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CC
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Hu
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Kh
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Dep
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tm
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of
Ph
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Facu
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s
,
Un
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Mu
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Go
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1.
I
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O
N
T
h
e
n
ew
C
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19
was
f
ir
s
t
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d
en
tifie
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in
W
u
h
an
Dis
tr
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R
ep
u
b
lic
of
C
h
in
a,
in
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
9
[
1
]
.
Sin
ce
th
en
,
th
is
in
f
ec
tio
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s
d
is
ea
s
e
h
as
r
ap
id
ly
s
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wo
r
ld
wid
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T
h
e
W
o
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ld
Hea
lth
O
r
g
an
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(
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estab
lis
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u
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r
ea
k
as
a
p
an
d
em
ic
in
J
an
u
a
r
y
2
0
2
0
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
C
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-
19
v
ir
u
s
s
h
o
w
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v
ar
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clin
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tco
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s
y
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p
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m
s
to
s
ev
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e
co
m
p
licatio
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s
an
d
,
in
s
p
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ic
ca
s
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f
atalities.
T
h
e
v
ir
u
s
is
h
ig
h
ly
tr
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s
m
is
s
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an
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as
r
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s
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t.
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r
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s
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19
ca
u
s
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t
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e
in
f
r
o
n
tlin
e
m
ed
ical
p
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s
o
n
n
el
[
3
]
–
[
5
]
.
Ma
n
y
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
atien
ts
r
ap
id
ly
g
et
w
o
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s
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af
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g
h
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d
in
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p
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s
.
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d
em
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s
tr
ates
th
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im
p
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tan
ce
of
im
p
r
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v
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d
r
is
k
-
s
tr
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m
o
d
els.
By
u
s
in
g
p
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ed
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m
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els,
clin
ician
s
m
ay
d
eter
m
in
e
wh
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p
atien
ts
ar
e
more
lik
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to
d
ie,
tar
g
etin
g
u
r
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en
t
h
elp
to
th
em
to
en
s
u
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e
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in
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ie
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4473
[
5
]
–
[
7
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.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
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e
,
to
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9
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h
e
n
c
e
r
e
d
u
c
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
a
s
s
es
s
m
e
n
ts
of
c
l
i
n
i
c
ia
n
s
.
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
As
a
s
u
b
f
i
e
l
d
of
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
ia
l
i
n
t
e
l
li
g
e
n
c
e
(
A
I
)
,
ML
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
t
h
e
e
x
t
r
a
c
ti
o
n
of
p
o
w
e
r
f
u
l
p
r
e
d
i
c
ti
v
e
m
o
d
e
ls
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
i
n
i
n
g
of
l
a
r
g
e
r
a
w
d
a
t
a
b
as
e
s
[
1
2
]
.
ML
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
m
a
y
d
ec
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
c
o
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
by
u
t
il
i
zi
n
g
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
-
b
a
s
e
d
m
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
f
o
r
r
i
s
k
e
v
a
l
u
a
ti
o
n
,
a
s
s
ess
m
e
n
t
,
p
r
e
d
i
ct
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
r
e
at
m
e
n
t
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
ie
s
.
T
h
e
y
f
a
ci
l
it
a
te
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
m
e
d
i
c
al
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
can
be
e
x
p
e
c
t
e
d
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
p
a
t
ie
n
t
s
’
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
q
u
al
i
t
y
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
d
ea
th
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
b
ased
o
n
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
a
t
u
tili
ze
d
ty
p
ical
clin
ical,
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic,
a
n
d
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
d
ata
f
r
o
m
p
atien
ts
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
we
aim
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
ed
ict
m
o
r
tality
in
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
o
s
p
italized
p
atien
t
s
?
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
we
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
b
est
ML
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
m
o
d
el
to
p
r
ed
ict
m
o
r
tality
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
po
pu
la
t
io
n
T
h
is
r
etr
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
co
h
o
r
t
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
a
n
o
v
er
all
of
4
,
3
1
4
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
atien
ts
wh
o
wer
e
r
eg
is
ter
ed
to
th
r
ee
r
ef
er
r
e
d
h
o
s
p
itals
in
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
2
0
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
e
h
o
s
p
itals
s
tu
d
ied
wer
e
RS
Ak
ad
em
ik
UGM
,
PKU
Mu
h
am
m
ad
iy
ah
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
an
d
PKU
Mu
h
a
m
m
ad
iy
ah
Gam
p
in
g
Gen
er
al
Ho
s
p
ital.
