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tr
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8
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1
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Fu
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-
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e
s
it
u
atio
n
f
o
r
s
o
lar
elec
tr
icity
in
I
n
d
ia
an
d
wo
r
ld
wid
e
a
d
v
an
c
es
in
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
wir
eless
ch
ar
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
ize,
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
a
n
d
d
esig
n
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
o
lar
-
ass
i
s
ted
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
is
cr
itical
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
m
u
ltifa
r
io
u
s
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
th
is
r
a
p
id
ly
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
s
ec
to
r
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
e
r
s
ee
k
s
to
o
f
f
e
r
a
f
u
ll
g
r
asp
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
th
ese
m
a
n
y
f
ea
tu
r
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
icts
a
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
e
d
b
id
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
an
elec
tr
ic
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
i
cles
ar
e
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
4
]
.
W
h
en
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
is
lack
in
g
,
th
e
g
r
id
s
u
p
p
lies
elec
tr
icity
.
An
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
p
tim
izes
s
o
lar
p
an
el
o
u
tp
u
t.
A
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
b
o
o
s
ts
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
o
wer
to
4
0
0
V
f
o
r
th
e
DC
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
wh
er
ea
s
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
ch
ar
g
es
th
e
b
atter
y
at
2
0
0
V.
G2
V
m
o
d
e
co
n
v
er
ts
g
r
id
AC
p
o
wer
to
DC
f
o
r
th
e
DC
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
,
wh
er
ea
s
V2
G
m
o
d
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
DC
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
[
2
5
]
-
[
2
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
s
o
l
ar
-
p
o
wer
e
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
f
o
r
an
elec
tr
ic
au
to
m
o
b
il
e
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
i
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
b
as
e
d
o
n
s
o
la
r
p
a
n
e
l
s
,
e
le
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
es
(
E
Vs
)
,
an
d
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
ic
a
l
g
r
i
d
,
a
ll
o
w
s
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o
r
a
t
h
r
e
e
-
w
a
y
f
l
o
w
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
.
I
t
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
t
h
r
e
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
o
p
e
r
at
i
o
n
:
i
)
s
o
l
a
r
-
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
i
i
)
g
r
i
d
-
p
o
w
e
r
e
d
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l
e
c
t
r
i
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v
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h
i
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le
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
i
i
i
)
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
le
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
g
r
i
d
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
a
r
r
a
n
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
f
il
t
e
r
s
i
n
t
h
e
ci
r
c
u
i
t
is
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
f
o
r
r
e
ac
h
i
n
g
p
e
a
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
a
n
e
l
e
ct
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
(
E
V
)
.
T
h
is
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
[
2
8
]
-
[
3
0
]
d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s
i
n
f
u
l
l
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
p
a
s
s
i
v
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
t
o
t
h
e
E
V
u
n
d
e
r
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
s
o
lar
p
an
els th
at
co
n
v
er
t su
n
lig
h
t in
to
d
ir
ec
t c
u
r
r
en
t (
DC
)
p
o
we
r
.
Ma
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
c
o
n
s
tan
tly
a
d
ju
s
ts
th
e
elec
tr
ical
o
p
er
atin
g
p
o
in
t
t
o
m
ax
im
ize
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
wh
ile
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
ter
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
llo
ws,
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
DC
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
an
d
lo
wer
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
lo
s
s
es.
A
DC
lin
k
s
er
v
es
as
an
i
n
ter
f
ac
e,
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
ter
c
o
n
v
er
ter
to
th
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
wh
ich
ch
a
n
g
es
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
as
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
en
ab
les
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle'
s
b
atter
y
,
wh
ich
s
to
r
e
s
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els.
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
cr
itical.
Du
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
elec
tr
icity
is
tr
a
n
s
f
er
r
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
to
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
b
atter
y
v
ia
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
Du
r
in
g
d
r
ain
in
g
,
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
n
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
f
ee
d
an
y
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
b
ac
k
in
to
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
cr
itical
in
ad
ju
s
ti
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
els
to
m
ee
t
ch
a
n
g
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
r
g
r
id
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle'
s
b
atter
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
an
e
n
er
g
y
r
eser
v
o
ir
,
s
to
r
in
g
th
e
p
o
we
r
g
en
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
s
.
W
h
en
a
v
eh
icle
is
p
o
wer
e
d
b
y
th
e
g
r
id
,
a
b
id
ir
ec
ti
o
n
al
AC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
v
er
ts
DC
to
AC
p
o
wer
a
n
d
AC
to
DC
p
o
wer
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
f
lex
i
b
ilit
y
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
[
3
4
]
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
n
ec
ts
to
a
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
AC
g
r
i
d
,
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
an
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
is
g
r
id
o
f
f
er
s
a
d
d
itio
n
al
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
an
d
tak
es
in
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
wh
en
p
o
wer
is
s
en
t b
ac
k
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
So
la
r
-
po
wer
ed
elec
t
ric
v
ehicle
cha
rg
ing
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
t
er
'
s
s
wi
tc
h
i
n
g
p
u
ls
es
.
