I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
,
p
p
.
421
~
4
3
1
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
1
4
.
i
2
.
pp
421
-
431
421
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
p
e
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ass
ess
ment of
t
he
integra
tion o
f
ele
ctric
vehi
cles in
to the
Co
lo
mbia
n ma
rket
by
20
5
0
using
sy
stem dy
na
mics
J
ua
n Ca
m
ilo
G
á
lv
ez
1
,
I
s
a
a
c
Dy
ner
1
,
E
nriq
ue
Áng
el
Sa
ni
nt
2
,
Andres J
uli
á
n Ar
is
t
izá
b
a
l
1
1
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
d
a
d
J
o
r
g
e
T
a
d
e
o
L
o
z
a
n
o
,
B
o
g
o
t
á
,
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
2
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
B
a
si
c
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
d
a
d
EI
A
,
E
n
v
i
g
a
d
o
,
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
n
5
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
is
ed
No
v
1
9
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
No
v
2
8
,
2
0
2
4
Th
is
a
rti
c
le
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
sp
e
c
ts
a
n
d
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
t
h
a
t
Co
lo
m
b
ia
p
o
ss
e
ss
e
s
fo
r
a
c
h
iev
in
g
a
c
o
m
p
le
te
tran
siti
o
n
t
o
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
(EV),
with
th
e
g
o
a
l
o
f
re
a
c
h
in
g
a
1
0
0
%
p
e
n
e
tratio
n
o
f
s
u
c
h
v
e
h
icle
s
b
y
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
2
0
5
0
.
To
a
d
d
re
ss
t
h
is
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
,
fo
u
r
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
sc
e
n
a
rio
s
a
re
p
ro
p
o
se
d
,
e
a
c
h
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
iffere
n
t
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
stra
teg
ies
.
To
a
c
h
iev
e
th
e
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
d
e
sc
rib
e
d
in
th
e
a
rti
c
le,
a
sim
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
wa
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
.
Th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
is
p
ro
c
e
ss
,
a
d
e
fi
n
it
i
v
e
m
o
d
e
l
wa
s
o
b
tain
e
d
th
a
t
e
n
a
b
les
a
v
isu
a
l
re
p
r
e
se
n
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
g
re
ss
o
f
th
e
d
iffere
n
t
sc
e
n
a
rio
s
o
v
e
r
th
e
y
e
a
rs.
T
h
is
g
ra
p
h
ica
l
re
p
re
se
n
tatio
n
o
ffe
rs
a
c
lea
r
in
sig
h
t
i
n
t
o
wh
ich
sc
e
n
a
rio
s
a
li
g
n
with
th
e
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
d
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
to
a
c
h
iev
e
th
e
targ
e
t
o
f
n
e
a
rly
1
0
0
%
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
i
n
Co
lo
m
b
ia
b
y
2
0
5
0
.
Ad
d
it
i
o
n
a
ll
y
,
th
e
re
is
a
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
b
le
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
CO2
e
m
issio
n
s
p
ro
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
tran
s
p
o
rtati
o
n
se
c
to
r
in
Co
lo
m
b
ia,
wit
h
a
2
7
%
d
e
c
re
a
se
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
t
o
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
is
is
n
o
tew
o
r
th
y
g
i
v
e
n
th
a
t
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
v
e
h
icle
s
in
2
0
5
0
is
e
x
p
e
c
ted
t
o
b
e
si
g
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
ly
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
in
th
e
in
it
ial
p
e
rio
d
,
th
u
s
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
a
p
h
a
se
o
f
d
e
c
li
n
i
n
g
p
o
ll
u
t
io
n
i
n
th
e
c
o
u
n
try
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
ar
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
C
lean
en
er
g
y
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
I
n
ce
n
tiv
es
R
en
ewa
b
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
An
d
r
és
J
u
lián
Ar
is
tizáb
al
Facu
lty
o
f
Natu
r
al
Scien
ce
s
an
d
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
J
o
r
g
e
T
ad
e
o
L
o
za
n
o
C
r
.
4
#
2
2
-
6
1
,
B
o
g
o
tá,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
E
m
ail: a
n
d
r
esj.ar
is
tizab
alc@u
tad
eo
.
ed
u
.
co
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
in
to
th
e
C
o
lo
m
b
ian
m
ar
k
et
p
o
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
cu
r
r
en
t
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
p
o
licy
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
an
d
th
e
lac
k
o
f
a
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
.
As
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
aim
s
to
tr
an
s
iti
o
n
to
war
d
a
clea
n
e
r
en
er
g
y
f
u
tu
r
e
b
y
2
0
5
0
,
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
E
Vs
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
h
ig
h
c
o
s
ts
,
lim
ited
co
n
s
u
m
er
awa
r
en
ess
,
an
d
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
in
c
en
tiv
es
h
av
e
s
lo
wed
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
an
i
n
-
d
e
p
th
an
aly
s
is
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
tar
g
ets ca
n
b
e
m
et.
Desp
ite
C
o
lo
m
b
ia's
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
s
ev
er
al
u
n
s
o
lv
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
em
ain
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
th
e
s
lo
w
p
ac
e
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
h
ig
h
u
p
f
r
o
n
t
co
s
ts
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
an
d
in
ad
eq
u
ate
p
o
licy
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
A
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
l
a
c
k
o
f
d
a
ta
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
E
V
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
g
r
i
d
,
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
t
a
b
i
li
t
y
,
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
i
n
t
e
r
r
el
a
t
e
d
f
a
ct
o
r
s
c
al
ls
f
o
r
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
p
r
o
p
e
r
l
y
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
E
V
m
a
r
k
e
t
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
r
o
wth
in
2
0
2
1
,
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
a
v
ailab
le
p
u
b
lic
ch
ar
g
er
s
in
cr
e
asin
g
b
y
n
ea
r
l
y
4
0
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
y
ea
r
[
1
]
,
[
2
].
C
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
cr
itical
f
o
r
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les,
as
th
ey
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
v
en
ie
n
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
p
o
wer
,
r
ed
u
ce
r
an
g
e
an
x
iety
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
lo
w
-
p
o
we
r
ch
ar
g
er
s
g
r
ew
b
y
3
3
%,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
is
is
a
d
ec
lin
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
an
n
u
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
42
1
-
43
1
422
g
r
o
wth
r
ate
o
f
6
0
% o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
1
5
an
d
2
0
2
0
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
f
ast ch
ar
g
e
r
s
s
aw
a
4
5
% r
is
e
in
in
s
tallatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
p
er
io
d
[
4
]
-
[
7
]
.
W
h
ile
th
is
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
,
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
ass
o
ciate
d
with
E
Vs,
th
er
e
r
em
ain
s
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
h
y
b
r
id
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Stu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
u
s
in
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
co
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
t
p
r
in
t b
y
as
m
u
ch
a
s
8
9
.
9
%,
wh
ile
also
lo
we
r
in
g
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
th
u
s
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
v
eh
icle
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
s
ts
[
8
]
-
[
1
2
].
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
h
ig
h
ly
u
n
e
v
en
ac
r
o
s
s
co
u
n
tr
ies.
Fo
r
i
n
s
tan
ce
,
C
h
in
a
ad
d
e
d
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
9
.
5
m
illi
o
n
n
e
w
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
s
in
2
0
2
1
,
wh
i
ch
ac
co
u
n
te
d
f
o
r
9
7
%
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
m
ar
k
et.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
Vietn
am
s
aw
2
3
0
,
0
0
0
n
ew
E
V
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
s
,
wh
ile
I
n
d
ia
h
ad
8
9
,
0
0
0
.
