I
AE
S
I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Art
if
icia
l In
t
ellig
ence
(
I
J
-
AI
)
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
2020
,
p
p
.
310
~
3
1
6
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8938
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
ai.
v
9
.i
2
.
p
p
310
-
3
1
6
310
J
o
ur
na
l ho
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ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
a
i
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
A genera
l f
ra
m
ew
o
rk
of
geneti
c
m
u
lti
-
a
g
ent
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uting
pro
toco
l f
o
r
i
m
pro
v
ing
t
he pe
rfor
m
a
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ce of M
A
NET
enviro
n
m
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t
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us
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o
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a
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a
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lt
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ter S
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a
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f
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rm
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ti
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c
h
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l
o
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y
,
Un
iv
e
rs
it
i
T
u
n
Hu
ss
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On
n
M
a
lay
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Jo
h
o
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nfo
AB
ST
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ticle
his
to
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y:
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J
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h
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d
a
y
s,
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
h
o
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Ne
tw
o
rk
(M
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ET
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h
a
v
e
p
ro
v
id
e
d
in
c
re
a
sin
g
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re
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a
len
c
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
e
q
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e
n
tl
y
,
M
A
NE
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is
n
o
w
a
s
u
b
jec
t
o
f
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o
n
sid
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ra
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le
sig
n
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c
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se
a
rc
h
e
rs
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stig
a
te
re
se
a
rc
h
a
c
ti
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it
ies
.
M
A
NE
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is
th
e
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
v
e
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
a
ss
e
m
b
lag
e
o
f
p
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le
(o
r
m
o
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u
b
s
(o
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n
o
d
e
s)
w
it
h
o
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t
t
h
e
n
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e
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m
e
d
iatio
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o
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ied
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e
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tralize
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g
a
te
w
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y
(o
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a
c
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e
s
s p
o
in
t)
o
r
e
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isten
t
f
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m
e
w
o
rk
.
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e
re
e
x
ist
s
a
g
ro
w
in
g
in
c
li
n
a
ti
o
n
o
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o
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rse
t
o
e
m
b
ra
c
e
M
A
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f
o
r
b
u
sin
e
ss
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
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n
.
M
A
NE
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is
a
risin
g
d
o
m
a
in
o
f
re
s
e
a
rc
h
to
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d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
se
rv
ice
s
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
to
e
n
d
-
c
li
e
n
ts
o
r
c
o
n
su
m
e
rs.
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we
v
e
r,
th
e
se
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
se
rv
ice
s
o
f
M
A
NE
T
u
ti
li
z
e
a
larg
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
tran
sf
e
r
sp
e
e
d
(o
r
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
)
a
n
d
a
h
u
g
e
m
e
a
su
re
o
f
w
e
b
sp
e
e
d
.
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n
d
w
id
th
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
is
e
ss
e
n
ti
a
l
i
n
d
if
fe
re
n
t
in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
in
terc
h
a
n
g
e
s
f
o
r
f
ru
it
f
u
l
a
c
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
a
p
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li
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ti
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n
o
f
su
c
h
a
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
.
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h
is
p
a
p
e
r
in
teg
ra
tes
th
e
G
e
n
e
ti
c
A
l
g
o
rit
h
m
(
GA
)
a
n
d
th
e
M
u
lt
i
-
A
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
(M
A
S
)
to
i
m
p
ro
v
e
th
e
Qo
S
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
f
ra
m
e
w
o
r
k
c
a
ll
e
d
G
e
n
e
ti
c
M
u
lt
i
-
A
g
e
n
t
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
l
(G
M
A
RP
).
T
h
e
a
i
m
s
o
f
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
f
ra
m
e
wo
rk
a
re
to
u
ti
li
z
e
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
it
s
o
f
b
o
th
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
in
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
f
u
lf
il
Qo
S
su
c
h
a
s
(d
e
lay
,
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
,
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
h
o
p
s)
i
n
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
t
ty
p
e
s
o
f
ro
u
ti
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s
(o
r
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls)
su
c
h
a
s
b
e
in
g
(p
r
o
a
c
ti
v
e
a
n
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
).
In
th
is
p
a
p
e
r
is
a
sim
u
latio
n
sc
e
n
a
rio
to
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
th
e
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
th
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
to
b
e
sa
ti
sf
ie
d
w
it
h
Qo
S
re
q
u
irem
e
n
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
an
d
w
id
t
h
Dela
y
Gen
etic
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
Mo
b
ile
A
d
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
Mu
lti
-
a
g
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Sala
m
a
A
.
