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201
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I
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8938
IJ
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Vo
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7
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No
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3
,
Sep
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b
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20
1
8
:
12
5
-
12
9
126
Eq
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allel
w
o
r
k
to
w
ar
d
a
co
m
m
o
n
s
et
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
t
g
o
als
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
an
d
s
ales
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
R
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
team
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
b
ein
g
f
o
r
m
ed
f
o
r
th
e
ti
m
e
f
r
a
m
e
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
2
.
2
.
G
o
a
ls
o
f
Co
ncurre
nt
E
n
g
ineering
Usi
n
g
co
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
g
o
al
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
:
C
o
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
s
h
o
r
ter
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ti
m
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
co
s
ts
,
an
d
b
etter
q
u
alit
y
o
f
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
cts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
n
ee
d
s
.
C
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ti
m
e
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
5
0
%
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
:
ac
t
iv
i
ties
r
u
n
i
n
p
ar
allel,
tea
m
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
a
v
e
r
eg
u
lar
m
ee
tin
g
s
wh
ich
allo
w
f
ast
a
n
d
ef
f
i
cien
t
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
all
p
r
o
d
u
ct
f
ea
t
u
r
es
is
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
to
team
s
(
n
o
ti
m
e
is
w
a
s
ted
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
g
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
‘
‘
w
h
o
i
s
to
b
e
b
lam
ed
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
s
’
’
)
.
Stag
e
s
an
d
ac
ti
v
itie
s
o
f
th
e
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
C
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
s
eq
u
e
n
tial
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
u
s
u
a
ll
y
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
ev
e
n
s
tag
e
s
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
:
De
f
i
n
itio
n
o
f
g
o
al
s
,
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
s
tu
d
y
,
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
d
esi
g
n
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
lan
n
in
g
,
Ma
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
ass
e
m
b
l
y
,
an
d
d
eliv
er
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
s
ts
o
f
Seq
u
en
tial
an
d
C
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
t P
r
o
d
u
ct
an
d
P
r
o
ce
s
s
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
e
n
t E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
T
o
o
l
s
3.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
DE
SCRI
P
T
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
L
ea
d T
i
m
e
M
ea
s
ures
T
h
er
e
is
an
o
ld
ad
ag
e
th
at
“
T
h
e
r
o
ad
o
n
e
tak
es
m
atter
s
o
n
l
y
if
o
n
e
k
n
o
w
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
an
d
w
h
er
e
th
e
y
ar
e
tr
y
i
n
g
to
g
o
.
”
T
h
er
e
is
n
ec
es
s
it
y
to
f
ir
m
h
a
v
e
a
cy
cle
ti
m
ep
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
ase
lin
e
ag
ain
s
t
w
h
ic
h
to
co
m
p
ar
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
n
e
w
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
A
b
b
ie
Gr
i
f
f
in
(
1
9
9
3
)
p
r
esen
ted
o
n
e
s
et
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
AI
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8938
Desig
n
P
r
o
ce
s
s
to
R
ed
u
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
cy
cle
Time
in
P
r
o
d
u
ct
Dev
elo
p
men
t
(
Ma
h
esh
Ma
lla
mp
a
ti
)
127
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
to
o
ls
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
f
ir
m
s
to
g
en
er
a
te
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
c
y
cle
ti
m
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
aselin
es.
Sh
e
h
as
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
w
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
p
er
ce
n
t
ch
a
n
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
p
r
o
d
u
ct
g
en
er
atio
n
s
,
co
m
p
lex
it
y
an
d
w
h
et
h
er
o
r
n
o
t
a
f
o
r
m
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
a
s
u
s
ed
.
Sh
e
also
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
th
e
m
to
eit
h
er
f
o
r
ec
ast e
x
p
ec
t
ed
p
r
o
j
ec
t d
u
r
atio
n
,
g
iv
e
n
t
h
at
y
o
u
h
a
v
e
n
o
t c
h
a
n
g
ed
y
o
u
r
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
o
r
d
eter
m
in
e
w
h
et
h
er
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ch
a
n
g
e
h
as a
ct
u
all
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t c
y
c
le
ti
m
e
[
5
]
.
