
d
ir
ec
tio
n
to
lea
d
er
s
an
d
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
lev
e
r
ag
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
to
c
r
ea
te
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
s
ca
lab
le,
an
d
e
q
u
itab
le
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
2
9
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ev
id
en
ce
t
h
at
th
e
I
STE
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
[
2
9
]
an
d
I
STE
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lea
d
e
r
s
[
3
0
]
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
d
as
th
e
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
s
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
PDL.
T
h
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
2
9
]
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
s
er
v
e
d
as
a
g
u
id
e
f
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
s
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
wid
ely
cited
as
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
to
ev
alu
ate
PDL
[
3
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
5
]
,
[
2
0
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
DL
lev
el
d
is
p
lay
ed
b
y
p
r
i
n
cip
als
in
th
eir
r
esear
ch
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
g
u
id
in
g
d
ig
ital in
itiativ
es,
with
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
lead
er
s
to
em
p
o
wer
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
h
ig
h
ly
c
o
n
test
ed
is
s
u
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
,
v
is
io
n
ar
y
,
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
c
o
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
,
p
r
i
v
ac
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
M
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
th
ese
to
p
ics
alig
n
with
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
r
in
ci
p
les
o
u
tlin
ed
in
C
h
in
a
’
s
ed
u
c
atio
n
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
2035
[
3
2
]
,
s
u
ch
as
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
eq
u
ity
,
p
eo
p
le
-
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
life
lo
n
g
lear
n
in
g
,
eth
ics,
in
teg
r
ated
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
an
d
s
h
ar
in
g
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
a
n
d
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
with
v
alu
ab
le
g
u
id
a
n
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
r
e
g
ar
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
th
e
I
STE
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lead
er
s
[
3
0
]
as
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
an
d
i
n
d
icato
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
iv
e
elem
en
ts
o
f
I
STE
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lead
e
r
s
[
3
0
]
to
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
alize
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
PD
L.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
e
f
iv
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
I
STE
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lead
e
r
s
[
3
0
]
t
h
at
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
PDL
s
ca
le
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
1
(
s
ee
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
,
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
a
s
elf
-
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
co
llect
d
ata.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llect
io
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
in
g
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
s
tar
,
a
wid
ely
u
s
e
d
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
p
latf
o
r
m
i
n
C
h
in
a
.
T
h
e
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
u
s
ed
d
u
e
to
its
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
tim
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
n
d
ea
s
e
o
f
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
atio
n
.
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h ins
t
rum
ent
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
I
STE
[
3
0
]
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
f
i
v
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts:
th
e
e
q
u
ity
a
n
d
c
itizen
s
h
ip
ad
v
o
ca
te
(
E
C
A)
,
v
is
io
n
a
r
y
p
l
an
n
er
(
VP)
,
e
m
p
o
wer
in
g
lead
er
(EL)
,
s
y
s
tem
s
d
esig
n
er
(
SD)
,
an
d
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
lear
n
er
(
C
L
)
.
T
h
e
in
itial
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
3
3
item
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
8
item
s
f
o
r
th
e
eq
u
i
ty
an
d
citizen
s
h
ip
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
5
7
7
-
1
58
9
1580
ad
v
o
ca
te
(
E
C
A1
-
E
C
A8
)
,
7
item
s
f
o
r
v
is
io
n
ar
y
p
lan
n
er
(
VP1
-
VP7
)
,
5
item
s
f
o
r
em
p
o
wer
in
g
lead
e
r
(EL1
-
E
L
5
)
,
6
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
esig
n
er
(
SD1
-
SD6
)
,
a
n
d
7
item
s
f
o
r
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
lear
n
er
(
C
L
1
-
C
L
7
)
.
All
th
e
item
s
wer
e
ad
a
p
ted
i
n
ac
c
o
r
d
a
n
ce
with
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
s
an
d
t
h
e
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
f
i
v
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
.
A
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
1
(
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
)
to
5
(
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
)
,
was
u
s
ed
to
r
ate
t
h
e
item
s
.
T
h
e
E
n
g
lis
h
item
s
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
tr
an
s
lated
in
to
C
h
in
ese
b
y
an
E
n
g
lis
h
lectu
r
e
s
p
ec
ializin
g
in
E
n
g
lis
h
C
h
in
ese
tr
an
s
latio
n
u
s
in
g
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
ac
k
tr
an
s
latio
n
.
3.
2
.
Sa
m
pli
ng
T
h
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
was
c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
u
t
in
f
o
u
r
p
u
b
lic
h
i
g
h
er
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
c
o
lleg
e
s
lo
ca
ted
in
Sich
u
an
Pro
v
in
c
e,
C
h
in
a
.
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
R
asch
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
an
al
y
s
is
o
n
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
am
p
les
was
est
im
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
p
l
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
tab
le
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
L
in
ac
r
e
[
3
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
L
in
ac
r
e
[
3
4
]
,
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
1
0
0
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
was
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
o
f
9
5
%
with
a
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
±
0
.
5
lo
g
it.
A
to
tal
o
f
2
0
0
s
am
p
les
wer
e
r
an
d
o
m
ly
s
elec
ted
in
th
e
f
o
u
r
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
a
to
tal
o
f
2
0
0
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
em
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
an
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
d
ep
ar
tm
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
co
lleg
es
.