Mo
s
ta
f
a
Facu
lt
y
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
ter
Scien
ce
an
d
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
iti T
u
n
H
u
s
s
ei
n
On
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
UT
HM
)
,
8
6
4
0
0
,
P
ar
it R
aj
a,
B
atu
P
ah
at,
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia.
E
m
ail: sa
la
m
a
@
u
t
h
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
r
is
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
g
ad
g
ets
a
n
d
w
ir
eles
s
(
o
r
r
e
m
o
te)
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
in
n
o
v
atio
n
as
o
f
late
h
as
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
th
e
q
u
ick
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
in
t
h
e
q
u
a
n
t
it
y
o
f
p
o
r
tab
le
ter
m
i
n
al
clie
n
t
s
.
A
M
A
NE
T
is
a
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
e
m
o
te
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
e
g
m
en
t
s
,
f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
le,
P
C
s
,
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
al
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
ass
o
ciate
s
a
n
d
r
e
m
o
te
telep
h
o
n
es
ar
e
p
o
r
tab
le
[
1
-
3
]
.
Gen
er
all
y
,
t
h
e
h
u
b
s
i
n
s
id
e
th
e
M
AN
E
T
f
ill
in
as
r
o
u
ter
s
.
W
h
ile
r
ela
y
in
g
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
h
u
b
s
,
t
h
ese
h
u
b
s
m
ea
n
d
e
r
u
n
r
eser
v
ed
l
y
.
T
h
e
u
tili
za
ti
o
n
o
f
M
A
NE
T
is
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
l
y
ap
p
r
o
p
r
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in
i
n
s
tan
ce
s
o
f
in
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
/o
r
ad
d
itio
n
all
y
co
s
tl
y
s
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
h
u
b
p
o
r
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
MA
NE
T
ca
n
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
ch
ea
p
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
s
y
s
te
m
at
an
y
p
lace
,
as
it
is
e
f
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
n
ee
d
s
n
o
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
ate
w
a
y
s
o
r
h
u
b
s
.
I
t
i
s
v
ie
w
ed
as
a
d
ec
en
t
alter
n
ati
v
e
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
in
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
cir
c
u
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
o
f
cr
i
s
is
o
r
ca
tast
r
o
p
h
es.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
h
u
b
s
p
r
esen
t
i
n
M
A
NE
T
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
A
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ti
f
I
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tell
I
SS
N:
2252
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8938
A
g
en
era
l fra
mewo
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k
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f g
en
eti
c
mu
lti
-
a
g
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t ro
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p
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to
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l fo
r
... (
Mu
s
ta
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Ha
mid
Ha
s
s
a
n
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311
ca
n
s
p
ea
k
w
it
h
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
w
it
h
o
u
t
a
m
a
n
ag
er
,
a
s
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
is
ten
ce
o
f
a
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
ated
co
n
tr
o
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
[
4
-
6
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
les
s
o
f
th
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
ith
M
ANE
T
,
it
ad
d
itio
n
all
y
h
as
a
f
e
w
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
w
h
ic
h
d
o
n
o
t
e
x
is
t
in
f
ix
ed
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
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r
ex
a
m
p
le,
t
h
e
v
er
s
atili
t
y
o
f
h
u
b
s
b
r
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t
s
tead
y
alter
ati
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
i
n
t
h
is
w
a
y
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esu
lt
in
g
i
n
a
h
ig
h
tr
an
s
m
is
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io
n
o
f
d
ata
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n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ot
h
e
r
r
estrictio
n
s
o
f
th
e
MA
NE
T
ar
e
th
e
litt
le
li
m
it
o
f
b
atter
ies
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
e
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
c
h
an
n
el
s
.
On
ce
m
o
r
e,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
m
a
y
g
et
u
n
r
ea
lizab
le
an
d
t
h
e
Q
o
S
m
a
y
d
eter
io
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ate
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
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m
atio
n
g
et
to
th
at
i
s
ce
n
tr
ed
o
n
a
s
o
litar
y
p
o
in
t.