T
h
e
c
r
iter
ia
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
wer
e:
i
)
C
OVI
D
-
19
i
n
f
ec
tio
n
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
by
r
ev
er
s
e
-
tr
an
s
cr
ip
tase
p
o
ly
m
er
ase
ch
ai
n
r
ea
ctio
n
(
R
T
-
PC
R
)
as
s
ay
s
on
m
ater
ial
g
ath
er
ed
by
a
n
aso
p
h
ar
y
n
g
ea
l
an
d
o
r
o
p
h
ar
y
n
g
ea
l
s
wab
;
ii
)
p
atien
ts
wer
e
h
o
s
p
ita
lized
;
an
d
iii
)
th
ey
wer
e
ag
ed
o
v
er
18
y
ea
r
s
.
We
e
x
clu
d
e
d
h
o
s
p
italized
p
atien
ts
wh
o
h
a
d
m
is
s
in
g
/in
co
m
p
lete
d
ata,
wer
e
d
ec
ea
s
ed
w
h
ile
b
ein
g
ad
m
itted
,
or
wer
e
s
en
t
to
an
o
th
er
h
o
s
p
ital.
Fr
o
m
th
e
p
atien
ts
’
m
ed
ical
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
we
g
ath
er
e
d
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
a
ta:
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
(
h
ig
h
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
d
iab
etes,
h
ig
h
ch
o
lest
er
o
l)
,
p
r
im
ar
y
co
m
o
r
b
id
ities
(
e.
g
.
,
ch
r
o
n
ic
k
id
n
e
y
d
i
s
ea
s
e)
,
h
is
to
r
ies
of
co
r
o
n
a
r
y
a
r
ter
y
d
is
ea
s
e,
ch
r
o
n
ic
o
b
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
p
u
lm
o
n
ar
y
d
is
ea
s
e,
an
d
p
er
ip
h
er
al
v
ascu
lar
d
is
ea
s
e,
as
well
as
th
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
th
eir
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t.
T
h
e
p
atien
ts
wh
o
d
ied
in
t
h
e
h
o
s
p
ital
an
d
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
s
u
r
v
i
v
ed
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
f
lo
wch
ar
t
of
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
f
lo
wch
ar
t
2
.
2
.
M
a
chine le
a
rning
a
lg
o
ri
t
hm
Fo
u
r
ML
tech
n
iq
u
es
-
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
L
R
)
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
t
o
r
m
ac
h
in
es
(
SVMs),
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
(
R
F)
,
an
d
n
aïv
e
B
ay
es
(
NB
)
-
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
u
r
m
o
d
els
u
s
in
g
th
e
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
W
aik
ato
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
aly
s
is
(
W
ek
a)
s
o
f
twar
e
v
er
s
io
n
3
.
8
.
6
[
1
5
]
.
W
e
s
elec
ted
th
ese
ML
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
a
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
4
7
2
-
4
4
7
9
4474
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
an
d
r
e
p
r
esen
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
LR
an
d
SVMs
ar
e
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
,
wh
ile
RF
an
d
NB
ar
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
-
b
ased
[
1
6
]
.
2
.
3
.
Cro
s
s
‑
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
Stan
d
ar
d
ten
-
f
o
ld
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
a
tio
n
was
u
s
ed
to
test
all
th
e
m
o
d
els.
In
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
,
all
th
e
d
ata
is
f
ir
s
t
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
p
lit
in
to
ten
eq
u
al
p
o
r
tio
n
s
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
m
o
d
els
ar
e
tr
ain
ed
on
n
in
e
p
o
r
tio
n
s
an
d
test
ed
on
th
e
ten
th
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
r
ep
ea
ted
ten
tim
es,
each
with
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
test
ed
p
o
r
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
s
co
r
es
ar
e
t
h
en
m
ad
e
by
s
u
m
m
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
i
s
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
d
in
ML
an
d
d
ata
m
in
in
g
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
s
p
lit
in
s
tan
ce
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
m
in
im
izi
n
g
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
in
p
r
ed
ictio
n
er
r
o
r
s
,
m
ad
e
b
etter
u
s
e
of
d
ata
f
o
r
b
o
th
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atio
n
,
a
v
o
id
e
d
an
y
o
v
er
lap
or
o
v
er
f
itti
n
g
with
in
th
e
test
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
d
ata,
an
d
p
r
o
tecte
d
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
th
eo
r
y
by
r
an
d
o
m
d
ata
s
p
litt
in
g
[
1
8
]
.
2
.
4
.
P
re
dict
o
rs
We
s
elec
ted
26
r
elev
an
t
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
.
T
h
e
clin
ical
v
ar
iab
le
s
in
clu
d
ed
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
ata
ab
o
u
t
th
e
p
atien
t,
s
u
ch
as
ag
e
an
d
g
en
d
er
.
