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two
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k
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m
u
lt
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le
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s
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n
d
d
e
sti
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ti
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a
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rk
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ti
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s
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s.
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n
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ti
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se
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s.
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th
is
c
a
se
,
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d
d
re
ss
th
e
sh
o
rtco
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o
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d
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t
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re
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o
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c
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a
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d
p
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c
k
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s
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o
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ith
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Dis
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ased
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Po
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tial b
ased
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k
T
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s
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n
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c
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n
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r th
e
CC B
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SA
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se
.
C
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r
e
s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Kar
u
r
Mo
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a
m
m
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Saif
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d
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Sch
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E
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d
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m
m
u
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E
n
g
in
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r
in
g
,
R
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v
a
Un
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@
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m
ai
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o
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mu
l
ti
p
at
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u
ti
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g
is
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n
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e
d
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te
ch
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i
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e
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s
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ase
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n
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two
r
k
'
s
b
a
n
d
wi
d
t
h
r
esil
i
en
ce
[
1
]
.
Des
p
it
e
its
in
ab
ilit
y
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
u
l
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g
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-
p
a
th
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o
u
tin
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em
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n
s
t
h
e
s
ta
n
d
a
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d
.
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h
e
m
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l
ti
p
at
h
m
a
y
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f
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ase
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d
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ti
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s
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t
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d
d
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ati
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t
o
c
h
o
o
s
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w
h
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c
h
p
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t
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ta
k
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W
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e
n
u
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in
g
m
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l
tip
at
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u
ti
n
g
,
th
e
t
r
a
d
it
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l
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p
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et
wo
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k
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et
r
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cs wi
ll
n
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cc
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h
is
in
cl
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es t
h
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b
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lit
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g
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m
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way
s
[
2
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,
[
3
]
.
W
it
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b
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etw
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r
k
s
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p
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.
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tatio
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ally
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u
l,
s
tatic
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o
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e
m
p
lo
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ed
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s
en
s
o
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n
etwo
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k
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
d
ep
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in
is
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lated
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s
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k
ee
p
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n
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wh
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it
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th
ey
ar
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m
ea
n
t
t
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k
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n
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y
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o
n
.
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th
o
f
th
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u
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o
p
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ly
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,
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ize
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v
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tin
y
r
ad
ii.
I
t
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
f
in
d
an
d
k
ee
p
u
p
with
r
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u
tes.
R
ath
er
th
an
u
s
in
g
p
r
ec
is
e
co
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r
d
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n
ates,
m
o
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t
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tin
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o
r
ith
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s
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s
tead
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s
e
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e
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iv
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ig
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al
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ity
to
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m
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th
e
d
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b
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n
o
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e
s
.
GPS
m
ay
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e
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.
T
h
is
,
h
o
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,
ca
lls
f
o
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ad
d
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g
ea
r
.
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th
at
d
is
tan
c
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-
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ased
r
o
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g
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ef
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h
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zo
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e
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ased
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y
ef
f
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t r
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g
p
r
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to
co
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r
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tech
n
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th
at
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s
es z
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o
p
tim
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etwo
r
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f
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m
a
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c
e
[
4
]
.
I
f
ju
s
t
o
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e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
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o
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te
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x
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Ou
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e
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tio
n
,
a
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
h
as
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
t
h
at
tak
es
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
b
o
th
th
e
s
p
atial
d
iv
er
s
ity
an
d
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
O
R
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
"o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
is
tic
r
o
u
tin
g
".
I
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
l
ay
er
,
th
er
e
ex
is
ts
a
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
lis
t
o
f
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
will
b
e
u
s
ed
as
"n
ex
t
h
o
p
s
"
if
a
p
ac
k
et
h
as
to
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
its
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
o
n
e
o
f
th
o
s
e
n
o
d
es
is
ch
o
s
en
to
s
er
v
e
as
th
e
ac
tu
al
r
elay
.
