I
A
E
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
io
n
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
A
r
t
if
ic
ia
l
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
V
ol
.
14
,
N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2025
, pp.
32
~
43
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
,
D
O
I
:
10.11591/
ij
a
i.
v
14
.i
1
.pp
32
-
43
32
Jou
r
n
al
h
om
e
page
:
ht
tp
:
//
ij
ai
.
ia
e
s
c
or
e
.c
om
B
i
as i
n
ar
t
i
f
i
c
i
al
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
ge
n
c
e
:
sm
ar
t
sol
u
t
i
on
s f
or
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
on
,
m
i
t
i
gat
i
on
, a
n
d
e
t
h
i
c
al
st
r
at
e
gi
e
s i
n
r
e
al
-
w
or
l
d
ap
p
l
i
c
at
i
on
s
A
gar
ia
d
n
e
D
w
in
ggo S
am
al
a
1
,
S
oh
a R
aw
as
2
1
F
a
c
ul
t
y of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
i
ng, U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
a
s
N
e
ge
r
i
P
a
da
ng
,
P
a
da
ng
,
I
ndone
s
i
a
2
D
e
pa
r
t
m
e
nt
of
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
i
c
s
a
nd
C
om
put
e
r
S
c
i
e
nc
e
,
B
e
i
r
ut
A
r
a
b U
ni
ve
r
s
i
t
y
,
B
e
i
r
ut
,
L
e
ba
non
A
r
t
ic
le
I
n
f
o
A
B
S
T
R
A
C
T
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
to
r
y
:
R
e
c
e
iv
e
d
J
ul
26, 2024
R
e
vi
s
e
d
O
c
t
19, 2024
A
c
c
e
pt
e
d
O
c
t
23, 2024
Artificial
intelligence
(AI)
technologie
s
have
revolutioniz
ed
numerous
sectors,
enhancing
efficiency
,
innovation,
and
convenience
.
However,
AI'
s
rise
has
highlighted
a
critical
concern:
bias
within
AI
algorithms.
Thi
s
study
uses
a
systematic
literature
review
and
analysis
of
real
-
worl
d
case
stu
dies
to
explore
the
forms,
underlyi
ng
causes,
and
methods
for
detectin
g
and
mitigating
bias
in
AI.
We
identify
key
sources
of
bias,
such
as
skewed
tr
aining
data
and
societal
influences,
and
analyze
their
impact
on
margi
nalized
communi
ties. Ou
r fi
ndings reveal
that algorithmic transparency
and fa
irness
-
aware
learning
are
among
the
most
effective
str
ategies
for
r
educin
g
bias.
Additionally
, we address the
challenges of
regulatory frameworks
and
ethical
considerat
ions,
advocatin
g
for
robust
accountabi
lity
mechanisms
and
ethical
development
practices.
By
highlighting
future
research
direction
s
and
encouraging
collecti
ve
efforts
toward
fairness
and
equity,
this
study
underscores
the
importance
of
addressing
bias
in
AI
algorithms
and
uph
olding
ethical s
ta
ndards in AI technologies.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
lg
or
it
hm
ic
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
B
ia
s
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
E
th
ic
a
l
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
R
e
gul
a
to
r
y f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
S
oc
ie
ta
l
im
pa
c
t
This is an
open
acce
ss artic
le unde
r the
CC BY
-
SA
license.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
di
n
g A
u
th
or
:
A
ga
r
ia
dne
D
w
in
ggo S
a
m
a
la
F
a
c
ul
ty
of
E
ngi
ne
e
r
in
g, U
ni
ve
r
s
it
a
s
N
e
ge
r
i
P
a
da
ng
P
r
of
. D
r
. H
a
m
ka
, A
ir
T
a
w
a
r
B
a
r
at
,
P
a
da
ng U
ta
r
a
D
is
tr
ic
t,
P
a
da
ng C
it
y, W
e
s
t
S
um
a
tr
a
25171, I
ndone
s
ia
E
m
a
il
:
a
ga
r
ia
dne
@
f
t.
unp.a
c
.i
d
1.
I
N
T
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
T
he
r
a
pi
d
a
dv
a
nc
e
m
e
nt
a
nd
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
of
a
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
(
A
I
)
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
in
to
va
r
io
us
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
s
oc
ie
ty
ha
ve
he
r
a
ld
e
d
a
ne
w
e
r
a
of
in
nova
ti
on
a
nd
tr
a
ns
f
or
m
a
ti
on
[
1]
,
[
2
]
.
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
now
pe
r
m
e
a
te
di
ve
r
s
e
s
e
c
to
r
s
,
f
r
om
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
a
nd
f
in
a
nc
e
to
tr
a
ns
por
ta
ti
on
a
nd
e
nt
e
r
ta
in
m
e
nt
,
of
f
e
r
in
g
unp
r
e
c
e
de
nt
e
d
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
a
nd oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
[
3]
. H
ow
e
ve
r
, a
lo
ngs
id
e
t
he
s
e
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
,
th
e
pr
ol
if
e
r
a
ti
on of
A
I
ha
s
unve
il
e
d a
pr
e
s
s
in
g
c
onc
e
r
n:
bi
a
s
w
it
hi
n
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
R
e
c
e
nt
in
s
ta
nc
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
bi
a
s
e
d
f
a
c
ia
l
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
r
e
s
ul
ti
ng
in
w
r
ongf
ul
a
r
r
e
s
ts
,
unde
r
s
c
or
e
th
e
ur
ge
nc
y
of
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
i
s
i
s
s
ue
.
W
it
h
A
I
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
da
il
y
li
f
e
a
nd
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
bi
a
s
i
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l,
e
s
p
e
c
ia
ll
y
a
s
unc
he
c
ke
d
bi
a
s
e
s
c
a
n
d
e
e
pe
n
s
oc
ie
ta
l
di
vi
de
s
.
I
n
th
is
in
tr
oduc
ti
on,
w
e
e
xpl
or
e
th
is
c
r
it
ic
a
l
is
s
ue
,
de
lv
in
g
in
to
it
s
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d
m
a
ni
f
e
s
ta
ti
ons
,
unde
r
ly
in
g
c
a
us
e
s
,
a
nd
pr
of
ound
s
oc
ie
ta
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
.
A
s
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
in
f
or
m
c
ons
e
que
nt
ia
l
de
c
is
io
ns
in
a
r
e
a
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
,
f
in
a
nc
e
,
a
nd
c
r
im
in
a
l
j
us
ti
c
e
,
th
e
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
bi
a
s
e
d
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
be
c
om
e
m
or
e
pr
onounc
e
d
[
4]
–
[
6]
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
a
im
s
to
a
dd
r
e
s
s
th
e
g
a
ps
in
th
e
e
xi
s
ti
ng
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
by
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ly
e
xa
m
in
in
g
th
e
na
tu
r
e
of
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
a
nd
pr
opos
in
g
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
de
te
c
ti
on,
m
it
ig
a
ti
on,
a
nd
pr
e
ve
nt
io
n.
W
hi
le
pr
e
vi
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
f
oc
us
e
d
on
s
pe
c
if
ic
a
s
pe
c
ts
of
bi
a
s
,
th
e
r
e
r
e
m
a
in
s
a
ne
e
d f
or
i
nt
e
gr
a
te
d f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
t
ha
t
a
ddr
e
s
s
bot
h t
he
t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
a
nd s
oc
ia
l
di
m
e
ns
io
n
s
of
t
hi
s
i
s
s
u
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
B
ia
s
i
n ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
:
s
m
ar
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
o
r
de
te
c
ti
on, miti
gat
io
n, and
…
(
A
gar
ia
dne
D
w
in
ggo Samala
)
33
C
e
nt
r
a
l
to
our
di
s
c
our
s
e
is
r
e
c
ogni
z
in
g
th
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
bi
a
s
w
it
hi
n
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
A
s
A
I
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
in
f
or
m
c
ons
e
q
ue
nt
ia
l
de
c
is
io
n
s
,
r
a
ngi
ng
f
r
om
lo
a
n
a
ppr
ova
ls
to
hi
r
in
g
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
th
e
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
bi
a
s
e
d
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
be
c
om
e
m
or
e
pr
onounc
e
d
[
7]
.
B
ia
s
w
it
hi
n
A
I
not
onl
y
pe
r
pe
tu
a
te
s
e
xi
s
ti
ng
s
oc
ie
ta
l
in
e
qua
li
ti
e
s
but
a
l
s
o
e
nge
nd
e
r
s
ne
w
f
or
m
s
of
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
ti
on,
pos
in
g
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
e
th
ic
a
l,
le
ga
l,
a
nd s
oc
ie
ta
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
H
e
nc
e
,
a
nua
nc
e
d
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
bi
a
s
in
A
I
is
im
pe
r
a
ti
ve
to
m
it
ig
a
te
it
s
a
dve
r
s
e
im
pa
c
t
s
a
nd
f
os
te
r
e
qui
ta
bl
e
out
c
om
e
s
.
T
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
de
e
pe
ns
th
e
unde
r
s
t
a
ndi
ng
of
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
nd
of
f
e
r
s
a
c
ti
ona
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
f
or
pol
ic
ym
a
ke
r
s
a
nd
A
I
p
r
a
c
ti
ti
one
r
s
a
im
in
g
to
f
os
te
r
m
o
r
e
e
qui
ta
bl
e
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
T
he
pur
pos
e
of
t
hi
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h i
s
t
w
of
ol
d:
f
ir
s
t
ly
, t
o c
om
pr
e
he
ns
i
ve
ly
e
xa
m
in
e
t
he
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d na
tu
r
e
of
bi
a
s
i
n
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
in
g
it
s
va
r
io
us
ty
pe
s
,
unde
r
ly
in
g
c
a
us
e
s
,
a
nd
s
oc
ie
t
a
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
;
s
e
c
ondl
y,
to
de
li
ne
a
te
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
nd f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
f
or
de
te
c
ti
ng,
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng, a
nd pr
e
ve
nt
in
g bi
a
s
w
it
hi
n A
I
s
ys
t
e
m
s
.
T
hr
ough
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on,
w
e
a
im
to
e
lu
c
id
a
te
th
e
c
om
pl
e
x
in
t
e
r
pl
a
y
be
twe
e
n
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
nd
s
oc
ie
ta
l
dyna
m
ic
s
, f
os
te
r
in
g gr
e
a
te
r
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
i
n de
ve
lo
pi
ng a
nd de
pl
oyi
ng A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
T
hi
s
s
tu
dy
is
or
ga
ni
z
e
d
in
to
di
s
ti
nc
t
s
e
c
ti
ons
to
a
c
hi
e
ve
th
e
s
e
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
,
e
a
c
h
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
to
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
F
ol
lo
w
in
g
th
is
in
tr
oduc
ti
o
n,
th
e
s
ubs
e
que
nt
s
e
c
ti
ons
w
il
l
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,
e
xpl
or
e
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
ty
pe
s
of
bi
a
s
,
a
na
ly
z
e
r
oot
c
a
us
e
s
,
bi
a
s
de
te
c
ti
on
a
nd
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
m
e
th
odol
ogi
e
s
,
s
oc
i
e
ta
l
im
pa
c
ts
,
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
,
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
,
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h di
r
e
c
ti
ons
.
B
y f
ol
lo
w
in
g t
hi
s
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d a
ppr
oa
c
h,
w
e
a
im
t
o pr
ovi
de
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g bi
a
s
i
n A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
a
nd f
os
t
e
r
in
g e
th
ic
a
l
e
xc
e
ll
e
n
c
e
i
n A
I
t
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
R
E
V
I
E
W
B
ia
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
ha
s
b
e
c
om
e
a
f
oc
a
l
poi
nt
of
s
c
hol
a
r
ly
in
qui
r
y
a
nd
publ
ic
di
s
c
our
s
e
in
r
e
c
e
nt
ye
a
r
s
,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
gr
ow
in
g
c
onc
e
r
ns
a
bout
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
'
e
th
ic
a
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
nd
s
oc
ie
ta
l
r
a
m
if
ic
a
ti
ons
[
8]
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
r
s
a
nd
pol
ic
ym
a
ke
r
s
a
li
ke
a
r
e
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
gl
y
f
oc
us
e
d
on
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
how
th
e
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
e
m
e
r
ge
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
a
s
A
I
be
c
om
e
s
m
or
e
in
te
gr
a
te
d
in
to
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
io
us
s
e
c
to
r
s
.