I
n
Asi
a,
elec
tr
ic
m
o
to
r
cy
cles
a
n
d
tr
ic
y
cles
ar
e
g
ain
in
g
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
d
u
e
to
th
ei
r
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
,
with
2
5
%
o
f
t
h
ese
v
eh
icles
b
ein
g
elec
tr
ic
in
2
0
2
1
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
is
s
tar
k
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
i
n
m
ar
k
et
p
en
etr
atio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
l
o
ca
lized
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
co
n
s
id
er
b
o
th
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t r
eg
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
ar
k
et
s
h
ar
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
in
clu
d
in
g
lig
h
t
co
m
m
er
cial
v
eh
icles
(
L
C
Vs),
p
ick
u
p
s
,
tr
u
ck
s
,
an
d
v
a
n
s
,
g
r
ew
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
2
0
2
1
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
b
y
5
0
%
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
y
ea
r
.
C
h
in
a
led
th
is
m
ar
k
et,
s
ellin
g
8
6
,
0
0
0
elec
tr
ic
L
C
Vs,
wh
ile
E
u
r
o
p
e
s
o
ld
6
0
,
0
0
0
[
4
]
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
s
ales
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
b
u
s
es
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
7
%,
wh
e
r
ea
s
elec
tr
ic
b
u
s
es
s
aw
a
4
0
%
in
cr
ea
s
e,
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
4
%
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
b
u
s
m
ar
k
et.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
eg
m
en
ts
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
r
eliab
le
d
ata
o
n
E
V
s
to
ck
a
n
d
s
ales
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
o
licy
p
lan
n
in
g
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
atio
n
[
1
4
]
-
[
19
].
T
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
s
h
ar
ed
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
m
o
d
els
is
b
ei
n
g
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
th
at
s
h
ar
e
d
E
V
m
o
d
els n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
e
d
u
ce
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
a
s
(
GHG)
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
u
t a
ls
o
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
n
ew
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
s
u
ch
as sel
lin
g
s
to
r
ed
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
v
eh
icle
b
atter
ies b
ac
k
to
th
e
g
r
id
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
b
u
t
also
o
f
f
er
s
an
in
co
m
e
s
tr
ea
m
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
o
wn
er
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
o
licies
th
at
r
eg
u
late
th
e
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
as
in
co
m
e
-
g
en
er
atin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
co
u
ld
ac
ce
ler
ate
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
y
f
r
am
in
g
th
em
as
b
o
th
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
ass
ets
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
c
o
u
ld
also
m
itig
ate
GHG
em
is
s
io
n
s
b
y
r
ep
u
r
p
o
s
in
g
th
e
b
atter
ies
o
f
d
ec
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
ed
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles f
o
r
clea
n
e
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
e
r
atio
n
,
f
u
r
th
er
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
6
].
Mo
d
elin
g
t
h
e
p
e
n
etr
atio
n
o
f
e
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
in
to
th
e
m
ar
k
et
is
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
th
at
d
r
i
v
e
th
eir
a
d
o
p
tio
n
an
d
an
ticip
atin
g
f
u
tu
r
e
tr
en
d
s
.
I
t
en
a
b
les
p
o
licy
m
ak
e
r
s
,
b
u
s
in
ess
es,
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
ass
es
s
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
ce
n
tiv
es,
ch
ar
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
p
o
licies
o
n
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
B
y
s
im
u
latin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
ca
n
id
en
tif
y
p
o
ten
tial
b
ar
r
ier
s
t
o
E
V
ad
o
p
t
io
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
em
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
m
o
o
t
h
er
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
[
27
]
,
[
28
]
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
en
e
r
g
y
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
th
e
s
u
s
t
ain
ab
ilit
y
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
s
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els.
B
y
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
s
u
n
lig
h
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
E
Vs
ca
n
b
e
ch
a
r
g
ed
u
s
in
g
clea
n
en
er
g
y
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
in
g
th
eir
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t [
29
]
,
[
3
0
].
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
th
e
lo
n
g
-
te
r
m
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
i
n
C
o
lo
m
b
ia.
Un
lik
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
h
av
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
is
o
lated
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
p
o
licy
o
r
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
a
h
o
lis
tic
an
aly
s
is
.
I
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
tech
n
ical,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal,
an
d
s
o
cial
f
ac
to
r
s
in
to
a
d
y
n
am
ic
m
o
d
el
to
s
im
u
late
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
u
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
ar
iab
les,
s
u
ch
as
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
v
er
tim
e,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
n
ew
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
ca
n
ac
h
i
ev
e
its
2
0
5
0
E
V
g
o
als.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
will
d
etail
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
to
b
u
ild
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
i
cs
m
o
d
el,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el’
s
r
esu
lts
will
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
to
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
p
o
ten
tial
p
ath
way
s
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
E
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
licy
an
d
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
will
in
ter
p
r
et
th
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
C
o
l
o
m
b
ia’
s
b
r
o
ad
e
r
e
n
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
g
o
als,
o
f
f
er
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
.
T
h
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
l
ies
in
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
tio
n
ab
le
i
n
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
tr
an
s
iti
o
n
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
atio
n
,
with
b
r
o
ad
er
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
em
e
r
g
in
g
m
ar
k
ets aim
in
g
f
o
r
s
im
ilar
o
b
jectiv
es.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
2
.
1
.
Su
rv
ey
da
t
a
a
nd
v
a
ria
ble selec
t
io
n
T
h
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
m
o
d
el
in
teg
r
ates
k
ey
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
id
en
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
u
r
v
ey
co
n
d
u
cte
d
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
m
ass
if
icatio
n
s
tu
d
y
in
B
o
g
o
tá
[
3
1
].
T
h
is
s
u
r
v
ey
r
ev
ea
led
t
h
e
m
ain
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
ch
o
ices w
h
en
s
e
lectin
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
wh
ich
ar
e
p
i
v
o
tal
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
m
ass
if
icatio
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
id
en
tifie
d
v
a
r
iab
les
in
clu
d
e
v
eh
icle
co
s
t,
r
a
n
g
e,
o
p
e
r
atin
g
co
s
ts
,
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
c
o
s
ts
,
an
d
t
h
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
m
o
d
els
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
m
ar
k
et.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
s
s
es
s
men
t o
f th
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f e
lectric v
eh
icles in
to
th
e
C
o
lo
mb
ia
n
ma
r
ke
t …
(
Ju
a
n
C
a
m
ilo
Gá
lvez
)
423
2
.
2
.
Weig
hting
o
f
decisi
o
n
-
m
a
k
ing
f
a
ct
o
rs
T
o
q
u
an
tify
th
e
r
elativ
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
in
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
weig
h
ts
wer
e
ass
ig
n
ed
to
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
e
ass
ig
n
ed
weig
h
ts
r
ef
lect
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ea
ch
v
ar
iab
le
in
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
'
s
o
v
er
all
v
eh
icle
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
weig
h
ts
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws:
˗
Veh
icle
co
s
t: 3
0
%,
in
d
icatin
g
its
p
r
ed
o
m
in
an
t i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
˗
R
an
g
e
(
au
t
o
n
o
m
y
)
:
2
1
%,
r
e
f
lectin
g
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
tr
av
el
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
ch
ar
g
es.
˗
Op
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
: 2
3
%,
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
th
e
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
ex
p
e
n
s
es a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
o
wn
er
s
h
ip
.
˗
C
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
: 7
%,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
.
˗
C
h
ar
g
in
g
tim
e:
7
%,
r
e
p
r
esen
ti
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
ast r
ec
h
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
ce
.
˗
Ma
in
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
: 6
%,
ad
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
co
n
ce
r
n
o
v
e
r
o
n
g
o
in
g
m
ain
ten
an
ce
ex
p
e
n
s
es.