I
n
th
e
e
n
d
,
1
8
8
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
r
etu
r
n
ed
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
9
4
%
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
r
ate.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
b
eg
in
s
b
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
n
ten
t
an
d
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
,
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
t
h
e
PDL
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
is
,
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
ed
t
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
item
f
it,
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
ality
,
an
d
l
o
ca
l
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ep
ar
atio
n
in
d
ex
,
as
well
as
th
e
item
-
p
er
s
o
n
m
ap
,
wer
e
an
aly
z
ed
u
s
in
g
W
in
s
tep
s
3
.
7
2
.
3
to
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
v
alid
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
.
4
.
1
.
Co
nte
nt
a
nd
f
a
ce
v
a
lid
it
y
Af
ter
co
n
s
tr
u
cti
n
g
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
f
i
v
e
e
x
p
er
t
p
an
els
wer
e
ap
p
o
in
ted
to
v
er
if
y
its
co
n
t
en
t
u
s
in
g
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
e
.
T
h
ese
p
an
els
in
clu
d
ed
two
f
ield
ex
p
e
r
ts
an
d
th
r
ee
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ts
:
two
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
with
o
v
er
10
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
a
lectu
r
er
with
a
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
s
titu
te
o
f
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
a
p
r
in
cip
al
with
o
v
er
eig
h
t
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
in
a
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
in
C
h
in
a
,
an
d
a
Ph
.
D
.
h
o
l
d
er
af
f
iliated
with
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
ts
r
ea
ch
e
d
a
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
t
h
at
all
item
s
wer
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
th
o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
r
ewo
r
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
item
s
wer
e
well
-
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
alize
d
,
m
a
k
in
g
t
h
em
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
two
b
ili
n
g
u
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
s
elec
ted
to
ass
ess
th
e
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
,
also
u
s
in
g
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
.
4
.
2
.
Co
ns
t
ruct
v
a
lid
it
y
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
R
asch
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
with
W
in
s
tep
s
3
.
7
2
.
3
.
Key
asp
ec
ts
wer
e
ass
es
s
ed
in
clu
d
e
item
f
it,
item
p
o
lar
ity
,
u
n
id
i
m
en
s
io
n
ality
,
lo
ca
l
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
e
n
ce
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
a
n
d
s
ep
ar
atio
n
in
d
ex
,
a
n
d
th
e
item
-
p
er
s
o
n
m
a
p
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
e
x
h
ib
its
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
te
n
d
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
4
.
2
.
1
.
I
t
em
f
i
t
a
nd
it
em
po
l
a
r
it
y
I
tem
f
it
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
well
th
e
item
s
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
f
it
with
th
e
R
asch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
[
3
5
]
.
Ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
L
in
ac
r
e
[
3
6
]
,
th
e
a
cc
ep
tab
le
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
in
f
it
an
d
o
u
tf
it
(
MN
SQ)
f
o
r
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
les
i
s
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
0
lo
g
its
to
1
.
5
0
lo
g
its
,
with
n
o
r
m
alize
d
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
in
f
it
an
d
o
u
t
f
it
(
Z
STD)
v
alu
e
s
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
-
2
.
0
a
n
d
+
2
.
0
[
3
7
]
.
Z
STD
v
alu
es
ca
n
b
e
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
ed
if
t
h
e
MN
SQ
v
alu
es
ar
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
[
3
8
]
.
I
tem
s
with
MN
SQ
v
alu
e
s
ex
ce
ed
in
g
1
.
5
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
u
n
d
er
f
it
item
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
ey
ar
e
in
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
o
th
er
item
s
o
n
th
e
s
am
e
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
ca
le.
T
h
ese
u
n
d
er
f
it
item
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
co
n
f
u
s
in
g
,
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
with
h
ig
h
o
r
lo
w
ab
ilit
ies
m
ig
h
t
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
ese
item
s
co
r
r
ec
tly
o
r
in
co
r
r
ec
tly
an
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
r
e
v
is
ed
o
r
d
elete
d
[
3
5
]
.
I
tem
s
with
MN
SQ
v
alu
es
b
elo
w
0
.
5
0
in
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[
3
5
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.
T
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7
3
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A
8
8
1
9
1
8
8
-
0
.
8
5
0
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1
5
1
.
1
2
1
.
0
1
.
0
4
0
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3
0
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7
1
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7
3
EC
A
7
8
2
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1
8
8
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8
7
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3
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9
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4
N
o
t
e
:
1
M
e
a
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
;
2
Z
-
s
c
o
r
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
i
z
e
d
;
E
C
A
=
e
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
sh
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
;
V
P
=
v
i
s
i
o
n
a
r
y
p
l
a
n
n
e
r
;
EL
=
e
mp
o
w
e
r
i
n
g
l
e
a
d
e
r
;
SD
=
sy
st
e
ms
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
r
;
C
L
=
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
4
.
2
.
2
.
Unid
im
ens
io
na
lity
Un
id
im
en
s
io
n
ality
,
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
tal
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
in
R
asch
m
o
d
e
l
an
aly
s
is
,
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
ar
e
d
esig
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ed
to
m
ea
s
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r
e
a
s
in
g
le
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
4
1
]
.