A
d
escr
ip
tio
n
of
ch
r
o
n
ic
d
is
ea
s
es
s
u
ch
as
d
iab
etes,
h
y
p
e
r
ten
s
io
n
,
h
ea
r
t
a
n
d
k
id
n
ey
d
is
ea
s
e,
an
d
ca
n
ce
r
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
.
L
y
m
p
h
o
cy
tes,
leu
k
o
cy
tes,
th
r
o
m
b
o
cy
tes,
n
eu
tr
o
p
h
ils
,
D
-
d
im
e
r
,
g
lu
co
s
e,
cr
ea
tin
in
e,
an
d
h
em
o
g
lo
b
in
wer
e
e
v
alu
ated
as
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
p
a
r
am
eter
s
.
2
.
5
.
O
utc
o
m
e
v
a
ria
ble
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iab
le
was
'
d
ec
ea
s
ed
,
'
wh
ich
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
m
o
r
tality
f
r
o
m
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
w
h
ile
in
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital.
T
h
e
v
ar
ia
b
le
h
ad
tw
o
p
o
s
s
ib
le
v
alu
es.
T
h
ese
wer
e
'
Ye
s
'
if
th
e
p
atien
t
was
d
ea
d
an
d
'
No
'
if
th
ey
s
u
r
v
iv
ed
.
2
.
6
.
Da
t
a
ba
la
ncing
T
h
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
ca
u
s
ed
by
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
d
ata
-
wh
en
th
e
class
es
ar
e
not
g
r
o
u
p
e
d
e
q
u
ally
-
ar
e
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
m
ain
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
u
s
in
g
ML
to
o
ls
.
In
our
d
ataset,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ately
more
s
am
p
les
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
u
r
v
iv
o
r
class
(
3
,
3
8
4
in
d
iv
id
u
als)
th
an
th
e
d
ec
ea
s
ed
class
(
9
3
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als).
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
tr
ain
ed
m
o
d
els
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
iased
r
es
u
lts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
cl
ass
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
ML
m
o
d
els
ar
e
more
lik
ely
to
class
if
y
r
ec
en
t
f
in
d
in
g
as
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
class
.
In
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
s
y
n
th
etic
m
in
o
r
ity
o
v
er
-
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
(
SM
OT
E
)
f
r
o
m
th
e
im
b
alan
ce
d
-
le
ar
n
to
o
lk
it
to
co
r
r
ec
t
t
h
is
class
im
b
alan
ce
[
1
9
]
.
2
.
7
.
F
e
a
t
ure
s
elec
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
of
f
ea
tu
r
es
is
a
m
eth
o
d
u
tili
ze
d
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
in
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
id
e
n
tific
a
tio
n
,
an
d
class
if
ier
m
o
d
ellin
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
an
d
co
m
p
le
x
ity
of
a
d
ataset
by
elim
in
atin
g
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
a
n
d
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
attr
ib
u
tes.
Sev
er
al
s
elec
tio
n
s
of
attr
ib
u
tes
m
e
th
o
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
co
r
r
elatio
n
a
ttrib
u
te
ev
alu
atio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
g
ain
r
atio
attr
ib
u
te
ev
alu
atio
n
(
GA)
,
f
o
r
war
d
elim
in
atio
n
,
b
ac
k
war
d
elim
in
atio
n
,
an
d
o
n
e
r
u
le
attr
ib
u
te
ev
alu
atio
n
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
attr
ib
u
tes
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ict
iv
e
m
o
d
els
[
2
0
]
.
In
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
u
s
in
g
th
e
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
attr
ib
u
te
e
v
alu
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
in
th
e
W
ek
a
v
3
.
8
.
6
ap
p
licatio
n
.
2
.
8
.
M
o
del
ev
a
lua
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ML
m
o
d
el
also
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
d
el
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
.
C
o
n
f
u
s
i
o
n
m
atr
ix
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
d
icato
r
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1.
We
u
s
ed
ass
ess
m
en
t
in
d
icato
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
s
p
ec
if
icity
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
an
d
ar
ea
u
n
d
er
th
e
cu
r
v
e
(
AUC)
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
o
p
er
atin
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
(
R
O
C
)
g
r
ap
h
,
to
ass
ess
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
th
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
els.
AUC
v
alu
e
is
th
e
ar
ea
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
R
OC
cu
r
v
e,
with
1
r
e
p
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
(
p
er
f
ec
tly
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
all
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
clas
s
p
o
in
ts
)
.
T
h
e
R
OC
cu
r
v
e
ca
t
eg
o
r
izes
a
p
atien
t
’
s
d
is
ea
s
e
s
tatu
s
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
or
n
eg
ativ
e,
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
on
test
o
u
tco
m
es.
It
aim
s
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
v
al
u
e
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
1
]
.