T
hi
s
s
e
c
ti
on
r
e
vi
e
w
s
e
xi
s
ti
ng
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
,
s
pa
nni
ng
a
c
a
de
m
ic
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
in
dus
t
r
y
r
e
por
ts
,
a
nd
pol
ic
y
doc
um
e
nt
s
,
to
e
lu
c
id
a
te
th
e
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d
na
tu
r
e
of
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
e
xa
m
in
in
g
bot
h
th
e
te
c
hni
c
a
l
r
oot
s
a
nd
br
oa
de
r
s
oc
ia
l
im
pa
c
ts
of
t
he
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
.
I
n
A
I
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
'
r
e
li
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
tr
us
twor
th
in
e
s
s
is
pa
r
a
m
ount
a
m
id
s
t
c
onc
e
r
ns
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
r
is
k
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
T
he
A
I
tr
us
t,
r
is
k,
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
it
y
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
(
T
R
iS
M
)
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
ha
s
e
m
e
r
ge
d
a
s
a
not
a
bl
e
s
ol
ut
io
n, ga
r
ne
r
in
g a
tt
e
nt
io
n f
or
i
ts
e
f
f
ic
a
c
y a
c
r
os
s
di
ve
r
s
e
s
e
c
to
r
s
s
uc
h a
s
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
y de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
, h
e
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
,
m
a
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g,
a
nd
th
e
M
e
ta
ve
r
s
e
.
H
a
bba
l
e
t
al
.
[
9]
c
onduc
te
d
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
r
e
vi
e
w
of
th
e
A
I
T
R
iS
M
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k,
e
lu
c
id
a
ti
ng
it
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
a
nd
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
.
T
he
ir
a
n
a
ly
s
is
not
onl
y
br
id
ge
s
e
xi
s
ti
ng
knowle
dge
ga
ps
but
a
ls
o
of
f
e
r
s
in
s
ig
ht
s
i
nt
o
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
s
ur
r
ounding
th
e
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
A
I
T
R
iS
M
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
to
m
it
ig
a
te
a
dve
r
s
a
r
ia
l
a
tt
a
c
ks
,
na
vi
ga
te
e
vol
vi
ng
th
r
e
a
ts
,
e
ns
ur
e
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
c
om
pl
ia
nc
e
,
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
s
ki
ll
ga
ps
.
H
ow
e
v
e
r
,
th
is
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
la
c
ks
a
f
oc
us
on
s
oc
ie
ta
l
im
pa
c
ts
, w
hi
c
h our
s
tu
dy a
im
s
t
o i
nt
e
gr
a
te
w
it
h t
e
c
hni
c
a
l
a
ppr
o
a
c
he
s
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
, t
he
but
te
r
f
ly
e
f
f
e
c
t
, gr
ounde
d i
n c
ha
os
t
he
or
y, a
s
s
um
e
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nc
e
w
it
hi
n t
he
s
a
m
e
A
I
dom
a
in
,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
r
e
ga
r
di
ng
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
th
e
nua
n
c
e
d
dyn
a
m
ic
s
of
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
nd
bi
a
s
[
10]
.
T
hi
s
c
onc
e
pt
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
pot
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
s
e
e
m
in
gl
y
m
in
or
a
lt
e
r
a
ti
ons
i
n
da
ta
or
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
s
to
yi
e
ld
pr
o
f
ound
a
nd
unpr
e
di
c
ta
bl
e
c
ons
e
que
n
c
e
s
w
it
hi
n
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
F
e
r
r
a
r
a
'
s
[
11]
de
lv
e
s
in
to
th
is
phe
nom
e
non,
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ly
e
xpl
or
in
g i
ts
i
m
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
f
or
f
a
i
r
ne
s
s
a
nd bia
s
i
n A
I
. T
he
pa
pe
r
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
t
he
pr
of
ound s
oc
ie
ta
l
r
a
m
if
ic
a
ti
ons
of
th
e
but
te
r
f
ly
e
f
f
e
c
t
in
A
I
by
e
lu
c
id
a
ti
ng
how
s
ubt
le
bi
a
s
e
s
in
da
ta
,
de
vi
a
ti
ons
dur
in
g
a
lg
or
it
h
m
tr
a
in
in
g,
or
s
hi
f
ts
in
da
ta
di
s
tr
ib
ut
io
n
c
a
n
pe
r
pe
tu
a
te
s
ys
te
m
ic
in
e
qui
ti
e
s
.
Y
e
t,
F
e
r
r
a
r
a
’
s
w
or
k
[
12]
p
r
im
a
r
il
y
r
e
m
a
in
s
th
e
or
e
ti
c
a
l,
i
ndi
c
a
ti
ng a
ne
e
d f
or
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
s
tu
di
e
s
t
o va
li
da
te
t
h
e
s
e
i
ns
ig
ht
s
,
w
hi
c
h our
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
.
T
he
e
xpl
or
a
ti
on
of
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
e
n
c
om
pa
s
s
e
s
va
r
io
us
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
g
e
nde
r
,
r
a
c
ia
l,
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
,
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
bi
a
s
e
s
[
13]
.
A
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
s
tu
dy
i
n
th
is
a
r
e
a
w
a
s
c
onduc
te
d
by
P
a
r
r
a
e
t
al
.
[
10]
,
w
ho
e
m
pl
oye
d
a
s
c
e
na
r
io
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ur
ve
y
in
vol
vi
ng
387
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
in
th
e
U
ni
te
d
S
ta
te
s
to
e
lu
c
id
a
te
f
a
c
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
th
e
li
ke
li
hood
o
f
que
s
ti
oni
ng
A
I
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
o
ns
.
T
he
s
tu
dy
unve
il
s
a
gr
e
a
te
r
te
nde
nc
y
to
que
s
ti
on
A
I
-
ba
s
e
d
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
p
e
r
c
e
iv
e
d a
s
r
a
c
i
a
ll
y
or
ge
nde
r
bi
a
s
e
d,
w
it
h
hum
a
n
r
e
s
our
c
e
r
e
c
r
ui
tm
e
nt
a
nd
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
pr
oc
ur
e
m
e
nt
s
c
e
n
a
r
io
s
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ng
m
or
e
s
c
r
ut
in
y
th
a
n
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
c
e
na
r
io
s
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
th
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
a
t
U
.S
.
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
nt
s
a
r
e
m
or
e
p
r
one
to
q
ue
s
ti
on
A
I
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
d
ue
to
pe
r
c
e
iv
e
d
r
a
c
ia
l
bi
a
s
r
a
th
e
r
th
a
n
ge
nde
r
bi
a
s
.
I
n
a
r
e
la
te
d
s
tu
dy,
G
upt
a
e
t
al
.
[
14]
de
lv
e
in
to
th
e
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
in
di
vi
dua
ls
e
s
pous
e
d
na
ti
ona
l
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
va
lu
e
s
on
th
e
ir
in
c
li
na
ti
on
to
que
s
ti
o
n
bi
a
s
e
d
A
I
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
ons
.
T
he
ir
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
id
e
nt
if
ie
s
a
c
or
r
e
la
ti
on
b
e
twe
e
n
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
va
lu
e
s
s
uc
h
a
s
c
ol
le
c
ti
vi
s
m
,
m
a
s
c
ul
in
it
y,
a
nd
unc
e
r
ta
in
ty
a
voi
da
n
c
e
a
nd i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d l
e
v
e
ls
of
A
I
que
s
ti
ona
bi
li
ty
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng r
a
c
ia
l
a
nd
ge
nde
r
bi
a
s
e
s
.
M
e
th
odol
ogi
e
s
f
or
de
te
c
ti
ng
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
bi
a
s
in
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
ha
ve
ga
r
ne
r
e
d
c
ons
id
e
r
a
bl
e
a
tt
e
nt
io
n
f
r
om
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
ti
one
r
s
a
li
ke
.
P
a
ga
no
e
t
al
.
[
15]
pr
opos
e
d
a
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
la
nds
c
a
pe
of
bi
a
s
a
nd
unf
a
ir
ne
s
s
in
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
m
ode
ls
.
C
onduc
te
d
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
pr
e
f
e
r
r
e
d
r
e
por
ti
ng
it
e
m
s
f
or
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
a
nd
m
e
ta
-
a
na
ly
s
e
s
(
P
R
I
S
M
A
)
gui
de
li
ne
s
a
nd
r
e
gi
s
te
r
e
d
on
th
e
ope
n
s
c
ie
nc
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2025
:
32
-
43
34
(
O
S
F
)
p
la
tf
or
m
,
th
e
s
tu
dy
s
ur
ve
ye
d
128
a
r
ti
c
le
s
f
r
o
m
2017
to
2022
a
c
r
os
s
ke
y
da
ta
ba
s
e
s
.
F
in
di
ngs
f
oc
us
on
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
bi
a
s
th
r
ough
va
r
io
us
te
c
hni
que
s
,
m
e
tr
ic
s
,
a
nd
da
ta
s
e
ts
.
N
ot
a
bl
y,
E
qua
li
z
e
d
odd
s
,
oppor
tu
ni
ty
e
qua
li
ty
, a
nd de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
pa
r
it
y
a
r
e
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
d a
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
m
e
tr
ic
s
.
D
e
s
pi
te
a
w
id
e
r
a
ng
e
of
da
ta
s
e
ts
s
pa
nni
ng
di
v
e
r
s
e
dom
a
in
s
,
th
e
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
of
to
ol
s
r
e
m
a
in
s
li
m
it
e
d.
T
he
r
e
vi
e
w
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
s
c
a
r
c
it
y
of
m
ul
ti
c
la
s
s
a
nd
m
ul
ti
m
e
tr
ic
s
tu
di
e
s
a
nd
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
f
ur
th
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
to
s
t
a
nda
r
di
z
e
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
m
e
tr
ic
s
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
c
ont
e
xt
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
K
ha
li
f
a
a
nd
A
lb
a
da
w
y
[
16]
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
d
to
th
is
di
s
c
our
s
e
by
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ly
e
va
lu
a
ti
ng
th
e
im
pa
c
t
of
A
I
on
di
a
gnos
ti
c
im
a
gi
ng,
m
a
in
ly
f
oc
us
in
g
on
i
ts
pot
e
nt
ia
l
to
e
nha
nc
e
a
c
c
ur
a
c
y
a
nd
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
in
in
te
r
pr
e
ti
ng
m
e
di
c
a
l
im
a
ge
s
s
uc
h
a
s
X
-
r
a
ys
,
m
a
gne
ti
c
r
e
s
ona
n
c
e
im
a
gi
ng
(
M
R
I
)
,
a
nd
c
om
put
e
d
to
m
ogr
a
phy
(
CT
)
s
c
a
ns
.
B
y
s
ynt
he
s
iz
in
g
f
in
di
ngs
f
r
om
30
r
e
le
va
nt
s
tu
di
e
s
publ
is
he
d
in
pe
e
r
-
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
jo
ur
na
ls
s
in
c
e
2019,
th
e
r
e
vi
e
w
i
de
nt
if
ie
s
ke
y doma
in
s
a
nd f
unc
ti
ons
of
A
I
i
n di
a
gnos
ti
c
i
m
a
gi
ng, s
he
ddi
ng l
ig
ht
on i
ts
c
a
pa
bi
li
ti
e
s
in
im
a
ge
a
na
ly
s
i
s
a
nd
in
te
r
pr
e
ta
ti
on,
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
e
nha
nc
e
m
e
nt
,
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
a
nd
pe
r
s
on
a
li
z
e
d
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
,
a
nd
c
li
ni
c
a
l
de
c
is
io
n
s
uppor
t.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
th
e
r
e
vi
e
w
di
s
c
us
s
e
s
th
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
s
s
oc
ia
te
d
w
it
h
A
I
in
te
gr
a
ti
on, i
nc
lu
di
ng e
th
ic
a
l
c
onc
e
r
ns
a
nd t
he
ne
e
d f
or
t
e
c
hn
ol
ogy inve
s
tm
e
nt
s
a
nd t
r
a
in
in
g.