W
ith
m
o
r
e
p
o
ten
tial
r
ec
ip
ien
ts
,
th
er
e
is
a
g
r
ea
ter
c
h
an
ce
th
at
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
will
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
g
et
th
e
p
ac
k
ets.
B
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
,
it
i
s
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
th
e
f
ir
s
t tim
e
ar
o
u
n
d
,
av
o
id
in
g
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
s
tly
r
etr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
b
o
th
g
o
u
p
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
.
T
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
OR
is
wid
esp
r
ea
d
,
an
d
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
tim
e
it
is
u
s
ed
as
a
s
in
g
le
-
r
ate
s
y
s
tem
.
Me
th
o
d
s
o
f
v
ettin
g
p
o
ten
tial
ca
n
d
id
ates
an
d
r
an
k
i
n
g
th
em
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
wo
r
k
s
.
Ni
in
ten
d
s
to
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata
to
n
d
.
T
h
en
s
et
C
i o
f
all
n
o
d
es th
at
f
all
with
in
n
i'
s
r
an
g
e
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
p
r
o
b
e
d
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
th
e
n
o
d
es
clo
s
est
to
n
i'
s
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
b
o
th
v
a
r
y
as
t
h
e
d
ata
r
ate
in
cr
ea
s
es
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
ak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
Fi:
=
n
i1
,
n
i2
,
n
ir
.
C
an
d
id
ates
f
r
o
m
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
will
b
e
s
en
t
to
th
e
n
ex
t.
T
h
is
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
th
in
g
s
is
a
s
m
all
s
u
b
s
et
o
f
th
e
lar
g
er
s
et
C
i.
T
h
ese
wo
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
o
in
clu
d
e
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
s
o
m
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Prio
r
it
y
d
u
r
in
g
p
ac
k
et
r
elay
in
g
d
eter
m
in
es th
e
o
r
d
er
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
ev
e
r
y
th
i
n
g
is
s
en
t in
Fi.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
E
ar
ly
o
n
,
d
ev
is
ed
a
n
OR
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
m
u
ltih
o
p
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
m
ak
es u
s
e
o
f
m
a
n
y
r
ad
io
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
(
R
F)
ch
an
n
els
[
5
]
.
Mu
lti
-
ch
an
n
el
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
ally
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
is
tic
r
o
u
tin
g
(
MCEx
OR
)
is
in
d
ee
d
a
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
th
at
m
in
im
izes
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
wir
eless
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
t
o
tal
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
g
r
ew
as
ev
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tiv
e
R
F
ch
an
n
els
r
o
s
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
u
n
iq
u
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
b
o
th
r
o
u
te
f
in
d
in
g
an
d
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
,
as
well
as
an
R
F
tr
an
s
ce
iv
er
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
ev
ice.
T
in
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
o
n
ly
n
ee
d
a
wea
k
,
n
o
n
-
r
ec
h
ar
g
ea
b
le
b
atter
y
p
o
wer
to
o
p
e
r
ate.
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
am
b
i
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
n
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
icien
t u
s
e
o
f
en
er
g
y
is
a
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
io
r
ity
in
an
y
r
o
u
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
ey
s
u
g
g
ested
ju
s
t
s
u
ch
a
b
o
o
k
.
Mu
ltih
o
p
an
d
OR
th
eo
r
y
was
u
s
ed
,
wh
ile
o
p
tim
izatio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
th
e
d
is
p
ar
ity
in
en
er
g
y
lev
els
an
d
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
[
6
]
.
Min
im
al
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
was
s
h
o
wn
u
s
in
g
OR
,
wh
ich
also
b
o
o
s
ted
n
etw
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
k
ee
p
in
g
n
o
d
es
s
af
e.
I
f
it
wer
e
a
n
o
d
e
with
a
lo
n
g
er
life
s
p
an
,
th
is
wo
u
ld
b
e
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
th
is
d
o
es n
o
t
wo
r
k
wh
ile
th
e
n
o
d
es a
r
e
in
th
eir
s
leep
s
tate.