M
A
NE
T
d
is
s
e
m
in
ate
s
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
a
n
d
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
n
o
d
es
s
u
c
h
as
w
ea
th
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
tr
an
s
it
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
in
ter
n
et
ac
c
ess
,
m
o
b
ile
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
a
n
d
o
th
er
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
e
m
a
n
d
a
h
u
g
e
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
a
lar
g
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
in
ter
n
et
s
p
ee
d
s
o
t
h
at
u
s
er
s
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
s
el
v
es.
Mo
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
e
x
i
s
t
m
an
y
tech
n
iq
u
es
o
f
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
i
n
M
ANE
T
.
MA
NE
T
s
i
n
r
ec
en
t
ti
m
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
ec
o
m
e
t
h
e
ch
o
ice
w
ir
ele
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
s
i
t
p
r
o
f
f
er
s
.
I
n
a
w
ir
ed
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
es
ti
m
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
u
t
ilizi
n
g
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
g
esti
m
at
io
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
[
7
-
9
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
in
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
M
A
NE
T
s
in
ce
i
t
u
tili
ze
s
te
s
t
p
ac
k
ets
w
h
en
esti
m
ati
n
g
t
h
e
ac
c
ess
ib
le
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
p
r
ese
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
O
n
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
t
h
at
th
e
q
u
a
n
tit
y
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
d
esti
n
at
io
n
p
air
is
s
u
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
h
u
g
e,
it
w
ill
b
r
in
g
ab
o
u
t
s
e
n
d
in
g
m
o
r
e
te
s
t p
ac
k
et
s
w
h
ic
h
t
h
u
s
e
x
p
en
d
s
a
lo
t o
f
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
Sar
r
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
an
av
ailab
le
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
-
b
ased
f
lo
w
a
f
f
ir
m
at
io
n
(
o
r
ad
m
is
s
io
n
)
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
A
B
E
)
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
a
r
e
m
o
te
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
E
s
ti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
l
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t b
y
u
til
izin
g
th
e
r
e
m
o
te
c
h
an
n
el
d
etec
ti
n
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
.
T
h
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
s
o
f
t
h
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
ar
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
er
e
is
an
i
n
cr
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
th
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
i
n
s
id
e
a
s
y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
o
n
l
y
f
ac
to
r
co
n
s
id
er
ed
is
t
h
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Oth
er
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
e
c
o
llis
io
n
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
is
ca
lcu
late
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
h
id
d
e
n
an
d
e
x
p
o
s
ed
n
o
d
e
ca
u
s
i
n
g
u
n
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
d
ela
y
.
A
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
a
v
ailab
le
b
an
d
w
i
d
th
(
I
A
B
)
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Z
h
ao
e
t
al.
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
esti
m
ates
t
h
e
av
ailab
le
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
a
g
i
v
in
g
li
n
k
f
o
r
Qo
S
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
a
w
ir
eless
ad
-
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
an
d
th
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
n
o
d
e
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
tiati
n
g
t
h
e
b
u
s
y
n
e
s
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
a
n
d
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
o
s
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
n
o
d
e.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
w
o
r
k
also
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
esti
m
ati
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
lap
p
in
g
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
id
le
tim
e
o
f
t
w
o
ad
j
ac
en
t
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
o
f
th
is
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
also
C
o
ll
i
s
io
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
th
e
h
id
d
en
a
n
d
ex
p
o
s
ed
n
o
d
e
ca
u
s
i
n
g
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
d
ela
y
.
C
o
g
n
iti
v
e
p
ass
i
v
e
esti
m
at
io
n
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
b
an
d
w
id
th
(
cP
E
A
B
)
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
en
tio
n
as
s
ess
e
s
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
d
ata
tr
an
s
f
er
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
f
a
s
y
s
te
m
in
a
co
v
er
ed
W
iFi
co
n
d
itio
n
.
I
t
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
e
x
tr
a
e
x
p
en
s
e
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
ab
o
u
t
b
y
a
f
f
ir
m
atio
n
f
r
a
m
e
s
,
w
h
ich
w
er
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
in
b
o
th
AA
C
an
d
A
B
E
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e
as
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
b
y
esti
m
ati
n
g
t
h
e
ex
t
en
t
o
f
w
aiti
n
g
a
n
d
b
ac
k
o
f
f
d
ela
y
s
,
p
ac
k
et
co
ll
is
io
n
li
k
eli
h
o
o
d
,
af
f
ir
m
atio
n
p
o
s
tp
o
n
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
c
h
a
n
n
el
in
ac
tiv
e
ti
m
e.