I
n s
yn
th
e
s
iz
i
ng
th
e
f
in
di
n
gs
o
f
ou
r
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,
w
e
u
nde
r
s
c
or
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
le
x
i
n
te
r
p
la
y
be
twe
e
n
bi
a
s
,
A
I
a
l
go
r
i
th
m
s
,
a
n
d
s
o
c
ie
ta
l
d
yna
m
i
c
s
.
W
h
il
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ha
s
m
a
de
s
i
gn
if
ic
a
nt
s
t
r
i
de
s
in
e
lu
c
id
a
ti
ng
t
he
c
a
us
e
s
a
nd
c
o
ns
e
qu
e
nc
e
s
o
f
b
ia
s
in
A
I
,
c
o
ns
id
e
r
a
bl
e
c
ha
l
le
n
ge
s
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
m
i
ti
ga
t
io
n
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
nd
r
e
gu
la
t
o
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
t
o
e
ns
u
r
e
f
a
i
r
ne
s
s
a
n
d
a
c
c
o
un
ta
b
il
it
y
in
A
I
te
c
h
no
lo
g
ie
s
.
B
y
dr
a
w
i
ng
up
on
i
ns
i
gh
ts
f
r
o
m
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
a
r
r
a
y
of
s
c
h
ol
a
r
ly
w
o
r
ks
,
th
is
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
s
e
ts
th
e
s
ta
ge
f
or
o
ur
s
u
bs
e
q
ue
n
t
e
xp
lo
r
a
t
io
n
in
to
t
he
r
o
ot
c
a
us
e
s
o
f
bi
a
s
, s
oc
ie
ta
l
im
pa
c
ts
,
m
i
ti
ga
ti
o
n s
t
r
a
te
gi
e
s
,
a
nd
r
e
gu
la
t
or
y
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
o
ns
,
t
he
r
e
by
c
o
nt
r
i
bu
ti
ng
to
t
he
on
goi
ng
di
s
c
ou
r
s
e
on
b
ia
s
in
A
I
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
s
a
nd
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
f
u
tu
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h e
nde
a
vo
r
s
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
W
e
c
onduc
te
d a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d r
e
vi
e
w
to
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
a
ll
y e
xa
m
in
e
a
nd
a
na
ly
z
e
e
xi
s
ti
ng l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
a
nd
da
ta
on
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
. T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h a
ll
ow
e
d
us
to
ga
th
e
r
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
va
r
io
us
di
m
e
ns
io
n
s
of
A
I
bi
a
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
it
s
ty
pe
s
,
c
a
us
e
s
,
a
nd
im
p
a
c
ts
.
F
ig
ur
e
1
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
e
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d
r
e
vi
e
w
m
e
th
od
th
a
t
gui
d
e
d
our
pr
oc
e
s
s
, pr
ovi
di
ng a
n ove
r
vi
e
w
of
e
a
c
h s
te
p, f
r
om
i
ni
ti
a
l
li
t
e
r
a
tu
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h t
o da
ta
s
ynt
he
s
is
.
T
he
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
s
ub
-
s
e
c
ti
ons
de
t
a
il
t
he
pr
oc
e
dur
e
s
a
nd t
e
c
hni
que
s
u
s
e
d i
n t
hi
s
r
e
vi
e
w
[
17]
.
F
ig
ur
e
1. S
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d r
e
vi
e
w
m
e
th
od
T
o
e
ns
ur
e
r
ig
or
,
w
e
de
ve
lo
pe
d
a
de
ta
il
e
d
r
e
vi
e
w
pr
ot
oc
ol
th
a
t
de
f
in
e
d
our
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
,
s
c
ope
,
a
nd
c
r
it
e
r
ia
,
f
ol
lo
w
in
g
gui
de
li
ne
s
s
uc
h
a
s
to
m
a
in
ta
in
th
or
oughne
s
s
a
nd
m
e
th
odol
ogi
c
a
l
c
ons
is
te
n
c
y,
a
s
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
d
in
F
ig
ur
e
2
[
18]
,
[
19]
.
O
ur
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
e
d
m
ul
ti
pl
e
a
c
a
de
m
ic
d
a
ta
ba
s
e
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
I
E
E
E
X
pl
or
e
,
G
oogl
e
S
c
hol
a
r
,
P
ubM
e
d,
a
nd
S
c
opus
,
us
in
g
ta
r
ge
te
d
k
e
yw
or
ds
r
e
la
te
d
to
A
I
bi
a
s
.
T
he
s
e
a
r
c
h
in
c
lu
de
d
te
r
m
s
s
uc
h a
s
"
A
I
bi
a
s
,"
"
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
bi
a
s
,"
"
bi
a
s
de
te
c
ti
on i
n
A
I
,"
"
bi
a
s
m
it
ig
a
ti
on i
n A
I
,"
a
nd
"
e
th
ic
s
of
A
I
."
W
e
f
ur
th
e
r
r
e
f
in
e
d
th
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
r
e
s
ul
ts
by
c
om
bi
ni
ng
th
e
s
e
te
r
m
s
w
it
h
r
e
la
te
d
ke
yw
or
ds
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
"
de
te
c
ti
on,"
"
m
it
ig
a
ti
on,"
a
nd "
e
th
ic
s
."
T
he
s
e
a
r
c
h
w
a
s
r
e
s
tr
ic
te
d
to
pe
e
r
-
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
jo
ur
na
l
a
r
ti
c
le
s
,
c
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
pa
pe
r
s
,
a
nd
s
y
s
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
s
publ
is
he
d
in
E
ngl
is
h
be
twe
e
n
2014
a
nd
2024,
in
c
lu
di
ng
r
e
c
e
n
t
a
nd
r
e
le
va
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h.
T
hi
s
ti
m
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
a
s
c
hos
e
n
to
c
a
pt
ur
e
de
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
s
ove
r
th
e
pa
s
t
de
c
a
d
e
,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
a
dva
nc
e
m
e
nt
s
in
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
nd
it
s
im
pa
c
t
on bia
s
d
e
te
c
ti
on a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
on. F
ol
lo
w
in
g t
he
s
e
a
r
c
h, w
e
s
c
r
e
e
ne
d s
tu
di
e
s
ba
s
e
d on
pr
e
de
f
in
e
d i
nc
lu
s
io
n
a
nd
e
xc
lu
s
io
n
c
r
it
e
r
ia
to
e
n
s
ur
e
r
e
le
va
n
c
e
a
nd
qua
li
ty
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly
, w
e
e
xc
lu
de
d
a
r
ti
c
le
s
t
ha
t
di
d
not
f
oc
us
on
bi
a
s
in
A
I
or
di
d
no
t
m
e
e
t
our
th
e
m
a
ti
c
r
e
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s
.
N
on
-
E
ngl
is
h
publ
ic
a
ti
ons
,
non
-
pe
e
r
-
r
e
vi
e
w
e
d
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
nd
s
tu
di
e
s
publi
s
he
d b
e
f
or
e
2014 we
r
e
a
ls
o e
x
c
lu
de
d.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
B
ia
s
i
n ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
:
s
m
ar
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
o
r
de
te
c
ti
on, miti
gat
io
n, and
…
(
A
gar
ia
dne
D
w
in
ggo Samala
)
35
F
ig
ur
e
2. P
R
I
S
M
A
f
lo
w
di
a
gr
a
m
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
w
e
r
e
m
ove
d
dupl
ic
a
te
d
c
ont
e
nt
a
nd
s
tu
di
e
s
w
it
h
u
nc
le
a
r
m
e
th
odol
ogy
or
poor
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
r
ig
or
.
U
lt
im
a
te
ly
,
our
r
e
vi
e
w
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
e
d
40
r
e
le
va
nt
a
r
ti
c
le
s
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
th
or
ough
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
va
lu
a
bl
e
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
th
e
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d
is
s
ue
of
A
I
bi
a
s
.
W
e
us
e
d
r
e
f
e
r
e
nc
e
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
s
of
twa
r
e
to
or
ga
ni
z
e
a
nd c
a
te
gor
iz
e
t
he
s
e
le
c
te
d
s
tu
di
e
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
. K
e
y d
e
ta
il
s
, i
nc
l
udi
ng s
tu
dy obje
c
ti
ve
s
, m
e
th
ods
, f
in
di
ngs
, a
nd
c
onc
lu
s
io
ns
,
w
e
r
e
e
xt
r
a
c
te
d
u
s
in
g
a
s
ta
nd
a
r
di
z
e
d
d
a
ta
e
xt
r
a
c
ti
on
f
or
m
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
c
on
s
is
te
nc
y
in
th
e
s
ynt
he
s
is
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
I
n
th
e
da
ta
s
ynt
he
s
is
ph
a
s
e
,
w
e
c
ondu
c
te
d
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
e
s
.
W
e
a
ls
o
c
ondu
c
te
d
a
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
is
to
e
va
lu
a
te
v
a
r
ia
ti
ons
in
r
e
s
ul
ts
a
nd
m
e
th
odol
ogi
e
s
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
s
tu
di
e
s
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
s
a
nd
s
im
il
a
r
it
ie
s
in
bi
a
s
ty
pe
s
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
s
t
r
a
te
gi
e
s
.
F
in
a
ll
y,
w
e
c
om
pi
le
d
a
nd
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
our
f
in
di
ngs
in
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
r
e
por
t,
s
um
m
a
r
iz
in
g
th
e
r
e
vi
e
w
'
s
in
s
ig
ht
s
a
nd
di
s
s
e
m
in
a
ti
ng
th
e
m
th
r
ough
a
c
a
de
m
ic
publ
ic
a
ti
ons
a
nd pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on
s
a
t
r
e
le
va
nt
c
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
s
. O
ur
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d a
ppr
oa
c
h e
ns
ur
e
d a
c
l
e
a
r
a
nd or
ga
ni
z
e
d
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on
of
th
e
s
ynt
he
s
iz
e
d
da
ta
,
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
va
lu
a
bl
e
knowle
dge
to
th
e
ongoing
di
s
c
our
s
e
on
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
4.
R
E
S
U
L
T
S
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
4
.1.
T
yp
e
s
of
b
ia
s
i
n
ar
t
if
ic
ia
l
in
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
al
gor
it
h
m
s
I
n
th
is
s
e
c
ti
on,
w
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
our
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
in
di
ngs
on
th
e
ty
pe
s
o
f
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
e
xpl
or
in
g
th
e
di
s
ti
nc
t
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
of
bi
a
s
a
nd
th
e
ir
im
pa
c
ts
.
O
ur
a
na
ly
s
is
f
oc
us
e
s
on
ge
nde
r
,
r
a
c
ia
l,
a
nd
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
bi
a
s
e
s
,
r
e
ve
a
li
ng
how
th
e
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
c
a
n
m
a
ni
f
e
s
t
in
A
I
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
nd
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
W
e
pr
ovi
de
a
de
ta
il
e
d
a
na
ly
s
is
of
th
e
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
,
s
uppor
te
d
by
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
e
vi
de
nc
e
a
nd
il
lu
s
tr
a
ti
ve
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
,
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2025
:
32
-
43
36
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
ir
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
a
nd
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
in
va
r
io
u
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
s
uc
h
a
s
hi
r
in
g
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
f
a
c
ia
l
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on t
e
c
hnol
ogy, a
nd f
in
a
nc
ia
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
4.1.1. Ge
n
d
e
r
b
ia
s
O
ur
a
na
ly
s
is
r
e
ve
a
le
d
th
a
t
ge
nde
r
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
of
te
n
r
e
f
le
c
ts
a
nd
pe
r
pe
tu
a
te
s
s
o
c
ie
ta
l
in
e
qua
li
ti
e
s
ba
s
e
d
on
ge
nd
e
r
id
e
nt
it
y
or
e
xpr
e
s
s
io
n
[
10]
.