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
v
alu
e
f
o
r
R
OC
cu
r
v
e
c
alcu
latio
n
in
v
o
l
v
es
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
p
o
in
t
on
t
h
e
cu
r
v
e
at
wh
ic
h
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icity
of
th
e
test
ex
h
ib
it
eq
u
ality
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
Var
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
r
e
a
v
ailab
le
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
of
th
is
p
o
in
t,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
an
a
n
aly
tical
m
eth
o
d
th
at
r
elies
on
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
s
lo
p
e
of
th
e
R
O
C
cu
r
v
e
[
2
2
]
,
alter
n
ati
v
ely
,
it
can
be
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
in
im
izatio
n
of
th
e
s
u
m
of
a
b
s
o
lu
te
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
AUC
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icity
v
alu
es
[
2
4
]
.
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
th
e
b
est
c
u
t
-
o
f
f
v
alu
e
in
v
o
l
v
es
more
t
h
an
ju
s
t
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icity
;
it
n
ec
ess
itates
s
tr
ik
in
g
a
s
u
itab
le
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
th
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
th
er
cr
iter
ia.
In
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
a
d
is
ea
s
e
ex
h
ib
its
h
ig
h
co
n
tag
io
u
s
n
ess
or
is
lin
k
ed
to
s
ev
er
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
,
lik
e
th
e
c
ase
of
C
OVI
D
-
19,
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
s
en
s
itiv
ity
ab
o
v
e
s
p
ec
if
icity
b
ec
o
m
es
ess
en
tial
[
2
1
]
.
We
co
m
p
a
r
ed
AUCs
f
r
o
m
f
o
u
r
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
an
d
id
en
tify
th
e
lar
g
est
one
as
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el.
L
astl
y
,
all
th
ese
ev
alu
atin
g
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
an
al
y
ze
d
b
ased
on
how
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
ey
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
T
ab
le
2
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
o
r
tality
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Mo
r
ta
lity p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f COVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
tien
ts
u
s
in
g
s
u
p
ervis
ed
ma
ch
in
e
le
a
r
n
in
g
(
Hu
s
n
u
l Kh
u
lu
q
)
4475
T
r
u
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
T
P)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ac
cu
r
ately
class
if
ies
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
d
ec
ea
s
ed
)
.
Fals
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
(
FP
)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
n
s
tan
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
f
alsely
class
if
ied
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
b
y
t
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Fals
e
n
eg
ativ
e
(
FN)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ca
s
es
th
at
ar
e
f
alsely
class
if
ied
as
n
eg
ativ
e
b
y
th
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
r
u
e
n
eg
ativ
e
(
T
N)
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
s
tan
c
es th
at
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ac
c
u
r
atel
y
class
if
ies as n
eg
ativ
e
(
s
u
r
v
iv
ed
)
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
n
f
u
s
io
n
m
atr
ix
O
u
t
p
u
t
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
s
D
e
c
e
a
se
d
(
+
)
S
u
r
v
i
v
e
d
(
-
)
A
c
t
u
a
l
v
a
l
u
e
D
e
c
e
a
se
d
(
+
)
TP
TN
S
u
r
v
i
v
e
d
(
-
)
FP
FN
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
a
lu
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
es
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
F
o
r
mu
l
a
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
TP+TN
)
/
(
TP+TN
+
F
P
+
F
N
)
P
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
TP/(TP
+
F
P
)
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
/
R
e
c
a
l
l
TP/(TP
+
F
N
)
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
i
t
y
TN
/
(
TN
+
F
P
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
F
ea
t
ure
identif
ica
t
io
n
a
nd
s
elec
t
io
n
T
wen
ty
-
s
ix
f
ea
tu
r
es
wer
e
e
x
a
m
in
ed
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
of
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
o
r
tality
r
is
k
.
T
h
e
s
e
f
ea
tu
r
es
wer
e
class
if
ied
in
to
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics,
c
o
m
o
r
b
i
d
ities
,
an
d
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
t
ests
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
u
s
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
attr
ib
u
te
ev
alu
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
each
f
ac
to
r
co
n
tr
i
b
u
t
ed
to
th
e
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
of
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
o
s
p
italized
m
o
r
tality
was
ev
alu
ated
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
3.
My
o
ca
r
d
ial
in
f
ar
ct
io
n
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
est
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
wh
er
ea
s
h
y
p
e
r
ten
s
io
n
h
a
d
th
e
lo
west
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
s
et
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
o
r
tality
.
T
h
ei
r
av
er
ag
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
wer
e
0
.
3
6
7
±
0
.
0
0
4
an
d
0
.
0
0
3
±
0
.