L
ea
d
ti
m
e
is
eq
u
al
to
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e,
s
et
u
p
,
m
o
v
e,
q
u
eu
e,
w
ait
-
in
-
b
atch
,
w
a
it
-
to
-
b
atch
,
an
d
w
ait
-
to
-
m
atc
h
t
i
m
e
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
q
u
eu
e,
w
ait
-
in
-
b
atc
h
,
w
a
it
-
to
-
b
atch
,
a
n
d
w
ait
-
to
-
m
a
tch
ti
m
e
s
all
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
w
ait
in
g
,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
co
llectiv
e
l
y
r
ef
er
r
ed
as
w
aiti
n
g
ti
m
e.
E
q
u
atio
n
2
i
s
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
lead
ti
m
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
.
W
aitin
g
ti
m
e
is
u
s
u
a
ll
y
lar
g
es
t
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
ac
co
u
n
t
in
g
f
o
r
as
m
u
ch
a
s
9
0
% o
f
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
lead
ti
m
e
i
n
s
o
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Dan
n
y
J
.
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
(
2
0
0
3
)
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
b
asic
f
ac
to
r
s
th
a
t d
eter
m
i
n
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t ti
m
e
an
d
ex
p
lain
w
h
y
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
o
cc
u
r
s
.
Ma
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
ti
m
e
i
s
le
n
g
th
o
f
ti
m
e
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
r
elea
s
e
o
f
an
o
r
d
er
to
f
ac
to
r
y
f
lo
o
r
an
d
its
r
ec
eip
t
in
to
f
i
n
is
h
g
o
o
d
in
v
e
n
t
o
r
y
.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ti
m
e,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
b
atc
h
s
ize,
s
et
u
p
an
d
m
o
v
e
ti
m
e,
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
s
tatio
n
u
tili
za
tio
n
.
Au
t
h
o
r
also
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
ill
u
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
ac
tio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
tak
en
to
r
ed
u
ce
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
,
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
m
.
Fra
m
e
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es a
n
ea
s
y
-
to
-
u
s
e
to
o
l t
h
at
m
a
n
ag
er
s
ca
n
u
s
e
d
eter
m
i
n
e
a
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
ac
tio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t in
t
h
eir
o
w
n
p
lan
ts
[
6
]
.
L
ea
d
ti
m
e
=
Setu
p
ti
m
e
+
P
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ti
m
e
+
Mo
v
e
t
i
m
e
+
W
aitin
g
t
i
m
e
(
2
)
4.
T
O
O
L
S AN
D
T
E
CH
NI
Q
U
E
S
F
O
R
L
E
AD
T
I
M
E
RE
D
U
CT
I
O
N
As
d
escr
ib
ed
ea
r
lier
lead
ti
m
e
is
co
m
p
o
s
e
o
f
s
et
u
p
ti
m
e,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
ti
m
e,
m
o
v
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
w
aiti
n
g
ti
m
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
to
o
ls
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
f
ir
s
t
s
h
o
w
s
to
o
ls
f
o
r
s
et
u
p
ti
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
an
d
th
e
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
to
o
ls
to
r
ed
u
ce
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
a.
Setu
p
T
i
m
e
R
ed
u
ct
io
n
b.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
Mo
v
e
a
n
d
W
aitin
g
ti
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
c.
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
P
lan
n
in
g
an
d
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
d.
Desig
n
f
o
r
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
(
DFP
)
4
.
1
.
Set
up
T
i
m
e
Re
du
ct
io
n
A
.
A
l
lah
v
er
d
i
an
d
H.
M.
So
r
o
u
s
h
(
2
0
0
8
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
s
c
h
ed
u
li
n
g
ac
ti
v
itie
s
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
l
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
etu
p
ti
m
e/co
s
ts
.
T
r
ea
tin
g
s
etu
p
ti
m
es/co
s
t
s
s
ep
ar
atel
y
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
ti
m
e
s
/
co
s
ts
al
lo
w
s
o
p
er
atio
n
s
to
b
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
l
y
an
d
h
en
ce
i
m
p
r
o
v
es r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
t
io
n
[
7
]
.
M.
Diab
y
et
al.
(
2
0
1
3
)
d
ev
elo
p
ed
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
o
d
el
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
le
v
el
o
f
s
et
u
p
r
ed
u
ctio
n
,
d
ef
ec
t
r
ate
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
c
y
cle
ti
m
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ct
s
u
b
j
ec
t
to
d
em
a
n
d
,
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
b
u
d
g
e
t,
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
w
ar
e
h
o
u
s
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
.