A
s
p
ar
t
o
f
OR
,
n
o
d
es
th
at
b
o
th
o
v
er
h
ea
r
a
n
d
tak
e
p
ar
t
in
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ar
e
ad
d
ed
to
s
o
m
eth
in
g
lik
e
a
f
o
r
war
d
er
lis
t,
wh
ich
als
o
in
clu
d
es
n
o
d
es
o
f
v
ar
y
in
g
p
r
i
o
r
ity
.
W
h
en
a
p
ac
k
et
is
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
a
h
ig
h
er
-
p
r
io
r
ity
n
o
d
e
t
o
s
o
m
eth
i
n
g
lik
e
a
lo
wer
-
p
r
io
r
ity
n
o
d
e,
t
h
at
p
ac
k
et
wo
u
ld
b
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
ettin
g
p
r
io
r
ities
is
d
if
f
icu
lt.
T
h
ey
p
aid
s
p
ec
ial
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
n
ar
r
o
win
g
d
o
w
n
an
d
r
an
k
in
g
th
e
o
p
tio
n
s
[
7
]
–
[
9
]
.
T
h
ey
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
c
h
ea
p
OR
s
tr
ateg
y
th
at
co
n
s
er
v
es
en
er
g
y
.
Activ
e
p
r
o
b
in
g
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
ec
id
e
o
n
a
n
etwo
r
k
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
a
d
is
p
er
s
ed
s
et
o
f
h
o
s
ts
[
1
0
]
.
Ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
r
e
u
s
ed
,
b
o
th
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
th
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
r
o
u
ter
s
.
No
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
ca
n
r
eliab
ly
g
e
n
er
ate
an
o
p
tim
al
r
o
u
te
to
p
o
lo
g
y
[
1
1
]
.
Help
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
o
u
ter
was e
asy
to
u
s
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
in
p
r
ac
tice.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
th
e
p
r
e
v
alen
t tr
ee
-
b
ased
to
p
o
lo
g
y
was in
ap
p
licab
le
h
er
e
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
m
o
d
u
les
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
liv
e
u
p
d
ate,
m
u
ltip
ath
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
s
o
u
r
ce
r
o
u
tin
g
,
as
well
as
s
m
all
s
ca
le
re
-
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
wer
e
u
tili
ze
d
[
1
4
]
.
Mu
ltip
le
p
ath
way
s
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
ar
e
d
is
co
v
er
ed
wh
en
ev
er
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
in
itiates
co
n
tact
with
th
at
as
w
ell.
I
t
tak
es
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
all
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
r
o
u
tes,
g
en
er
ates
a
m
atr
ix
,
an
d
c
o
u
n
ts
h
o
w
m
an
y
o
f
th
o
s
e
r
o
u
tes
ar
e
co
m
p
letely
s
ep
a
r
ate
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
an
o
th
e
r
.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
r
o
u
ted
to
th
eir
f
i
n
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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13
,
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4
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d
esti
n
atio
n
o
n
ce
all
p
o
s
s
ib
le
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
o
u
tes
h
av
e
b
ee
n
i
d
en
tifie
d
.
W
h
en
a
p
ac
k
et
is
f
o
r
war
d
ed
,
it
is
d
o
n
e
s
o
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
n
o
d
e
s
tan
d
s
clo
s
er
to
th
e
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
th
an
th
at
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
u
s
h
as
m
o
r
e
up
-
to
-
d
ate
r
o
u
tin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
f
th
e
n
o
d
es a
r
e
m
o
v
in
g
s
wif
tly
an
d
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
h
as a
v
ast d
iam
eter
,
th
er
e
is
a
d
an
g
er
th
at
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
will
b
e
lo
s
t,
ev
en
b
y
t
h
e
tim
e
it
r
ea
ch
es
an
o
th
er
d
is
tan
t
n
o
d
e.