T
hi
s
bi
a
s
a
ppe
a
r
s
in
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
s
li
ke
na
tu
r
a
l
la
ngua
g
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g (
N
L
P
)
a
nd i
m
a
ge
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on, l
e
a
di
ng t
o bi
a
s
e
d outp
ut
s
r
e
in
f
or
c
in
g s
te
r
e
ot
ype
s
. F
or
i
ns
ta
nc
e
, N
L
P
m
ode
ls
m
a
y a
s
s
oc
ia
te
c
e
r
ta
in
pr
of
e
s
s
io
ns
w
it
h
s
pe
c
if
ic
ge
nde
r
s
—
s
uc
h
a
s
"
doc
to
r
"
w
it
h
m
e
n
a
nd
"
nur
s
e
"
w
it
h
w
om
e
n
—
due
to
tr
a
in
in
g
on
bi
a
s
e
d
d
a
ta
.
T
hi
s
pe
r
pe
tu
a
te
s
tr
a
di
t
io
na
l
ge
nde
r
r
ol
e
s
a
nd
im
pa
c
t
s
A
I
-
dr
iv
e
n
te
xt
ge
ne
r
a
ti
on a
nd s
e
nt
im
e
nt
a
na
ly
s
is
.
T
he
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
ge
nde
r
bi
a
s
a
r
e
f
a
r
-
r
e
a
c
hi
ng
[
20
]
.
I
n
hi
r
in
g
pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
,
bi
a
s
e
d
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
m
a
y
f
a
vor
c
a
ndi
da
te
s
of
a
pa
r
ti
c
ul
a
r
ge
nde
r
,
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
w
or
kpl
a
c
e
di
s
pa
r
it
ie
s
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
ge
nde
r
bi
a
s
in
lo
a
n
a
ppr
ova
l
s
ys
te
m
s
c
a
n
unf
a
ir
ly
r
e
s
tr
ic
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
w
or
s
e
ni
ng
e
c
onomi
c
in
e
qua
li
ti
e
s
.
T
h
e
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
nor
m
a
li
z
e
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
ti
on a
nd hinde
r
pr
ogr
e
s
s
t
ow
a
r
d ge
nde
r
e
q
ua
li
ty
[
21]
.
4.1.2.
R
ac
ia
l
b
ia
s
O
ur
i
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
on i
nt
o r
a
c
ia
l
bi
a
s
r
e
ve
a
le
d de
e
p
-
s
e
a
te
d pr
e
ju
di
c
e
s
a
ga
in
s
t
in
di
vi
dua
ls
or
gr
oups
ba
s
e
d
on
r
a
c
e
or
e
th
ni
c
it
y.
T
hi
s
pe
r
va
s
iv
e
bi
a
s
a
f
f
e
c
ts
va
r
io
us
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
pol
ic
in
g,
c
r
im
in
a
l
ju
s
ti
c
e
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
a
nd
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
di
a
gno
s
ti
c
s
.
F
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
in
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
pol
ic
in
g,
r
a
c
ia
l
bi
a
s
c
a
n
l
e
a
d
to
ove
r
-
pol
ic
in
g
a
nd
di
s
pr
opor
ti
ona
te
ly
ha
r
s
h
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
of
m
in
or
it
y
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
[
22]
.
S
im
il
a
r
ly
,
in
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
di
a
gnos
ti
c
s
,
r
a
c
ia
l
bi
a
s
m
a
y
r
e
s
ul
t
in
di
s
pa
r
it
ie
s
in
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
c
a
r
e
a
nd
tr
e
a
tm
e
nt
,
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
to
he
a
lt
h
in
e
qui
ti
e
s
[
23]
. R
a
c
ia
l
bi
a
s
a
ls
o i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
s
hi
r
in
g pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
, w
he
r
e
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
m
a
y unf
a
ir
ly
f
a
vor
or
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
te
a
ga
in
s
t
in
di
vi
dua
ls
ba
s
e
d
on
r
a
c
e
[
24]
.
T
he
im
pa
c
t
of
r
a
c
ia
l
bi
a
s
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
e
qui
ta
bl
e
A
I
s
ol
ut
io
ns
th
a
t
a
ddr
e
s
s
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
te
s
ys
te
m
ic
r
a
c
is
m
.
O
ur
f
in
di
ngs
hi
ghl
ig
ht
th
e
ur
ge
nt
ne
e
d
f
or
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
to
e
ns
ur
e
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
nd r
e
duc
e
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
ti
on a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
doma
in
s
.
4.1.3.
S
oc
io
-
e
c
on
om
ic
b
ia
s
O
ur
e
xa
m
in
a
ti
on
of
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
bi
a
s
r
e
ve
a
l
e
d
th
a
t
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
of
te
n
r
e
f
le
c
t
di
s
pa
r
it
ie
s
in
in
di
vi
dua
ls
'
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
s
ta
tu
s
,
in
c
om
e
le
ve
ls
,
a
nd
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
[
25]
.
S
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
bi
a
s
m
a
ni
f
e
s
ts
in
va
r
io
us
c
ont
e
xt
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
e
duc
a
ti
on a
nd
e
m
pl
oym
e
nt
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
.
F
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
,
bi
a
s
e
d
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
in
lo
a
n
a
ppr
ova
ls
m
a
y
unf
a
ir
ly
de
ny
f
in
a
n
c
ia
l
a
s
s
is
ta
n
c
e
to
in
di
vi
du
a
ls
f
r
om
lo
w
e
r
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
ba
c
kgr
ounds
,
pe
r
pe
tu
a
ti
ng
pove
r
ty
[
26]
.
S
im
i
la
r
ly
,
bi
a
s
e
d
hi
r
in
g
a
lg
or
it
h
m
s
m
a
y
ove
r
lo
ok
qua
li
f
ie
d
c
a
ndi
da
te
s
f
r
om
di
s
a
dva
nt
a
ge
d
b
a
c
kgr
ounds
,
e
nt
r
e
nc
hi
ng
e
m
pl
oym
e
nt
di
s
pa
r
it
ie
s
[
27]
.
T
he
c
on
s
e
que
n
c
e
s
of
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
bi
a
s
e
xt
e
nd
be
yond
in
di
vi
dua
l
out
c
om
e
s
,
r
e
in
f
or
c
in
g
e
xi
s
ti
ng
in
e
qua
li
ti
e
s
a
nd
hi
nde
r
in
g
e
f
f
or
ts
to
w
a
r
d
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
m
or
e
i
nc
lu
s
iv
e
a
nd e
qui
ta
bl
e
s
o
c
ie
ti
e
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
3 vi
s
ua
ll
y r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
di
ve
r
s
e
di
m
e
ns
io
ns
of
bi
a
s
i
n A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
, i
nc
lu
di
ng ge
nde
r
, r
a
c
ia
l,
a
nd
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
bi
a
s
e
s
.
I
t
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
how
th
e
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
m
a
n
if
e
s
t
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
A
I
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
a
nd
th
e
ir
im
pa
c
ts
on
in
di
vi
dua
ls
a
nd
s
o
c
ie
ty
.
T
a
bl
e
1
s
um
m
a
r
iz
e
s
th
e
ty
pe
s
of
bi
a
s
id
e
nt
if
ie
d
in
our
s
tu
dy,
out
li
ni
ng
th
e
ir
de
f
in
it
io
ns
, m
a
ni
f
e
s
ta
ti
ons
, i
m
pa
c
ts
, a
nd
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
3. D
im
e
ns
io
ns
of
bi
a
s
i
n A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
B
ia
s
i
n ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
:
s
m
ar
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
o
r
de
te
c
ti
on, miti
gat
io
n, and
…
(
A
gar
ia
dne
D
w
in
ggo Samala
)
37
T
a
bl
e
1.
T
ype
s
of
b
ia
s
i
n A
I
A
lg
or
it
hm
s
T
ype
of
B
i
a
s
D
e
f
i
ni
t
i
on
M
a
ni
f
e
s
t
a
t
i
ons
I
m
pa
c
t
s
E
xa
m
pl
e
s
G
e
nde
r
B
i
a
s
I
ne
qua
l
i
t
y
i
s
ba
s
e
d
on
ge
nde
r
i
de
nt
i
t
y
or
e
xpr
e
s
s
i
on.
S
t
e
r
e
ot
ypi
c
a
l
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
t
i
ons
a
nd
l
a
ngua
ge
bi
a
s
e
s
.
R
e
i
nf
or
c
e
s
ge
nde
r
di
s
pa
r
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
hi
r
i
ng
a
nd
l
oa
ns
.
B
i
a
s
e
d
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
f
a
vor
i
ng
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
ge
nde
r
s
i
n
hi
r
i
ng
de
c
i
s
i
ons
.
R
a
c
i
a
l
B
i
a
s
P
r
e
j
udi
c
e
ba
s
e
d
on
r
a
c
e
or
e
t
hni
c
i
t
y.
P
r
e
s
e
nt
i
n
pr
e
di
c
t
i
ve
pol
i
c
i
ng,
he
a
l
t
hc
a
r
e
,
a
nd hi
r
i
ng.
C
ont
r
i
but
e
s
t
o
t
he
ove
r
-
pol
i
c
i
ng
of
m
i
nor
i
t
y c
om
m
uni
t
i
e
s
.
B
i
a
s
e
d
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
l
e
a
d
t
o
di
s
pa
r
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
a
r
r
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
s
a
nd
s
e
nt
e
nc
i
ng out
c
om
e
s
.
S
oc
i
o
-
E
c
onom
i
c
B
i
a
s
B
i
a
s
e
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d t
o
s
oc
i
o
-
e
c
onom
i
c
s
t
a
t
us
a
nd
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
D
i
s
pa
r
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
oppor
t
uni
t
i
e
s
a
nd
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
E
xa
c
e
r
ba
t
e
s
s
oc
i
o
-
e
c
onom
i
c
i
ne
qua
l
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
e
duc
a
t
i
on
a
nd
e
m
pl
oym
e
nt
.
B
i
a
s
e
d
a
l
gor
i
t
hm
s
i
n
l
oa
n
a
ppr
ova
l
s
di
s
pr
opor
t
i
ona
t
e
l
y
de
ny
f
i
na
nc
i
a
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
nc
e
t
o
m
a
r
gi
na
l
i
z
e
d i
ndi
vi
dua
l
s
.
4.2.
R
oot
c
au
s
e
s
o
f
b
ia
s
I
n our
i
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
on, we
i
d
e
nt
if
ie
d t
hr
e
e
pr
im
a
r
y c
ont
r
ib
ut
or
s
t
o
bi
a
s
i
n A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
:
bi
a
s
e
d
t
r
a
in
in
g
da
ta
,
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
de
s
ig
n
c
hoi
c
e
s
,
a
nd
th
e
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
s
oc
i
e
ta
l
dyna
m
ic
s
.
E
a
c
h
of
th
e
s
e
f
a
c
to
r
s
pl
a
ys
a
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
r
ol
e
in
s
ha
pi
ng
th
e
out
c
om
e
s
of
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
,
of
te
n
l
e
a
di
ng
to
unf
a
ir
or
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
to
r
y
r
e
s
ul
ts
th
a
t
m
ir
r
or
e
xi
s
ti
ng s
oc
ia
l
in
e
qui
ti
e
s
. U
nd
e
r
s
ta
ndi
ng t
he
s
e
r
oot
c
a
u
s
e
s
i
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng mor
e
e
qui
ta
bl
e
a
nd
tr
us
twor
th
y A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
4.2.1.