Na
m
e
t
al.
[
1
3
]
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
o
n
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
[
7
]
b
y
e
n
h
an
c
in
g
it
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
t
o
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ate
th
e
r
etr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
b
ac
k
-
o
f
f
co
s
t.
T
h
e
d
o
w
n
s
id
e
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
tr
ateg
y
is
t
h
at
t
h
e
co
n
f
lict
w
i
n
d
o
w
ex
p
en
s
e
w
a
s
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
it
h
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
in
s
i
d
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
o
r
e
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
an
d
a
b
ig
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
ar
e
h
ap
p
en
i
n
g
in
m
a
n
y
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
li
k
e
L
ea
k
y
b
u
c
k
et
a
n
d
T
o
k
en
b
u
c
k
et.
I
n
th
e
T
o
k
en
b
u
ck
e
t
m
e
th
o
d
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
is
h
ap
p
en
ed
les
s
th
a
n
t
h
e
L
ea
k
y
b
u
ck
et
b
u
t
th
e
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
is
r
elativ
el
y
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
t
h
e
L
ea
k
y
b
u
c
k
et
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
So
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
ad
h
o
c
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
M
A
NE
T
)
b
an
d
w
id
th
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
es
ir
ab
le.
in
th
is
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
ca
lled
Gen
etic
M
u
lti
-
Ag
en
t
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l
(
GM
A
R
P
)
.
T
h
e
ai
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
ar
e
to
u
tili
ze
th
e
b
en
ef
it
s
o
f
b
o
th
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
f
u
lf
il
Qo
S
s
u
c
h
as
(
d
elay
,
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
an
d
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
)
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t t
y
p
e
s
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
lik
e
(
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e)
.
2.
M
AT
E
RIAL
S
AND
M
E
T
H
O
DS
2
.
1
.
G
enet
ic
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
Gen
et
ic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
G
A
)
w
a
s
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
clo
s
el
y
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
an
d
r
ep
licatin
g
b
io
lo
g
ical
ev
o
lu
t
io
n
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
r
ec
o
m
b
i
n
atio
n
,
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
.
Ov
er
t
h
e
y
ea
r
s
t
h
e
g
e
n
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
a
s
b
ec
o
m
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
o
b
tain
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
G
A
w
o
r
k
s
b
y
lett
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
eti
n
g
v
ar
iab
les
in
ter
ac
t
w
ith
o
n
e
a
n
o
th
er
to
ev
o
lv
e
a
p
o
ten
tial so
l
u
tio
n
n
atu
r
all
y
.
A
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
d
i
v
er
s
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
en
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
n
atu
r
al
s
c
i
en
ce
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
GA
.
T
h
e
b
asic
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
GA
w
er
e
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
,
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
ti
m
e,
b
y
J
o
h
n
Hen
r
y
Ho
llan
d
[
1
4
]
f
o
r
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
ar
e
w
ell
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
[
1
5
-
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
G
A
is
to
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
b
etter
o
u
t
co
m
e
s
v
ia
s
elec
tio
n
,
h
y
b
r
id
,
a
n
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
o
r
m
u
tatio
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2
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J
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20
20
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310
–
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[
2
2
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2
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]
.
MA
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2
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].
T
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w
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t
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p
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d
p
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ce
a
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d
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icien
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2.
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lab
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d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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A
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I
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N:
2252
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8938
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in
i
m
u
m
d
ela
y
r
at
h
er
th
a
n
o
th
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
lik
e
e
n
er
g
y
,
an
d
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
Oth
er
w
is
e,
th
e
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
h
o
r
test
p
ath
w
it
h
o
u
t
ca
r
e
to
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
ese
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
ac
h
iev
ed
a
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lt;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
it
s
till
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
d
u
e
to
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
li
k
e;
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
an
d
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
e
m
p
lo
y
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
ac
h
ie
v
ed
m
a
n
y
s
u
cc
es
s
es
in
s
ev
er
al
d
o
m
a
in
s
(
li
k
e
r
ef
)
,
th
is
alg
o
r
it
h
m
is
ca
lled
th
e
Gen
etic
Alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
GA
)
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
G
A
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
d
ep
ictio
n
,
f
it
n
ess
f
u
n
ct
io
n
,
s
elec
t
io
n
,
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
ch
a
n
g
e
o
p
er
ato
r
s
.