˗
Var
iety
o
f
m
o
d
els
(
nu
m
b
er
o
f
v
e
h
icles):
6
%,
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
av
ailab
le
ch
o
ice
s
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
weig
h
ts
en
s
u
r
e
a
b
a
lan
ce
d
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
f
a
cto
r
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
h
o
lis
tic
ev
alu
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
weig
h
tin
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
aim
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
b
ala
n
ce
d
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
all
r
elev
a
n
t
asp
ec
ts
in
v
eh
icle
s
elec
tio
n
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
l
o
g
it
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle,
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
alu
es
ar
e
as
s
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
B
etas)
ass
o
ciate
d
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ec
is
io
n
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
ese
b
etas
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ca
lcu
lat
in
g
th
e
l
o
g
ar
ith
m
ic
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
ch
o
o
s
in
g
an
ele
ctr
ic
v
eh
icle
b
ased
o
n
ce
r
tain
attr
ib
u
tes.
B
elo
w
ar
e
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
eta
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
:
˗
Veh
icle
co
s
t (
C
VE
)
:
-
5
.
9
6
e
-
05
˗
Au
to
n
o
m
y
(
A)
: 0
.
0
0
2
5
7
5
˗
Op
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
(
C
O)
:
-
1
.
1
7
e
-
07
˗
C
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
(
E
C
)
: 0
.
0
0
0
2
8
˗
C
h
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
(
T
C
)
:
-
0
.
0
0
1
1
1
7
˗
Ma
in
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
(
C
M)
:
-
5
.
2
5
e
-
08
˗
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
v
eh
icles (
VE
)
:
3
.
3
e
-
07
Fo
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
lo
g
ar
ith
m
i
c
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
c
h
o
o
s
in
g
an
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
.
Pr
ob
=
1
1
+
e
(
−
(
−
5
.
96e
−
05
∗
CV
E
+
0
.
0
0
2
5
7
5
∗
A
−
1
.
17e
−
07
∗
CO
+
0
.
00208
∗
EC
−
5
.
96e
−
05
∗
CM
−
0
.
0
0
1
1
1
7
∗
TC
+
3
.
3e
−
07
∗
VE
)
)
(
1
)
T
h
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
c
o
s
ts
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
m
ain
ly
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
th
e
an
n
u
al
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
co
m
p
u
ls
o
r
y
tr
af
f
i
c
ac
cid
en
t in
s
u
r
an
ce
(
SOAT
)
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
x
p
en
s
es,
an
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
with
(
2
)
.
=
+
ℎ
+
+
+
ℎ
−
(
∗
)
–
(
∗
)
−
(
ℎ
∗
)
(
2
)
T
h
e
(
3
)
s
h
o
ws th
e
way
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
E
V
co
s
t
.
EV
c
ost
=
EV
in
itia
l
c
ost
+
∫
−
(
3
)
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
in
t
h
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
as (
4
)
.
30
.
537
∗
(
ℎ
)
^
(
)
(
4
)
T
h
e
m
ath
em
atica
l e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
s
ts
is
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
(
5
)
.
(
∗
ℎ
∗
ℎ
)
+
+
(
5
)
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
with
an
a
v
er
ag
e
ch
ar
g
er
o
f
1
6
A,
2
3
0
VAC,
3
.
7
k
W
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
tim
e
f
o
r
a
f
u
l
l
ch
ar
g
e
is
ar
o
u
n
d
4
8
0
m
in
u
tes
(
8
h
o
u
r
s
)
.
T
h
is
v
ar
iab
le
is
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
an
eq
u
atio
n
th
at
f
o
llo
ws
a
lear
n
in
g
c
u
r
v
e,
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
(
6
)
.
ℎ
=
480
∗
(
ℎ
)
^
(
−
)
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
42
1
-
43
1
424
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
in
r
elatio
n
to
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
v
e
h
icles,
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
lear
n
in
g
c
u
r
v
e.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
a
s
(
7
)
.
ℎ
=
60
∗
(
ℎ
)
^
(
)
(
7
)
2
.
3
.
M
o
del
ca
lib
ra
t
io
n a
nd
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
was
ca
lib
r
ate
d
an
d
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
o
g
o
tá
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
icle
m
ass
if
icatio
n
s
tu
d
y
[
3
1
].
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
an
al
y
s
is
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
alig
n
s
clo
s
ely
with
o
b
s
er
v
ed
co
n
s
u
m
er
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
was
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
o
f
ele
ctr
ic
v
eh
icle
ad
o
p
tio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
i
liti
es
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
p
r
o
jecte
d
f
o
r
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
5
0
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ca
li
b
r
atio
n
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
ag
ain
s
t r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
d
ata.
First,
it
i
s
ca
lib
r
ated
u
s
in
g
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
o
lo
m
b
ian
m
ar
k
et
an
d
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
o
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
tr
en
d
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
r
o
m
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
m
ass
if
icatio
n
s
tu
d
y
in
B
o
g
o
tá.
T
h
is
ca
lib
r
atio
n
en
s
u
r
es th
at
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
ac
c
u
r
ately
r
e
f
lects c
u
r
r
en
t c
o
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
av
i
o
r
an
d
m
ar
k
et
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Nex
t,
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
p
r
o
jectio
n
s
ar
e
v
alid
ated
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
t
h
em
with
ac
tu
al
tr
en
d
s
in
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
b
o
th
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
an
d
in
s
i
m
ilar
m
ar
k
ets
th
at
h
av
e
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
d
E
V
g
r
o
wth
.
Sen
s
itiv
ity
an
aly
s
is
is
also
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
test
t
h
e
m
o
d
el’
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
b
y
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
k
e
y
v
ar
ia
b
les
s
u
ch
as v
eh
icle
co
s
ts
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
an
d
p
o
licy
in
ce
n
tiv
es
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
h
o
w
th
ese
ch
an
g
es
im
p
ac
t
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
r
esp
o
n
d
s
r
ea
lis
tically
to
s
h
if
ts
in
ex
ter
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
r
eliab
le
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
v
alid
atio
n
is
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el'
s
o
u
tco
m
es
with
estab
lis
h
ed
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
s
an
d
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
alig
n
s
with
k
n
o
wn
p
atter
n
s
in
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es c
r
e
d
ib
le
f
o
r
ec
asts
f
o
r
C
o
lo
m
b
ia’
s
E
V
m
ar
k
et
b
y
2
0
5
0
.
2.
4
.
Scena
rio
s
dev
elo
pm
ent
a
nd
pa
ra
m
et
riza
t
i
o
n
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
co
r
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
ev
er
al
p
o
ten
tial
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
th
at
c
o
u
l
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
t
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
b
y
2
0
5
0
.
T
h
ese
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
b
ased
o
n
v
ar
y
in
g
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
f
u
tu
r
e
p
o
licy
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
m
ar
k
et
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
ts
an
d
a
r
e
n
a
m
ed
:
Gr
e
en
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
,
Gr
eta
,
R
en
ew
ab
le
E
x
tr
ac
tiv
is
m
,
an
d
B
u
r
n
in
g
Ho
u
s
e
.
E
ac
h
s
ce
n
ar
io
r
ef
lects d
is
tin
ct
tr
ajec
to
r
ies f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ad
o
p
tio
n
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
r
ate
o
f
lear
n
in
g
(
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
)
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
i
n
ce
n
tiv
es,
an
d
C
O2
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws th
e
p
lan
n
ed
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
ten
tial b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
b
y
2
0
5
0
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
elate
d
with
th
e
m
o
d
el,
in
ac
co
r
d
an
c
e
with
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
p
e
r
s
p
e
ctiv
e
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
E
ac
h
s
ce
n
ar
io
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
wh
ich
wer
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
i
n
to
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
th
ei
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
s
ce
n
ar
io
ass
u
m
es
h
ig
h
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
ce
n
tiv
es
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
wh
ile
th
e
B
u
r
n
in
g
Ho
u
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
p
r
e
d
icts
a
les
s
f
av
o
r
ab
le
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Plan
n
e
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
te
n
tial b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
b
y
2
0
5
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
s
s
es
s
men
t o
f th
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f e
lectric v
eh
icles in
to
th
e
C
o
lo
mb
ia
n
ma
r
ke
t …
(
Ju
a
n
C
a
m
ilo
Gá
lvez
)
425
2
.