B
ia
s
e
d
t
r
ai
n
in
g d
at
a
B
ia
s
e
d
tr
a
in
in
g
d
a
ta
is
a
c
r
it
ic
a
l
f
a
c
to
r
in
f
lu
e
nc
in
g
th
e
be
h
a
v
io
r
of
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
W
he
n
tr
a
in
in
g
da
ta
s
e
ts
c
ont
a
in
hi
s
to
r
ic
a
l
bi
a
s
e
s
, pr
e
ju
di
c
e
s
, or
i
m
ba
la
nc
e
s
, t
he
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
c
a
n i
nf
il
tr
a
te
a
nd s
ha
pe
t
he
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
of
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
[
28]
.
F
or
in
s
ta
nc
e
,
a
f
a
c
ia
l
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
a
lg
or
it
hm
tr
a
in
e
d
pr
e
dom
in
a
nt
ly
on
im
a
ge
s
of
l
ig
ht
e
r
-
s
ki
nne
d i
ndi
vi
dua
l
s
m
a
y
s
tr
uggl
e
t
o
a
c
c
ur
a
te
l
y i
de
nt
if
y or
c
a
te
gor
iz
e
i
ndi
vi
dua
ls
w
it
h d
a
r
ke
r
s
ki
n t
one
s
, r
e
s
ul
ti
ng i
n bi
a
s
e
d outc
om
e
s
t
ha
t
di
s
pr
opor
ti
ona
te
ly
i
m
pa
c
t
s
pe
c
if
ic
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
gr
oups
.
O
ur
a
na
ly
s
is
und
e
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
e
n
s
ur
in
g
th
e
qua
li
t
y,
di
ve
r
s
it
y,
a
nd
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
tr
a
in
in
g
da
ta
.
T
o
m
it
ig
a
te
bi
a
s
a
nd
pr
om
ot
e
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
it
is
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
to
a
c
ti
ve
ly
s
e
e
k
out
di
v
e
r
s
e
d
a
ta
s
our
c
e
s
,
in
c
or
por
a
te
unde
r
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
e
d
pe
r
s
p
e
c
ti
ve
s
,
a
nd
r
e
gul
a
r
ly
e
va
lu
a
te
a
nd
r
e
f
in
e
da
ta
s
e
ts
.
A
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
s
e
f
a
c
to
r
s
dur
in
g
th
e
da
ta
c
ol
le
c
ti
on
a
nd
pr
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g
s
ta
ge
s
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
m
a
in
ta
in
in
g
th
e
in
te
gr
it
y
of
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
a
nd
r
e
duc
in
g bi
a
s
.
4.2.2.
A
lg
or
it
h
m
ic
d
e
s
ig
n
c
h
oi
c
e
s
A
lg
or
it
hm
ic
de
s
ig
n
c
hoi
c
e
s
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
th
e
be
ha
vi
or
a
nd
out
c
om
e
s
of
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
D
e
c
is
io
ns
m
a
de
dur
in
g
a
lg
or
it
hm
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
—
s
uc
h
a
s
s
e
le
c
ti
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
a
nd
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
obj
e
c
ti
ve
s
—
c
a
n
in
a
dve
r
te
nt
ly
e
nc
ode
a
nd
pr
opa
ga
te
bi
a
s
e
s
[
29]
.
O
ur
e
xa
m
in
a
ti
on
r
e
ve
a
ls
how
s
e
e
m
in
gl
y
ne
ut
r
a
l
de
s
ig
n c
hoi
c
e
s
c
a
n m
a
ni
f
e
s
t
bi
a
s
e
s
w
it
hi
n a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
a
r
c
hi
te
c
tu
r
e
s
a
nd de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
.
W
e
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
th
e
im
por
ta
nc
e
of
c
a
r
e
f
ul
s
c
r
ut
in
y,
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
n
c
y,
a
nd
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
in
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
.
B
y
a
c
knowle
dgi
ng
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
pot
e
nt
ia
l
bi
a
s
e
s
dur
in
g
th
e
de
s
ig
n
pha
s
e
,
w
e
c
a
n
w
or
k
to
w
a
r
d
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
A
I
s
ys
t
e
m
s
th
a
t
pr
io
r
it
iz
e
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
nd
e
qui
ty
.
T
hi
s
a
ppr
oa
c
h
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
bui
ld
in
g
tr
us
t
in
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
a
nd e
n
s
ur
in
g t
he
ir
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on a
c
r
os
s
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
oc
ie
ta
l
dom
a
in
s
.
4.2.3.
I
n
f
lu
e
n
c
e
o
f
s
oc
ie
t
al
d
yn
am
ic
s
T
he
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
of
s
oc
ie
ta
l
dyna
m
ic
s
on
bi
a
s
in
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
e
xt
e
nd
s
be
yond
te
c
hni
c
a
l
a
s
p
e
c
ts
,
in
vol
vi
ng
hi
s
to
r
ic
a
l
pa
tt
e
r
ns
of
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
ti
on,
pow
e
r
dyna
m
ic
s
,
a
nd
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
nor
m
s
[
30]
.
O
ur
a
na
ly
s
i
s
r
e
ve
a
ls
how
s
oc
ie
ta
l
f
a
c
to
r
s
in
te
r
s
e
c
t
w
it
h
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
m
a
gni
f
yi
ng
bi
a
s
e
s
,
a
nd
p
e
r
pe
tu
a
ti
ng
s
y
s
te
m
ic
in
ju
s
ti
c
e
s
.
H
is
to
r
ic
a
l
pa
tt
e
r
ns
of
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
ti
on
of
te
n
s
ha
pe
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
th
r
ough
th
e
da
ta
us
e
d
to
tr
a
in
th
e
m
[
31]
.
T
he
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
c
a
n
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
s
te
r
e
ot
ype
s
a
nd
pe
r
pe
tu
a
te
in
e
qua
li
ti
e
s
r
e
l
a
te
d
to
r
a
c
e
,
ge
nde
r
,
or
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
s
ta
tu
s
.
P
ow
e
r
im
ba
la
nc
e
s
in
s
oc
ie
ty
c
a
n
f
ur
th
e
r
e
x
a
c
e
r
ba
te
bi
a
s
e
s
w
it
h
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
a
s
th
o
s
e
w
it
h
pr
iv
il
e
ge
m
a
y
in
a
dve
r
te
nt
ly
e
nc
ode
t
he
ir
p
e
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
i
nt
o t
he
s
ys
te
m
s
t
he
y de
ve
lo
p. C
ul
tu
r
a
l
nor
m
s
a
ls
o s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
ly
s
ha
pe
bi
a
s
e
s
, i
nf
lu
e
nc
e
d
a
ta
c
ol
le
c
ti
on a
nd i
nt
e
r
pr
e
ta
ti
on a
nd a
m
pl
if
y
e
xi
s
ti
ng i
ne
qua
li
ti
e
s
[
32]
.
F
ig
ur
e
4
il
lu
s
tr
a
te
s
th
e
in
te
r
c
onne
c
te
dne
s
s
of
bi
a
s
e
d
tr
a
in
in
g
da
ta
,
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
de
s
ig
n
c
hoi
c
e
s
,
a
nd
s
oc
ie
ta
l
dyna
m
ic
s
.
T
hi
s
f
ig
ur
e
vi
s
ua
ll
y
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
s
th
e
c
om
pl
e
x
w
e
b
of
f
a
c
to
r
s
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
to
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
B
y e
xpl
or
in
g t
he
s
e
r
oot
c
a
us
e
s
, w
e
c
om
pr
e
he
n
s
iv
e
l
y unde
r
s
ta
nd t
he
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d na
tu
r
e
of
bi
a
s
i
n
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
T
hi
s
hol
is
ti
c
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
th
e
ne
e
d
to
a
d
dr
e
s
s
bi
a
s
e
s
a
t
a
te
c
hni
c
a
l
le
v
e
l
a
nd
w
it
hi
n
th
e
br
oa
de
r
s
oc
io
-
c
ul
tu
r
a
l
c
ont
e
xt
.
4.3.
D
e
t
e
c
t
in
g an
d
m
e
as
u
r
in
g b
ia
s
T
hi
s
s
e
c
ti
on
f
oc
us
e
s
on
th
e
di
ve
r
s
e
m
e
th
ods
a
nd
c
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
e
s
us
e
d
to
de
te
c
t
a
nd
m
e
a
s
ur
e
bi
a
s
in
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
T
he
s
e
m
e
th
odol
ogi
e
s
r
a
nge
f
r
om
a
lg
or
it
h
m
ic
a
udi
ts
,
w
hi
c
h
e
va
lu
a
te
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
to
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
te
c
hni
que
s
th
a
t
qua
nt
if
y
bi
a
s
e
s
a
c
r
os
s
d
a
ta
s
e
t
s
.
C
om
pa
r
a
ti
ve
a
na
ly
s
e
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
be
nc
hm
a
r
ki
ng
A
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2025
:
32
-
43
38
m
ode
ls
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
w
he
r
e
a
nd
w
hy
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
ie
s
oc
c
ur
.
F
ig
ur
e
5
pr
ovi
de
s
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
vi
s
u
a
l
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
of
th
e
s
e
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
,
out
li
ni
ng
ke
y
m
e
th
ods
f
or
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng,
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g,
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
U
nde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng t
he
s
e
t
e
c
hni
que
s
i
s
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
de
ve
lo
pi
ng mor
e
e
qui
ta
bl
e
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
4. R
oot
c
a
us
e
s
of
bi
a
s
i
n A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
F
ig
ur
e
5. F
r
a
m
e
w
or
k f
or
de
te
c
ti
ng a
nd me
a
s
ur
in
g bi
a
s
i
n A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
4.3.1.
M
e
t
h
od
ol
ogi
c
al
ap
p
r
oac
h
e
s
S
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
a
na
ly
s
e
s
:
I
n
de
te
c
ti
ng
bi
a
s
w
it
hi
n
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
a
na
ly
s
e
s
a
r
e
f
ounda
ti
ona
l
f
or
unc
ove
r
in
g
pa
tt
e
r
ns
a
nd
c
or
r
e
la
ti
ons
th
a
t
m
a
y
s
ig
ni
f
y
bi
a
s
e
d
out
c
om
e
s
.
R
e
gr
e
s
s
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
hypothe
s
i
s
te
s
ti
ng
a
r
e
r
out
in
e
ly
e
m
pl
oye
d
to
s
c
r
ut
in
iz
e
d
a
ta
s
e
ts
a
nd
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
out
put
s
.
R
e
gr
e
s
s
io
n
a
na
ly
s
i
s
a
ll
ow
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
th
e
r
e
la
ti
ons
hi
p
be
twe
e
n
va
r
ia
bl
e
s
a
nd
id
e
n
ti
f
y
pot
e
nt
ia
l
s
our
c
e
s
of
bi
a
s
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
,
hypothe
s
is
te
s
ti
ng
e
na
bl
e
s
th
e
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
on
of
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nc
e
a
nd
th
e
pr
e
s
e
nc
e
of
s
ys
t
e
m
a
ti
c
de
vi
a
ti
ons
f
r
om
e
xpe
c
te
d outc
om
e
s
[
33]
.
A
lg
or
it
hm
ic
a
udi
ts
:
A
lg
or
it
hm
ic
a
udi
ts
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
a
nd
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
a
ppr
oa
c
h
to
e
va
lu
a
ti
ng
th
e
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
nd
in
te
gr
it
y
o
f
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
T
he
s
e
a
udi
ts
in
vol
ve
m
e
ti
c
ul
ous
e
xa
m
in
a
ti
ons
of
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
c
ode
ba
s
e
s
,
a
nd
unde
r
ly
i
n
g
da
ta
s
our
c
e
s
to
id
e
nt
if
y
pot
e
nt
ia
l
s
our
c
e
s
of
bi
a
s
[
34]
.