T
o
v
er
if
y
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
ality
,
p
r
i
n
cip
al
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
(
PC
A)
o
f
r
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als
was
u
s
ed
.
T
h
is
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
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o
n
t
h
e
r
atio
b
etwe
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r
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v
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c
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p
lain
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d
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v
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r
ian
ce
in
t
h
e
f
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s
t
co
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ast,
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th
e
eig
en
v
alu
e
o
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th
e
u
n
e
x
p
lai
n
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
.
Fo
r
PC
A,
a
m
in
im
u
m
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
alu
e
o
f
2
0
%
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
r
in
cip
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
esid
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als
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
r
estricte
d
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
1
0
%
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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-
8
8
2
2
I
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J
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&
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l
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14
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No
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3
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J
u
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20
25
:
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5
7
7
-
1
58
9
1582
wh
ile
th
e
v
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ian
ce
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
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item
s
s
h
o
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e
at
least th
r
ee
tim
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r
ea
ter
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an
th
at
e
x
p
lain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
tr
ast
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
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th
e
eig
en
v
alu
e
o
f
th
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u
n
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ld
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e
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elo
w
5
[
3
8
]
,
ex
ce
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d
in
g
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
in
d
icate
s
a
p
o
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is
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to
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
ality
.
T
ab
le
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
d
etai
led
v
iew
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f
h
o
w
well
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t a
d
h
er
es to
th
ese
cr
iter
ia
.
T
ab
le
3
.
PC
A
o
f
r
esid
u
al
v
ar
ia
n
ce
(
in
E
ig
e
n
v
alu
e
u
n
its
)
Emp
i
r
i
c
a
l
M
o
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d
T
o
t
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l
r
a
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5
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2
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0
%
R
a
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3
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0
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9
%
R
a
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v
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6
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7
%
R
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5
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2
%
R
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2
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n
e
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l
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1
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4
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3
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U
n
e
x
p
l
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T
h
e
PC
A
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o
f
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1
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%,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
,
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
th
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PDL
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tr
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m
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f
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r
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1
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3
%
o
f
th
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to
tal
v
ar
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s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
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e
m
in
im
u
m
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
v
alu
e
o
f
2
0
%
[
4
2
]
an
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
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th
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d
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l
ex
p
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tatio
n
s
o
f
6
0
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9
%.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
p
p
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r
ts
th
e
u
n
id
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s
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ality
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f
th
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s
ca
le.
Fu
r
th
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m
o
r
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th
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o
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all
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o
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6
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4
%
,
b
elo
w
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
1
0
%
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
an
d
it
is
a
cc
ep
tab
le.
T
h
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
aw
v
ar
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ce
s
e
x
p
lain
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item
s
(
1
8
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3
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d
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n
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t
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is
2
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8
5
,
n
ea
r
in
g
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
atio
o
f
th
r
ee
[
4
5
]
,
[
4
6
]
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
eig
en
v
alu
e
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
ex
p
lain
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v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
th
e
1
s
t c
o
n
tr
ast wa
s
5
.
5
,
ex
c
ee
d
in
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
p
o
te
n
tial seco
n
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
4
.
2
.
3
.
L
o
ca
l dependence
L
o
ca
l
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
is
a
cr
u
cial
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
in
R
asch
m
o
d
el
an
al
y
s
is
,
s
er
v
in
g
to
ass
es
s
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
item
s
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
4
7
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
B
alsam
o
et
a
l.
[
4
8
]
,
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
s
h
o
u
ld
id
ea
lly
b
e
b
elo
w
0
.
3
0
.
W
h
en
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
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e
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ce
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ed
,
it
i
n
d
icate
s
p
o
ten
tial
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ed
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n
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n
cy
b
etwe
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ec
ess
itatin
g
th
e
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n
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item
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d
th
e
elim
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
th
e
r
.
T
h
is
d
ec
is
io
n
is
ty
p
ically
b
ased
o
n
th
e
MN
SQ
v
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e,
wh
ich
s
h
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ld
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th
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p
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v
alu
e
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1
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
er
m
o
d
e
l
f
it
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
B
y
ad
h
er
in
g
to
th
ese
cr
iter
ia,
r
etain
ed
item
s
ar
e
en
s
u
r
ed
to
b
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t,
th
er
eb
y
av
o
id
in
g
o
v
er
lap
with
o
th
e
r
item
s
with
in
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
3
5
]
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
a
s
et
o
f
ten
r
esid
u
al
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
es,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
s
ig
h
t i
n
to
th
e
lev
e
l o
f
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
i
tem
s
an
aly
ze
d
.
As
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
r
esid
u
al
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
es
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
4
9
to
0
.
5
6
,
in
d
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g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
item
s
with
in
th
e
VP,
C
L
,
an
d
E
C
A
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
ese
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
r
e
q
u
ir
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ca
r
ef
u
l c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
d
ec
id
i
n
g
wh
ich
item
s
to
r
etain
,
r
ev
is
e,
o
r
elim
in
ate
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
with
in
th
e
v
is
io
n
ar
y
p
lan
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er
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
item
s
VP1
an
d
VP2
,
as
well
as
VP6
a
n
d
VP7
,
ex
h
ib
ited
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
a
b
o
v
e
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
r
eta
in
VP2
an
d
r
em
o
v
e
VP1
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
MN
SQ
v
alu
e
o
f
VP2
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ein
g
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o
s
er
to
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
v
al
u
e
o
f
1
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
a
b
etter
f
it
to
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
9
]
.