G
A
s
in
i
tiall
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
it
as
a
n
ass
o
r
t
m
en
t
o
f
i
n
d
iv
id
u
all
y
n
a
m
ed
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
b
y
a
n
e
n
co
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e.
A
s
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
/
m
u
ta
tio
n
,
th
e
s
e
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
ar
e
iter
ativ
el
y
ch
o
s
e
n
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
n
e
w
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
b
y
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
o
p
er
ato
r
s
.
I
n
th
e
in
ter
i
m
,
all
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
es
co
m
p
ete
w
it
h
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
v
ia
a
q
u
alit
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
k
n
o
w
n
as
f
it
n
es
s
in
e
v
er
y
alter
atio
n
c
y
cle
.
Si
n
ce
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
ar
e
th
e
o
p
er
ato
r
s
to
cr
ea
te
n
e
w
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
es
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
a
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
is
t
y
p
icall
y
m
u
ch
lar
g
er
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
a
m
u
tatio
n
,
t
h
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
a
to
r
co
n
s
titu
te
s
th
e
co
r
e
o
p
er
a
tio
n
in
G
As.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
GA
s
till
s
u
f
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
:
Glo
b
al
m
a
x
i
m
a
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
m
e
n
t is
n
o
t g
u
ar
an
teed
b
y
G
A
.
GA
d
o
es n
o
t e
n
s
u
r
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t o
f
n
o
n
-
in
co
n
s
eq
u
en
t
ial
is
s
u
es.
T
h
e
ch
an
ce
o
f
b
ein
g
f
i
x
ed
to
n
ea
r
b
y
m
a
x
i
m
a
at
s
tar
ti
n
g
s
ta
g
es
is
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
h
an
d
li
n
g
f
o
r
ex
a
m
p
le
w
i
th
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
i
m
u
la
ted
g
alv
a
n
izi
n
g
r
ate
o
f
m
u
tatio
n
d
ec
a
y
.
GA
ta
k
es t
i
m
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
r
ea
ch
in
g
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
.
An
ad
eq
u
atel
y
est
i
m
a
ted
p
o
p
u
lace
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
b
r
ee
d
s
ar
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
p
r
ec
ed
in
g
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
in
g
ex
p
ec
ted
o
u
tco
m
es.
W
it
h
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
,
s
e
v
er
al
d
a
y
s
p
ass
b
ef
o
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
ar
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
ese
i
s
s
u
es,
th
e
Mu
lt
i
-
Ag
e
n
t
S
y
s
te
m
(
M
A
S)
i
s
p
r
esen
t
t
o
i
n
teg
r
ate
w
it
h
G
A
to
tack
le
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
MA
S
is
a
n
e
w
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
ap
p
lied
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
d
o
m
ain
s
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
es
a
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
r
es
u
lt.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
G
A
an
d
M
AS
(
GM
A
R
P
)
w
il
l
b
e
m
er
g
ed
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
n
e
w
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
u
s
ed
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
M
A
NE
T
.
T
h
e
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
w
i
ll
b
e
r
ela
y
o
n
th
r
ee
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
,
Nu
m
b
er
o
f
Ho
p
s
(
NH)
,
B
an
d
w
id
th
(
B
W
)
,
an
d
Dela
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ep
icted
th
e
m
ai
n
s
tep
s
o
f
t
h
e
GM
AR
P
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
Firstl
y
,
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
esti
n
a
tio
n
h
u
b
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
h
u
b
co
m
m
u
n
icate
a
R
R
E
Q
to
lo
ca
te
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
es
tin
at
io
n
,
b
esid
es,
t
h
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
h
u
b
s
en
d
s
a
R
R
E
P
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
i
n
d
s
ev
er
y
co
n
ce
iv
ab
le
p
at
h
b
et
w
e
en
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
est
in
at
io
n
h
u
b
s
.
A
t
t
h
at
p
o
in
t,
t
h
e
GM
AR
P
s
av
e
s
all
p
at
h
s
an
d
ass
e
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
r
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
b
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
o
n
th
r
ee
Qo
S
m
etr
ics;
NH
,
B
W
,
an
d
d
ela
y
,
m
o
r
eo
v
er
,
it
ca
te
g
o
r
izes
th
e
s
e
p
ath
s
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
h
i
g
h
v
al
u
e
o
r
q
u
al
it
y
.