5
.
M
o
del sim
ula
t
io
n
On
ce
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
wer
e
d
ef
in
ed
,
th
e
b
est
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tr
ateg
y
was
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
a
n
aly
ze
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
m
ar
k
et
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
u
n
d
e
r
ea
ch
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
o
s
en
s
im
u
l
atio
n
to
o
l
f
o
r
th
is
an
aly
s
is
is
Ven
s
im
s
o
f
twar
e,
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
s
an
i
n
tu
itiv
e
p
lat
f
o
r
m
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics.
T
h
is
s
o
f
twar
e
was
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
its
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
h
an
d
lin
g
co
m
p
lex
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
lo
o
p
s
th
at
af
f
ec
t
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics
m
o
d
el
(
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
)
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
th
e
b
r
o
a
d
er
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
p
o
licy
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
l
o
g
it
m
o
d
el
was
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
is
s
y
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
elec
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
h
o
w
t
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
e
v
o
lv
e
s
o
v
er
tim
e
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
ch
an
g
es
in
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
v
eh
i
cle
co
s
ts
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
C
O2
em
is
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
wed
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
ele
ctr
ic
v
eh
icle
m
ar
k
et
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
u
tu
r
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
p
a
th
way
s
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
C
o
lo
m
b
ian
m
ar
k
et
b
y
2
0
5
0
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
s
v
al
u
es o
f
ea
ch
p
o
ten
tial scen
ar
io
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
G
r
e
e
n
D
e
mo
c
r
a
c
y
G
r
e
t
a
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
x
t
r
a
c
t
i
v
i
sm
B
u
r
n
i
n
g
H
o
u
se
Ec
o
n
o
mi
c
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
a
n
d
i
n
c
e
n
t
i
v
e
s (
%)
1
–
50
1
–
8
.
9
1
–
50
1
–
8
.
9
A
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
(
%)
20
1
5
.
5
14
14
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
(
%)
30
28
26
25
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
(
%)
-
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
p
e
r
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
o
s
t
(
%)
-
33
-
42
-
43
-
45
C
o
s
t
p
e
r
k
W
h
(
U
S
D
)
0
.
2
1
–
0
.
1
3
0
.
2
1
–
0
.
1
7
0
.
2
1
–
0
.
2
2
0
.
2
1
–
0
.
2
3
C
O
2
e
mi
s
si
o
n
s
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
g
C
O
2
e
q
/
k
W
h
)
1
6
6
.
2
–
0
1
6
6
.
2
–
1
0
.
6
1
6
6
.
2
–
4
3
.
2
1
6
6
.
2
–
2
3
.
5
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sy
s
tem
d
y
n
am
ics m
o
d
el
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
i
n
Ven
s
im
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
je
ctio
n
s
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
th
e
4
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
o
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
p
eo
p
le
ch
o
o
s
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
h
a
v
e
a
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
th
at
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
a
n
n
u
al
in
cr
e
ase
in
v
eh
icles.
I
n
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
ca
lled
"
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
c
r
ac
y
,
"
a
lear
n
in
g
p
atter
n
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
42
1
-
43
1
426
o
b
s
er
v
ed
s
h
o
win
g
a
to
tal
o
f
7
2
1
3
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
b
y
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
5
0
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
u
r
p
a
s
s
in
g
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
s
u
ch
as 4
6
6
5
f
o
r
"
Gr
eta
,
"
2
6
8
4
f
o
r
"
B
u
r
n
in
g
Ho
u
s
e
,
"
an
d
3
2
8
0
f
o
r
"
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
x
tr
ac
tiv
is
m
."
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
ject
io
n
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
th
e
4
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
at
wh
ich
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
c
h
ar
g
es
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
its
o
v
er
all
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
b
ein
g
a
d
eter
m
in
in
g
f
ac
to
r
in
p
eo
p
le'
s
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
th
is
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
is
asp
ec
t
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
b
ec
au
s
e
it
in
v
o
lv
es
d
ed
icatin
g
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
tim
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
v
eh
ic
les.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
is
ch
allen
g
e,
a
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
n
av
er
a
g
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
o
f
1
6
am
p
er
es,
2
3
0
v
o
lts
o
f
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t,
g
en
e
r
atin
g
3
.
7
k
ilo
watts,
with
a
to
tal
ch
a
r
g
in
g
tim
e
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
4
8
0
m
in
u
tes to
r
ea
c
h
1
0
0
% c
ap
a
city
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
r
esu
lts
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
i
n
th
e
"
Gr
ee
n
De
m
o
cr
ac
y
"
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
wh
er
e
th
e
av
er
ag
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
ab
o
u
t
3
3
0
m
in
u
tes,
eq
u
iv
al
en
t
to
5
.
5
h
o
u
r
s
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
th
e
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
p
r
esen
ted
v
alu
es
o
f
3
6
6
m
i
n
u
tes
f
o
r
"
Gr
eta
,
"
4
2
8
m
i
n
u
tes
f
o
r
"
B
u
r
n
in
g
Ho
u
s
e
,
"
an
d
3
9
7
m
in
u
tes
f
o
r
"
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
x
tr
ac
tiv
is
m
."
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
co
u
ld
ev
o
lv
e
to
war
d
s
an
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
wh
er
e
u
s
er
s
ch
ar
g
e
th
eir
v
eh
icles
o
v
e
r
n
ig
h
t
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
id
le
tim
es,
s
u
ch
as
in
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ce
n
ter
s
,
o
f
f
ices,
o
r
at
h
o
m
e.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
es
ar
e
to
o
ex
ten
s
iv
e
to
q
u
ick
ly
r
ep
len
is
h
,
as
is
cu
r
r
en
tly
d
o
n
e
with
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
v
e
h
icles.
T
h
is
ch
a
n
g
e
in
c
h
ar
g
in
g
d
y
n
am
ics
c
o
u
ld
b
e
cr
u
cial
in
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
wid
esp
r
ea
d
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
T
h
ese
d
ata
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t
g
r
o
wth
o
f
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
lies
in
s
o
cieta
l
p
r
e
d
is
p
o
s
itio
n
to
war
d
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles.
A
f
av
o
r
ab
le
attitu
d
e
f
r
o
m
s
o
ciety
to
war
d
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
th
e
d
eter
m
in
in
g
elem
e
n
t
in
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
e,
th
u
s
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
b
etter
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
wid
es
p
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Pro
jectio
n
s
o
f
(
a
)
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
(
b
)
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
th
e
4
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
s
h
o
ws th
e
p
r
o
jecti
o
n
o
f
E
V’
s
au
to
n
o
m
y
b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
th
e
4
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
aly
ze
d
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
im
u
latio
n
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
it
is
p
r
o
jecte
d
to
r
ea
ch
ef
f
icien
c
y
v
alu
es
clo
s
e
to
th
at
o
f
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
v
eh
icle
b
y
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
5
0
.
Fo
r
th
e
“
Gr
ee
n
De
m
o
cr
ac
y
”
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
th
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
to
8
4
0
k
m
,
5
2
9
k
m
f
o
r
th
e
“
Gr
eta
”
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
4
1
7
k
m
f
o
r
“
B
u
r
n
in
g
Ho
u
s
e
,
”
an
d
4
4
8
k
m
f
o
r
“
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
x
tr
ac
tiv
is
m
.