A
co
n
v
e
x
g
eo
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
e
m
o
d
els i
s
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
s
o
lv
e
th
e
m
[
8
]
.
4.
1.
1
.
Sin
g
le
M
inu
t
e
E
x
cha
n
g
e
o
f
Die
(
S
M
E
D)
S.P
atel
et
al.
(
2
0
0
1
)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
at
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
s
et
-
u
p
ti
m
e
m
ai
n
l
y
b
y
tea
m
w
o
r
k
,
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
w
o
r
k
s
tu
d
y
,
n
e
w
m
ac
h
in
er
y
/tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
e
m
p
o
w
er
m
en
t,
f
i
x
t
u
r
es/
f
itti
n
g
s
,
p
r
e
-
s
et
to
o
li
n
g
a
n
d
au
to
m
at
ic
to
o
l
ch
an
g
er
s
.
I
f
s
e
t
-
u
p
ti
m
e
s
ar
e
to
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
o
s
in
g
le
d
ig
it
f
i
g
u
r
e
s
th
e
n
t
h
e
co
m
p
a
n
ies
n
ee
d
t
o
e
m
b
r
ac
e
th
e
SME
D
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
[
9
]
.
S.P
atel
et
al.
(
2
0
0
1
)
s
t
u
d
ied
s
et
-
u
p
ti
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
an
d
m
i
s
ta
k
e
p
r
o
o
f
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
in
a
s
m
all
co
m
p
a
n
y
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
in
t
h
e
m
ac
h
i
n
i
n
g
o
f
p
r
ec
is
io
n
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
i
n
s
m
al
l
b
atch
es
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
v
ar
ie
t
y
f
o
r
ae
r
o
s
p
ac
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
.
Au
t
h
o
r
s
e
v
al
u
ated
s
et
u
p
to
e
x
a
m
in
e
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
ts
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
u
s
in
g
S
h
i
n
g
o
‟
s
SME
D
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
[
1
0
]
.
P
atel
C
h
i
n
tan
k
u
m
ar
(
2
0
1
2
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
tin
g
SME
D
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
n
C
.
N.
C
m
ac
h
in
e
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
p
la
ten
;
r
ed
u
ce
d
o
w
n
ti
m
e
1
1
3
.
7
5
m
i
n
to
5
9
.
7
5
m
in
p
er
m
o
n
t
h
.
A
l
s
o
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
p
laten
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
[
1
1
]
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
M
et
ho
d St
ud
y
S.P
atel
et
al.
(
2
0
0
1
)
s
tated
th
at
co
m
p
an
ies
ar
e
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
s
et
-
u
p
ti
m
e
u
s
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
t
u
d
y
tech
n
iq
u
es
as
o
p
p
o
s
ed
to
S
h
in
g
o
‟
s
SME
D
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
C
o
m
p
an
ies
u
s
e
t
y
p
ical
s
tep
f
o
r
r
ed
u
ce
s
et
u
p
ti
m
es
ar
e
1
)
Selectin
g
th
e
s
et
u
p
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
r
ea
tes
t
r
et
u
r
n
o
n
t
h
e
in
v
es
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
s
p
en
t
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
w
h
ich
o
f
f
er
th
e
g
r
ea
tes
t
s
co
p
e
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
,
o
r
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
ca
u
s
i
n
g
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
s
a
n
d
d
elay
s
.
2
)
R
ec
o
r
d
in
g
all
r
elev
an
t
f
ac
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
t
s
et
u
p
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
e
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
o
f
ti
m
e,
in
ter
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
ac
ti
v
it
ies
an
d
p
ath
o
f
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
.
3
)
E
x
a
m
in
i
n
g
t
h
o
s
e
f
ac
t
s
cr
iticall
y
a
n
d
in
s
eq
u
e
n
c
e
r
elatio
n
to
:
P
u
r
p
o
s
e;
p
lace
;
s
eq
u
en
ce
;
p
er
s
o
n
an
d
m
ea
n
s
.
4
)
Dev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
IJ
-
AI
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
1
8
:
12
5
-
12
9
128
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
r
elat
io
n
to
eli
m
i
n
atio
n
,
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
,
c
h
an
g
in
g
,
a
n
d
s
i
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
etti
n
g
-
u
p
ac
tiv
it
y
.