Similar
ly
,
i
n
th
e
E
L
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
E
L
2
was
r
etain
ed
wh
ile
E
L
1
was
elim
in
ated
,
ag
ain
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
b
etter
f
it
o
f
E
L
2
.
Giv
en
t
h
at
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
r
em
ain
e
d
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
7
[
3
8
]
,
o
th
er
item
s
wer
e
r
ev
is
e
d
o
r
r
etain
ed
.
Fo
r
clar
ity
,
item
s
s
u
ch
as
VP6
an
d
VP7
wer
e
co
n
s
o
lid
ate
d
an
d
r
ev
is
ed
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
item
,
“
My
p
r
in
cip
al
s
h
a
r
es
less
o
n
s
lear
n
ed
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
with
teac
h
er
s
.
”
I
tem
E
C
A
6
,
E
C
A7
,
an
d
E
C
A8
ca
n
b
e
m
er
g
ed
in
to
o
n
e
s
en
ten
ce
,
th
at
is
,
“M
y
p
r
in
cip
al
cu
ltiv
ates
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
af
e,
leg
al,
an
d
eth
ical
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
”,
alig
n
i
n
g
with
th
e
in
d
icat
o
r
s
o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
i
es
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
wh
ich
s
tate
th
at,
“
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
e
r
s
cu
ltiv
ate
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
io
r
,
in
clu
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
af
e,
e
th
ical
an
d
leg
al
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
”
I
tem
C
L
4
an
d
C
L
5
wer
e
also
co
m
b
in
ed
to
r
ef
lect
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
,
“
m
y
p
r
in
ci
p
al
r
eg
u
l
ar
ly
u
s
es
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
m
ak
e
r
ef
lectio
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
.
”
I
tem
VP2
,
VP6
,
VP7
,
E
C
A4
,
E
C
A5
,
E
L
1
,
C
L
3
,
C
L
4
ar
e
r
ev
is
ed
.
4
.
2
.
4
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
nd
s
epa
ra
t
io
n ind
ex
T
ab
le
5
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
r
elia
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
ep
a
r
atio
n
v
alu
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
p
er
s
o
n
s
an
d
item
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
s
o
n
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
is
0
.
9
2
,
co
n
s
id
er
ed
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
as
it
f
alls
with
in
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
9
1
to
0
.
9
4
[
4
4
]
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
th
at
th
e
item
s
wo
u
ld
y
ield
co
n
s
is
ten
t
r
esu
lts
with
an
o
th
er
s
im
ilar
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
item
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
al
u
e
is
0
.
8
3
,
d
ee
m
ed
g
o
o
d
s
in
ce
it
f
alls
with
in
th
e
0
.
8
1
to
0
.
9
0
r
an
g
e
[
4
4
]
,
r
ef
lectin
g
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
i
tem
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
am
p
les
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
p
ar
atio
n
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
an
d
item
s
wer
e
3
.
3
4
an
d
2
.
2
4
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
ex
ce
ed
in
g
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
2
.
0
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t is ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
eg
r
eg
a
tin
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t a
b
ilit
y
a
n
d
ite
m
d
if
f
icu
lty
[
3
9
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
p
r
in
cip
a
ls
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d
ig
ita
l le
a
d
ers
h
ip
in
s
tr
u
men
t u
s
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g
… (
P
en
g
Yu
a
n
yu
a
n
)
1583
T
ab
le
4
.
L
is
t o
f
l
o
ca
l item
s
d
e
p
en
d
en
ce
C
o
r
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
I
t
e
m N
o
.
-
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
I
t
e
m N
o
.
-
c
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
0
.
5
6
V
P
1
:
v
i
s
i
o
n
a
r
y
p
l
a
n
n
e
r
V
P
2
:
v
i
s
i
o
n
a
r
y
p
l
a
n
n
e
r
0
.
5
6
C
L3
:
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
C
L4
:
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
0
.
5
5
C
L4
:
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
C
L5
:
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
0
.
5
4
V
P
6
:
v
i
s
i
o
n
a
r
y
p
l
a
n
n
e
r
V
P
7
:
v
i
s
i
o
n
a
r
y
p
l
a
n
n
e
r
0
.
5
4
EC
A
7
:
e
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
EC
A
8
:
e
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
0
.
5
1
EC
A
6
:
e
q
u
i
t
y
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n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
EC
A
7
:
e
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
0
.
5
1
C
L5
:
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
C
L6
:
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
e
r
0
.
5
0
EL1
:
e
mp
o
w
e
r
i
n
g
l
e
a
d
e
r
EL2
:
e
mp
o
w
e
r
i
n
g
l
e
a
d
e
r
0
.
4
9
EC
A
5
:
e
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
EC
A
6
:
e
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
0
.
