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11
2
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I
SS
N:
2252
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8938
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
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8938
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.
[
1
6
]
ap
p
lied
T
ag
u
ch
i
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
et
ti
n
g
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
G
A
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ch
a
llen
g
e
in
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
a
GA
i
s
th
e
s
e
lectio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
ar
am
eter
s
v
alu
e
in
ter
ac
ts
i
n
a
co
m
p
lex
m
a
n
n
er
,
if
n
o
t
d
o
n
e
r
i
g
h
tl
y
lead
s
to
s
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
r
ate
a
n
d
lo
w
er
le
v
el
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
d
en
ti
f
y
in
g
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
ch
o
ice
o
f
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
v
al
u
e
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
w
a
y
s
i
n
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
.
A
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l
i
n
f
er
en
ce
(
GI
)
is
g
iv
e
n
.
T
h
e
ter
m
g
r
a
m
m
ar
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
estab
lis
h
f
o
r
m
al
is
m
o
f
g
r
a
m
m
ar
an
d
g
r
a
m
m
ar
n
o
tat
io
n
s
,
w
h
ich
in
cl
u
d
es
co
n
te
x
t
f
r
ee
g
r
a
m
m
ar
s
(
C
FG)
,
clas
s
d
ictio
n
ar
ies,
XM
L
r
ep
r
esen
ta
tio
n
s
c
h
e
m
as
an
d
s
o
m
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
tr
ee
a
n
d
g
r
ap
h
g
r
a
m
m
ar
s
[
2
0
]
.
GI
h
as
b
ee
n
w
id
el
y
s
tu
d
ied
i
n
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
1
,
2
2
]
,
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
d
u
e
its
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
i
n
m
an
y
d
o
m
a
in
i
n
cl
u
d
es
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
ec
o
v
er
y
,
d
ata
m
in
i
n
g
,
n
at
u
r
al
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
co
m
p
ilat
i
o
n
an
d
tr
an
s
latio
n
,
h
u
m
a
n
m
ac
h
in
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
g
r
ap
h
ic
lan
g
u
ag
e
s
,
d
o
m
a
i
n
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
la
n
g
u
a
g
es,
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
i
n
g
,
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
ad
ap
tiv
e
s
y
s
te
m
etc.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
GI
,
r
u
le
le
n
g
t
h
p
la
y
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
o
le
in
r
ep
r
ese
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
g
r
a
m
m
ar
an
d
i
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
as
s
m
al
l
as
p
o
s
s
ib
l
e
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
in
d
esig
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
t.
T
h
er
e
ex
is
ts
m
an
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
ls
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
Go
ld
‟
s
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
[
1
2
]
,
tell
tales
[
2
]
,
teac
h
er
s
an
d
q
u
er
y
m
o
d
el
[
4
]
,
p
r
o
b
a
b
le
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
l
y
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
(
P
AC
)
[
3
2
]
.
A
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
i
v
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
n
v
ar
io
u
s
GI
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
is
p
r
es
en
ted
in
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
r
ec
en
t
w
o
r
k
s
also
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
g
r
a
m
m
ar
in
f
er
en
ce
[7
,
8]
,
[
2
5
,
26]
.
B
u
t
n
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
ese
r
esear
c
h
es
tal
k
ed
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
t
h
e
y
h
av
e
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
v
alu
e
i
n
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
m
o
t
i
v
ated
u
s
to
p
r
esen
t
a
s
u
itab
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
i
n
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
ar
am
eter
v
alu
e
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
an
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
T
h
e
ai
m
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
to
o
f
f
er
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
tr
ea
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
G
A
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
a
n
d
to
t
u
n
e
t
h
e
m
.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
ca
n
b
e
b
r
o
k
e
n
d
o
w
n
i
n
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tec
h
n
ica
l
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es o
u
tl
in
ed
:
a)
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
k
e
y
ch
a
llen
g
es f
ac
ed
d
u
r
in
g
i
m
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
o
f
G
A
.
b)
Su
g
g
e
s
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ad
d
r
ess
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
.
c)
P
r
o
v
id
in
g
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
e
x
i
s
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es f
o
r
p
ar
am
e
ter
tu
n
in
g
w
it
h
t
h
eir
p
r
o
s
an
d
co
n
s
.
d)
P
r
e
s
en
tin
g
th
e
elab
o
r
ated
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
T
ag
u
c
h
i d
esi
g
n
an
d
its
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
f
o
r
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
ca
lib
r
atio
n
s
.
e)
A
ca
s
e
o
f
GI
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
to
m
ak
e
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t c
lear
er
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Sectio
n
2
p
r
e
s
en
t
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
d
e
f
in
itio
n
.