0
0
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
DM
ty
p
e
2
:
d
iab
etes
m
ellitu
s
t
y
p
e
2
;
DM
ty
p
e
1
:
d
iab
etes
m
ellitu
s
ty
p
e
1
;
Sp
O
2
:
p
er
ip
h
er
al
o
x
y
g
en
s
atu
r
atio
n
;
C
OPD:
ch
r
o
n
ic
o
b
s
tr
u
ctiv
e
p
u
lm
o
n
ar
y
d
is
ea
s
e;
C
HF:
co
n
g
esti
v
e
h
ea
r
t
f
ailu
r
e;
AKD:
ac
u
te
k
id
n
ey
d
is
ea
s
e;
C
KD:
ch
r
o
n
ic
k
id
n
ey
d
is
ea
s
e.
T
ab
le
3
.
Featu
r
es
th
at
h
a
v
e
an
im
p
ac
t
on
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
ed
ic
t
m
o
r
tality
in
p
atien
ts
with
C
OVI
D
-
19
No
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
’
s
n
a
m
e
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
of
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
No
F
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
n
a
me
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
d
e
g
r
e
e
of
i
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
1
M
y
o
c
a
r
d
i
a
l
i
n
f
a
r
c
t
i
o
n
0
.
3
6
7
±
0
.
0
0
4
14
DM
t
y
p
e
1
0
.
0
7
6
±
0
.
0
0
4
2
S
p
O
2
0
.
2
8
4
±
0
.
0
0
5
15
H
e
mo
g
l
o
b
i
n
0
.
0
6
4
±
0
.
0
0
4
3
N
e
u
t
r
o
p
h
i
l
0
.
2
6
3
±
0
.
0
0
3
16
A
K
D
0
.
0
6
2
±
0
.
0
0
5
4
D
-
d
i
mer
0
.
2
2
9
±
0
.
0
0
4
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a
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e
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Th
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t
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P
a
t
ient
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elec
t
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n
W
e
o
b
tain
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
4
,
3
1
4
h
o
s
p
italized
p
atien
ts
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
h
o
s
p
itals
in
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
Pro
v
in
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
I
n
to
tal,
2
,
3
5
6
p
ati
en
ts
(
5
5
.
7
4
%)
wer
e
m
ale
an
d
1
,
9
5
8
(
4
4
.
2
6
%)
wer
e
f
em
ale,
an
d
th
e
m
e
d
ian
ag
e
was 5
7
.
2
5
y
ea
r
s
(
r
an
g
e
1
8
–
8
7
)
.
Of
th
ese,
3
,
3
8
4
(
7
8
.
4
4
%)
r
e
co
v
er
ed
,
an
d
9
3
0
(
2
1
.
5
5
%)
d
ied
.
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
ba
la
ncing
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
cr
ea
ted
d
atasets
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
4.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
is
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
s
et
of
d
ata,
wh
i
ch
co
n
tain
s
3
,
3
8
4
in
s
tan
ce
s
in
th
e
s
u
r
v
iv
o
r
class
an
d
930
in
th
e
d
ec
ea
s
ed
class
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
of
th
e
SMOT
E
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
m
in
o
r
ity
class
ca
s
es
wa
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
by
g
en
e
r
atin
g
s
y
n
t
h
etic
s
am
p
les,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
d
ataset
was
th
en
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ataset.
T
h
is
d
ata
s
et
in
clu
d
es
3
,
3
8
2
ca
s
es
of
th
e
s
u
r
v
i
v
o
r
class
an
d
1
,
8
6
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
4
:
4
4
7
2
-
4
4
7
9
4476
in
s
tan
ce
s
of
th
e
u
p
d
ated
d
ec
ea
s
ed
class
.
We
ex
ec
u
ted
th
e
SMOT
E
s
tep
s
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
b
alan
ce
d
d
ataset,
wh
ic
h
was
th
en
u
s
ed
to
tr
ain
a
n
d
test
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
r
e
d
icto
r
.
T
ab
le
4.
T
h
e
SMOT
E
m
eth
o
d
s
’
r
esu
lts
D
a
t
a
s
e
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
Te
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
u
se
d
N
u
mb
e
r
s
in
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
i
v
o
r
c
l
a
ss
N
u
mb
e
r
s
in
t
h
e
d
e
c
e
a
se
d
c
l
a
ss
1
—
3
,
3
8
4
9
3
0
2
S
M
O
TE
3
,
3
8
2
1
,
8
6
0
3
.
4
.
Dev
el
o
pin
g
a
nd
ev
a
lua
t
i
ng
m
o
dels
Af
ter
ch
o
o
s
in
g
th
e
b
est
s
u
b
s
et
of
f
ea
tu
r
es,
we
ap
p
lie
d
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ML
m
eth
o
d
s
to
m
ak
e
a
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
el.