5
)
I
n
s
tallin
g
th
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
s
et
-
u
p
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
.
6
)
Ma
i
n
tai
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
b
y
p
er
io
d
ically
c
h
ec
k
in
g
it in
u
s
e
[
9
]
.
4
.
1
.
3
.
Desig
n f
o
r
P
ro
du
ct
io
n
(
DF
P
)
Desig
n
f
o
r
P
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
(
DFP
)
ev
alu
ate
s
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
p
ar
ts
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
h
o
w
lo
n
g
ea
c
h
o
r
d
er
w
il
l
tak
e
.
T
h
at
is
,
it
ev
alu
a
tes
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
ti
m
e.
P
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
te
a
m
s
n
ee
d
,
ea
r
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
ca
n
est
i
m
ate
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
c
y
cle
t
i
m
e
o
f
a
g
i
v
en
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esi
g
n
.
I
f
th
e
p
r
ed
icted
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
c
y
cle
t
i
m
e
i
s
to
o
lar
g
e,
th
e
tea
m
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
ti
m
e
b
y
r
ed
esi
g
n
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
r
m
o
d
if
y
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
DFP
m
et
h
o
d
s
ev
al
u
ate
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
its
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
s
to
av
a
ilab
le
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
esti
m
ati
n
g
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
c
y
c
l
e
ti
m
e.
J
ef
f
r
e
y
W
.
Her
r
m
an
n
an
d
Ma
n
d
ar
M.
C
h
in
c
h
o
lk
ar
(
2
0
0
0
)
d
ev
elo
p
ed
DFP
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
o
l
th
at
an
al
y
ze
s
ca
p
ac
it
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
,
esti
m
ates
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
i
n
g
c
y
cle
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
e
w
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
to
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
tea
m
.
P
r
o
d
u
ct
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
tea
m
u
s
e
th
i
s
f
e
ed
b
ac
k
to
r
ed
u
ce
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
c
y
c
le
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t to
o
l h
as f
iv
e
m
o
d
u
les
: th
e
5
.
Desi
g
n
Stru
ct
u
r
e
Ma
tr
ix
(
DSM)
Desig
n
Str
u
ct
u
r
e
m
atr
ix
(
DS
M)
w
as
o
r
ig
i
n
ated
b
y
s
te
w
ar
d
in
1
9
8
9
.
I
t
is
also
ca
lled
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
Ma
tr
ix
.
DSM
i
s
to
o
l
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
cie
s
b
et
wee
n
ac
tiv
ities
a
n
d
to
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
DSM
is
a
s
q
u
ar
e
m
a
tr
ix
w
it
h
o
n
e
r
o
w
(
i)
an
d
co
lu
m
n
(
j
)
p
e
r
ac
tiv
it
y
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
itie
s
ar
e
lis
ted
in
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
c
h
r
o
n
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
d
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
DSM
m
atr
i
x
.
Diag
o
n
al
ele
m
en
ts
ar
e
p
lace
h
o
ld
er
in
a
s
i
m
p
le
DSM,
an
d
o
f
f
-
d
ia
g
o
n
al
ele
m
en
ts
i
n
d
icate
ac
tiv
it
y
i
n
ter
f
ac
es.
S
u
b
d
iag
o
n
al
m
a
tr
ix
ele
m
e
n
ts
s
h
o
w
f
ee
d
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
s
u
p
er
d
iag
o
n
al
ele
m
e
n
t
i
n
d
ica
tes
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
if
ac
t
iv
ities
i
n
r
o
w
s
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
co
lu
m
n
s
o
f
D
S
M
h
av
e
n
o
d
ir
ec
t
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
,
en
tr
ies
ij
an
d
j
i
in
th
e
m
atr
ix
w
il
l
b
e
e
m
p
t
y
.
O
n
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
b
o
th
en
tr
ie
s
ij
an
d
j
i
ar
e
f
illed
,
th
is
i
n
d
icate
t
wo
w
a
y
i
n
ter
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
C
P
M/P
E
R
T
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
Gan
tt c
h
ar
ts
d
o
n
o
t a
d
eq
u
atel
y
r
ep
r
ese
n
t t
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
A
B
x
C
x
x
D
x
E
x
x
x
F
x
x
x
x
G
x
x
x
x
x
x
H
x
x
x
x
x
I
x
x
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Desig
n
Str
u
ctu
r
e
Ma
tr
ix
5.