”
T
h
e
au
to
n
o
m
y
ac
h
iev
ed
in
th
e
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
s
ce
n
ar
io
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
it
co
u
l
d
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
co
m
p
etin
g
with
cu
r
r
en
t
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
v
eh
icles.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
u
ch
f
av
o
r
ab
le
r
e
s
u
lts
,
as
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
an
au
to
n
o
m
y
clo
s
e
to
5
0
0
k
m
wo
u
ld
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
with
th
e
co
n
f
id
e
n
ce
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
lo
n
g
t
r
ip
s
o
r
ex
te
n
d
ed
tr
av
el
d
is
tan
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
s
s
es
s
men
t o
f th
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f e
lectric v
eh
icles in
to
th
e
C
o
lo
mb
ia
n
ma
r
ke
t …
(
Ju
a
n
C
a
m
ilo
Gá
lvez
)
427
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
j
ec
tio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
th
e
4
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
a
ly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
cu
r
r
en
tly
d
o
es
n
o
t
e
x
ce
ed
1
.
4
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal,
with
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
8
,
2
9
9
v
eh
icles,
an
d
g
r
o
wth
is
ex
p
ec
te
d
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
f
u
l
f
illme
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
Fo
r
th
e
“
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
”
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
an
esti
m
ated
1
5
.
7
m
illi
o
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
will
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
2
0
5
0
.
in
th
e
“
Gr
eta
”
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
ar
o
u
n
d
7
.
7
m
illi
o
n
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
,
in
“
B
u
r
n
i
n
g
Ho
u
s
e
”
a
to
tal
o
f
2
.
9
m
illi
o
n
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
“
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
x
tr
ac
tiv
is
m
,
”
a
to
tal
o
f
4
.
8
m
illi
o
n
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
is
an
t
icip
ated
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
ese
v
alu
es
an
d
th
e
“
G
r
ee
n
D
em
o
cr
ac
y
”
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
as
th
is
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial g
ap
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
r
o
jectio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
an
E
V
b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
th
e
4
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
aly
ze
d
.
Giv
e
n
th
e
en
o
r
m
o
u
s
g
r
o
wth
in
th
e
"
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
"
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
er
e
is
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
tar
tin
g
in
2
0
2
8
,
wh
er
e
a
s
ep
ar
atio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
b
eg
in
s
to
b
ec
o
m
e
ev
id
en
t.
Fo
r
th
e
"
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
"
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
9
9
.
8
%
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icles
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
elec
tr
ic.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
d
o
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
s
im
ilar
o
r
n
ea
r
ly
1
0
0
%
r
es
u
lts
.
Fo
r
th
e
"
Gr
eta
"
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
an
8
1
.
4
%
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
ex
p
ec
t
ed
,
"
B
u
r
n
in
g
Ho
u
s
e
"
is
esti
m
ated
to
h
av
e
1
9
.
8
%
o
f
th
ese
v
eh
icles,
an
d
"
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
x
tr
ac
tiv
is
m
"
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
ea
ch
5
0
%.
T
h
is
g
ap
b
etwe
en
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
th
e
s
o
cial
an
d
p
o
liti
ca
l sp
h
er
es m
u
s
t a
lig
n
to
p
r
o
g
r
ess
as e
x
p
ec
ted
i
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
je
ctio
n
o
f
C
O2
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
ele
ctr
ic
v
eh
icles
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
th
e
4
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
aly
ze
d
.
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icles
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
o
n
ly
a
m
in
im
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
to
tal
C
O
2
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
as
th
is
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
C
O2
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ed
to
r
ec
h
ar
g
e
th
eir
b
atter
ies,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
in
d
ir
ec
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
.
T
h
e
"
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
"
s
ce
n
a
r
io
ex
p
ec
ts
C
O2
g
en
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
to
r
ea
ch
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
9
9
,
0
0
0
to
n
s
o
f
C
O2
b
y
2
0
3
0
,
an
d
th
en
it
will
r
ed
u
ce
to
ze
r
o
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
o
th
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
a
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
in
c
r
ea
s
e
is
ex
p
ec
ted
,
as
th
eir
en
er
g
y
g
r
id
s
ar
e
n
o
t
1
0
0
%
r
e
n
ewa
b
le,
lead
in
g
to
v
al
u
es
o
f
1
8
4
,
0
0
0
to
n
s
o
f
C
O2
f
o
r
th
e
"
Gr
eta
"
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
2
8
3
,
0
0
0
to
n
s
o
f
C
O2
f
o
r
"
B
u
r
n
in
g
Ho
u
s
e
,
"
a
n
d
2
5
2
,
0
0
0
to
n
s
o
f
C
O2
f
o
r
"
R
en
ewa
b
le
E
x
tr
ac
tiv
is
m
."
T
h
e
2
7
%
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
C
O2
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
atio
n
s
ec
to
r
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
a
s
h
if
t
to
w
ar
d
s
clea
n
er
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
As
E
Vs
r
e
p
lace
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e
v
e
h
icles,
th
e
r
elia
n
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
d
ir
ec
tly
lo
wer
in
g
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
g
aso
lin
e
an
d
d
iesel
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
an
ce
s
th
is
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
,
as
a
lar
g
er
s
h
ar
e
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
i
city
u
s
ed
to
p
o
we
r
E
Vs
co
m
es
f
r
o
m
lo
w
-
c
ar
b
o
n
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
clea
n
er
v
e
h
icles
an
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
p
i
v
o
tal
i
n
ac
h
iev
in
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial e
m
is
s
io
n
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
2
0
2
3
lev
els.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Pro
jectio
n
s
o
f
(
a
)
E
V´
s
au
to
n
o
m
y
an
d
(
b
)
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
t
h
e
4
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
42
1
-
43
1
428
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pro
jectio
n
s
o
f
(
a
)
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
an
E
V
a
n
d
(
b
)
C
O2
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
E
V´
s
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
b
y
2
0
5
0
f
o
r
th
e
4
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles
(
E
Vs)
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
av
ail
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
c
h
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
a
n
d
v
eh
icle
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
T
h
ese
elem
en
ts
ar
e
r
e
f
lecte
d
i
n
th
e
weig
h
tin
g
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
v
ar
ia
b
les
an
d
ar
e
c
r
itical
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
g
r
o
wth
ar
e
as
f
o
r
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
lear
n
in
g
cu
r
v
es
f
o
r
b
o
th
au
to
n
o
m
y
a
n
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
ass
u
m
in
g
g
r
a
d
u
al
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
o
v
er
tim
e
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ev
o
lv
es
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ex
p
an
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
s
u
ch
as
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
a
n
d
B
u
r
n
in
g
H
o
u
s
e
r
ef
lect
v
ar
y
in
g
le
v
els
o
f
p
o
licy
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t,
allo
win
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
to
s
im
u
l
ate
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
ts
in
E
V
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
m
ar
k
et
p
en
etr
at
io
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
wh
i
le
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
E
Vs)
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
b
y
2
0
5
0
is
f
ea
s
ib
le,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
al,
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
,
a
n
d
s
o
cieta
l
s
h
if
ts
.
T
h
e
r
am
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
with
o
u
t
p
r
o
p
er
in
ce
n
tiv
es,
g
r
i
d
m
o
d
er
n
izatio
n
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
-
p
r
iv
ate
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
,
E
V
p
en
etr
atio
n
co
u
l
d
b
e
s
lo
wer
th
an
an
ticip
ated
.