Fo
u
r
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(LR
,
RF
,
NB
,
an
d
SVM
)
wer
e
p
r
esen
ted
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
m
o
d
els
th
at
p
r
ed
ict
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
o
r
tality
.
T
h
en
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
of
ev
er
y
m
o
d
el
was
as
s
es
s
ed
by
its
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
s
p
ec
if
icity
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
an
d
AUC
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5.
T
h
e
d
at
a
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
5
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
th
e
RF
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
wh
ich
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
s
en
s
itiv
ity
of
8
4
.
1
%,
an
ac
cu
r
ac
y
of
8
4
.
1
5
%,
a
p
r
ec
is
io
n
of
84
%,
an
d
an
AUC
of
9
0
.
0
2
%,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
ett
er
r
esu
lts
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
C
OVI
D
-
19
in
-
h
o
s
p
ital
m
o
r
tality
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
o
t
h
er
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
th
e
ch
o
s
en
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
of
R
OC
cu
r
v
es
f
o
r
th
e
u
tili
ze
d
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
ab
le
5.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
of
th
e
s
elec
ted
ML
m
o
r
tality
p
r
ed
ictio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
19
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
/
R
e
c
a
l
l
(
%)
A
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
(
%)
P
r
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
(
%)
R
O
C
(
%)
LR
7
7
.
8
7
7
.
7
9
7
7
.
3
8
5
.
1
RF
8
4
.
1
8
4
.
1
5
84
9
0
.
0
2
S
V
M
7
7
.
9
7
7
.
8
5
7
7
.
4
7
3
.
9
NB
7
4
.
3
7
4
.
3
2
7
3
.
6
8
1
.
1
Fig
u
r
e
2.
Vis
u
al
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
of
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
of
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
o
r
tality
p
r
ed
ictio
n
Fig
u
r
e
3.
R
OC
cu
r
v
es
f
o
r
u
tili
ze
d
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
of
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
w
as
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
n
d
ev
al
u
ate
ML
m
o
d
els
b
u
ilt
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
an
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
a
n
aly
zin
g
th
e
m
o
r
tal
ity
r
is
k
f
r
o
m
C
OVI
D
-
19,
wh
ic
h
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
with
in
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
of
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
.
Utilizin
g
a
d
ataset
of
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
o
s
p
italized
p
atien
ts
,
th
e
LR
,
RF
,
S
VM
,
an
d
NB
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
o
b
jectiv
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
th
e
RF
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
ed
th
e
o
th
e
r
th
r
ee
ML
tech
n
iq
u
es
with
an
ac
c
u
r
a
cy
of
8
4
.
1
5
%,
a
s
en
s
itiv
ity
of
8
4
.
1
%,
a
p
r
ec
is
io
n
of
8
4
%,
an
d
a
n
AUC
of
9
0
.
0
2
%.
T
h
e
R
OC
cu
r
v
e
is
a
wid
ely
u
s
ed
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
id
ea
l
cu
t
-
o
f
f
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
a
test
an
d
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
of
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
test
s
[
2
5
]
.
Ou
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
a
t
th
e
RF
m
o
d
el
h
as
a
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
as
th
e
AUC
was
ab
o
v
e
9
0
%.
In
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
o
th
er
m
o
d
els
h
ad
a
m
o
d
er
ate
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
with
th
e
AUC
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
70%
to
90%
[
2
6
]
.
ML
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ev
al
u
ated
f
o
r
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
o
r
tality
p
r
ed
ictio
n
.
Yad
aw
et
a
l.
[
2
7
]
ev
alu
ated
RF
,
LR
,
SVM
,
an
d
XGBo
o
s
t
with
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ataset
(
n
=3
,
8
4
1
)
to
p
r
ed
ict
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
o
r
t
ality
.
T
h
e
XGBo
o
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
9
3
8
Mo
r
ta
lity p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f COVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
tien
ts
u
s
in
g
s
u
p
ervis
ed
ma
ch
in
e
le
a
r
n
in
g
(
Hu
s
n
u
l Kh
u
lu
q
)
4477
m
o
d
el
ac
h
iev
e
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
AUC
at
9
1
%.
Gao
et
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
,
a
n
aly
ze
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
2
,
5
2
0
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
o
s
p
italized
p
atien
ts
,
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
with
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
ter
m
s
of
AUC
(
9
7
.
6
0
%)
was
one
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
to
p
r
ed
ict
m
o
r
tality
with
a
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
,
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
an
o
th
er
m
o
d
els
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
by
LR
,
SVM
,
g
r
ad
ien
t
b
o
o
s
tin
g
a
n
d
a
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ga
o
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
,
f
o
u
r
ML
m
o
d
els
wer
e
test
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
ata
of
1
0
,
2
3
7
p
atien
ts
,
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
th
e
b
est
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
SVM,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
R
OC
of
9
6
.