I
n
th
e
en
d
,
i
t
c
h
o
o
s
es
th
e
b
est
p
at
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
h
ic
h
d
ata
is
s
en
t
to
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
I
n
f
ig
u
r
i
n
g
o
u
t
t
h
ese
m
etr
ics,
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
s
:
(
1
-
3
)
ar
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
u
ti
lized
.
T
h
e
p
ath
s
ar
e
ca
te
g
o
r
ized
b
y
th
eir
q
u
a
lit
y
to
allo
w
o
r
f
ac
i
l
itate
th
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
th
e
p
ath
;
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
w
it
h
th
e
p
ath
th
at
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
es
le
s
s
NH,
d
ef
er
r
al
o
r
d
elay
,
a
n
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
B
W
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
ca
lcu
lati
n
g
t
h
e
b
est r
o
u
t
es:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
I
n
t J
A
r
ti
f
I
n
tell
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
20
:
310
–
3
1
6
314
.
=
∑
=
0
(
1
)
=
∑
=
1
ℎ
(
2
)
=
∑
−
=
1
ℎ
∗
100
%
(
3
)
w
h
er
e
,
d
en
o
te
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
es
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
r
ef
er
to
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ath
s
,
,
,
,
d
en
o
te
th
e
co
u
n
ter
,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
ti
m
e
a
n
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es in
t
h
e
p
ath
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ied
b
y
ℎ
.
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m:
T
h
e
b
a
si
c
G
M
A
R
P
1.
b
e
g
i
n
2.
w
h
i
l
e
(
t
<
M
a
x
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s)
3.
S
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
S
o
u
r
c
e
a
n
d
D
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
;
4.
S
o
u
r
c
e
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
e
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
e
D
i
s
c
o
v
e
r
y
;
5.
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s (r
o
u
t
e
s)
;
6.
1
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
r
o
u
t
e
s b
a
se
d
o
n
N
H
,
B
W
,
D
e
l
a
y
;
7.
2
S
o
r
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
Q
o
S
,
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
(1
-
3
)
;
8.
3
S
e
l
e
c
t
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
mu
m ro
u
t
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
,
(
)
=
ℎ
.
ℎ
∗
;
9.
C
r
o
sso
v
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
o
r
f
o
r
a
l
l
r
o
u
t
e
s;
1
0
.
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
n
e
w
r
o
u
t
e
s a
n
d
c
o
mp
a
r
e
w
i
t
h
p
a
r
e
n
t
s
;
1
1
.
U
p
d
a
t
e
t
h
e
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s;
1
2
.
3
a
sse
ss t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
n
e
w
r
o
u
t
e
s;
1
3
.
i
f
(
n
e
w
>
o
l
d
)
S
e
l
e
c
t
b
e
st
r
o
u
t
e
s
1
4
.
e
l
s
e
1
5
.
O
p
e
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
m
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
;
1
6
.
U
p
d
a
t
e
t
h
e
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s (r
o
u
t
e
s)
;
1
7
.
R
a
n
k
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
e
s a
n
d
f
i
n
d
t
h
e
b
e
st
r
o
u
t
e
;
1
8
.
A
c
c
e
p
t
t
h
e
n
e
w
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s;
1
9
.
e
n
d
-
if
3.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
A
ND
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
E
x
a
m
p
le
s
ce
na
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t
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u
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g
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ased
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Fig
u
r
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4
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s
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Fig
u
r
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4
.
Var
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f
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
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is
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Gen
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tili
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t
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en
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it
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ap
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in
o
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s
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c
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(
n
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m
b
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o
f
h
o
p
s
,
b
an
d
w
id
th
,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
I
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tell
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
20
:
310
–
3
1
6
316
d
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)
i
n
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p
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.
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s
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m
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h
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.
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la
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(
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.
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h
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p
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e
(
FR
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g
r
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v
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t n
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b
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K2
1
6
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
P
.
Jo
sh
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
S
tu
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y
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Diffe
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Pro
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2
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.
[2
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K.
P
ra
b
h
a
,
"
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As
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Eff
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P
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S
N
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ter
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c
e
1
,
n
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1
:
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2
0
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0
.
[3
]
M
.