Sectio
n
3
d
is
cu
s
s
es t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
g
iv
e
n
f
o
r
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
es
ig
n
.
A
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
co
n
tex
t f
r
ee
g
r
a
m
m
ar
(
C
FG)
in
d
u
ctio
n
u
s
i
n
g
G
A
i
s
g
iv
e
n
i
n
Sec
tio
n
4
.
T
h
i
s
s
ec
t
io
n
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
i
n
g
,
f
i
tn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
p
er
ato
r
s
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
C
FG
in
d
u
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
es
ig
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
T
ag
u
c
h
i
d
esi
g
n
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
ese
n
ted
i
n
Sectio
n
5
.
Sectio
n
6
co
n
clu
d
es
th
e
p
ap
er
an
d
ass
es
s
es t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
s
.
2.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
DE
SCRI
P
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
GA
is
v
er
y
p
o
p
u
lar
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
d
u
e
to
it
s
a
p
p
licab
ili
t
y
i
n
f
i
n
d
in
g
th
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
to
th
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
izatio
n
(
GO)
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
er
e
ex
is
t
m
a
n
y
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
s
u
c
h
as
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
;
tr
ap
p
in
g
at
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
u
m
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
etc.
o
n
e
m
a
y
f
ac
e
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
G
A
.
T
h
ese
ch
a
llen
g
es
m
a
y
h
a
m
p
e
r
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e;
h
en
ce
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
to
u
tili
ze
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
e
G
A
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
As
f
ar
as
G
A
is
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
lar
g
el
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
,
p
o
p
u
latio
n
d
iv
er
s
it
y
,
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e,
in
itia
l
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
s
elec
t
io
n
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
f
itn
e
s
s
f
u
n
c
tio
n
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als.
T
w
o
f
ac
to
r
s
:
p
r
e
m
atu
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
[
2
3
]
an
d
s
lo
w
f
i
n
is
h
i
n
g
a
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
p
o
p
u
lat
io
n
is
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
s
elec
tiv
e
p
r
ess
u
r
e
b
ec
au
s
e
i
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
‟
s
s
el
ec
tio
n
is
n
o
t
d
o
n
e
in
tell
ig
e
n
tl
y
t
h
en
it
w
il
l
b
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt to
g
et
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
o
p
ti
m
u
m
.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
if
th
e
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t d
i
v
er
s
it
y
is
n
o
t
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
th
e
G
A
f
ac
e
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
p
r
em
at
u
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
an
d
s
lo
w
f
i
n
is
h
i
n
g
.
C
r
o
s
s
o
v
er
a
n
d
m
u
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
t
h
ese
o
p
er
ato
r
s
ca
n
b
e
v
a
r
ied
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
p
ac
e
ad
eq
u
atel
y
.
B
u
t
f
i
n
d
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
alu
e
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
ies
is
r
ea
l
ch
alle
n
g
e
a
n
d
an
y
ad
v
an
ce
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
in
ter
a
ctio
n
a
m
o
n
g
G
A‟
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
w
ill
lead
to
b
etter
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
a
ti
m
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
an
n
er
t
h
at
m
a
k
es t
h
e
G
A
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
also
p
la
y
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
GI
,
r
u
le
len
g
th
a
f
f
ec
ts
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
b
est
ex
a
m
p
le
is
tr
av
elli
n
g
s
ales
m
a
n
p
r
o
b
lem
(
T
SP
)
in
w
h
ich
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
citie
s
p
la
y
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
o
le
in
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
‟
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8938
IJ
-
AI
Vo
l.