I
n
th
is
in
s
tan
ce
,
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
n
o
d
e
m
a
y
u
p
d
ate
t
h
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
er
lis
t
in
s
id
e
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
b
ased
o
n
i
ts
k
n
o
wled
g
e
.
I
f
a
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
ails
b
etwe
en
two
f
o
r
war
d
e
r
s
,
th
en
d
ata
m
ig
h
t
b
e
r
esen
t
b
y
an
y
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
th
e
lis
t.
R
esear
ch
er
s
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
m
u
ltip
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
with
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
MA
NE
T
)
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
th
a
n
o
th
er
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
,
n
etwo
r
k
laten
c
y
(
late
n
cy
)
,
an
d
d
elay
jitt
er
s
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ey
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
i
n
te
r
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
li
ct
to
s
e
n
d
th
e
p
ac
k
et
wi
th
o
u
t
a
n
y
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
-
r
ati
o
(
S
NR
)
j
u
s
t a
t t
h
e
r
e
ce
i
v
er
t
o
b
e
m
et
,
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
we
r
s
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
e
r
s
as
wel
l
as
t
h
e
n
o
is
e
p
o
w
er
m
u
s
t
b
e
less
th
a
n
a
s
p
e
ci
f
ie
d
v
al
u
e
[
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
e
n
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
n
o
d
es
a
r
e
b
r
o
a
d
c
asti
n
g
at
o
n
c
e,
co
n
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
t
r
a
n
s
m
itt
er
s
ets
a
r
e
u
til
iz
ed
f
o
r
ef
f
i
cie
n
t
,
l
o
w
-
e
n
e
r
g
y
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
.
E
f
f
e
cti
v
e
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
n
g
ac
r
o
s
s
all
lin
k
s
is
a
c
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
ti
o
n
o
f
OR
.
F
in
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
d
it
ed
f
o
r
wa
r
d
in
g
(
E
F
)
li
n
k
r
at
e
f
o
r
e
ac
h
e
m
itt
e
r
[
1
7
]
.
B
o
t
h
th
e
f
o
r
wa
r
d
i
n
g
c
a
n
d
i
d
at
e
lis
t
as
w
ell
as
t
h
e
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
r
a
te
d
et
er
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
E
F
r
ate
.
W
h
en
t
h
er
e
is
ju
s
t
o
n
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
c
an
d
i
d
ate
f
o
r
e
v
e
r
y
n
o
d
e
,
t
h
e
OR
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
ab
a
n
d
o
n
e
d
i
n
f
a
v
o
r
o
f
m
o
r
e
co
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
al
r
o
u
t
in
g
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
s
.
T
h
e
y
s
u
g
g
est
e
d
l
o
c
ati
o
n
-
b
as
e
d
ass
o
ci
a
tiv
it
y
r
o
u
ti
n
g
t
o
m
i
n
im
iz
e
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
c
e
t
r
a
v
e
le
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
r
o
u
te
d
is
c
o
v
e
r
y
[
1
8
]
.
I
t is d
i
f
f
ic
u
l
t to
g
u
a
r
a
n
t
ee
u
p
k
ee
p
w
h
e
n
li
n
k
a
g
es
a
r
e
b
r
o
k
e
n
.
A
n
ass
o
c
iat
iv
it
y
-
b
as
ed
r
o
u
ti
n
g
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
c
h
o
o
s
es
t
h
e
p
at
h
b
e
twe
e
n
n
o
d
es
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
ir
ass
o
c
iat
iv
it
y
s
t
at
es.
W
i
th
t
h
e
w
h
o
le
n
et
wo
r
k
as
ju
s
t
a
p
o
te
n
t
ial
d
est
in
a
ti
o
n
,
f
in
d
i
n
g
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
p
a
t
h
ta
k
es
a
l
o
t
o
f
ti
m
e
a
n
d
u
s
es
a
l
o
t
o
f
b
an
d
w
id
th
.