H.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
In
teg
ra
ti
n
g
Af
rica
n
Bu
ff
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lo
Op
ti
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ti
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n
A
lg
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h
m
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A
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V
Ro
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g
P
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f
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v
in
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e
Qo
S
o
f
M
A
NE
T
,
"
J
o
u
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a
l
o
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S
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t
h
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st Jia
o
to
n
g
Un
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it
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,
5
4
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3
,
2
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1
9
.
[4
]
M
.
A
Ju
b
a
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r,
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t
a
l.
,
"
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o
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f
A
d
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to
c
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in
M
o
b
il
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A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
"
.
In
ter
n
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o
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Ad
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T
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8
(4
)
,
1
2
7
7
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1
2
8
3
,
2
0
1
8
.
[5
]
M
.
A
Ju
b
a
ir,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Ba
t
Op
ti
m
i
z
e
d
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in
k
S
tate
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u
ti
n
g
P
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f
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e
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M
o
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d
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c
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t
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s,
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mm
e
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1
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(1
1
),
1
4
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2
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.
[6
]
M
.
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.
Ju
b
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t
a
l.
,
"
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m
p
e
ti
ti
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n
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ly
sis
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g
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a
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d
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ro
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p
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m
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tw
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ter
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rm
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e
c
h
n
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g
y
,
Vo
l
1
9
,
No
1
,
2
0
2
0
.
[7
]
H.
Zi
a
n
i,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
M
o
b
il
it
y
Co
n
d
it
i
o
n
to
S
t
u
d
y
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
M
A
NE
T
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls,
"
In
Eme
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
fo
r
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
In
t
e
rn
e
t
o
f
Veh
icle
s
a
n
d
In
tell
ig
e
n
t
T
ra
n
sp
o
rt
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
Ne
two
rk
s
,
p
p
.
7
3
-
8
2
.
S
p
rin
g
e
r,
C
h
a
m
,
2
0
2
0
.
[8
]
M
.
H.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
tw
o
rk
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l
s
o
f
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i
m
e
-
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ica
l
Ev
e
n
ts
f
o
r
S
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Re
sc
u
e
M
issio
n
s,
"
B
u
ll
e
ti
n
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
I
n
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
2
0
2
0
.
I
n
p
re
ss
.
[9
]
S.
A
.
M
o
sta
f
a
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Co
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis to
th
e
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
Th
re
e
M
o
b
il
e
A
d
-
Ho
c
Ne
t
w
o
rk
Ro
u
ti
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
ls
in
T
i
m
e
-
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ica
l
E
v
e
n
ts
o
f
S
e
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Re
sc
u
e
M
issio
n
s,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ap
p
l
ied
Hu
ma
n
Fa
c
t
o
rs
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n
d
Erg
o
n
o
mic
s,
2
0
2
0
.
In
p
re
ss
.
[1
0
]
C.
S
a
rr,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"
Ba
n
d
w
id
th
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
IEE
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
-
b
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se
d
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
IEE
E
tra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
M
o
b
il
e
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
,
7,
1
0
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1
2
2
8
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1
2
4
1
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
1
]
H.
Zh
a
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
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c
u
ra
te
a
v
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il
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le
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a
n
d
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t
h
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stim
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ti
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in
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EE
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0
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.
1
1
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se
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a
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e
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rk
s,
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mp
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ter
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mm
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ica
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v
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l
.
3
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o
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
0
5
0
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1
0
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7
,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
2
]
S
.
T
u
rsu
n
o
v
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
p
a
ss
iv
e
e
sti
m
a
ti
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o
f
a
v
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il
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b
le
b
a
n
d
w
id
th
(c
P
EA
B)
in
o
v
e
rlap
p
e
d
IEE
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8
0
2
.
1
1
W
iF
i
WL
A
Ns
,
"
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E
Ne
two
rk
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e
ra
ti
o
n
s a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
-
NOM
S
p
p
.
4
4
8
-
4
5
4
,
IEE
E
,
Ap
ril
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
3
]
N.
V
.
Ng
u
y
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Re
tran
sm
iss
io
n
-
b
a
se
d
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
b
a
n
d
w
id
t
h
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
in
IE
EE
8
0
2
.