3
%.
T
h
e
f
iv
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
v
a
r
iab
les
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
m
y
o
ca
r
d
ial
in
f
ar
ctio
n
,
Sp
O
2
,
n
eu
tr
o
p
h
il,
D
-
d
im
er
,
an
d
c
r
ea
tin
in
e.
Neu
t
r
o
p
h
ils
ar
e
im
m
u
n
e
s
y
s
tem
ce
lls
th
at
h
elp
th
e
body
f
ig
h
t
o
f
f
b
ac
ter
ial
an
d
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
[
2
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ei
r
p
r
ec
is
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
th
e
im
m
u
n
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
d
ef
e
n
s
e
ag
ain
s
t
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
v
ir
u
s
is
not
clea
r
ly
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
.
In
h
u
m
an
C
OVI
D
-
19
s
tu
d
ies,
n
e
u
tr
o
p
h
ils
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
g
et
in
to
th
e
lu
n
g
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
is
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
be
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
a
n
im
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
0
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
our
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
,
m
y
o
ca
r
d
ial
in
f
ar
ctio
n
was
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
a
n
t
in
p
r
ed
ictin
g
d
ea
th
o
u
t
of
al
l
26
f
ac
to
r
s
.
A
h
ig
h
er
n
eu
tr
o
p
h
il
co
u
n
t
will
r
esu
lt
in
in
cr
ea
s
ed
p
latelet
ac
tiv
ity
,
lo
wer
f
ib
r
in
o
ly
s
is
,
an
d
a
g
en
er
a
l
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
th
e
e
n
d
o
t
h
eliu
m
’
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
in
h
ib
it
b
lo
o
d
c
o
ag
u
latio
n
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Patien
ts
wh
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
a
m
y
o
ca
r
d
ial
in
f
a
r
ctio
n
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
e
r
f
ib
r
in
o
g
en
lev
els
d
esp
ite
f
ib
r
in
o
g
en
b
ei
n
g
a
c
o
a
g
u
lan
t
f
ac
to
r
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
atien
t
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
t
h
e
s
u
b
ject
of
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
D
-
d
im
er
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
h
av
e
all
f
o
u
n
d
an
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
h
ig
h
er
D
-
d
im
er
lev
els
an
d
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
r
is
k
of
m
o
r
tality
[
3
4
]
–
[
3
6
]
.
It
was
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
b
etwe
en
36%
an
d
43%
of
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
o
p
u
latio
n
h
ad
an
ab
n
o
r
m
ally
h
ig
h
le
v
el
of
D
-
d
im
er
[
3
7
]
.
W
h
en
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
ev
er
ity
of
a
th
r
o
m
b
o
t
ic
ev
en
t,
th
e
D
-
d
im
er
is
a
well
-
k
n
o
wn
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
is
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
ap
p
lied
[
3
8
]
.
It
is
now
g
en
er
ally
ac
ce
p
ted
th
at
p
eo
p
le
with
C
OVI
D
-
19
h
av
e
an
elev
ated
lev
el
of
co
ag
u
latio
n
a
n
d
th
at
elev
ate
d
D
-
d
im
e
r
lev
el
s
ar
e
a
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
th
r
o
m
b
o
tic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
in
ad
v
an
tag
e
of
th
e
ca
r
d
io
v
ascu
lar
s
y
s
tem
s
of
th
ese
p
atien
ts
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
Patien
ts
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
with
s
ev
er
e
illn
ess
h
ad
s
er
u
m
cr
ea
tin
in
e
an
d
u
r
ea
lev
els
th
at
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
o
s
e
d
e
f
in
ed
as
h
av
in
g
m
ild
or
m
o
d
er
ate
illn
ess
.
Hig
h
er
th
an
n
o
r
m
al
cr
ea
tin
in
e
an
d
u
r
ea
lev
els
in
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
C
OVI
D
-
19
m
ay
in
d
icate
ab
n
o
r
m
al
r
en
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
y
m
ay
also
in
d
icate
im
p
air
ed
g
lo
m
er
u
lar
f
iltra
tio
n
lin
k
e
d
to
h
ea
r
t
f
ailu
r
e
[
4
1
]
.
An
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
r
tality
r
is
k
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
s
u
ch
as
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
f
ailu
r
e
an
d
lo
w
o
x
y
g
en
lev
el
s
(
Sp
O
2
<9
0
%).