T
h
is
lo
ca
tio
n
b
ased
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
is
tic
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
L
OR
)
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
t
im
ely
an
d
r
eliab
le
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
in
h
ig
h
ly
d
y
n
am
ic
MA
NE
T
[
1
9
]
.
I
t
ex
p
lo
its
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
p
r
o
p
er
ty
an
d
th
e
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
wir
ele
s
s
m
ed
ia.
W
h
en
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
s
en
t
o
u
t,
t
h
e
in
ter
m
e
d
iate
n
o
d
e
s
ac
t
as
f
o
r
war
d
er
s
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
ten
d
e
d
n
o
d
es
d
o
n
o
t
f
o
r
war
d
th
em
.
Du
p
licate
r
elay
in
g
d
u
e
to
p
ac
k
e
t
r
er
o
u
tin
g
m
a
y
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
t
h
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
r
o
u
te
r
ec
o
v
er
y
c
o
u
ld
b
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
.
T
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
a
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
with
in
MA
NE
T
s
,
th
ey
s
u
g
g
ested
a
p
r
iv
ac
y
-
f
r
ie
n
d
ly
r
o
u
tin
g
in
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
MA
NE
T
s
(
PR
I
SM)
p
r
o
to
co
l
[
2
0
]
.
I
t
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
tr
an
s
m
itted
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
b
y
au
th
en
ticatin
g
n
o
d
es
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
p
s
ig
n
atu
r
es
an
d
b
l
o
ck
in
g
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
o
d
es.
Un
d
er
s
o
m
e
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
it
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
etter
th
an
lin
k
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
tate
r
o
u
tin
g
.
Scien
tis
ts
s
h
ar
e
th
e
p
u
b
lic’
s
wo
r
r
y
a
b
o
u
t
city
t
r
af
f
ic.
Dijk
s
tr
a's
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
l
o
ca
tes
th
e
q
u
ick
est
r
o
u
te,
is
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
b
y
d
r
iv
er
ass
is
tan
ce
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Def
r
awy
an
d
T
s
u
d
ik
[
2
1
]
s
h
o
ws
o
b
ject
-
o
r
ien
ted
p
r
in
cip
les
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
u
tili
zin
g
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
ca
r
s
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
an
d
o
f
f
er
a
s
p
ee
d
y
way
.
T
h
ey
u
s
ed
a
d
ata
f
u
s
io
n
m
eth
o
d
to
f
u
r
th
er
r
ef
i
n
e
it
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
o
u
tin
g
h
el
p
s
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
v
eh
icl
es
in
a
city
.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
ig
n
al
lo
s
s
m
ig
h
t
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
t
o
h
u
m
an
er
r
o
r
o
r
n
at
u
r
al
d
is
aster
s
.
T
h
ey
p
r
esen
ted
a
g
e
o
-
r
o
u
ti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
t
h
at
u
s
es
OR
an
d
tak
es
i
n
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
l
o
ca
l
r
o
ad
n
etwo
r
k
[
2
3
]
.
Af
ter
o
n
e
p
ac
k
et
ar
r
i
v
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
wir
eless
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t,
it
is
f
o
r
war
d
ed
v
ia
OR
.
As
ju
s
t
a
r
esu
lt,
th
er
e
was
less
co
llis
io
n
an
d
a
s
m
aller
ch
an
n
el
lo
s
s
.
T
h
ey
cr
ea
ted
a
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
wir
eles
s
,
lo
o
p
-
less
,
an
d
ca
m
er
a
-
less
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
lig
h
t
u
s
in
g
a
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle
was
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
in
tellig
en
t
s
y
s
tem
th
at
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
ex
is
tin
g
tr
af
f
ic
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
s
h
o
r
ten
s
ty
p
ical
tr
af
f
ic
-
lig
h
t w
ait
tim
es.