Ad
d
itio
n
a
lly
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
with
o
th
er
n
atio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
ted
E
V
p
o
licies
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
to
ad
o
p
t
s
im
ilar
s
tr
ateg
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fu
tu
r
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
co
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
ital
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
to
o
ls
to
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
ass
is
tin
g
in
r
e
f
i
n
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
s
tr
ateg
ies
t
o
ac
ce
l
er
ate
E
V
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
f
f
e
r
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
E
V
in
teg
r
atio
n
b
u
t
also
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
p
o
lic
y
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
m
ar
k
et
in
ce
n
tiv
es,
wh
ich
will b
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
it
io
n
.
W
e
ca
n
d
r
aw
p
ar
allels
b
etwe
en
C
o
lo
m
b
ia’
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
el
ec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
ad
o
p
tio
n
an
d
th
at
o
f
co
u
n
tr
ies with
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
E
V
m
ar
k
ets,
s
u
ch
as No
r
way
an
d
C
h
in
a:
˗
Po
li
c
y
a
n
d
i
n
c
en
ti
v
es
:
I
n
N
o
r
way
,
ag
g
r
ess
i
v
e
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
p
o
lic
ies
,
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
id
ies
,
tax
e
x
e
m
p
ti
o
n
s
,
an
d
f
r
e
e
p
a
r
k
in
g
f
o
r
E
V
u
s
e
r
s
,
h
av
e
le
d
t
o
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
E
V
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
r
at
es
i
n
th
e
w
o
r
ld
,
w
h
e
r
e
o
v
e
r
8
0
%
o
f
n
ew
c
ar
s
a
les
a
r
e
e
lect
r
i
c.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
ast
,
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a’
s
E
V
m
a
r
k
et
is
s
t
ill
i
n
its
i
n
f
an
c
y
,
wit
h
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
tl
y
l
o
we
r
i
n
ce
n
t
iv
es.
I
f
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
we
r
e
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
s
im
ila
r
p
o
li
cies
,
s
u
c
h
as
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
i
m
p
o
r
t
ta
x
es o
n
E
Vs
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
i
d
i
es,
it
co
u
l
d
ac
ce
l
e
r
at
e
th
e
ad
o
p
ti
o
n
r
ate
a
n
d
t
r
an
s
iti
o
n
t
o
cl
ea
n
e
r
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
.
˗
C
h
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
:
C
h
in
a’
s
r
ap
id
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
s
ca
lin
g
its
E
V
m
ar
k
et,
wh
er
e
o
v
er
2
.
2
m
illi
o
n
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
ex
is
t
as
o
f
2
0
2
2
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
is
s
t
ill
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
its
ch
ar
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
,
an
d
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
a
wid
esp
r
ea
d
f
ast
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
p
o
s
es
a
b
o
ttlen
e
ck
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
o
ca
tch
u
p
,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
n
ee
d
s
to
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
ey
a
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
in
b
o
th
u
r
b
an
an
d
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
˗
E
n
er
g
y
m
ix
an
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
al
im
p
ac
t
:
No
r
way
’
s
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
m
ix
(
n
ea
r
l
y
1
0
0
%
f
r
o
m
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
)
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
its
E
Vs
h
av
e
an
alm
o
s
t
n
eg
lig
ib
le
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia’
s
en
er
g
y
g
r
id
is
also
r
elativ
ely
clea
n
,
with
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
,
b
u
t
its
ca
p
ac
ity
to
in
teg
r
ate
ad
d
itio
n
al
E
V
l
o
ad
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
allen
g
in
g
with
o
u
t f
u
r
th
er
i
n
v
estme
n
t
in
r
en
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
in
v
estme
n
ts
in
r
en
ewa
b
les
will
b
e
cr
itical
to
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
E
V
tr
an
s
itio
n
d
o
es n
o
t i
n
ad
v
e
r
ten
t
ly
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
elian
ce
o
n
f
o
s
s
il f
u
els.
˗
Ma
r
k
et
p
en
etr
atio
n
a
n
d
v
eh
icl
e
ty
p
e
:
I
n
2
0
2
1
,
C
h
in
a
led
th
e
g
lo
b
al
m
ar
k
et
with
o
v
e
r
9
.
5
m
illi
o
n
n
ew
E
V
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
s
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
E
V
m
ar
k
et
s
h
ar
e.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
ely
,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
lag
s
f
ar
b
eh
in
d
wit
h
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
th
o
u
s
an
d
n
ew
E
V
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
s
an
n
u
ally
.
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
ca
n
lear
n
f
r
o
m
C
h
in
a’
s
s
u
cc
ess
in
i
n
ce
n
tiv
izin
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
ass
en
g
er
E
Vs
b
u
t
also
elec
tr
ic
b
u
s
es,
tr
u
ck
s
,
a
n
d
two
-
wh
ee
ler
s
,
m
ak
in
g
t
h
e
E
V
m
ar
k
et
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
all
in
co
m
e
lev
els.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
A
s
s
es
s
men
t o
f th
e
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
o
f e
lectric v
eh
icles in
to
th
e
C
o
lo
mb
ia
n
ma
r
ke
t …
(
Ju
a
n
C
a
m
ilo
Gá
lvez
)
429
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
k
ey
p
o
i
n
ts
to
co
n
s
id
er
f
o
r
en
v
is
io
n
in
g
a
f
u
tu
r
e
with
1
0
0
%
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ad
o
p
tio
n
i
n
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
in
clu
d
e
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
c
o
m
p
lete
h
ar
m
o
n
y
b
etwe
en
s
o
cial
a
n
d
p
o
liti
ca
l
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
as
d
escr
ib
ed
in
t
h
e
"
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
"
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
p
u
r
c
h
ase
co
s
t o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
th
eir
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
a
n
d
o
p
er
atin
g
co
s
ts
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
a
s
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
co
llectiv
ely
ac
c
o
u
n
t f
o
r
7
3
.
8
7
%
o
f
th
e
to
tal
d
ec
is
io
n
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
en
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
a
n
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle.
I
t
is
also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
,
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
ts
,
ch
ar
g
in
g
tim
e,
an
d
th
e
q
u
an
tity
o
f
elec
tr
i
c
v
eh
icles
ar
e
o
th
er
k
ey
v
ar
ia
b
les to
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
f
u
lly
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
f
leet.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tai
n
ed
,
th
e
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
s
h
o
ws
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
I
n
th
e
least
o
p
tim
is
t
ic
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
"
B
u
r
n
in
g
Ho
u
s
e
,
"
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
is
1
9
.
8
%,
wh
ile
in
th
e
m
o
s
t
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
,
"
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
,
"
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
r
ate
r
ea
ch
es
9
9
.
8
%
b
y
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
5
0
.
T
h
ese
p
er
ce
n
tag
es
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ap
p
r
o
x
im
atio
n
s
u
g
g
e
s
tin
g
th
at
in
a
f
ew
m
o
r
e
y
ea
r
s
,
th
e
en
tire
v
eh
icle
f
leet
co
u
ld
b
e
co
m
p
letely
elec
tr
ic.
I
t is r
elev
an
t to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
o
r
th
e
y
ea
r
2
0
4
0
is
8
5
.
9
% f
r
o
m
t
h
e
"
Gr
ee
n
Dem
o
cr
ac
y
"
s
ce
n
ar
io
a
n
d
2
9
.
7
%
f
o
r
th
e
"
Gr
eta
"
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
f
i
n
al
y
ea
r
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
m
ass
iv
e
g
r
o
wth
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
ten
d
s
to
ac
ce
ler
ate
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
an
aly
ze
d
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
r
elies
o
n
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ab
o
u
t
f
u
tu
r
e
e
co
n
o
m
ic,
p
o
liti
ca
l,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
ts
,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
h
er
en
tly
u
n
ce
r
tain
.