T
h
er
e
is
an
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
th
ese
r
esp
ir
ato
r
y
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
an
d
a
h
ig
h
er
m
o
r
tality
r
is
k
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
is
f
ield
of
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
in
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
e
Un
ited
S
tates
[
4
2
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
RF
m
o
d
el
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
class
if
icatio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
a
n
d
AUC
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
th
er
th
r
ee
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
ca
n
be
u
tili
ze
d
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
to
p
r
ed
i
ct
th
e
m
o
r
tality
r
is
k
of
h
o
s
p
italized
C
OVI
D
-
19
p
atien
ts
an
d
m
an
ag
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
li
m
ited
h
o
s
p
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
esp
e
cially
in
Yo
g
y
ak
a
r
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Fo
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ies,
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
can
be
o
p
tim
ized
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
(
s
u
ch
as
v
ac
cin
es)
an
d
in
cl
u
d
in
g
lar
g
e
r
a
n
d
m
u
lticen
ter
d
atasets
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
of
t
h
is
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
o
d
el
is
p
o
ten
tial
to
h
elp
clin
ician
s
an
d
h
o
s
p
itals
p
r
ed
ict
C
OVI
D
p
a
tien
ts
with
a
g
r
ea
ter
r
is
k
of
d
ea
th
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tar
g
et
more
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
t
r
ea
tm
en
ts
.
L
im
itatio
n
s
:
f
ir
s
t
,
r
ad
io
lo
g
ical
r
esu
lts
,
wh
ich
m
ay
h
av
e
b
ee
n
v
alu
a
b
le
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
,
wer
e
ex
cl
u
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
is
an
aly
s
is
.
Seco
n
d
,
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
g
n
o
s
is
of
p
atien
ts
m
ay
be
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
by
th
eir
tr
ea
tm
en
ts
,
we
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
all
of
th
ese
p
atien
ts
h
ad
b
ee
n
g
iv
e
n
r
eg
u
lar
th
er
ap
y
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
wh
et
h
er
or
n
o
t
p
at
ien
ts
h
ad
b
ee
n
v
ac
cin
ated
.
Str
en
g
th
:
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
d
o
cu
m
en
t
an
d
u
tili
ze
d
a
lar
g
e
d
ataset
of
4
,
3
1
4
C
OVI
D
-
19
ca
s
es
in
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
to
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
ac
tu
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
g
iv
in
g
an
ac
cu
r
ate
esti
m
atio
n
as
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
a
r
e
g
r
a
t
e
f
u
l
f
o
r
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
as
A
h
m
a
d
D
a
h
la
n
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
of
a
P
e
n
e
l
i
t
i
a
n
D
is
e
r
ta
s
i
D
o
k
t
o
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m
to
H
u
s
n
u
l
K
h
u
l
u
q
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
s
e
d
by
D
y
a
h
A
r
y
a
n
i
P
e
r
w
ita
s
a
r
i
(
G
r
a
n
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
1
5
7
/
E
5
/
PG
.
0
2
.
0
0
.
P
T
/
2
0
2
2
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
K.
M
o
u
l
a
e
i
,
M.
S
h
a
n
b
e
h
z
a
d
e
h
,
Z.
M
.
-
Ta
g
h
i
a
b
a
d
,
a
n
d
H.
K
.
-
A
r
p
a
n
a
h
i
,
“
C
o
m
p
a
r
i
n
g
mac
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
n
g
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
mo
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
,
”
B
MC
Me
d
i
c
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
M
a
k
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
1,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s1
2
9
1
1
-
0
2
1
-
0
1
7
4
2
-
0.
[
2
]
H.
S
h
i
et
a
l
.
,
“
R
a
d
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
81
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
p
n
e
u
mo
n
i
a
in
W
u
h
a
n
,
C
h
i
n
a
:
a
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
I
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
u
s
D
i
se
a
ses
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
4,
p
p
.
4
2
5
–
4
3
4
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
1
4
7
3
-
3
0
9
9
(
2
0
)
3
0
0
8
6
-
4.
[
3
]
Y.
Li
u
et
a
l
.
,
“A
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
r
i
sk
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
f
o
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
p
r
a
c
t
i
t
i
o
n
e
r
s
:
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
of
Me
d
i
c
a
l
I
n
t
e
rn
e
t
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
,
n
o
.
6,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
1
9
6
/
1
9
7
8
6.
[
4
]
M.
Z.
A
l
o
m,
M.
M.
S.
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
M.
S.
N
a
sr
i
n
,
T.
M.
Ta
h
a
,
a
n
d
V.
K.
A
s
a
r
i
,
“
C
O
V
I
D
_
M
TN
e
t
:
C
O
V
I
D
-
19
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
mu
l
t
i
-
t
a
s
k
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s,”
a
r
Xi
v
-
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
-
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
8
5
5
0
/
a
r
X
i
v
.
2
0
0
4
.
0
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6
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L.
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[3
7
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J.
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K.
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G.
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