6
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
11
2
–
12
3
114
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
cr
iter
ia
s
h
o
u
ld
al
s
o
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
ile
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
es
ig
n
f
o
r
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
clea
r
l
y
e
x
p
lain
s
t
h
a
t
lack
o
f
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
in
th
e
d
esig
n
lead
s
to
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
a
o
r
p
r
e
m
at
u
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
,
s
lo
w
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
r
ate
an
d
lo
w
er
lev
el
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ch
al
le
n
g
e
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
-
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
d
ed
i
ca
ted
to
w
ar
d
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
f
o
c
u
s
is
to
u
tili
ze
t
w
o
d
esig
n
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
(
DOE
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
,
T
ag
u
c
h
i
a
n
d
f
u
ll
f
ac
t
o
r
ial
d
esig
n
f
o
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
v
a
lu
e
s
elec
tio
n
a
n
d
p
r
esen
t.
A
c
ase
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
GI
is
p
r
esen
ted
to
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
G
A
i
s
lar
g
el
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
ize
(
P
S),
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
s
ize
(
C
S),
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
r
ate
(
C
R
)
a
n
d
m
u
tatio
n
r
ate
(
MR).
A
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
,
in
GI
p
r
o
b
lem
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
u
le
s
(
NP
R
)
also
p
la
y
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
o
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
f
iv
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
f
ac
to
r
s
:
P
S,
C
S,
C
R
,
MR
a
n
d
NP
R
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
b
ee
n
v
ar
ied
f
o
llo
w
in
g
a
DOE
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
d
u
r
in
g
GI
w
as
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
it
h
t
w
o
lev
el
s
f
o
r
w
h
ic
h
s
ig
n
al
t
o
n
o
is
e
r
atio
s
a
n
d
s
en
s
iti
v
itie
s
w
er
e
ca
lc
u
lated
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
m
b
in
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
w
it
h
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
s
t a
n
d
v
ar
iab
il
it
y
.
3.
AP
P
RO
ACH
E
S F
O
R
P
ARA
M
E
T
E
R
T
UN
I
N
G
Sev
er
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
o
v
er
th
e
y
ea
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
b
u
ild
-
te
s
t
-
f
i
x
,
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
at
a
ti
m
e,
an
d
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
(
DOE
)
.
T
h
e
D
O
E
w
a
s
u
s
ed
w
id
el
y
a
n
d
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
DOE
is
a
s
tatis
tical
m
et
h
o
d
,
atte
m
p
t
s
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
o
f
a
co
m
p
le
x
,
m
u
lt
i
-
v
ar
iab
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
it
h
th
e
le
s
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
ials
.
3
.
1
.
B
uil
d
-
T
est
F
ix
I
t
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
i
m
iti
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
t
is
r
ath
er
in
ac
cu
r
ate
as
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
as
p
er
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
s
tead
o
f
tr
y
i
n
g
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
it.
E
ac
h
ti
m
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
is
te
s
ted
an
d
r
e
w
o
r
k
ed
till
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
ar
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
I
n
th
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
it is
n
o
t p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
k
n
o
w
i
f
tr
u
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
is
ac
h
ie
v
ed
o
r
n
o
t.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
f
o
u
n
d
co
n
s
is
te
n
tl
y
s
lo
w
,
n
ee
d
in
t
u
iti
o
n
,
lu
ck
a
n
d
r
e
w
o
r
k
.
3
.
2
.
O
ne
F
a
ct
o
r
a
t
a
T
i
m
e
(
Cla
s
s
ica
l A
p
pro
a
ch
)
I
t
is
ai
m
ed
at
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
e
x
ec
u
t
in
g
an
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
p
ar
ticu
la
r
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
r
ep
ea
t
b
y
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
a
n
y
o
th
er
o
n
e
f
ac
to
r
u
n
ti
l
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
all
th
e
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
an
d
an
al
y
ze
d
.
T
h
e
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
t
h
at
it
i
s
v
er
y
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
,
o
n
e
ca
n
n
o
t
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
to
o
m
a
n
y
te
s
ts
n
ee
d
to
co
n
d
u
ct
to
ar
r
iv
e
to
th
e
f
i
n
al
d
ec
is
io
n
.
3
.
3
.
Desig
n o
f
E
x
peri
m
ent
Fis
h
er
in
1
9
2
0
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
er
f
u
l
s
tat
is
tica
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
k
n
o
w
n
as
t
h
e
Desig
n
o
f
E
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
(
DOE
)
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
v
ar
ia
b
les
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
.