T
h
es
e
p
u
ls
es g
o
v
e
r
n
w
h
e
n
th
e
co
n
v
er
t
er
t
u
r
n
s
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
,
r
e
g
u
la
ti
n
g
v
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a
n
d
a
ll
o
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n
g
f
o
r
e
f
f
ici
en
t
en
er
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
l
ar
p
a
n
els
.
F
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
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No
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2
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Fig
u
r
e
3
,
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ea
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th
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ly
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k
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i
g
u
r
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4
d
e
p
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ts
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e
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o
la
r
P
V
ar
r
a
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MPPT
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Fi
g
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5
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ase
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h
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all
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q
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g
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r
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6
d
e
p
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h
e
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n
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r
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t
.
T
h
e
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o
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g
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ac
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o
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h
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b
at
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is
a
r
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d
2
1
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V
,
wit
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r
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f
1
5
A.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
d
e
p
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ts
t
h
e
b
at
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y
'
s
s
tat
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o
f
ch
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g
e
(
SOC
)
as
i
t is
c
h
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.
T
h
e
b
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es
f
r
o
m
9
8
.
9
9
9
%
t
o
9
9
%
i
n
less
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
s
ec
o
n
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PV b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
B
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t c
o
n
v
er
te
r
s
witch
in
g
p
u
ls
es
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
So
lar
PV a
r
r
ay
an
d
MPPT
v
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ltag
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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0
1
2
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
Sk.
H
a
sa
n
e
Ah
a
m
m
a
d
(stu
d
e
n
t
m
e
m
b
e
r,
IEE
E
)
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
Tec
h
.
a
n
d
M
.
Tec
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Ja
wa
h
a
rlal
Ne
h
ru
Tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ka
k
in
a
d
a
,
in
2
0
1
1
a
n
d
2
0
1
4
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
e
a
rn
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
i
n
ECE
fro
m
K
o
n
e
ru
Lak
s
h
m
a
iah
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
F
o
u
n
d
a
ti
o
n
(KLE
F
)
De
e
m
e
d
to
b
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Va
d
d
e
sw
a
ra
m
,
G
u
n
tu
r,
An
d
h
ra
P
ra
d
e
sh
.
C
u
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
se
rv
i
n
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
i
n
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
ECE
a
t
KLE
F
,
wh
e
re
h
e
a
lso
h
o
l
d
s
t
h
e
p
o
si
ti
o
n
o
f
As
so
c
iate
De
a
n
f
o
r
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
h
a
s
p
u
b
li
sh
e
d
o
v
e
r
2
4
6
r
e
se
a
rc
h
p
a
p
e
rs
in
re
p
u
ted
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls.
His
re
se
a
r
c
h
c
o
n
tri
b
u
t
io
n
s
in
c
lu
d
e
IEE
E
j
o
u
rn
a
l
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
IEE
E
Tran
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
.
He
h
a
s
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
a
n
H
-
in
d
e
x
o
f
2
4
,
re
flec
ti
n
g
th
e
sig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
a
c
t
o
f
h
i
s
sc
h
o
larly
wo
r
k
.
He
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
r
e
v
iew
e
r
fo
r
n
u
m
e
ro
u
s
h
ig
h
-
im
p
a
c
t
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
a
n
d
is
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
e
d
i
to
r
f
o
r
se
v
e
ra
l
p
e
e
r
-
re
v
iew
e
d
j
o
u
rn
a
ls.
He
is
a
p
a
ss
io
n
a
te
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
with
d
e
e
p
in
tere
sts
in
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
c
o
m
p
u
ter
v
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
b
i
o
m
e
d
ica
l
ima
g
e
a
n
a
ly
sis.
His
wo
rk
o
f
ten
b
ri
d
g
e
s
t
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
p
ts
wit
h
re
a
l
-
wo
rl
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
n
g
t
o
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
in
m
e
d
ica
l
d
iag
n
o
st
ics
a
n
d
in
tell
ig
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
s.
He
h
a
s
g
u
id
e
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
p
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
a
n
d
d
o
c
to
r
a
l
stu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
ir
re
se
a
rc
h
j
o
u
r
n
e
y
s.
Dr
.
A
h
a
m
m
a
d
is
a
lso
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
i
n
o
rg
a
n
izin
g
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
s,
fa
c
u
lt
y
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
p
ro
g
ra
m
s,
a
n
d
re
se
a
rc
h
wo
rk
sh
o
p
s.
His
c
o
n
tri
b
u
ti
o
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tal
in
fo
ste
rin
g
a
stro
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
c
u
lt
u
re
a
t
KLE
F
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
ta
c
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
h
a
m
m
a
d
k
lu
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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