5
6
EC
A
4
:
e
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
EC
A
5
:
e
q
u
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
a
d
v
o
c
a
t
e
T
ab
le
5
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
ex
a
n
d
s
ep
ar
a
tio
n
in
d
e
x
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
x
S
e
p
a
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
e
x
P
e
r
so
n
0
.
9
2
3
.
3
5
I
t
e
m
0
.
8
3
2
.
2
4
4
.
2
.
5
.
I
t
em
-
perso
n ma
p
T
h
e
item
-
p
e
r
s
o
n
m
a
p
,
d
ep
ict
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
item
s
an
d
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
ab
ilit
ies
alo
n
g
th
e
lo
g
its
s
ca
le.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
t
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
o
n
th
e
lef
t,
wh
ile
item
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
els
ar
e
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t.
Po
s
itiv
e
lo
g
it
esti
m
ates
o
n
th
e
u
p
p
er
lef
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
in
d
icate
m
o
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
wh
ile
item
s
at
th
e
to
p
r
ig
h
t
ar
e
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
y
ield
a
“stro
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
”
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
E
ac
h
“#
”
o
n
th
e
lef
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
m
ap
r
ef
er
s
to
f
o
u
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
wh
ile
ea
ch
“.
”
r
ep
r
esen
ts
one
to
th
r
ee
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
m
a
p
s
h
o
ws
th
at
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
ab
ilit
ies
s
p
r
ea
d
o
v
er
n
ea
r
ly
8
lo
g
its
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
L
ik
er
t
co
n
tin
u
u
m
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
i
s
an
im
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
an
d
item
s
,
with
two
-
th
ir
d
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
tar
g
eted
b
y
o
n
ly
two
item
s
(
E
C
A1
an
d
VP5
)
.
T
h
is
im
b
alan
ce
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
item
s
m
ay
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
iate
b
etwe
en
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
with
v
a
r
y
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
item
s
E
C
A6
,
E
C
A7
,
an
d
E
C
A8
wer
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
as
th
e
least
ch
allen
g
in
g
,
wh
er
ea
s
item
s
E
C
A1
an
d
VP
5
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t d
if
f
icu
lt f
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
te
m
–
p
er
s
o
n
m
ap
f
o
r
th
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t a
n
aly
s
is
(
W
in
s
tep
s
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
5
7
7
-
1
58
9
1584
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
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icate
th
at
2
9
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
3
3
item
s
m
ee
t
th
e
in
f
it
an
d
o
u
tf
it
MN
SQ
r
an
g
e
o
f
0
.
5
to
1
.
5
s
et
b
y
L
in
ac
r
e
[
3
6
]
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
2
9
item
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
item
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
th
e
o
th
er
f
o
u
r
item
s
ar
e
r
ev
is
ed
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
PTM
E
A
C
o
r
r
.
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esu
lt
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icate
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th
at
all
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s
h
av
e
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o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
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n
s
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
1
to
0
.
7
6
,
w
h
ich
m
ee
ts
th
e
m
in
im
al
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t
o
f
0
.
3
0
,
as
s
tated
b
y
W
u
an
d
Ad
am
s
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
PTM
E
A
C
o
r
r
.
v
alu
es
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
r
etain
e
d
item
s
in
th
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
ar
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
d
if
f
er
en
tiatin
g
th
e
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
teac
h
er
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
u
n
id
im
e
n
s
io
n
ality
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
it
ex
p
lain
s
6
1
.
3
%
o
f
th
e
r
aw
v
ar
ia
n
ce
,
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t o
f
2
0
%
f
o
r
u
n
id
im
e
n
s
io
n
ality
in
th
e
R
asch
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el
[
4
2
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
an
u
n
clea
r
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
a
s
ec
o
n
d
d
im
en
s
io
n
,
as
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
E
ig
en
v
alu
e
o
f
5
.
5
f
o
r
th
e
u
n
ex
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
tr
ast,
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
7
.
6
%
o
f
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
an
d
ap
p
lica
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
c
o
n
s
o
lid
ate
VP6
an
d
VP7
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
item
,
as
well
as
m
er
g
in
g
E
C
A
6
,
E
C
A7
,
an
d
E
C
A8
in
to
a
s
in
g
le
item
,
m
er
g
in
g
C
L
4
an
d
C
L
5
in
t
o
a
s
in
g
le
ite
m
.
T
h
e
item
-
p
e
r
s
o
n
m
a
p
in
d
ic
ates
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
p
o
s
s
ess
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
ab
ilit
y
,
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
en
t
ir
e
item
s
ar
e
s
im
p
le.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
m
o
r
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
th
at
ar
e
as
ch
allen
g
in
g
as
th
o
s
e
in
E
C
A1
an
d
VP5
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
lev
el
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
s
o
th
at
th
e
ab
ilit
ies o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
f
lier
s
c
o
u
ld
b
e
esti
m
ated
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
a
tely
[
3
9
]
.