I
n
th
e
e
ar
lier
s
tu
d
y
,
F
is
h
er
w
a
n
ted
to
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
r
ain
;
w
ater
,
f
er
ti
lizer
,
s
u
n
s
h
in
e
etc.
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
th
e
b
est
cr
o
p
.
Sin
ce
th
a
t
ti
m
e
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
o
r
k
h
a
s
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
e
w
tech
n
i
q
u
es
is
tak
e
n
p
lace
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es f
all
s
in
DOE
ar
e
f
ac
to
r
ial
d
esig
n
,
T
ag
u
ch
i d
esig
n
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
es
ig
n
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
F
a
ct
o
ria
l desig
n
I
t
allo
w
s
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
ltan
eo
u
s
s
tu
d
y
o
f
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
m
a
y
h
av
e
o
n
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
is
b
etter
th
an
c
lass
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
esig
n
s
in
ce
i
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
v
ar
y
i
n
g
th
e
le
v
el
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
.
Hen
ce
,
it
s
a
v
es
b
o
th
ti
m
e
a
n
d
co
s
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
in
ter
ac
ti
o
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
s
ar
e
d
r
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ce
i
n
m
a
n
y
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
d
esi
g
n
s
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
,
it
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
e
f
f
ec
ts
b
u
t
it
is
a
n
ex
tr
e
m
el
y
in
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
d
esi
g
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
in
ce
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
n
ee
d
to
b
e
test
ed
at
ea
ch
co
n
d
it
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
.
I
f
„
C
‟
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
„
f
‟
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
e
n
th
e
to
t
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
test
s
(
N
)
ca
n
b
e
e
v
alu
a
ted
u
s
in
g
eq
u
at
io
n
(
1
)
.
T
o
an
al
y
ze
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
it
al
w
a
y
s
u
s
e
s
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
(
A
NOV
A
)
.
f
NC
(
1
)
3
.
3
.
2
.
T
a
g
uchi des
ig
n
Dr
.
Gen
ec
h
i
T
ag
u
ch
i
(
1
9
4
0
)
f
r
o
m
J
ap
an
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
r
esear
c
h
w
i
th
DOE
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
T
ag
u
c
h
i
m
et
h
o
d
o
r
T
ag
u
ch
i
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
A
n
ef
f
o
r
t
w
as
m
ad
e
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
tal
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
m
o
r
e
u
s
er
s
f
r
ien
d
l
y
a
n
d
ap
p
lied
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
q
u
alit
y
.
T
ag
u
ch
i
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
attr
ac
ted
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
i
n
g
co
m
p
a
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s
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[
6
]
[
3
1
]
[
3
3
]
.
I
t
w
as
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
d
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ag
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[
3
1
]
.
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h
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p
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f
ac
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u
r
e
1
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Or
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S
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,
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d
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ed
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p
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m
u
m
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lts
[
2
7
]
.
3
.
3
.
3
Respo
ns
e
s
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a
ce
des
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n
I
t
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elp
s
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a
m
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ip
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les.
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h
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m
et
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d
is
m
ain
l
y
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m
p
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“v
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ter
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izes
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e.
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ai
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j
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el.
4.
CASE
S
T
UD
Y:
G
RAM
M
A
R
I
NDUC
T
I
O
N
S
YS
T
E
M
I
t is ev
id
e
n
t th
a
t G
A
s
ar
e
b
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g
ap
p
lied
f
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r
s
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r
ch
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d
o
p
ti
m
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n
p
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o
b
lem
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
e
ar
ch
s
p
ac
e
is
lar
g
e,
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
co
n
tai
n
s
p
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s
s
ib
le
d
i
f
f
ic
u
lt
ies,
li
k
e
h
ig
h
d
i
m
en
s
io
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it
y
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m
u
lti
m
o
d
alit
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d
is
co
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ti
n
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it
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d
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s
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A
u
s
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io
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s
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ir
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d
s
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r
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ttes
t
m
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is
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to
r
e
f
i
n
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s
et
o
f
s
o
lu
t
io
n
i
n
a
n
iter
ativ
e
m
a
n
n
er
[
1
1
]
[
1
7
]
.