C
u
r
r
en
t te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
eter
m
in
es t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
u
ltip
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
b
y
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
r
ev
e
r
s
e
p
ath
o
f
s
u
ch
a
p
ac
k
et'
s
jo
u
r
n
ey
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wo
u
ld
b
e
a
ju
m
b
le
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
p
ath
s
,
in
a
n
u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
le
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
.
Me
tr
i
cs m
ay
also
r
ev
ea
l
wh
eth
er
r
o
u
tin
g
was f
l
o
w
-
b
ased
o
r
p
ac
k
e
t
-
b
ased
.
I
n
th
e
p
ast
,
p
r
o
to
co
ls
h
av
e
ex
clu
s
iv
ely
r
eg
ar
d
ed
wir
ed
c
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
.
W
i
-
Fi,
h
o
wev
er
,
r
elies
o
n
a
lo
ca
l
a
r
ea
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
AN)
to
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
a
n
d
wir
eless
u
s
a
g
e
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
.
Sin
ce
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
wir
eless
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ar
e
s
o
g
r
ea
t.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
WO
RK
Dela
y
s
ca
n
o
cc
u
r
e
v
er
y
w
h
er
e,
ev
en
in
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
wir
eless
n
e
two
r
k
s
,
wh
en
th
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le
ca
u
s
es.
Du
e
to
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
wir
eless
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
OR
was
ab
l
e
to
cir
cu
m
v
en
t
th
ese
d
elay
s
.
Usi
n
g
lo
ca
tio
n
d
ata
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
b
o
o
s
ts
a
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
r
o
u
tin
g
jo
b
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
wh
ile
r
e
d
u
cin
g
its
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
c
o
s
t.
Up
d
atin
g
o
f
n
o
d
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
les
ar
e
m
ain
tain
e
d
b
y
s
o
f
twar
e
ag
en
ts
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
ately
,
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
an
d
re
-
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
will
o
cc
u
r
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
u
b
p
ar
r
o
u
te
q
u
ality
.
As
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
is
tr
u
s
tw
o
r
t
h
y
,
th
e
p
ath
q
u
ality
m
u
s
t
b
e
h
ig
h
.
T
h
is
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
s
u
r
v
iv
al
p
e
r
io
d
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
to
tal
r
em
ain
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
all
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it
is
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
o
n
ly
co
u
n
t
h
o
p
s
wh
en
ju
d
g
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
a
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
r
o
u
tin
g
.
W
h
e
n
ev
alu
atin
g
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
q
u
ality
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
its
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
an
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
ar
e
in
d
ee
d
ta
k
en
in
to
a
cc
o
u
n
t.
Glo
b
al
o
p
tim
u
m
p
ath
way
s
ar
e
b
u
i
lt
f
r
o
m
th
e
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o
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r
ce
to
t
h
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d
esti
n
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
u
ted
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
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f
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
.
On
ce
d
at
a
p
a
ck
ets
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
ei
r
o
r
ig
i
n
atin
g
n
o
d
e,
th
ey
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
lead
er
.
T
h
e
id
ea
l r
o
u
te
f
o
r
d
at
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
A
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ystema
tic
a
s
s
e
r
tive
w
id
e
-
b
a
n
d
r
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u
tin
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n
a
n
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3895
wh
ich
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th
e
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with
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h
e
s
h
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r
test
d
is
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ce
b
etwe
en
it
an
d
th
e
n
ex
t
h
o
p
.
An
ex
ce
p
tio
n
is
th
r
o
wn
in
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
f
lo
wch
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
w
h
en
ev
e
r
a
n
ew
m
ess
ag
e
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p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
an
d
th
e
n
eig
h
b
o
r
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f
th
e
s
en
d
in
g
n
o
d
e
m
u
s
t
v
er
if
y
a
s
in
g
le
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MA
C
)
.