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
d
ev
el
o
p
an
d
v
alid
ate
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
PDL
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
C
h
in
ese
p
u
b
lic
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
t
ec
h
n
ical
co
lleg
es
,
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
R
asch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
aly
s
is
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
in
ass
es
s
in
g
DL
co
m
p
eten
cies a
m
o
n
g
p
r
in
cip
als
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
t
p
an
el
ev
alu
atio
n
s
v
er
i
f
ied
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
ten
t
an
d
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
item
s
wer
e
well
-
co
n
ce
p
tu
alize
d
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
r
ev
is
io
n
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
b
y
th
e
ex
p
er
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
ly
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
r
ewo
r
d
in
g
o
f
s
o
m
e
item
s
,
wer
e
cr
u
cial
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
cla
r
ity
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
ilin
g
u
al
lan
g
u
ag
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
f
u
r
th
er
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
item
s
we
r
e
cu
ltu
r
ally
an
d
lin
g
u
is
tically
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
tar
g
et
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
v
o
lv
in
g
d
iv
e
r
s
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
s
tag
es
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t is b
o
th
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
co
n
tex
t
u
ally
s
u
itab
le.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
R
asch
an
al
y
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
r
o
b
u
s
t
ev
id
en
c
e
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
Mo
s
t
item
s
f
it
well
with
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
y
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
l
y
in
g
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
id
en
tific
ati
o
n
o
f
u
n
d
er
f
it
item
s
(
E
C
A1
,
E
C
A2
,
E
C
A3
,
E
C
A6
)
r
elate
d
to
E
C
A
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
ar
e
as
wh
er
e
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
c
o
u
ld
b
e
f
u
r
th
er
r
ef
i
n
ed
.
T
h
ese
item
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
co
n
ce
p
tu
ally
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
m
a
y
r
eq
u
i
r
e
r
ep
h
r
asin
g
o
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
c
o
n
tex
tu
aliza
tio
n
to
b
etter
alig
n
with
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
p
r
in
cip
als
in
p
u
b
lic
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ca
t
io
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
co
lleg
es
in
C
h
in
a
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
g
en
e
r
ally
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ef
in
em
en
t
an
d
co
n
te
x
t
-
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
m
ain
tain
its
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
also
v
er
if
ied
th
e
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
ality
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
with
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
ian
ce
b
ein
g
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
eig
en
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
u
n
ex
p
lain
ed
v
ar
ian
ce
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
co
n
tr
ast
was sli
g
h
tly
ab
o
v
e
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt su
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
p
r
e
d
o
m
i
n
an
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
es
a
s
in
g
le
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
th
er
e
m
a
y
b
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
u
n
d
er
ly
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Fu
r
th
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
ese
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
d
is
tin
ct
asp
ec
ts
o
f
DL
o
r
if
th
ey
r
ef
lect
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
a
m
o
n
g
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
lo
ca
l
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
item
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
as
it
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
item
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
v
er
ly
co
r
r
e
lated
,
an
d
ea
ch
item
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
es
u
n
iq
u
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
o
f
DL
.
T
h
is
is
a
cr
itical
asp
ec
t
o
f
R
asch
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
is
,
as
it
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
u
n
b
iased
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
p
er
s
o
n
a
n
d
it
em
r
eli
a
b
il
it
y
i
n
d
ex
d
em
o
n
s
t
r
a
tes
t
h
at
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
is
c
ap
ab
le
o
f
c
o
n
s
is
t
en
tl
y
d
is
t
in
g
u
is
h
i
n
g
b
etw
ee
n
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
w
it
h
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
le
v
e
ls
o
f
DL
c
o
m
p
et
en
ce
.
T
h
e
s
t
r
o
n
g
s
e
p
ar
ati
o
n
i
n
d
ex
f
u
r
t
h
er
p
r
o
v
e
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
is
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
i
n
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
ati
n
g
b
e
twe
en
h
i
g
h
a
n
d
l
o
w
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
r
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
is
ess
e
n
ti
al
f
o
r
its
u
s
e
i
n
b
o
t
h
r
e
s
ea
r
c
h
an
d
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
ap
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
l
ig
h
t
c
eil
in
g
e
f
f
ec
t
o
b
s
e
r
v
e
d
in
t
h
e
it
em
-
p
e
r
s
o
n
m
ap
,
h
o
we
v
er
,
s
u
g
g
est
s
th
at
th
e
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
m
a
y
b
e
n
ef
i
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
cl
u
s
i
o
n
o
f
m
o
r
e
c
h
a
lle
n
g
i
n
g
it
em
s
to
b
ett
er
c
ap
t
u
r
e
t
h
e
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
at
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
.
T
h
is
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
wo
u
l
d
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
u
ti
lit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
i
n
id
e
n
ti
f
y
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
g
t
h
e
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
lea
d
e
r
s
.
6.
I
M
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
v
alid
ated
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
,
with
its
s
tr
o
n
g
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
i
c
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
v
alu
ab
l
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
DL
co
m
p
eten
cies
am
o
n
g
p
r
in
ci
p
als
in
C
h
in
ese
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ca
t
io
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
co
lleg
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
id
en
t
if
ied
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
ev
is
io
n
o
f
u
n
d
er
f
it
item
s
an
d
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
va
lid
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
p
r
in
cip
a
ls
’
d
ig
ita
l le
a
d
ers
h
ip
in
s
tr
u
men
t u
s
in
g
… (
P
en
g
Yu
a
n
yu
a
n
)
1585
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
item
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
On
g
o
in
g
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
a
r
e
ess
en
tial
to
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
its
u
tili
ty
an
d
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
DL
co
m
p
eten
cies r
eq
u
ir
e
d
in
t
o
d
a
y
’s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
y
id
en
tify
in
g
b
o
t
h
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t,
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
o
ld
s
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
p
o
ten
tial
as
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
to
o
l
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
an
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
.