C
h
an
g
es
in
p
o
licy
,
u
n
ex
p
ec
te
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
,
o
r
s
h
if
ts
in
co
n
s
u
m
er
b
eh
a
v
io
r
c
o
u
ld
lead
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
es
th
an
th
o
s
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
m
ay
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
f
o
r
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
y
2
0
5
0
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ass
u
m
es
a
s
tead
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
b
u
t
th
e
ac
tu
al
p
ac
e
o
f
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
co
u
ld
b
e
s
lo
wer
o
r
f
aster
,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
p
o
li
cies,
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
in
v
estme
n
ts
,
an
d
p
u
b
lic
a
cc
e
p
tan
ce
.
I
n
ad
eq
u
ate
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
c
o
u
ld
lim
it
th
e
m
ass
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
E
Vs.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
ass
u
m
es
ce
r
t
ain
r
ates
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
E
V
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
u
ch
as
b
atter
y
co
s
ts
an
d
v
eh
icle
au
to
n
o
m
y
.
H
o
wev
er
,
if
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
o
cc
u
r
at
a
s
lo
wer
p
ac
e
th
an
p
r
e
d
icted
,
th
is
c
o
u
ld
af
f
ec
t
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
E
Vs,
th
u
s
im
p
ac
tin
g
a
d
o
p
tio
n
r
ates.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
J
u
an
C
am
ilo
Gálv
ez
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
I
s
aa
c
Dy
n
er
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
E
n
r
iq
u
e
Án
g
el
San
in
t
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
An
d
r
és Ju
lián
Ar
is
tizáb
al
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA
AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
aila
b
le
o
n
r
eq
u
est
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
th
o
r
,
[
AJA
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata,
w
h
ich
co
n
tain
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
co
u
ld
c
o
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
o
f
r
esear
ch
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
ar
e
n
o
t p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
le
d
u
e
to
ce
r
tain
r
estrictio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
42
1
-
43
1
430
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
Z.
T
a
o
,
C
.
Li
n
,
Y
.
Ti
a
n
,
P
.
X
i
e
,
H
.
L
i
u
,
a
n
d
H
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
“
A
sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
mal
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
r
e
h
e
a
t
i
n
g
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
c
o
l
d
c
l
i
m
a
t
e
s
,
”
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
3
,
p
.
1
2
5
3
0
8
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
5
.
1
2
5
3
0
8
.
[
2
]
J.
T.
K
i
ss,
I
.
W
.
A
r
p
á
d
,
a
n
d
D
.
K
o
c
si
s,
“
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
h
u
m
a
n
c
a
p
i
t
a
l
,
u
r
b
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
f
u
e
l
i
m
p
o
r
t
s
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
ma
c
r
o
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
,
”
H
e
l
i
y
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
e
4
2
6
6
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
h
e
l
i
y
o
n
.
2
0
2
5
.
e
4
2
6
6
1
.
[
3
]
J.
L
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
b
a
s
e
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s:
A
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
n
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
ss
r
e
f
o
r
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
3
,
p
.
1
1
5
4
5
0
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
2
5
.
1
1
5
4
5
0
.
[
4
]
R
EN
2
1
,
“
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
s
2
0
2
2
G
l
o
b
a
l
S
t
a
t
u
s
,
”
RE
N
2
1
,
2
0
2
2
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
w
w
w
.
r
e
n
2
1
.
n
e
t
/
g
sr
-
2
0
2
2
/
[
5
]
D
.
X
u
,
W
.
P
e
i
,
a
n
d
Q
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
O
p
t
i
mal
p
l
a
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
i
n
g
u
ser
sat
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
n
i
e
n
c
e
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
4
,
p
.
5
0
2
7
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
5
1
4
5
0
2
7
.
[
6
]
M
.
S
.
M
a
st
o
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
i
n
-
d
e
p
t
h
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
r
a
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
p
o
l
i
c
y
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
t
r
e
n
d
s,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
R
e
p
o
rt
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
1
5
0
4
–
1
1
5
2
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
9
.
0
1
1
.
[
7
]
P
.
S
k
a
l
o
u
mp
a
k
a
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
u
ser
-
f
r
i
e
n
d
l
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
r
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
ml
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
e
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
rg
y
,
G
r
i
d
s
a
n
d
N
e
t
w
o
rks
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
p
.
1
0
1
2
6
6
,
Ju
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
e
g
a
n
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
1
2
6
6
.
[
8
]
S
.
F
a
i
sal
,
B
.
P
.
S
o
n
i
,
G
.
R
.
G
o
y
a
l
,
F
.
I
.
B
a
k
h
s
h
,
D
.
H
u
s
a
i
n
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
R
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
c
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
f
o
o
t
p
r
i
n
t
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
o
s
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
b
a
s
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
st
e
m,
”
e
-
Pri
m
e
-
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
p
.
1
0
0
3
9
8
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
r
i
me
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
0
3
9
8
.
[
9
]
J.
E
n
g
e
l
h
a
r
d
t
,
J.
M
.
Z
e
p
t
e
r
,
T
.
G
a
b
d
e
r
a
k
h
m
a
n
o
v
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
a
r
i
n
e
l
l
i
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
ma
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
mu
l
t
i
-
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
sy
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
-
b
a
se
d
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
e
r
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
”
e
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
rt
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
p
.
1
0
0
1
9
8
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
t
r
a
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
1
9
8
.
[
1
0
]
J.
Z
h
o
n
g
,
N
.
Y
a
n
g
,
X
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
J
.
Li
u
,
“
A
f
a
st
-
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
n
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
i
n
g
u
ser
t
i
m
e
u
t
i
l
i
t
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
rg
y
,
G
r
i
d
s
a
n
d
N
e
t
w
o
rks
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
p
.
1
0
0
6
4
6
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
se
g
a
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
6
4
6
.
[
1
1
]
J.
H
a
g
m
a
n
a
n
d
J.
J.
S
t
i
e
r
,
“
S
e
l
l
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
:
Ex
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
f
r
o
m
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
sa
l
e
s
p
e
o
p
l
e
i
n
S
w
e
d
e
n
,
”
R
e
se
a
rc
h
i
n
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
a
t
i
o
n
Bu
s
i
n
e
ss
& M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
4
5
,
p
.
1
0
0
8
8
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
t
b
m.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
8
8
2
.
[
1
2
]
B
.
N
y
k
v
i
s
t
a
n
d
M
.
N
i
l
ss
o
n
,
“
R
a
p
i
d
l
y
f
a
l
l
i
n
g
c
o
s
t
s
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
s f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s,”
N
a
t
u
re
C
l
i
m
a
t
e
C
h
a
n
g
e
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
2
9
–
3
3
2
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
n
c
l
i
ma
t
e
2
5
6
4
.
[
1
3
]
L.
N
.
P
a
t
i
l
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
v
e
st
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
sso
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
p
u
r
c
h
a
se
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
C
a
s
e
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
o
n
T
ra
n
s
p
o
rt
Po
l
i
c
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
p
.
1
0
1
1
5
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
st
p
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
1
1
5
2
.
[
1
4
]
M
.
A
.
N
a
s
a
b
,
W
.
K
.
A
l
-
S
h
i
b
l
i
,
M
.
Za
n
d
,
B
.
E
h
s
a
n
-
m
a
l
e
k
i
,
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
d
ma
n
a
b
a
n
,
“
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
p
r
e
se
n
c
e
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
rg
y
F
o
c
u
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
8
,
p
.
1
0
0
5
3
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
e
f
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
0
5
3
6
.
[
1
5
]
H
.
Z
h
o
u
,
Y
.
D
a
n
g
,
Y
.
Y
a
n
g
,
J
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
t
i
m
e
-
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
g
r
e
y
B
e
r
n
o
u
l
l
i
m
o
d
e
l
a
n
d
i
t
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
f
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
o
c
k
a
n
d
s
a
l
e
s
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
6
3
,
p
.