1
1
-
b
a
se
d
m
u
lt
ih
o
p
w
irele
ss
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
"
In
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
1
4
t
h
ACM
in
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
fe
re
n
c
e
o
n
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
a
n
a
lys
is
a
n
d
simu
l
a
ti
o
n
o
f
wire
les
s a
n
d
mo
b
il
e
sy
ste
ms
,
p
p
,
3
7
7
-
3
8
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
4
]
D.
E.
G
o
ld
b
e
rg
a
n
d
J.
H.
H
o
ll
a
n
d
,
"
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e
n
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s a
n
d
m
a
c
h
in
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
"
1
9
8
8
.
[1
5
]
M
.
A
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
o
lv
in
g
v
e
h
icle
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
ro
b
lem
b
y
u
sin
g
im
p
ro
v
e
d
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
so
lu
ti
o
n
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Co
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
2
1
,
2
5
5
-
2
6
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
6
]
M
.
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Us
in
g
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
in
i
m
p
lem
e
n
ti
n
g
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
ted
v
e
h
icle
ro
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
b
lem
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
c
o
mp
u
ter
&
in
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
sc
ien
c
e
(
ICCIS
)
.
IEE
E
.
V
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
2
5
7
-
2
6
2
.
[1
7
]
A
.
S
.
A
l
-
Kh
a
lee
f
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
Op
ti
m
iz
e
d
a
u
th
e
n
ti
c
a
ti
o
n
f
o
r
w
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re
le
ss
b
o
d
y
a
r
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a
n
e
t
w
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rk
.
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u
rn
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l
o
f
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
"
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
J
T
E
C),
1
0
(2
),
1
3
7
-
1
4
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
8
]
M
.
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
n
a
n
ti
-
sp
a
m
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
f
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s
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f
m
u
lt
i
-
n
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tu
ra
l
lan
g
u
a
g
e
,
"
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
u
th
we
st Jia
o
t
o
n
g
Un
ive
rs
it
y
,
5
4
(3
),
2
0
1
9
.
[1
9
]
B.
A
Kh
a
la
f
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
S
im
u
latio
n
S
tu
d
y
o
f
S
y
n
F
lo
o
d
A
tt
a
c
k
in
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u
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t,
"
RE
VIS
T
A
AUS
26
-
1,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
S
.
A
M
o
sta
f
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
M
u
lt
i
-
Ag
e
n
t
A
d
Ho
c
On
-
De
m
a
n
d
Dista
n
c
e
V
e
c
to
r
f
o
r
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m
p
ro
v
in
g
th
e
Qu
a
li
ty
o
f
S
e
r
v
ice
in
M
A
NE
T
s,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
s
iu
m o
n
A
g
e
n
t,
M
u
lt
i
-
A
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Ro
b
o
t
ics
(
IS
AM
S
R),
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
1
]
S
.
N.
M
a
n
so
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
n
e
m
o
ti
o
n
a
l
a
g
e
n
t
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
f
o
r
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li
n
e
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u
sto
m
e
r
sa
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
o
n
su
rv
e
y
s
a
n
a
l
y
sis,
"
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t
J
En
g
T
e
c
h
,
8
,
2
2
7
-
2
3
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
2
]
M
.
A
.
Ju
b
a
ir,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
M
u
lt
i
-
A
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
Ca
se
-
Ba
s
e
d
Re
a
so
n
in
g
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
A
g
e
n
t,
M
u
lt
i
-
A
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
R
o
b
o
ti
c
s (
IS
AM
S
R)
,
IEE
E,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
M
.
h
.
Ha
ss
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
S
tatisti
c
a
l
Risk
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
M
e
th
o
d
o
f
D
y
n
a
m
ic
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts:
A
Ca
s
e
S
tu
d
y
o
f
A
ir
P
o
ll
u
ti
o
n
,
"
RE
VI
S
T
A
AUS
26
-
1,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
4
]
A
.
B.
A
.
M
o
sm
a
n
a
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
n
a
u
to
m
a
ted
a
tt
e
n
d
a
n
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
f
o
o
tb
a
ll
sta
d
iu
m
a
tt
e
n
d
a
n
c
e
s
y
ste
m
s
"
RE
VIS
T
A
AUS
26
-
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
5
]
M
.
H.
Ha
ss
a
n
e
t
a
l.
,
"
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
i
n
risk
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
Ag
e
n
t,
M
u
lt
i
-
A
g
e
n
t
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Ro
b
o
ti
c
s
(
IS
AM
S
R),
IE
EE
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
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