I
t
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
e
n
co
d
in
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
s
o
l
u
tio
n
.
Fit
n
es
s
i
s
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
G
A
a
n
d
an
i
n
d
iv
id
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al
‟
s
f
it
n
ess
is
d
ir
ec
tl
y
r
elate
d
to
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e/f
itn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
a
n
o
p
tim
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n
p
r
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b
lem
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n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
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ep
r
o
d
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ctio
n
o
p
er
ato
r
s
t
h
e
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n
d
iv
id
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al
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
to
a
n
e
w
p
o
p
u
latio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ter
m
i
n
ates
w
h
e
n
r
ea
ch
es
to
ter
m
i
n
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
o
r
to
th
e
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
.
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n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
h
as
p
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ted
a
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
,
s
h
o
w
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h
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p
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s
s
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f
t
h
e
GI
u
s
es
G
A
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
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s
s
h
as
b
ee
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d
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id
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in
to
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w
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if
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er
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n
t
p
h
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s
e.
T
h
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P
h
ase
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is
r
esp
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p
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er
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d
v
er
if
icatio
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,
w
h
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s
P
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ase
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2
s
h
o
w
s
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s
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f
G
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in
co
r
p
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ated
to
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tim
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e
s
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ch
p
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s
s
a
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d
ex
p
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th
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s
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r
ch
s
p
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eq
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atel
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h
e
GI
p
r
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s
s
s
tar
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g
e
n
er
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g
t
h
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in
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an
d
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m
b
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n
ar
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h
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m
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e
(
B
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,
w
h
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s
th
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p
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b
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ep
r
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ter
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n
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h
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SC
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as
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d
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in
to
eq
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b
lo
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s
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f
f
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h
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f
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„
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m
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m
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.
A
s
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to
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h
as
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ted
a
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d
p
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f
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v
alid
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ac
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p
tab
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C
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t
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IJ
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
De
m
o
n
s
tr
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n
s
o
f
c
r
o
s
s
o
v
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d
m
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ta
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(
a)
R
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(
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an
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5.
RE
SU
L
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A
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L4
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T
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t
w
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m
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Min
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5
.
1
.
T
a
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s
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o
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P
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a
m
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p
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d
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is
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f
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s
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r
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e,
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t
co
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in
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f
f
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t/p
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q
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(
3
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is
u
s
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2
1
1
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3
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tak
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s
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6
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Si
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9
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8
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1
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8
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IJ
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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IJ
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IJ
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121
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ased
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g
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t
h
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id
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ata
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is
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r
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u
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e
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.
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iv
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ar
ticu
lar
l
y
i
n
a
d
esi
g
n
ed
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
t
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
r
u
n
s
ar
e
n
o
t
r
an
d
o
m
ized
.
T
o
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
p
lo
t,
ch
ec
k
,
i
f
an
y
co
r
r
elatio
n
e
x
is
t
s
b
et
w
ee
n
er
r
o
r
ter
m
s
th
at
ar
e
n
ea
r
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
.
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
ca
n
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ied
b
y
a
n
ascen
d
i
n
g
/d
esce
n
d
i
n
g
tr
e
n
d
in
th
e
r
esid
u
al
s
an
d
r
ap
id
ch
an
g
e
in
s
i
g
n
s
o
f
ad
j
ac
en
t
r
esid
u
a
l
s
.
Hav
i
n
g
s
ee
n
th
e
p
lo
t,
th
e
r
esid
u
als
ar
e
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
s
ca
tter
ed
ab
o
u
t
ze
r
o
s
in
ce
th
er
e
is
asce
n
d
in
g
/d
esce
n
d
in
g
tr
e
n
d
s
in
th
e
r
esid
u
als.
A
l
s
o
it sh
o
w
s
r
ap
id
ch
an
g
e
i
n
s
i
g
n
s
o
f
ad
j
ac
en
t r
es
id
u
als.
T
ab
le
1
0
.
Gen
er
ated
g
r
am
m
ar
w
it
h
f
it
n
es
s
v
al
u
e
an
d
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
u
les
L
-
id
F
V
.