I
t
ca
n
g
u
id
e
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
tar
g
eted
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
in
itiativ
es
aim
ed
a
t
en
h
an
cin
g
DL
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
f
it
item
s
r
elate
d
to
eq
u
ity
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
citizen
s
h
ip
ad
v
o
ca
c
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
io
r
itize
th
ese
ar
e
as
with
in
lead
er
s
h
i
p
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Prin
cip
als
m
ay
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
d
d
itio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
t
o
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ate
th
es
e
cr
itical
asp
ec
ts
in
to
th
eir
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices,
th
er
eb
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
eq
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
s
af
e,
in
clu
s
iv
e
d
ig
ital
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asize
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
alig
n
in
g
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
with
well
-
d
ef
in
ed
DL
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
cu
ltiv
atin
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
a
n
d
d
i
g
ital p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
with
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
c
o
r
es
th
e
o
n
g
o
i
n
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
v
alid
atio
n
an
d
r
ef
i
n
em
en
t
o
f
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
to
m
ain
tain
th
eir
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
co
n
tex
ts
.
As
DL
ev
o
lv
es
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
n
ew
c
h
allen
g
es
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies,
th
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
e
r
io
d
ically
r
e
v
iewe
d
an
d
u
p
d
ate
d
to
r
ef
lect
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
an
d
m
ain
tain
its
u
tili
ty
in
p
r
ac
tice.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
wh
ile
th
e
PD
L
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
f
o
r
t
h
e
C
h
in
ese
co
n
tex
t,
its
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
h
o
ld
s
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
o
th
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
a
b
lin
g
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
DL
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
to
o
ls
s
u
ited
to
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
ltu
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
DL
b
u
t
also
o
f
f
er
s
cr
itical
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
av
es
th
e
way
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
p
o
licy
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
d
v
alid
ate
a
n
ew
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
PDL
in
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
co
lleg
es
with
in
th
e
C
h
in
ese
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
iv
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
I
STE
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
lea
d
er
s
—
E
C
A,
VP,
EL
,
SD
,
an
d
CL
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
es
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
b
o
t
h
co
n
te
n
t
v
al
id
ity
an
d
f
ac
e
v
alid
ity
wer
e
ass
es
s
ed
,
with
f
iv
e
ex
p
er
t
p
an
els
af
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
ce
p
tu
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
item
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
R
asch
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
is
was u
tili
ze
d
to
as
s
es
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
item
f
it,
u
n
id
im
en
s
io
n
ality
,
lo
ca
l
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
ce
,
item
p
o
la
r
ity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
s
ep
ar
atio
n
in
d
ex
,
an
d
item
-
p
er
s
o
n
m
ap
p
in
g
.
T
h
e
R
asch
an
aly
s
i
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
PDL
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
b
o
th
r
el
iab
le
an
d
v
alid
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
DL
s
k
ills
o
f
p
r
in
cip
als
in
t
h
e
C
h
in
ese
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
t.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
DL
a
m
o
n
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
lea
d
er
s
in
C
h
in
a
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
in
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e.
Fu
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
ld
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t in
d
if
f
er
en
t e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
to
b
r
o
a
d
en
its
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
an
d
im
p
ac
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
.
Fir
s
t,
th
e
s
am
p
les
f
o
r
th
e
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
n
f
in
ed
t
o
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
tech
n
ical
co
lleg
e
teac
h
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
r
b
an
r
eg
io
n
o
f
Sich
u
an
Pro
v
in
ce
,
C
h
in
a
,
lim
itin
g
th
e
g
en
er
aliz
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
with
s
im
ilar
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
E
x
p
an
d
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
to
i
n
clu
d
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
co
m
p
ar
in
g
ite
m
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
cr
o
s
s
v
ar
y
in
g
lev
els
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
ab
ilit
ies
i
s
es
s
en
tial.
Seco
n
d
,
th
e
item
-
p
er
s
o
n
m
ap
a
n
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
item
s
m
ay
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
an
d
lo
w
ab
ilit
y
esti
m
ate
s
.
Fu
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
s
id
e
r
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
m
o
r
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
item
s
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
to
in
clu
d
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
r
u
r
al
an
d
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
in
s
t
r
u
m
en
t
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
PDL.
I
t
is
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
t
h
at
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
es
p
r
i
n
cip
als
’
p
er
s
p
ec
ti
v
es
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
PD
L
.
L
astl
y
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
lo
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
tech
n
iq
u
es to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
N
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
A
U
T
H
O
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
1
5
7
7
-
1
58
9
1586
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
S
o
Va
F
o
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
S
u
P
F
u
Pen
g
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s
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ies
in
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u
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n
,
Un
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s
iti
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an
g
s
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lay
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ia
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UKM
)
.