B
y
r
e
vi
e
w
in
g
th
e
a
lg
or
it
hm
'
s
in
put
s
,
out
put
s
,
a
nd
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
lo
gi
c
,
a
udi
to
r
s
c
a
n
pi
npoi
nt
di
s
c
r
e
pa
nc
ie
s
a
nd
a
s
s
e
s
s
how
m
uc
h
bi
a
s
m
a
y
in
f
lu
e
nc
e
a
lg
o
r
it
hm
ic
out
c
om
e
s
.
A
lg
or
it
hm
ic
a
udi
ts
e
ns
ur
e
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y, a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
, a
nd t
r
us
twor
th
in
e
s
s
i
n A
I
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
A
dve
r
s
a
r
ia
l
te
s
ti
ng:
A
dve
r
s
a
r
ia
l
te
s
ti
ng
is
a
pr
oa
c
ti
ve
a
ppr
o
a
c
h
to
a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
r
obus
tn
e
s
s
a
nd
r
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
of
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
a
g
a
in
s
t
bi
a
s
e
d
in
put
s
a
nd
a
dve
r
s
a
r
ia
l
a
t
ta
c
ks
.
T
hi
s
te
c
hni
que
e
xpos
e
s
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
c
a
r
e
f
ul
ly
c
r
a
f
te
d
in
put
s
to
r
e
ve
a
l
bi
a
s
e
s
or
vu
ln
e
r
a
bi
li
ti
e
s
[
11]
.
B
y
s
ubj
e
c
ti
ng
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
to
di
ve
r
s
e
s
c
e
na
r
io
s
,
e
dge
c
a
s
e
s
,
a
nd
a
dve
r
s
a
r
ia
l
e
xa
m
pl
e
s
,
pr
a
c
ti
ti
one
r
s
c
a
n
id
e
nt
i
f
y
hi
dde
n
bi
a
s
e
s
a
nd
e
v
a
lu
a
te
th
e
a
lg
or
it
hm
'
s
a
bi
li
ty
to
ge
ne
r
a
li
z
e
a
nd
pe
r
f
or
m
r
e
li
a
bl
y
in
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
c
ondi
ti
on
s
.
A
dve
r
s
a
r
ia
l
te
s
ti
ng
is
c
r
it
ic
a
l
f
or
unc
ove
r
in
g
bi
a
s
e
s
th
a
t
m
a
y
not
be
a
ppa
r
e
nt
unde
r
nor
m
a
l
ope
r
a
ti
ng
c
ondi
ti
ons
,
e
nha
nc
in
g
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
'
ove
r
a
ll
r
obus
tn
e
s
s
a
nd f
a
ir
ne
s
s
.
4.3.2.
C
om
p
ar
at
iv
e
an
al
ys
is
Q
ua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
m
e
tr
ic
s
:
Q
ua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
m
e
tr
ic
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
di
s
pa
r
a
te
im
pa
c
t
a
nd
s
ta
ti
s
ti
c
a
l
pa
r
it
y,
pr
ovi
de
qua
nt
it
a
ti
ve
bi
a
s
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
a
c
r
os
s
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
gr
oups
[
15]
.
T
he
s
e
m
e
tr
ic
s
of
f
e
r
a
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
d
w
a
y
to
id
e
nt
if
y i
ne
qua
li
ti
e
s
, a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g how pr
e
di
c
ti
ons
v
a
r
y a
c
r
os
s
c
a
te
gor
ie
s
l
ik
e
r
a
c
e
or
ge
nde
r
.
B
y us
in
g nume
r
ic
a
l
be
nc
hm
a
r
ks
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
c
a
n
de
te
c
t
pa
tt
e
r
ns
of
bi
a
s
th
a
t
m
ig
ht
not
be
a
ppa
r
e
nt
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
ly
.
T
he
s
e
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
m
oni
to
r
in
g
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
,
a
ll
ow
in
g
f
or
c
om
pa
r
is
o
ns
ove
r
ti
m
e
a
nd
f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
ng
e
f
f
or
ts
to
m
it
ig
a
te
bi
a
s
t
hr
ough a
lg
or
it
hm
a
dj
us
tm
e
nt
s
a
nd poli
c
y c
ha
ng
e
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
B
ia
s
i
n ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
:
s
m
ar
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
o
r
de
te
c
ti
on, miti
gat
io
n, and
…
(
A
gar
ia
dne
D
w
in
ggo Samala
)
39
Q
ua
li
ta
ti
ve
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
:
Q
ua
li
ta
ti
ve
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
in
te
r
pr
e
ta
bi
li
ty
a
nd
e
xpl
a
in
a
bi
li
ty
te
c
hni
que
s
,
of
f
e
r
qua
li
ta
ti
ve
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
th
e
und
e
r
ly
in
g
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
a
nd
d
e
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
th
a
t
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
bi
a
s
e
d
out
c
om
e
s
[
32]
.
I
nt
e
r
p
r
e
ta
bi
li
ty
te
c
hni
que
s
de
lv
e
in
to
how
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
a
r
r
iv
e
a
t
s
pe
c
if
ic
de
c
is
io
ns
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
de
ta
il
e
d
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
be
ha
vi
or
.
I
n
c
ont
r
a
s
t,
e
xpl
a
in
a
bi
li
ty
te
c
hni
que
s
e
lu
c
id
a
te
th
e
r
a
ti
ona
le
be
hi
nd
th
e
s
e
de
c
is
io
n
s
in
a
hum
a
n
-
unde
r
s
ta
nda
bl
e
m
a
n
ne
r
,
of
f
e
r
in
g
a
c
c
e
s
s
ib
le
e
xpl
a
na
ti
on
s
f
or
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
out
c
om
e
s
.
4.4.
I
m
p
ac
t
of
b
ia
s
on
s
oc
ie
t
y
T
he
s
o
c
ie
ta
l
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
bi
a
s
e
d
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
a
r
e
pr
of
ound
a
nd
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d,
e
xe
r
ti
ng
f
a
r
-
r
e
a
c
hi
ng
e
f
f
e
c
ts
on
in
di
vi
dua
ls
,
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
,
a
nd
s
o
c
ie
ta
l
dyna
m
ic
s
.
T
he
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
c
a
n
a
m
pl
if
y
s
oc
ia
l
in
e
qu
a
li
ti
e
s
,
le
a
di
ng
to
di
s
pr
opor
ti
ona
te
im
pa
c
ts
on
m
a
r
gi
na
l
iz
e
d
gr
oups
.
T
he
y
of
te
n
s
ol
id
if
y
ha
r
m
f
ul
s
te
r
e
ot
ype
s
,
e
m
be
ddi
ng
th
e
m
in
to
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
th
a
t
a
f
f
e
c
t
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
.
A
ddi
ti
ona
ll
y,
bi
a
s
e
d
A
I
c
a
n
c
ont
r
ib
ut
e
to
s
ys
te
m
ic
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
ti
on,
r
e
in
f
or
c
in
g
e
xi
s
ti
ng
pow
e
r
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
a
nd
hi
nde
r
in
g
e
f
f
or
ts
to
w
a
r
d
s
oc
ia
l
ju
s
ti
c
e
.
A
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
th
e
s
e
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
r
e
qui
r
e
s
r
i
gor
ous
s
c
r
ut
in
y
a
nd
th
e
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
of
f
a
ir
e
r
,
m
or
e
i
nc
lu
s
iv
e
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
4.4.1.
D
is
p
r
op
or
t
io
n
at
e
i
m
p
ac
t
on
m
ar
gi
n
al
iz
e
d
c
om
m
u
n
it
ie
s
B
ia
s
e
d
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
di
s
pr
opor
ti
ona
te
ly
a
f
f
e
c
t
m
a
r
gi
na
li
z
e
d c
o
m
m
uni
ti
e
s
,
w
or
s
e
ni
ng
di
s
pa
r
it
ie
s
a
nd
im
pe
di
ng
pr
ogr
e
s
s
to
w
a
r
d
e
qui
ta
bl
e
out
c
om
e
s
[
35]
.
F
or
in
s
ta
n
c
e
,
w
it
hi
n
c
r
it
ic
a
l
s
e
c
to
r
s
li
ke
c
r
im
in
a
l
ju
s
ti
c
e
a
nd
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
,
bi
a
s
e
d
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
of
te
n
pr
oduc
e
di
s
c
r
im
in
a
to
r
y
out
c
om
e
s
,
unf
a
ir
ly
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
m
in
or
it
y
gr
oups
a
nd
pe
r
pe
tu
a
ti
ng
c
yc
le
s
of
m
a
r
gi
na
li
z
a
ti
on
a
nd
in
ju
s
ti
c
e
.
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
how
s
th
a
t
th
e
s
e
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
c
a
n
le
a
d
to
bi
a
s
e
d
de
c
is
io
ns
in
a
r
e
a
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
e
nt
e
nc
in
g,
w
h
e
r
e
m
in
or
it
ie
s
a
r
e
of
te
n
s
ubj
e
c
te
d
to
ha
r
s
he
r
pe
na
lt
ie
s
c
om
pa
r
e
d
to
t
he
ir
c
ount
e
r
pa
r
ts
.
4.4.2.
R
e
in
f
or
c
e
m
e
n
t
of
h
ar
m
f
u
l
s
t
e
r
e
ot
yp
e
s
B
ia
s
e
d
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
pl
a
y
a
c
e
nt
r
a
l
r
ol
e
in
pe
r
pe
tu
a
ti
ng
s
oc
ie
ta
l
s
te
r
e
ot
ype
s
a
nd
bi
a
s
e
s
.
B
y
a
m
pl
if
yi
ng
e
xi
s
ti
ng
pr
e
ju
di
c
e
s
,
th
e
s
e
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
ha
r
m
f
ul
na
r
r
a
ti
ve
s
a
nd
di
s
to
r
t
pe
r
c
e
pt
io
ns
of
in
di
vi
dua
ls
ba
s
e
d
on r
a
c
e
, ge
nde
r
, or
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
s
ta
tu
s
[
12]
. F
or
e
xa
m
pl
e
, i
n a
ut
om
a
te
d de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
s
uc
h a
s
hi
r
in
g
or
lo
a
n
a
ppr
ova
ls
,
bi
a
s
e
d
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
m
a
y
f
a
vor
c
e
r
ta
in
de
m
ogr
a
phi
c
gr
oups
ov
e
r
ot
he
r
s
,
p
e
r
pe
tu
a
ti
ng
s
te
r
e
ot
ype
s
a
nd d
e
e
pe
ni
ng s
o
c
ie
ta
l
di
vi
s
io
ns
.
4.4.3.
T
an
gi
b
le
c
on
s
e
q
u
e
n
c
e
s
t
h
r
ou
gh
r
e
al
-
w
or
ld
e
xam
p
le
s
R
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
c
a
s
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
di
ve
r
s
e
dom
a
in
s
vi
vi
dl
y
il
lu
s
tr
a
t
e
th
e
ta
ngi
bl
e
c
ons
e
qu
e
nc
e
s
of
bi
a
s
e
d
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
[
11]
–
[
15]
.
T
h
e
s
e
e
xa
m
p
le
s
r
a
n
ge
f
r
om
bi
a
s
e
d
d
e
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
i
n
hi
r
in
g
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
t
o
un
e
qu
a
l
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
e
s
s
e
nt
i
a
l
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
.
B
y
s
h
e
ddi
ng
li
ght
on
th
e
pr
of
ound
s
oc
i
e
ta
l
im
pl
i
c
a
ti
o
ns
of
bi
a
s
e
d
A
I
,
th
i
s
s
e
c
ti
on
hi
ghl
ig
ht
s
t
h
e
c
r
it
i
c
a
l
im
p
or
ta
n
c
e
of
d
e
ve
lo
pi
ng
e
th
ic
a
l
A
I
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
s
, r
obu
s
t
r
e
gu
la
to
r
y f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
a
nd gr
e
a
t
e
r
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
.