1
2
5
8
7
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
2
5
8
7
1
.
[
1
6
]
A
.
K
u
n
d
u
,
F
.
F
e
i
j
o
o
,
F
.
M
e
s
a
,
S
.
S
a
n
k
a
r
a
n
a
r
a
y
a
n
a
n
,
A
.
J.
A
r
i
s
t
i
z
á
b
a
l
,
a
n
d
M
.
C
a
st
a
n
e
d
a
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
o
n
t
h
e
g
o
:
A
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
t
o
a
d
d
r
e
ss
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
”
Ma
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
9
1
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
ma
t
h
1
2
0
1
0
0
9
1
.
[
1
7
]
H
.
A
o
u
z
e
l
l
a
g
,
K
.
G
h
e
d
a
msi
,
a
n
d
D
.
A
o
u
z
e
l
l
a
g
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
a
n
d
f
a
u
l
t
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
/
u
l
t
r
a
-
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
t
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
a
u
t
o
n
o
my
,
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
s
y
st
e
m,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
2
2
,
p
p
.
7
2
0
4
–
7
2
1
3
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
1
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
h
y
d
e
n
e
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
3
.
1
3
2
.
[
1
8
]
Lo
w
C
a
r
b
o
n
P
o
w
e
r
,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
i
n
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
i
n
2
0
2
3
/
2
0
2
4
,
”
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
l
o
w
c
a
r
b
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
.
o
r
g
/
r
e
g
i
o
n
/
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
.
[
1
9
]
J
.
M
.
T
r
i
v
i
ñ
o
a
n
d
W
.
C
a
s
t
r
o
,
“
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
B
R
T
r
o
u
t
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
c
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
f
B
o
g
o
t
á
,
”
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
P
r
o
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
p
p
.
6
2
2
–
6
2
9
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
r
p
r
o
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
1
.
0
8
2
.
[
2
0
]
P
.
G
.
D
h
a
w
a
l
e
,
V
.
K
.
K
a
m
b
o
j
,
S
.
K
.
B
a
t
h
,
M
.
S
.
R
a
b
o
a
c
a
,
a
n
d
C
.
F
i
l
o
t
e
,
“
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
p
l
u
g
-
i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
t
o
se
c
u
r
i
t
y
c
o
n
st
r
a
i
n
e
d
u
n
i
t
c
o
mm
i
t
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
sy
s
t
e
ms,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
5
–
2
0
4
8
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
4
.
0
1
.
0
2
7
.
[
2
1
]
N
.
B
.
A
r
i
a
s,
S
.
H
a
s
h
e
m
i
,
P
.
B
.
A
n
d
e
r
se
n
,
C
.
Tr
æ
h
o
l
t
,
a
n
d
R
.
R
o
mero
,
“
A
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
f
o
r
EV
o
w
n
e
r
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
a
r
y
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
mar
k
e
t
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
P
o
w
e
r &
En
e
rg
y
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
0
,
p
.
1
0
5
9
8
5
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
j
e
p
e
s.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
5
9
8
5
.
[
2
2
]
G
.
Zh
a
o
a
n
d
J.
B
a
k
e
r
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
i
m
p
a
c
t
s
o
f
i
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
a
s
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
-
A
c
a
se
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
K
i
n
g
d
o
m,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
R
e
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
p
.
1
0
0
8
1
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
sr
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
8
1
9
.
[
2
3
]
C
.
G
.
R
i
b
e
i
r
o
a
n
d
S
.
S
i
l
v
e
i
r
a
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
i
n
c
e
n
t
i
v
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
c
o
s
t
o
f
o
w
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
l
i
g
h
t
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
i
n
E
U
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
,
”
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
P
a
r
t
A
:
P
o
l
i
c
y
a
n
d
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
9
,
p
.
1
0
3
9
3
6
,
J
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
t
r
a
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
3
9
3
6
.
[
2
4
]
J.
P
a
s
h
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
i
n
g
:
S
t
a
t
e
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
t
,
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s,
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
I
n
d
u
st
r
i
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
p
.
1
0
0
5
6
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
i
i
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
0
5
6
1
.
[
2
5
]
D
.
H
o
r
a
k
,
A
.
H
a
i
n
o
u
n
,
G
.
N
e
u
g
e
b
a
u
e
r
,
a
n
d
G
.
S
t
o
e
g
l
e
h
n
e
r
,
“
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
i
n
u
r
b
a
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
st
e
m
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
:
A
st
o
c
h
a
st
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
d
d
e
d
f
l
e
x
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
h
o
me
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
sw
a
p
p
i
n
g
st
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
,
G
ri
d
s
a
n
d
N
e
t
w
o
rks
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
p
.
1
0
1
2
6
0
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
se
g
a
n
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
1
2
6
0
.
[
2
6
]
E.
L
o
p
e
z
-
A
r
b
o
l
e
d
a
,
A
.
T
.
S
a
r
m
i
e
n
t
o
,
a
n
d
L
.
M
.
C
a
r
d
e
n
a
s
,
“
U
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
-
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
mark
e
t
d
y
n
a
mi
c
s
a
n
d
s
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
:
C
a
se
st
u
d
y
o
f
C
o
l
o
mb
i
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
e
a
n
e
r
Pro
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
1
,
p
.
1
2
8
8
3
4
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
j
c
l
e
p
r
o
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
2
8
8
3
4
.
[
2
7
]
T.
S
u
t
i
k
n
o
,
T.
W
a
h
o
n
o
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
r
d
i
a
n
sy
a
h
,
“
A
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
smar
t
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
u
si
n
g
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
-
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
-
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
5
9
1
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
a
a
s
.
v
1
3
.
i
3
.
p
p
5
9
1
-
5
9
9
.
[
2
8
]
B
.
T
a
l
b
i
,
M
.
D
e
r
r
i
,
T.
H
a
i
d
i
,
a
n
d
A
.
J
a
n
y
e
n
e
,
“
T
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
n
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Po
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
st
e
m
s
(
I
J
PED
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
1
7
8
8
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
e
d
s
.
v
1
5
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
7
8
8
-
1
7
9
8
.
[
2
9
]
A
.
J.
A
r
i
s
t
i
z
á
b
a
l
,
E.
B
a
n
g
u
e
r
o
,
a
n
d
G
.
G
o
r
d
i
l
l
o
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
i
r
st
g
r
i
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
i
n
st
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
C
o
l
o
m
b
i
a
,
o
v
e
r
4
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
4
–
4
6
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
0
/
1
4
7
8
6
4
6
X
.
2
0
1
0
.
4
8
9
9
4
8
.
[3
0
]
C
.
G
r
a
n
a
d
o
s
,
M
.
C
a
s
t
a
ñ
e
d
a
,
S
.
Z
a
p
a
t
a
,
F
.
M
e
sa
,
a
n
d
A
.
J.
A
r
i
st
i
z
á
b
a
l
,
“
F
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
o
t
h
e
C
o
l
o
mb
i
a
n
r
e
si
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
sec
t
o
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
y
st
e
m
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
s
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
3
8
9
–
2
4
0
0
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
e
g
y
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
1
.
1
5
4
.
[3
1
]
S
.
To
r
r
e
s,
I
.
D
u
r
á
n
,
A
.
M
a
r
u
l
a
n
d
a
,
A
.
P
a
v
a
s
,
a
n
d
J
.
Q
u
i
r
ó
s
-
T
o
r
t
ó
s,
“
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
l
o
w
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s:
R
e
a
l
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s a
n
d
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
5
,
p
.
1
1
7
7
1
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
a
p
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
1
7
7
1
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.