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[
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r
o
v
em
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
[
7
]
-
[
9
]
.
I
n
n
o
tab
ly
,
in
th
is
s
y
s
tem
u
tili
ze
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
t
o
m
ee
t
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
i
r
e
m
en
ts
,
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
co
n
ce
r
n
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
as
a
s
y
s
tem
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
win
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
tem
s
(
W
E
C
S
)
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
r
aise
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ab
o
u
t
its
ju
s
tific
at
io
n
f
o
r
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t
in
s
m
all
ca
p
ac
ity
p
u
m
p
s
u
n
d
er
1
0
h
p
.
E
f
f
icien
t
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
,
as
d
etailed
i
n
[
1
0
]
-
[
1
2
]
.
Va
r
io
u
s
u
s
e,
d
is
c
u
s
s
in
g
its
ad
v
an
tag
es
an
d
d
is
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
I
t
is
ass
er
ted
,
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
with
h
ig
h
tr
ac
k
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
Ad
d
itio
n
a
lly
,
it
au
to
m
atica
lly
ad
ju
s
ts
t
h
e
s
tep
s
ize
to
attain
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP)
,
en
h
an
cin
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
He
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
n
o
v
el
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t tr
ac
k
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
ac
h
iev
es
ef
f
ic
ien
t
MPP
tr
ac
k
in
g
u
s
in
g
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
s
en
s
o
r
,
s
im
p
lify
in
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
.
An
o
th
er
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
,
o
u
tlin
ed
in
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
r
ed
u
cin
g
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
lo
s
s
es
at
MPP
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
id
le
o
p
er
atio
n
a
t
th
at
p
o
in
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
n
at
u
r
e
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
m
etah
e
u
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
MPP
tr
ac
k
in
g
[
1
7
]
,
b
u
t
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
ay
d
ec
lin
e
d
u
r
in
g
tr
an
s
ien
ts
d
u
e
to
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
co
m
p
lex
ity
.
E
n
h
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
to
th
e
I
NC
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
u
g
g
ested
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
e
in
tellig
en
t
u
p
d
ate
o
f
th
e
s
tep
-
up
co
n
v
er
ter
wh
ile
L
C
r
e
s
o
n
an
ce
is
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
I
n
co
n
tem
p
o
r
a
r
y
tim
es,
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
s
to
th
e
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
o
f
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
i
n
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
ar
e
lar
g
e
m
o
to
r
s
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
d
ev
ices
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
etwo
r
k
ad
v
er
s
ely
af
f
ec
ts
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
lead
i
n
g
to
p
o
o
r
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
co
m
m
er
cial
estab
lis
h
m
en
ts
,
an
d
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
lar
g
e
in
d
u
c
tio
n
m
o
to
r
d
r
iv
es (
I
MD
s
)
at
th
e
p
o
in
t o
f
c
o
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
,
alo
n
g
with
u
n
b
alan
c
ed
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
ex
ac
e
r
b
ates th
e
p
o
wer
is
s
u
es [
2
0
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
is
ch
allen
g
e,
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
.
W
h
ile
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
s
er
v
es,
it d
o
es n
o
t
d
elv
e
in
to
th
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
p
o
wer
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
f
r
o
m
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Oth
er
wo
r
k
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
o
wer
f
a
cto
r
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
with
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
I
MD
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
e
m
p
h
asizin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
with
o
u
t
d
elv
i
n
g
in
to
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
p
o
wer
s
h
ar
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
s
ev
er
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
R
o
g
g
ia
et
a
l
.
[
2
3
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
DC
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
p
o
we
r
f
ac
to
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
PF
C
)
an
d
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e,
with
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
l
ex
ity
o
f
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
u
s
ed
in
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies r
aises
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
b
u
r
d
en
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
v
alu
es
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
tep
-
up
co
n
v
er
ter
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
o
f
th
e
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t
b
elo
w
th
e
lim
its
s
p
ec
if
ied
b
y
th
e
I
E
E
E
-
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
i
n
a
b
u
ck
-
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
en
h
an
ce
p
.
f
o
f
a
b
r
u
s
h
less
DC
d
r
iv
e.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
s
o
l
ar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
SP
V)
.
I
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
an
SP
V
-
b
ased
wate
r
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
S
ec
tio
n
2
d
etails
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ile
s
ec
tio
n
3
s
h
o
ws
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
ec
tio
n
is
o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
M
o
de
1
Mo
d
e
1
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
wh
e
n
th
e
r
e
is
en
o
u
g
h
s
o
lar
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
it
to
r
u
n
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
tly
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
etu
p
,
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
e
r
ter
o
n
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
s
id
e
m
ain
ta
in
s
th
e
p
o
we
r
(
Vm
p
)
b
aselin
e
wh
ile
wo
r
k
in
g
.
A
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
teg
r
al
an
d
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
to
r
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
An
y
v
a
r
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
v
alu
e
ef
f
ec
ts
a
d
ju
s
tm
en
t
o
f
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
e
d
to
th
e
p
u
m
p
.
Mo
r
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
,
wh
e
n
th
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
r
is
es
o
v
er
th
e
v
alu
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
,
th
e
s
p
ee
d
in
cr
ea
s
es
an
d
s
u
r
p
lu
s
p
o
wer
is
d
ir
ec
ted
in
to
th
e
p
u
m
p
;
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
wh
e
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
alls
d
o
wn
,
s
p
ee
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
2
.
2
.
M
o
de
2
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
is
tr
ig
g
er
ed
wh
e
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
in
ac
tiv
e
o
r
th
er
e
is
in
ad
eq
u
ate
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
s
u
ch
as
at
n
ig
h
t.
T
h
is
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
a
d
i
o
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
(
DB
R
)
to
a
s
in
g
le
-
p
h
ase
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
.
D
u
e
t
o
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
d
is
to
r
tio
n
,
a
v
o
lt
ag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
v
er
ter
(
VSI
)
,
an
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
t
o
r
,
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
ar
e
ad
d
e
d
later
.
B
u
t
n
o
w
th
at
a
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
b
e
en
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
p
u
ll.
Dis
ch
ar
g
e
wh
ile
r
u
n
n
in
g
at
its
r
ated
s
p
ee
d
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
2
.
3
.
M
o
de
3
W
h
en
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
u
n
p
lu
g
g
e
d
o
r
th
er
e
is
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
s
u
n
s
h
in
e,
wh
ich
o
cc
u
r
s
at
n
ig
h
t,
th
is
m
o
d
e
is
ac
tiv
ated
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
an
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
,
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
(
VSI
)
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
,
it is
n
o
t p
er
m
itted
f
o
r
th
e
d
io
d
e
b
r
id
g
e
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
with
th
e
DC
lin
k
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
d
r
aw
cu
r
r
en
t in
s
u
ch
a
d
is
to
r
ted
m
a
n
n
er
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
tak
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
elec
tr
ical
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
AC
m
ain
s
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
PF
C
)
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
its
m
ax
im
u
m
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
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2
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I
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5
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