O
nl
y
th
r
o
ugh c
on
c
e
r
te
d
e
f
f
or
t
s
t
o
m
it
i
ga
te
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
c
a
n
w
e
w
or
k
to
w
a
r
d
a
m
or
e
ju
s
t
a
n
d i
nc
lu
s
i
ve
s
o
c
ie
ty
w
h
e
r
e
t
e
c
hn
ol
ogy
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
a
f
or
c
e
f
or
pos
i
ti
ve
c
h
a
nge
[
20]
, [
36]
, [
37]
.
4.5.
M
it
ig
at
io
n
s
t
r
at
e
gi
e
s
I
n
th
is
s
e
c
ti
on,
w
e
in
ve
s
ti
ga
te
va
r
io
us
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
nd
te
c
hni
que
s
to
m
it
ig
a
te
bi
a
s
w
it
hi
n
A
I
a
lg
or
i
th
m
s
,
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ly
e
x
a
m
in
in
g
th
e
ir
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
,
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
h
a
ll
e
nge
s
,
a
nd
pot
e
nt
ia
l
im
pa
c
t
on
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
.
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
r
e
duc
i
n
g
di
s
pa
r
it
ie
s
in
A
I
out
c
om
e
s
a
nd
bui
ld
in
g
f
a
ir
e
r
a
nd mor
e
i
nc
lu
s
iv
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
W
e
f
oc
u
s
on t
hr
e
e
ke
y
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
:
da
ta
pr
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g, a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd f
a
ir
ne
s
s
-
a
w
a
r
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng.
4.5.1.
D
at
a p
r
e
p
r
oc
e
s
s
in
g
O
ne
pr
om
in
e
nt
s
tr
a
te
gy
in
vol
ve
s
da
ta
pr
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
w
hi
c
h
e
nc
o
m
pa
s
s
e
s
c
le
a
ni
ng,
pr
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
a
nd
a
ugm
e
nt
in
g
tr
a
in
in
g
da
ta
to
m
it
ig
a
te
in
he
r
e
nt
bi
a
s
e
s
[
38]
.
T
e
c
hni
que
s
li
ke
da
ta
a
ugm
e
nt
a
ti
on,
ba
la
nc
in
g,
a
nd
de
bi
a
s
in
g a
lg
or
it
hm
s
e
ns
ur
e
t
ha
t
tr
a
in
in
g da
ta
s
e
ts
a
r
e
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
ve
a
nd dive
r
s
e
. H
ow
e
v
e
r
, c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
s
uc
h
a
s
da
ta
s
pa
r
s
it
y,
la
be
l
noi
s
e
,
a
nd
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
c
a
n
hi
nde
r
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
da
ta
pr
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
ne
c
e
s
s
it
a
ti
ng
c
a
r
e
f
ul
m
e
th
odol
ogi
e
s
t
o ove
r
c
om
e
.
4.5.2.
A
lg
or
it
h
m
ic
t
r
an
s
p
ar
e
n
c
y
A
not
he
r
c
r
uc
ia
l
s
tr
a
te
gy
is
pr
om
ot
in
g
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
ne
e
d
to
unde
r
s
ta
nd
a
nd i
nt
e
r
pr
e
t
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
de
c
is
io
ns
[
39]
. T
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y i
ni
ti
a
ti
ve
s
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
i
de
nt
if
yi
ng a
nd mi
ti
ga
ti
ng bia
s
e
s
,
e
nha
nc
in
g
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
a
nd
tr
us
t.
Y
e
t,
a
c
hi
e
vi
ng
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
f
a
c
e
s
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
li
ke
a
lg
or
it
hm
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
,
opa
c
it
y, a
nd c
onc
e
r
ns
a
bout
i
nt
e
ll
e
c
tu
a
l
pr
ope
r
ty
r
ig
ht
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
,
V
ol
.
14
, N
o.
1
,
F
e
br
ua
r
y
2025
:
32
-
43
40
4.5.3.
F
ai
r
n
e
s
s
-
aw
ar
e
l
e
ar
n
in
g
F
a
ir
ne
s
s
-
a
w
a
r
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
is
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
a
s
a
pr
om
is
in
g
a
ppr
oa
c
h, i
nt
e
gr
a
ti
ng
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
in
to
th
e
m
ode
l
tr
a
in
in
g
pr
oc
e
s
s
[
40]
.
T
e
c
hni
que
s
s
uc
h
a
s
a
dve
r
s
a
r
ia
l
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
nd
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
-
a
w
a
r
e
opt
im
iz
a
ti
on
m
it
ig
a
te
bi
a
s
e
s
a
nd
e
ns
ur
e
e
qui
ta
bl
e
out
c
om
e
s
a
c
r
os
s
de
m
ogr
a
p
hi
c
gr
oups
.
H
ow
e
ve
r
,
de
f
in
in
g
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
m
e
tr
ic
s
a
nd ba
la
nc
in
g c
om
pe
ti
ng obje
c
ti
ve
s
pos
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on hur
dl
e
s
.
F
ur
th
e
r
m
or
e
, t
he
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
t
he
s
e
m
it
ig
a
ti
on s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
i
s
e
va
lu
a
te
d t
hr
ough r
ig
or
ous
a
na
ly
s
i
s
of
e
m
pi
r
ic
a
l
s
tu
di
e
s
a
nd
r
e
a
l
-
w
or
ld
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
[
15]
,
[
38]
–
[
41]
.
W
hi
le
da
ta
pr
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
-
a
w
a
r
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
of
f
e
r
pr
om
is
in
g
a
ve
nue
s
,
s
u
c
c
e
s
s
hi
nge
s
on
da
ta
qua
li
ty
,
m
ode
l
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
,
a
nd
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
e
nga
ge
m
e
nt
.
M
or
e
ov
e
r
,
r
e
s
our
c
e
c
ons
tr
a
in
ts
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
c
on
s
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
m
a
y
im
pe
de
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on,
e
m
pha
s
iz
in
g
th
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
it
y
f
or
in
te
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
a
nd
r
obus
t
gove
r
na
nc
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
. R
e
f
e
r
t
o F
ig
ur
e
6
f
or
a
vi
s
ua
l
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
ti
on of
t
he
m
it
ig
a
ti
on s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
di
s
c
us
s
e
d i
n t
hi
s
s
e
c
ti
on,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
ke
y
c
om
pone
nt
s
,
te
c
hni
que
s
,
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
a
nd
e
va
lu
a
ti
on
c
r
it
e
r
ia
f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
.
F
ig
ur
e
6. M
it
ig
a
ti
on s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
bi
a
s
i
n A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
4.6.
R
e
gu
la
t
or
y an
d
e
t
h
ic
al
c
on
s
id
e
r
at
io
n
s
T
hi
s
s
e
c
ti
on
of
f
e
r
s
a
de
ta
il
e
d
e
xa
m
in
a
ti
on
of
e
xi
s
ti
ng
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
gui
de
li
ne
s
c
onc
e
r
ni
ng
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
s
he
ddi
ng
li
ght
on
pol
ic
y
i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
io
ns
,
le
ga
l
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
,
a
nd
in
dus
tr
y
s
ta
nda
r
ds
d
e
s
ig
ne
d
t
o t
a
c
kl
e
t
hi
s
c
r
it
ic
a
l
is
s
u
e
.
C
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
gul
a
ti
o
ns
of
te
n e
m
pha
s
iz
e
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
r
e
qui
r
in
g A
I
de
ve
lo
pe
r
s
to
di
s
c
lo
s
e
da
ta
s
our
c
e
s
a
nd
de
c
i
s
io
n
c
r
it
e
r
ia
.
E
th
ic
a
l
gui
de
li
ne
s
a
dvoc
a
te
f
or
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
ur
gi
ng
th
e
in
c
lu
s
io
n
of
di
ve
r
s
e
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
s
dur
in
g
th
e
A
I
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
pr
o
c
e
s
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
i
nt
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
im
to
ha
r
m
oni
z
e
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
pr
ovi
di
ng
a
c
om
m
on
f
ounda
ti
on
f
or
a
d
dr
e
s
s
in
g
bi
a
s
a
c
r
os
s
bor
de
r
s
a
nd
e
ns
ur
in
g
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
op
e
r
a
te
w
it
hi
n e
th
ic
a
l
bounda
r
ie
s
gl
oba
ll
y.
4.6.1.
R
e
gu
la
t
or
y e
f
f
or
t
s
G
ove
r
nm
e
nt
s
,
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
bodi
e
s
,
a
nd
in
te
r
na
ti
ona
l
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
ha
ve
s
pe
a
r
he
a
d
e
d
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
r
is
ks
of
bi
a
s
e
d
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
[
42]
.
F
or
in
s
ta
nc
e
,
r
e
gul
a
ti
ons
li
ke
th
e
ge
ne
r
a
l
da
ta
pr
ot
e
c
ti
on
r
e
gul
a
ti
o
n
(
G
D
P
R
)
in
th
e
E
u
r
ope
a
n
U
ni
on
a
nd
p
r
opos
e
d
a
c
ts
li
ke
th
e
a
lg
or
it
h
m
ic
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
a
c
t
in
th
e
U
ni
te
d
S
ta
te
s
a
im
to
ove
r
s
e
e
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogy
u
s
a
ge
a
nd
hol
d
o
r
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
r
e
s
pon
s
ib
le
f
or
bi
a
s
e
d
out
c
om
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
s
tr
e
s
s
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
in
A
I
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
nd
de
pl
oym
e
nt
,
out
li
ni
ng guide
li
ne
s
f
or
da
ta
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
, a
lg
o
r
it
hm
ic
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y, a
nd r
is
k a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
.
4.6.2.
E
t
h
ic
al
gu
id
e
li
n
e
s
E
th
ic
a
l
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ia
l
in
s
ha
pi
ng
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
A
I
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
a
nd
nur
tu
r
in
g
e
th
ic
a
l
e
xc
e
ll
e
nc
e
in
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
[
43]
.
I
ni
ti
a
ti
ve
s
li
ke
th
e
I
E
E
E
gl
oba
l
in
it
i
a
ti
ve
on
e
th
ic
s
of
a
ut
onomous
a
nd
in
te
ll
ig
e
nt
s
ys
te
m
s
a
nd
A
I
e
th
ic
s
gui
de
li
ne
s
f
r
om
e
nt
it
ie
s
li
ke
th
e
E
ur
ope
a
n
C
om
m
is
s
io
n
pr
ovi
de
e
th
ic
a
l
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
a
nd
di
r
e
c
ti
ve
s
f
or
A
I
de
ve
lo
pe
r
s
,
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
he
r
s
,
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
ti
one
r
s
.
T
he
s
e
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
e
m
pha
s
iz
e
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
in
c
lu
s
iv
it
y,
gui
di
ng
s
ta
k
e
hol
de
r
s
to
w
a
r
d
e
th
ic
a
l
de
c
i
s
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
a
nd
r
e
s
pons
ib
le
A
I
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on.
4.6.3.
P
ol
ic
y i
n
t
e
r
ve
n
t
io
n
s
an
d
l
e
gal
m
e
c
h
an
is
m
s
D
is
c
us
s
io
ns
e
n
c
om
pa
s
s
pol
ic
y
i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
io
ns
, l
e
ga
l
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
, a
nd
i
ndus
tr
y s
ta
nd
a
r
ds
t
o
a
ddr
e
s
s
bi
a
s
in
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
P
ol
ic
y
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
,
in
c
lu
di
ng
im
pa
c
t
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
a
udi
ts
,
a
im
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
A
r
ti
f
I
nt
e
ll
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
B
ia
s
i
n ar
ti
fi
c
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
:
s
m
ar
t
s
ol
ut
io
ns
f
o
r
de
te
c
ti
on, miti
gat
io
n, and
…
(
A
gar
ia
dne
D
w
in
ggo Samala
)
41
e
va
lu
a
te
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
te
th
e
s
o
c
ie
ta
l
im
pa
c
t
of
bi
a
s
e
d
a
lg
or
it
h
m
s
[
44]
.