No
n
eth
eless
,
it
is
s
i
m
p
le
to
in
s
er
t
an
d
ar
b
itra
te
m
ess
ag
es a
lo
n
g
th
e
r
o
u
te.
Her
e,
a
n
at
tack
er
m
u
s
t a
s
s
au
lt n
o
t ju
s
t o
n
e
h
o
p
,
b
u
t a
ls
o
two
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
th
is
is
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el'
s
f
lo
wch
ar
t.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
,
an
d
th
en
its
s
ize
i
s
ass
e
s
s
ed
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
d
o
n
e
th
e
n
n
eig
h
b
o
r
esti
m
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
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d
b
r
o
a
d
ca
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tin
g
o
f
th
e
‘
Hello
’
m
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ag
e
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d
o
n
e
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
d
etails
ar
e
r
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e
iv
ed
at
th
e
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ec
ei
v
in
g
lo
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ti
o
n
.
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f
ter
ch
ec
k
in
g
,
th
e
en
e
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g
y
d
etails
an
d
d
is
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ce
if
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th
e
d
etails
ar
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u
p
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ated
to
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e
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t
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g
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le
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d
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is
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’
th
en
th
e
en
er
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etails
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d
d
is
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ce
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ac
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d
b
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k
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m
atio
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lo
c
k
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o
r
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r
th
er
v
er
i
f
icatio
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.
Fro
m
th
e
r
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tin
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tab
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th
e
s
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test
p
ath
is
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d
th
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k
ed
if
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e
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is
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ailed
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e
‘
Yes’
m
ess
ag
e
is
s
en
t
f
o
r
wh
ich
u
p
d
atin
g
o
f
th
e
tab
le,
r
e
s
en
d
in
g
o
f
r
o
u
te
r
eq
u
est
(
R
R
E
Q)
,
an
d
r
esti
n
g
o
f
R
tab
le
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
n
d
i
f
t
h
e
‘
No
’
m
ess
ag
e
is
s
en
t th
e
p
ac
k
ets ar
e
f
o
r
war
d
e
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Su
g
g
ested
m
o
d
el'
s
f
l
o
wch
ar
t
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
h
as
b
ee
n
m
ad
e.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
en
er
g
y
an
d
d
atab
ase
s
p
ec
if
ics
o
f
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tio
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e
s
to
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ed
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T
h
e
b
est
way
m
ay
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e
ch
o
s
en
b
y
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ir
s
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ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
d
is
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ce
in
v
o
lv
ed
,
an
d
th
en
u
p
d
atin
g
th
e
r
o
u
te.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
in
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
ac
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n
o
f
s
en
d
in
g
an
d
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llectin
g
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
d
is
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ce
d
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
(
1
)
an
d
(
2
)
:
(
,
)
=
×
(
+
ε
α
)
(
1
)
(
)
=
×
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
an
d
ar
e
th
e
r
eq
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ir
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e
n
er
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y
f
o
r
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en
d
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n
d
co
llecti
n
g
en
er
g
y
p
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g
r
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iv
ely
,
is
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
ca
th
o
d
ic
lo
o
p
s
,
an
d
is
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
s
i
ze
.
ε
is
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
am
p
lifie
r
,
α
is
th
e
am
p
lify
in
g
f
ac
to
r
,
α
=
2
is
f
o
r
th
e
r
ar
ef
ac
tio
n
m
o
d
el,
wh
en
d
≤
d
0
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d
wid
e
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b
a
n
d
f
ad
in
g
m
o
d
el,
α
=4
wh
en
d
>
0
as sh
o
wn
in
th
e
b
en
ea
th
eq
u
atio
n
.
W
h
er
e,
an
d
with
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
am
p
lifie
r
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er
g
y
f
o
r
u
n
o
cc
u
p
ied
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r
r
ar
ef
ac
tio
n
(
fs
)
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d
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e
-
b
an
d
d
esig
n
,
h
er
e
we
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
r
ar
e
f
ac
tio
n
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
n
o
d
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
I
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t J Ar
tif
I
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tell,
Vo
l.