B
E
NE
F
I
T
S O
F
L
E
AD
T
I
M
E
RE
D
UCT
I
O
N
R
ed
u
ci
n
g
lead
ti
m
e
h
as
m
a
n
y
b
e
n
ef
i
ts
.
Ma
in
b
en
e
f
it
s
ar
e
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
R
ed
u
ce
W
I
P
R
ed
u
ce
Saf
et
y
Sto
ck
,
R
ed
u
ce
co
s
t
s
,
I
m
p
r
o
v
ed
Pro
d
u
ct
Qu
alit
y
,
Fa
s
ter
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
cu
s
to
m
er
n
ee
d
,
I
n
cr
ea
s
ed
Flex
ib
ilit
y
,
R
ed
u
ce
ti
m
e
to
m
ar
k
et,
I
n
cr
ea
s
e
P
r
o
f
itab
ilit
y
6.
SUM
M
ARY
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
s
v
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u
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ls
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d
tech
n
iq
u
e
ap
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licab
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lead
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SME
D
is
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ls
to
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ed
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ce
s
etu
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ti
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m
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r
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ce
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ctio
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f
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tin
u
o
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s
f
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f
t
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e
w
o
r
k
,
r
ed
u
ce
lead
ti
m
e,
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ed
u
ce
m
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v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
w
o
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,
eli
m
i
n
at
e
n
o
n
-
v
al
u
e
ad
d
ed
ac
tiv
it
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
in
v
e
n
to
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y
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
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ctio
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s
p
ac
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L
ea
d
ti
m
e
also
r
ed
u
ce
b
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
lan
n
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l.
DFP
m
et
h
o
d
s
ev
alu
a
te
a
p
r
o
d
u
ct
d
esig
n
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
i
ts
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
to
av
ailab
le
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
esti
m
a
te
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
lead
ti
m
e.
I
f
p
r
ed
icted
lead
tim
e
is
to
o
l
ar
g
e,
th
e
ti
m
e
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
b
y
r
ed
esi
g
n
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
DSM
h
elp
s
i
n
r
e
d
u
ce
le
ad
ti
m
e
b
y
p
r
o
p
er
s
eq
u
en
ci
n
g
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
ac
tiv
itie
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
-
AI
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8938
Desig
n
P
r
o
ce
s
s
to
R
ed
u
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
cy
cle
Time
in
P
r
o
d
u
ct
Dev
elo
p
men
t
(
Ma
h
esh
Ma
lla
mp
a
ti
)
129
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Su
m
m
ar
y
o
f
To
o
ls
an
d
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
L
ea
d
T
im
e
R
ed
u
ctio
n
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
a
rc
H.
M
e
y
e
r,
J
a
m
e
s
M
.
Utt
e
rb
a
c
k
,
“
P
ro
d
u
c
t
De
v
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lo
p
m
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n
t
C
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le
T
i
m
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a
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d
Co
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rc
ial
S
u
c
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e
ss
”
IEE
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ra
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sa
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ti
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g
M
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.
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2
,
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o
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4
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p
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2
9
7
-
3
0
4
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
1
9
9
5
.
[2
]
A
.
J
S
e
n
a
p
a
ti
,
P
.
C.
M
ish
ra
,
B.
C.
R
o
u
tra,
A
.
Biswa
s,
“
A
n
Ex
ten
siv
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it
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ra
tu
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Re
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ie
w
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In
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In
ter
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ti
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o
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rn
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6
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p
p
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1
0
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1
1
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A
u
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st 2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
W
a
ll
a
c
e
J.
Ho
p
p
,
M
a
rk
L
.
S
p
e
a
r
m
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n
,
Da
v
id
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.
W
o
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ru
f
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,
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P
ra
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trate
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d
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ric
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a
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ica
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2
,
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n
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-
1
9
9
0
p
p
.
7
8
-
8
4
.
[4
]
R.
M
a
so
n
-
Jo
n
e
s,
D.R.
T
o
w
il
l,
“
T
o
tal
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y
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le
ti
m
e
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o
m
p
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n
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p
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ly
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In
t.