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r
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in
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o
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n
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en
t
f
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r
p
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was n
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r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
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th
is
s
tu
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y
in
ac
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with
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h
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al
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th
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eq
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DATA AV
AI
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AB
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h
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ata
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th
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e
av
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le
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n
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est
f
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m
th
e
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r
esp
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n
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in
g
au
th
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r
,
[
B
SA
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
n
o
t p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
d
u
e
to
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tific
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y
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ar
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ts
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
Z
h
u
a
n
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t
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l
.
,
S
m
a
r
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d
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h
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p
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0
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/
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7
8
-
981
-
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-
7
3
1
9
-
2.
[
2
]
M
.
H
.
M
.
I
z
h
a
m
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
:
w
a
y
f
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w
a
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sl
a
m
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e
d
u
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t
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o
n
,
”
i
n
1
st
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
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e
r
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c
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o
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sl
a
m
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Ed
u
c
a
t
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o
n
(
I
N
C
I
S
ED
)
,
2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
6
.
[
3
]
T.
K
a
r
a
k
o
se,
H
.
P
o
l
a
t
,
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
p
a
d
a
k
i
s,
“
Ex
a
mi
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n
g
t
e
a
c
h
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s’
p
e
r
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
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o
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sc
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o
o
l
p
r
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n
c
i
p
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l
s’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
r
o
l
e
s
a
n
d
t
e
c
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n
o
l
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p
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e
s
d
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g
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,”
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u
st
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n
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b
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y
,
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.
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4
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:
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0
.
3
3
9
0
/
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u
1
3
2
3
1
3
4
4
8
.
[
4
]
J.
La
g
e
ma
n
n
,
A
l
i
t
e
ra
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
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e
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o
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d
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g
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t
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l
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s
.
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e
d
e
l
,
G
e
r
man
y
:
F
H
W
e
d
e
l
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
5
]
J.
C
.
M
.
T
a
n
u
c
a
n
,
C
.
V
N
e
g
r
i
d
o
,
a
n
d
G
.
N
.
M
a
l
a
g
a
,
“
D
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g
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t
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l
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d
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p
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sch
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n
t
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t
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[
6
]
M
.
K
.
A
l
A
j
mi
,
“
T
h
e
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m
p
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c
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o
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t
e
c
h
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y
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n
t
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r
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d
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C
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V
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D
-
1
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p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
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n
K
u
w
a
i
t
,
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I
n
t
e
r
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a
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o
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a
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Re
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,
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.
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1
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.
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6
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.
i
j
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.
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1
9
2
8
.
[
7
]
T.
K
a
r
a
k
o
se
a
n
d
T.
T
ü
l
ü
b
a
ş,
“
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i
g
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a
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a
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s
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a
n
d
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
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s
c
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p
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v
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me
n
t
—
a
c
o
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c
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p
t
u
a
l
a
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mp
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t
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o
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f
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t
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r
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r
c
h
,
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
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o
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
s
s
:
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
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n
a
l
J
o
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r
n
a
l
,
v
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l
.
1
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,
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o
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p
p
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–
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8
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3
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j
.
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2
3
.
1
2
1
.
1
.
[
8
]
N
.
H
.
H
a
m
z
a
h
,
M
.
K
h
a
l
i
d
M
.
N
a
si
r
,
a
n
d
J.
A
.
W
a
h
a
b
,
“
T
h
e
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f
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o
f
p
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n
c
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p
a
l
s’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
o
n
t
e
a
c
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e
r
s
’
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
d
u
r
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n
g
t
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C
O
V
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D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
i
n
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
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u
c
a
t
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o
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a
n
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Re
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h
,
v
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l
.
8
,
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o
.
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,
p
p
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2
1
6
–
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2
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
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:
1
0
.
2
0
4
4
8
/
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o
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.
5
0
9
.
2
0
2
1
.
8
2
.
2
1
6
.
2
2
1
.
[
9
]
S
.
N
.
I
smai
l
,
M
.
N
.
O
mar
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
a
ma
n
,
“
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
o
f
p
r
i
n
c
i
p
a
l
s’
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
l
e
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
i
n
e
m
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
g
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
s’
sel
f
-
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
I
C
T
u
se
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
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n
a
n
d
R
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se
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n
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u
c
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t
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(
I
J
ERE)
,
v
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l
.
1
0
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.
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,
p
p
.
8
7
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,
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.
v
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3
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6
.
[
1
0
]
N
.
A
.
M
u
s
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d
,
M
.
E.
M
.
M
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t
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e
,
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n
d
A
.
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.
A
.
H
a
m
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d
,
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Th
e
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ss
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d
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t
a
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s
h
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p
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d
w
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d
e
:
a
c
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c
e
p
t
u
a
l
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a
p
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r
,
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I
n
t
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t
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,
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JA
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9
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.
[
1
1
]
W
.
L
u
o
,
H
.
H
e
,
a
n
d
H
.
Li
,
“
C
h
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n
e
s
e
mo
d
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o
f
d
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g
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a
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l
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d
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a
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y
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h
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d
h
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d
s
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t
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s:
a
g
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u
n
d
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d
t
h
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y
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
E
a
rl
y
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
e
v
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m
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t
,
v
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l
.
3
5
,
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