13
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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er
2
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4
:
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8
9
2
-
3
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9
9
3896
=
√
(
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Netwo
r
k
o
f
n
o
d
es
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
a
n
etwo
r
k
wi
th
1
0
0
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
NS2
s
im
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r
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lts
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h
e
im
ag
e'
s
r
ed
d
o
ts
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
s
en
d
er
s
as
well
as
th
e
r
ec
i
p
ien
ts
.
T
h
er
e
will
b
e
s
o
m
e
lag
tim
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
m
u
ltip
ath
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
ed
in
a
wir
eless
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
with
m
u
lt
ip
le
o
r
ig
i
n
s
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
.
I
n
OR
,
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
ar
e
weig
h
ed
.
On
e
way
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
lo
w
-
d
elay
r
o
u
tin
g
is
to
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
we
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
n
o
d
e'
s
p
o
wer
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
wir
eless
s
ig
n
als,
O
R
m
itig
ates th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
b
ad
w
ir
eless
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
n
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
two
ty
p
es
o
f
d
ata
d
elay
s
:
q
u
eu
in
g
d
elay
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
s
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
u
s
e
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
in
s
tead
o
f
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
wh
e
n
th
e
q
u
e
u
in
g
d
ela
y
was
d
is
r
eg
ar
d
e
d
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
o
f
tim
e
v
s
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
elay
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
lin
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
m
et
h
o
d
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
ed
o
n
e
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es,
o
p
tim
al
m
u
ltil
ay
er
p
er
ce
p
tr
o
n
(
OM
L
P)
h
as
a
litt
le
s
m
aller
laten
cy
th
an
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
s
ch
em
es.
T
h
e
g
r
a
p
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
h
as
a
v
er
y
lo
w
en
d
-
en
d
d
elay
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
p
lo
t is b
etwe
en
s
i
m
u
latio
n
tim
e
an
d
en
d
-
en
d
d
elay
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
E
n
d
-
e
n
d
d
ela
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ar
tif
I
n
tell
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
9
3
8
A
s
ystema
tic
a
s
s
e
r
tive
w
id
e
-
b
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
u
s
in
g
l
o
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tia
l
…
(
K
a
r
u
r
Mo
h
a
mme
d
S
a
ifu
d
d
in
)
3897
4
.
1
.
P
a
ck
e
t
deliv
er
y
ra
t
io
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ag
es
r
ec
ei
v
ed
b
y
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
as
a
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
to
tal
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
s
ee
m
s
to
b
e
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
ws th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
ati
o
.
T
h
e
m
u
ch
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es a
r
e
th
o
s
e
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
m
ess
ag
e
ar
r
iv
es
at
its
in
ten
d
ed
r
ec
ip
ien
t,
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
,
with
o
u
t
an
y
c
o
llis
io
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
was
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
g
r
ea
ter
in
OM
L
P
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
ws th
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
h
as a
b
etter
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
an
d
th
e
p
lo
t
is
b
etwe
en
s
im
u
latio
n
tim
e
a
n
d
p
ac
k
e
t
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Pack
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
4
.
2
.
P
a
ck
e
t
lo
s
s
Pack
et
lo
s
s
o
cc
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r
s
wh
en
d
at
a
p
ac
k
ets
tr
av
elin
g
ac
r
o
s
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RE
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NC
E
S
[
1
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S
.
P
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Y
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Ta
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2
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B
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A
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.
F
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ma
n
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a
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2
.
[
3
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S
.
P
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n
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Y
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.
[
4
]
J.
R
.
S
r
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v
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.
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.
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Pro
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5
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A
.
Zu
b
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M
.
K
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,
a
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J.
-
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6
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H
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Li
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8
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