J
.
Pro
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s
62
(
1
9
9
9
)
p
p
.
6
1
-
73.
[5
]
A
b
b
ie
G
ri
ff
in
,
“
M
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tri
c
s
f
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e
a
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ro
d
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t
De
v
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lo
p
m
e
n
t
Cy
c
le
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”
J
PR
OD
INNOV
M
ANA
G
,
1
9
9
3
;
1
0
:
1
1
2
-
1
2
5
.
[6
]
Da
n
n
y
J.
Jo
h
n
so
n
,
“
A
F
ra
m
e
wo
rk
f
o
r
Re
d
u
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in
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M
a
n
u
f
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c
tu
rin
g
T
h
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
T
ime
”
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
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n
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f
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g
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ms
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o
l.
2
2
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.
4
1
,
p
p
.
2
8
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2
9
8
,
2
0
0
3
.
[7
]
A
.
A
ll
a
h
v
e
rd
i,
H.M
.
S
o
r
o
u
sh
,
“
T
h
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sig
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if
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c
a
n
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ro
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n
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1
8
7
(2
0
0
8
)
p
p
.
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7
8
-
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8
4
.
[8
]
M
o
u
sta
p
h
a
Dia
b
y
,
Jo
se
M
.
Cru
z
,
A
a
ro
n
L
.
Ns
a
k
a
n
d
a
,
“
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h
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rte
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in
g
c
y
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l
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m
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lt
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ted
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v
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n
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se
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re
d
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c
ti
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n
”
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r
o
p
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a
n
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o
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l
Res
e
a
rc
h
2
2
8
(2
0
1
3
)
5
2
6
-
5
3
5
.
[9
]
S
.
P
a
tel,
B
.
G
.
Da
le,
P
.
S
h
a
w
,
“
S
e
t
-
u
p
ti
m
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
a
n
d
m
istak
e
p
ro
o
f
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s:
a
n
e
x
a
m
in
a
ti
o
n
i
n
p
re
c
isio
n
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
”
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h
e
TQM
M
a
g
a
z
in
e
V
o
l
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m
e
1
3
.
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m
b
e
r
3
,
2
0
0
1
.
p
p
.
1
7
5
-
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7
9
.
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0
]
S
.
P
a
tel,
P
.
S
h
a
w
,
B.
G
.
Da
le,
“
S
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t
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p
ti
m
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d
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n
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m
istak
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p
ro
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f
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g
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e
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o
d
s:
A
stu
d
y
o
f
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p
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li
c
a
ti
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n
a
s
m
a
ll
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o
m
p
a
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y
”
Bu
sin
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Pro
c
e
s
s M
a
n
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g
e
me
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t
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o
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V
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.
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.
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,
2
0
0
1
,
p
p
.
6
5
-
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5
.
[1
1
]
P.C
Ku
m
a
r,
“
S
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t
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p
Re
d
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c
ti
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-
A
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t
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p
ro
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t
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f
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o
m
p
u
ter
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m
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rica
l
c
o
n
tro
l
(CNC)
se
t
u
p
i
n
m
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
E
n
g
i
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rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
Vo
l.
5
(8
)
,
p
p
.
1
6
6
-
1
7
0
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
L
a
b
o
u
r
Off
ice
,
“
In
t
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
to
W
o
rk
S
tu
d
y
”
,
3
rd
e
d
it
io
n
,
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
Un
iv
e
r
sa
l
Bo
o
k
Co
rp
o
ra
ti
o
n
,
p
p
2
9
.
[1
3
]
Kh
a
li
d
S
.
A
l
-
S
a
leh
,
“
P
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
i
m
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
m
o
to
r
v
e
h
icl
e
in
sp
e
c
ti
o
n
sta
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
m
o
ti
o
n
a
n
d
ti
m
e
stu
d
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ki
n
g
S
a
u
d
Un
ive
rs
it
y
-
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
S
c
ien
c
e
s
(2
0
1
1
)
2
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
-
4
1
.
[1
4
]
Jo
e
l
S
.
Je
n
se
n
,
M
a
rk
N.
F
r
o
li
c
k
,
“
C
y
c
le
T
i
m
e
Re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
G
e
n
e
ra
l
M
o
to
rs
S
e
rv
ice
P
a
rt
s Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
”
2
0
0
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.