G
r
a
mm
a
r
,
,
,
V
P
S
L1
1
0
1
4
<
{S
},
{
0
,
1
},
{S
?
,
S
1
0
S
}
,
S
>
L2
1
0
1
1
<
{S
,
C
,
M
}
,
{
0
,
1
},
{S
C
C
M
,
M
?
,
M
1
S
M
,
C
?
,
C
0
},
S
>
L3
1
0
1
4
<
{S
},
{(
,
)
}
,
{S
?
,
S
(
S
)
S
},
S
>
L4
1
0
1
2
<
{S
,
M
},
{
0
,
1
}
,
{S
1
M
,
S
0
S
M
,
M
S
M
,
M
?
},
S
>
L5
1
0
1
2
<
{S
,
C
},
{
0
,
1
},
{S
C
,
S
1
S
,
S
0
S
,
C
0
}
,
S
>
T
h
e
GA
is
a
s
to
ch
as
tic
s
ea
r
c
h
tech
n
iq
u
e
a
n
d
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
llected
as
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
t
w
e
n
t
y
r
u
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
la
n
g
u
a
g
e.
T
h
e
GA
s
ea
r
ch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
ti
n
u
e
s
u
n
ti
l
it
r
ea
ch
e
s
to
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
s
o
r
r
ea
ch
es
to
th
r
e
s
h
o
ld
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t
r
an
k
s
o
lu
tio
n
‟
s
f
it
n
es
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ca
p
ab
le
f
o
r
C
FG
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
.
Mi
n
i
m
u
m
d
e
s
cr
ip
ti
o
n
le
n
g
t
h
(
MD
L
)
p
r
in
cip
le
is
ap
p
lied
to
g
en
er
at
e
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ate
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
e
g
ati
v
e
s
a
m
p
le
s
t
r
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
an
d
m
u
tatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
in
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
ea
r
c
h
s
p
ac
e.
I
t
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
MD
L
p
r
in
cip
le
w
o
r
k
s
ef
f
ec
t
iv
el
y
i
n
s
elec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
s
a
m
p
le
s
tr
in
g
s
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
escr
ip
tio
n
len
g
t
h
.
Fo
r
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
l
y
o
b
tain
ed
g
r
a
m
m
ar
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
test
ed
ag
ain
s
t
t
h
e
b
est
k
n
o
w
n
a
v
ail
ab
le
g
r
a
m
m
ar
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
V
P
S
,
,
,
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
b
est
g
r
a
m
m
ar
.
T
ab
l
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
b
est
g
e
n
er
ate
d
g
r
a
m
m
ar
s
w
it
h
a
f
it
n
es
s
v
a
lu
e
(
FV)
an
d
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
u
le
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
T
ab
le
1
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
alu
e,
i.e
.
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
en
er
atio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
t
h
e
ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
ed
in
m
ill
is
ec
o
n
d
s
,
g
e
n
er
atio
n
r
an
g
e,
m
ea
n
a
n
d
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
.
R
es
u
lts
ar
e
co
llected
as
th
e
av
er
ag
e
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
t
w
e
n
t
y
r
u
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
tak
e
n
o
v
er
t
w
en
t
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
r
u
n
v
ar
ies,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
g
en
er
ati
o
n
r
an
g
e
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
.
T
h
e
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
i
n
v
o
lv
ed
w
it
h
g
e
n
er
atio
n
r
an
g
e
ca
n
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
an
ex
a
m
p
le:
th
e
g
en
er
atio
n
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
L
1
is
4
±
2
,
m
ea
n
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
tak
en
o
v
er
t
w
en
t
y
g
en
er
atio
n
r
u
n
v
ar
ies
b
et
w
ee
n
0
2
(
4
–
2
)
an
d
0
6
(
4
+
2
)
s
im
i
lar
l
y
f
o
r
o
th
er
s
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t,
t
h
e
au
th
o
r
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
G
A
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
etter
r
esu
lts
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
ti
m
e
an
d
s
h
o
w
ed
les
s
ten
d
e
n
c
y
o
f
p
r
em
at
u
r
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
es
ig
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
e
lp
s
in
id
en
tify
i
n
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
v
al
u
e
t
h
at
m
a
k
es
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
r
o
b
u
s
t
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
o
v
er
al
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
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