L
e
ga
l
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
s
uc
h
a
s
li
a
bi
li
ty
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
a
nd
r
e
dr
e
s
s
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
hol
d
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
a
c
c
ount
a
bl
e
f
or
bi
a
s
e
d
out
c
om
e
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
in
dus
tr
y
-
dr
iv
e
n
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
li
ke
th
e
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
in
m
a
c
hi
n
e
le
a
r
ni
ng
(
F
A
T
/M
L
)
c
om
m
uni
ty
a
nd
th
e
pa
r
tn
e
r
s
hi
p
on
A
I
pr
om
o
te
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
a
nd
knowle
dge
-
s
ha
r
in
g
to
de
ve
lo
p
in
dus
tr
y
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
nd be
s
t
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
f
or
bi
a
s
m
it
ig
a
ti
on.
4.7.
R
e
c
om
m
e
n
d
at
io
n
s
f
or
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h
an
d
p
r
ac
t
ic
al
s
t
e
p
s
A
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
bi
a
s
in
A
I
r
e
qui
r
e
s
a
m
ul
ti
f
a
c
e
te
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h
th
a
t
in
te
gr
a
te
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h,
e
th
ic
a
l
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
on
s
,
a
nd
pol
ic
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
.
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
bi
a
s
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
in
vol
ve
s
not
on
ly
te
c
hni
c
a
l
s
ol
ut
io
ns
but
a
ls
o
e
th
ic
a
l
ove
r
s
ig
ht
a
nd r
obus
t
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y m
e
a
s
ur
e
s
. F
ut
ur
e
e
f
f
or
ts
s
houl
d a
im
t
o
a
li
gn A
I
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
w
it
h pr
in
c
ip
le
s
of
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y, a
nd i
nc
lu
s
iv
it
y.
4.7.1.
I
n
t
e
r
d
is
c
ip
li
n
ar
y c
ol
la
b
or
at
io
n
F
os
te
r
in
g
in
te
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
i
ng
th
e
c
om
pl
e
x
na
tu
r
e
of
bi
a
s
in
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
B
r
in
gi
ng
to
ge
th
e
r
e
xpe
r
ts
f
r
om
c
om
put
e
r
s
c
ie
nc
e
,
e
th
ic
s
,
s
o
c
io
lo
gy,
a
nd
pol
ic
y
e
n
s
ur
e
s
a
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
bi
a
s
.
T
hi
s
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
ve
e
f
f
or
t
c
a
n
le
a
d
to
m
or
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
th
a
t
a
r
e
c
ont
e
xt
ua
ll
y r
e
le
va
nt
a
nd s
c
i
e
nt
if
ic
a
ll
y gr
ounde
d.
4.7.2.
E
t
h
ic
al
gu
id
e
li
n
e
s
C
le
a
r
e
th
ic
a
l
gui
d
e
li
ne
s
a
r
e
f
unda
m
e
nt
a
l
f
or
pr
om
ot
in
g r
e
s
pons
i
bl
e
A
I
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
.
T
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
n
c
y i
n
A
I
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
s
houl
d
be
a
pr
io
r
it
y,
e
nc
our
a
gi
ng
de
ve
lo
pe
r
s
t
o
ope
nl
y
s
ha
r
e
da
ta
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
a
nd
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
ki
ng
m
e
th
ods
.
T
hi
s
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
a
ll
ow
s
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
s
to
s
c
r
ut
in
iz
e
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
,
r
e
duc
in
g
th
e
r
is
k of
uni
nt
e
nde
d bi
a
s
e
s
.
4.7.3.
P
ol
ic
y i
n
t
e
r
ve
n
t
io
n
s
an
d
l
e
gal
m
e
c
h
an
is
m
s
P
ol
ic
y
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
a
nd
le
ga
l
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nt
ia
l
f
or
c
r
e
a
ti
ng
a
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
e
nvi
r
onm
e
nt
th
a
t
hol
ds
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
a
c
c
ount
a
bl
e
f
or
bi
a
s
e
d
out
c
om
e
s
in
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
.
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
ns
in
c
lu
de
im
pa
c
t
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
s
a
nd
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
a
udi
ts
th
a
t
e
v
a
lu
a
te
th
e
s
oc
ie
ta
l
i
m
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
th
a
t
th
e
y
do
not
pe
r
pe
tu
a
te
ha
r
m
f
ul
bi
a
s
e
s
[
44]
.
L
e
ga
l
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
s
uc
h
a
s
li
a
bi
li
ty
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
a
nd
r
e
dr
e
s
s
m
e
c
ha
ni
s
m
s
hol
d
or
ga
ni
z
a
ti
ons
a
c
c
ount
a
bl
e
f
or
bi
a
s
e
d
out
c
om
e
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
in
dus
tr
y
-
dr
iv
e
n
in
it
ia
ti
ve
s
li
ke
th
e
F
A
T
/M
L
c
om
m
uni
ty
a
nd
th
e
pa
r
tn
e
r
s
hi
p
on
A
I
pr
om
ot
e
s
ta
ke
hol
de
r
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on
a
nd
knowle
dge
-
s
ha
r
in
g
to
de
ve
lo
p
in
dus
tr
y
s
ta
nda
r
ds
a
nd
be
s
t
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
f
or
bi
a
s
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
[
45]
.
B
y
e
m
br
a
c
in
g
th
e
s
e
r
e
c
om
m
e
nda
ti
on
s
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
e
m
e
r
gi
ng
tr
e
nds
a
nd
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
s
t
a
ke
hol
de
r
s
c
a
n
w
or
k
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
ve
ly
to
w
a
r
ds
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
a
nd
de
pl
oyi
ng
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
th
a
t
uphold
pr
in
c
ip
le
s
of
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
e
qui
ty
,
a
nd
ju
s
ti
c
e
,
ul
ti
m
a
te
ly
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
to
a
m
or
e
in
c
lu
s
iv
e
a
nd e
qui
ta
bl
e
s
oc
ie
ty
.
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
S
I
O
N
I
n
c
onc
lu
s
io
n,
th
is
m
a
nus
c
r
ip
t
ha
s
c
om
pr
e
he
ns
iv
e
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
th
e
c
om
pl
e
x
is
s
ue
of
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
de
lv
in
g
in
to
it
s
r
oot
c
a
us
e
s
,
di
ve
r
s
e
m
a
ni
f
e
s
ta
ti
ons
,
s
oc
ie
ta
l
im
pa
c
ts
,
a
nd
m
it
ig
a
ti
on
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
.
O
ur
s
ys
te
m
a
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
a
nd
c
r
it
ic
a
l
a
n
a
ly
s
is
h
a
ve
r
e
ve
a
le
d
ke
y
in
s
ig
ht
s
in
to
how
bi
a
s
e
s
e
m
e
r
ge
a
nd
pe
r
s
is
t
w
it
hi
n
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
,
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
th
e
f
a
r
-
r
e
a
c
hi
ng
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
th
e
s
e
bi
a
s
e
s
on
m
a
r
gi
na
li
z
e
d
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
a
nd
s
oc
ie
ta
l
s
tr
uc
tu
r
e
s
.
F
ir
s
tl
y,
th
e
pe
r
va
s
iv
e
na
tu
r
e
of
bi
a
s
w
it
hi
n
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
ha
s
b
e
e
n
unde
r
s
c
or
e
d,
w
it
h
e
vi
de
nc
e
hi
ghl
ig
ht
in
g
it
s
de
tr
im
e
nt
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
ts
on
m
a
r
gi
na
li
z
e
d
c
om
m
uni
ti
e
s
,
r
e
in
f
or
c
e
m
e
nt
of
s
te
r
e
ot
ype
s
,
a
nd
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
ti
on
of
s
oc
ie
ta
l
in
e
qua
li
ti
e
s
.
F
r
om
ge
nde
r
bi
a
s
in
f
a
c
ia
l
r
e
c
ogni
ti
on
s
ys
te
m
s
to
r
a
c
ia
l
bi
a
s
in
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
pol
ic
in
g a
lg
or
it
hm
s
, bi
a
s
e
d A
I
ha
s
t
a
ngi
bl
e
c
on
s
e
que
nc
e
s
t
ha
t
u
nde
r
s
c
or
e
t
he
ur
ge
n
c
y of
a
ddr
e
s
s
in
g
t
hi
s
i
s
s
ue
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
th
e
e
xa
m
in
a
ti
on
of
m
it
ig
a
ti
on s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
ha
s
r
e
ve
a
le
d
pr
om
is
in
g
a
ve
nue
s
f
or
m
it
ig
a
ti
ng
bi
a
s
w
it
hi
n
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
, i
nc
lu
di
ng da
ta
pr
e
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y, a
nd f
a
ir
ne
s
s
-
a
w
a
r
e
l
e
a
r
ni
ng. How
e
ve
r
,
pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
s
uc
h
a
s
a
lg
or
it
hm
ic
c
om
pl
e
xi
ty
,
da
ta
qua
li
ty
,
a
nd
e
th
ic
a
l
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
ons
po
s
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
im
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
ti
on
hur
dl
e
s
th
a
t
r
e
qui
r
e
c
a
r
e
f
ul
c
ons
id
e
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
in
te
r
di
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on.
I
n
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
on
th
e
br
oa
de
r
im
pl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
bi
a
s
in
A
I
a
lg
or
it
hm
s
,
it
is
e
vi
de
nt
t
ha
t
th
is
is
s
ue
e
xt
e
nds
b
e
yond
te
c
hni
c
a
l
r
e
a
lm
s
to
e
nc
om
pa
s
s
e
th
ic
a
l,
le
ga
l,
a
nd
s
oc
ie
ta
l
di
m
e
ns
io
n
s
.
A
s
A
I
te
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
c
ont
in
ue
to
pe
r
m
e
a
te
va
r
io
us
f
a
c
e
ts
of
s
oc
ie
ty
,
th
e
i
m
por
ta
nc
e
of
ongoing
e
f
f
or
ts
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
bi
a
s
a
nd
pr
om
ot
e
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
a
nd
e
qui
ty
c
a
nnot
be
ove
r
s
ta
te
d.
M
ovi
ng
f
or
w
a
r
d,
s
ta
ke
hol
d
e
r
s
a
c
r
os
s
a
c
a
de
m
ia
,
i
ndus
tr
y,
gove
r
nm
e
nt
,
a
nd
c
iv
il
s
oc
ie
ty
m
u
s
t
c
ol
la
bor
a
te
to
de
v
e
lo
p
r
obus
t
r
e
gul
a
to
r
y
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
ks
,
e
th
ic
a
l
g
ui
de
li
ne
s
,
a
nd
te
c
hni
c
a
l
s
ol
ut
io
ns
pr
io
r
it
iz
in
g
f
a
ir
ne
s
s
,
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
in
A
I
de
ve
lo
pm
e
nt
a
nd
de
pl
oym
e
nt
.
B
y
f
os
te
r
in
g
a
w
a
r
e
ne
s
s
,
a
dvoc
a
ti
ng
f
or
a
c
c
ount
a
bi
li
ty
,
a
nd
e
m
br
a
c
in
g
in
c
lu
s
iv
e
a
nd
pa
r
ti
c
ip
a
to
r
y
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
,
w
e
c
a
n
s
tr
iv
e
to
w
a
r
ds
de
ve
lo
pi
ng
a
nd
de
pl
oyi
ng
A
I
s
ys
te
m
s
th
a
t
r
e
f
le
c
t
our
s
ha
r
e
d
va
l
u
e
s
a
nd
a
s
pi
r
a
ti
ons
f
or
a
m
or
e
ju
s
t
a
nd
e
qui
ta
bl
e
f
ut
ur
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.